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Li X, Turel O, He Q. Sex modulated the relationship between trait approach motivation and decision-making. Neuroimage 2024; 291:120598. [PMID: 38555995 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2024.120598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
It has been observed that one's Behavioral Approach System (BAS) can have an effect on decision-making under uncertainty, although the results have been mixed. To discern the underlying neural substrates, we hypothesize that sex may explain the conflicting results. To test this idea, a large sample of participants was studied using resting state fMRI, utilizing fractional Amplitude of Low Frequency Fluctuations (fALFF) and Resting-State Functional Connectivity (rsFC) techniques. The results of the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) revealed an interaction between sex and BAS, particularly in the last 60 trials (decision-making under risk). Males with high BAS showed poorer performance than those with low BAS. fALFF analysis showed a significant interaction between BAS group and sex in the left superior occipital gyrus, as well as the functional connectivity between this region and the left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex. Additionally, this functional connectivity was further positively correlated with male performance in the IGT, particularly in the decision-making under risk stage. Furthermore, it was found that the functional connectivity between left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and left superior occipital gyrus could mediate the relationship between BAS and decision-making in males, particularly in the decision-making under risk stage. These results suggest possible sex-based differences in decision-making, providing an explanation for the inconsistent results found in prior research. Since the research was carried out exclusively with Chinese university students, it is essential to conduct further studies to investigate whether the findings can be generalized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Li
- Faculty of Psychology, MOE Key Lab of Cognition and Personality, Southwest University, Chongqing , China
| | - Ofir Turel
- School of Computing and Information Systems, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Qinghua He
- Faculty of Psychology, MOE Key Lab of Cognition and Personality, Southwest University, Chongqing , China; State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Assessment Toward Basic Education Quality, Southwest University Branch, Chongqing, China.
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2
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Meyer KN, Hopfinger JB, Vidrascu EM, Boettiger CA, Robinson DL, Sheridan MA. From learned value to sustained bias: how reward conditioning changes attentional priority. Front Hum Neurosci 2024; 18:1354142. [PMID: 38689827 PMCID: PMC11059963 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2024.1354142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Attentional bias to reward-associated stimuli can occur even when it interferes with goal-driven behavior. One theory posits that dopaminergic signaling in the striatum during reward conditioning leads to changes in visual cortical and parietal representations of the stimulus used, and this, in turn, sustains attentional bias even when reward is discontinued. However, only a few studies have examined neural activity during both rewarded and unrewarded task phases. Methods In the current study, participants first completed a reward-conditioning phase, during which responses to certain stimuli were associated with monetary reward. These stimuli were then included as non-predictive cues in a spatial cueing task. Participants underwent functional brain imaging during both task phases. Results The results show that striatal activity during the learning phase predicted increased visual cortical and parietal activity and decreased ventro-medial prefrontal cortex activity in response to conditioned stimuli during the test. Striatal activity was also associated with anterior cingulate cortex activation when the reward-conditioned stimulus directed attention away from the target. Discussion Our findings suggest that striatal activity during reward conditioning predicts the degree to which reward history biases attention through learning-induced changes in visual and parietal activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin N. Meyer
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Joseph B. Hopfinger
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Elena M. Vidrascu
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Charlotte A. Boettiger
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Neuroscience Curriculum, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Donita L. Robinson
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Neuroscience Curriculum, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Margaret A. Sheridan
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Frank Porter Graham Child Development Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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3
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Anderson BA. Trichotomy revisited: A monolithic theory of attentional control. Vision Res 2024; 217:108366. [PMID: 38387262 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2024.108366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
The control of attention was long held to reflect the influence of two competing mechanisms of assigning priority, one goal-directed and the other stimulus-driven. Learning-dependent influences on the control of attention that could not be attributed to either of those two established mechanisms of control gave rise to the concept of selection history and a corresponding third mechanism of attentional control. The trichotomy framework that ensued has come to dominate theories of attentional control over the past decade, replacing the historical dichotomy. In this theoretical review, I readily affirm that distinctions between the influence of goals, salience, and selection history are substantive and meaningful, and that abandoning the dichotomy between goal-directed and stimulus-driven mechanisms of control was appropriate. I do, however, question whether a theoretical trichotomy is the right answer to the problem posed by selection history. If we reframe the influence of goals and selection history as different flavors of memory-dependent modulations of attentional priority and if we characterize the influence of salience as a consequence of insufficient competition from such memory-dependent sources of priority, it is possible to account for a wide range of attention-related phenomena with only one mechanism of control. The monolithic framework for the control of attention that I propose offers several concrete advantages over a trichotomy framework, which I explore here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian A Anderson
- Texas A&M University, Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, 4235 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-4235, United States.
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4
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Bonte M, Brem S. Unraveling individual differences in learning potential: A dynamic framework for the case of reading development. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2024; 66:101362. [PMID: 38447471 PMCID: PMC10925938 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2024.101362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Children show an enormous capacity to learn during development, but with large individual differences in the time course and trajectory of learning and the achieved skill level. Recent progress in developmental sciences has shown the contribution of a multitude of factors including genetic variation, brain plasticity, socio-cultural context and learning experiences to individual development. These factors interact in a complex manner, producing children's idiosyncratic and heterogeneous learning paths. Despite an increasing recognition of these intricate dynamics, current research on the development of culturally acquired skills such as reading still has a typical focus on snapshots of children's performance at discrete points in time. Here we argue that this 'static' approach is often insufficient and limits advancements in the prediction and mechanistic understanding of individual differences in learning capacity. We present a dynamic framework which highlights the importance of capturing short-term trajectories during learning across multiple stages and processes as a proxy for long-term development on the example of reading. This framework will help explain relevant variability in children's learning paths and outcomes and fosters new perspectives and approaches to study how children develop and learn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milene Bonte
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Maastricht Brain Imaging Center, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | - Silvia Brem
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Switzerland; URPP Adaptive Brain Circuits in Development and Learning (AdaBD), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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5
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Antono JE, Dang S, Auksztulewicz R, Pooresmaeili A. Distinct Patterns of Connectivity between Brain Regions Underlie the Intra-Modal and Cross-Modal Value-Driven Modulations of the Visual Cortex. J Neurosci 2023; 43:7361-7375. [PMID: 37684031 PMCID: PMC10621764 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0355-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Past reward associations may be signaled from different sensory modalities; however, it remains unclear how different types of reward-associated stimuli modulate sensory perception. In this human fMRI study (female and male participants), a visual target was simultaneously presented with either an intra- (visual) or a cross-modal (auditory) cue that was previously associated with rewards. We hypothesized that, depending on the sensory modality of the cues, distinct neural mechanisms underlie the value-driven modulation of visual processing. Using a multivariate approach, we confirmed that reward-associated cues enhanced the target representation in early visual areas and identified the brain valuation regions. Then, using an effective connectivity analysis, we tested three possible patterns of connectivity that could underlie the modulation of the visual cortex: a direct pathway from the frontal valuation areas to the visual areas, a mediated pathway through the attention-related areas, and a mediated pathway that additionally involved sensory association areas. We found evidence for the third model demonstrating that the reward-related information in both sensory modalities is communicated across the valuation and attention-related brain regions. Additionally, the superior temporal areas were recruited when reward was cued cross-modally. The strongest dissociation between the intra- and cross-modal reward-driven effects was observed at the level of the feedforward and feedback connections of the visual cortex estimated from the winning model. These results suggest that, in the presence of previously rewarded stimuli from different sensory modalities, a combination of domain-general and domain-specific mechanisms are recruited across the brain to adjust the visual perception.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Reward has a profound effect on perception, but it is not known whether shared or disparate mechanisms underlie the reward-driven effects across sensory modalities. In this human fMRI study, we examined the reward-driven modulation of the visual cortex by visual (intra-modal) and auditory (cross-modal) reward-associated cues. Using a model-based approach to identify the most plausible pattern of inter-regional effective connectivity, we found that higher-order areas involved in the valuation and attentional processing were recruited by both types of rewards. However, the pattern of connectivity between these areas and the early visual cortex was distinct between the intra- and cross-modal rewards. This evidence suggests that, to effectively adapt to the environment, reward signals may recruit both domain-general and domain-specific mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Emily Antono
- Perception and Cognition Lab, European Neuroscience Institute Goettingen-A Joint Initiative of the University Medical Center Goettingen and the Max-Planck-Society, Germany, Goettingen, 37077, Germany
| | - Shilpa Dang
- Perception and Cognition Lab, European Neuroscience Institute Goettingen-A Joint Initiative of the University Medical Center Goettingen and the Max-Planck-Society, Germany, Goettingen, 37077, Germany
- School of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar, Jodhpur 342030, India
| | - Ryszard Auksztulewicz
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience Berlin, Free University Berlin, Berlin, 14195, Germany
| | - Arezoo Pooresmaeili
- Perception and Cognition Lab, European Neuroscience Institute Goettingen-A Joint Initiative of the University Medical Center Goettingen and the Max-Planck-Society, Germany, Goettingen, 37077, Germany
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6
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Devoto F, Ferrulli A, Banfi G, Luzi L, Zapparoli L, Paulesu E. How images of food become cravingly salient in obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2023; 31:2294-2303. [PMID: 37605635 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This case-control study was aimed at testing two main hypotheses: (i) obesity is characterized by neurofunctional alterations within the mesocorticolimbic reward system, a brain network originating from the midbrain ventral tegmental area (VTA); and (ii) these alterations are associated with a bias for food-related stimuli and craving. METHODS Normal-weight individuals and individuals with obesity underwent a resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging scan and the assessment of impulsivity, food craving, appetite, and implicit bias for food and non-food stimuli. The VTA was used as a seed to map, for each participant, the strength of its functional connections with the rest of the brain. The between-group difference in functional connectivity was then computed, and brain-behavior correlations were performed. RESULTS Individuals with obesity showed hyper-connectivity of the VTA with part of the ventral occipitotemporal cortex, recently found to be specialized for food images, and hypo-connectivity with the left inferior frontal gyrus, devoted to cognitive control. VTA-ventral occipitotemporal cortex connectivity was positively associated with food craving and food-related bias; the reverse correlation was observed for VTA-inferior frontal gyrus connectivity. CONCLUSIONS These findings reveal that, in obesity, food-related visual stimuli become cravingly salient through an imbalanced connectivity of the reward system with sensory-specific regions and the frontal cortex involved in cognitive control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Ferrulli
- Department of Endocrinology, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Banfi
- IRCCS Orthopedic Institute Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
- University Vita e Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Livio Luzi
- Department of Endocrinology, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Zapparoli
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Orthopedic Institute Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
| | - Eraldo Paulesu
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Orthopedic Institute Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
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7
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Ryan-Lortie J, Pelletier G, Pilgrim M, Fellows LK. Gaze differences in configural and elemental evaluation during multi-attribute decision-making. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1167095. [PMID: 37694112 PMCID: PMC10485368 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1167095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction While many everyday choices are between multi-attribute options, how attribute values are integrated to allow such choices remains unclear. Recent findings suggest a distinction between elemental (attribute-by-attribute) and configural (holistic) evaluation of multi-attribute options, with different neural substrates. Here, we asked if there are behavioral or gaze pattern differences between these putatively distinct modes of multi-attribute decision-making. Methods Thirty-nine healthy men and women learned the monetary values of novel multi-attribute pseudo-objects (fribbles) and then made choices between pairs of these objects while eye movements were tracked. Value was associated with individual attributes in the elemental condition, and with unique combinations of attributes in the configural condition. Choice, reaction time, gaze fixation time on options and individual attributes, and within- and between-option gaze transitions were recorded. Results There were systematic behavioral differences between elemental and configural conditions. Elemental trials had longer reaction times and more between-option transitions, while configural trials had more within-option transitions. The effect of last fixation on choice was more pronounced in the configural condition. Discussion We observed differences in gaze patterns and the influence of last fixation location on choice in multi-attribute value-based choices depending on how value is associated with those attributes. This adds support for the claim that multi-attribute option values may emerge either elementally or holistically, reminiscent of similar distinctions in multi-attribute object recognition. This may be important to consider in neuroeconomics research that involve visually-presented complex objects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Ryan-Lortie
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Gabriel Pelletier
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Matthew Pilgrim
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Lesley K. Fellows
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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8
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Zhang Y, Bi K, Li J, Wang Y, Fang F. Dyadic visual perceptual learning on orientation discrimination. Curr Biol 2023:S0960-9822(23)00552-3. [PMID: 37224810 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.04.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The belief that learning can be modulated by social context is mainly supported by high-level value-based learning studies. However, whether social context can even modulate low-level learning such as visual perceptual learning (VPL) is still unknown. Unlike traditional VPL studies in which participants were trained singly, here, we developed a novel dyadic VPL paradigm in which paired participants were trained with the same orientation discrimination task and could monitor each other's performance. We found that the social context (i.e., dyadic training) led to a greater behavioral performance improvement and a faster learning rate compared with the single training. Interestingly, the facilitating effects could be modulated by the performance difference between paired participants. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) results showed that, compared with the single training, social cognition areas including bilateral parietal cortex and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex displayed a different activity pattern and enhanced functional connectivities to early visual cortex (EVC) during the dyadic training. Furthermore, the dyadic training resulted in more refined orientation representation in primary visual cortex (V1), which was closely associated with the greater behavioral performance improvement. Taken together, we demonstrate that the social context, learning with a partner, can remarkably augment the plasticity of low-level visual information process by means of reshaping the neural activities in EVC and social cognition areas, as well as their functional interplays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Zhang
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Key Laboratory of Machine Perception (Ministry of Education), Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Keyan Bi
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Key Laboratory of Machine Perception (Ministry of Education), Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jian Li
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yizhou Wang
- Center on Frontiers of Computing Studies, School of Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Fang Fang
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Key Laboratory of Machine Perception (Ministry of Education), Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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9
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Zhang X, Wang W, Bai X, Mei Y, Tang H, Yuan Z, Zhang X, Li Z, Zhang P, Hu Z, Zhang Y, Yu X, Sui B, Wang Y. Alterations in regional homogeneity and multiple frequency amplitudes of low-frequency fluctuation in patients with new daily persistent headache: a resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging study. J Headache Pain 2023; 24:14. [PMID: 36814220 PMCID: PMC9946707 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-023-01543-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND New daily persistent headache (NPDH) is a rare primary headache that is highly disabling. The pathophysiology of NDPH is still unclear, and we aimed to reveal the underlying mechanism of NDPH through functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) analysis. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, thirty patients with NDPH and 30 healthy controls (HCs) were recruited. The blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) sequences of all participants were obtained using the GE 3.0 T system. We performed ReHo, ALFF (conventional band: 0.01-0.08 Hz, slow-5: 0.01-0.027 Hz, slow-4: 0.027-0.073 Hz) and seed-based to the whole brain functional connectivity (FC) analysis in the NDPH and HC groups. The sex difference analysis of ReHo, ALFF, and FC values was conducted in the NDPH group. We also conducted Pearson's correlation analysis between ReHo, ALFF, FC values and clinical characteristics (pain intensity, disease duration, HIT-6, GAD-7, PHQ-9, and PSQI scores). RESULTS Both increased ReHo (PFWE-corr = 0.012) and ALFF values (0.01-0.08 Hz, PFWE-corr = 0.009; 0.027-0.073 Hz, PFWE-corr =0.044) of the left middle occipital gyrus (MOG_L) were found in the NDPH group compared to the HC group. There was no significant difference in FC maps between the two groups. Compared to the HC group, no difference was found in ReHo (p = 0.284), ALFF (p = 0.246), and FC (p = 0.118) z scores of the MOG_L in the NDPH group. There was also no sex difference in ReHo (p = 0.288), ALFF (p = 0.859), or FC z score (p = 0.118) of the MOG_L in patients with NDPH. There was no correlation between ReHo, ALFF, FC z scores and clinical characteristics after Bonferroni correction (p < 0.05/18). CONCLUSIONS Patients with NDPH may have abnormal activation of the visual system. Abnormal visual activation may occur mainly in higher frequency band of the classical band. No sex differences in brain activity were found in patients with NDPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyan Zhang
- grid.412633.10000 0004 1799 0733Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wei Wang
- grid.24696.3f0000 0004 0369 153XHeadache Center, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Bai
- grid.411617.40000 0004 0642 1244Tiantan Neuroimaging Center of Excellence, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China ,grid.411617.40000 0004 0642 1244Department of Radiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Yanliang Mei
- grid.24696.3f0000 0004 0369 153XHeadache Center, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hefei Tang
- grid.24696.3f0000 0004 0369 153XHeadache Center, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ziyu Yuan
- grid.24696.3f0000 0004 0369 153XHeadache Center, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- grid.411617.40000 0004 0642 1244Tiantan Neuroimaging Center of Excellence, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China ,grid.411617.40000 0004 0642 1244Department of Radiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiye Li
- grid.411617.40000 0004 0642 1244Tiantan Neuroimaging Center of Excellence, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China ,grid.411617.40000 0004 0642 1244Department of Radiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- grid.24696.3f0000 0004 0369 153XHeadache Center, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Yaqing Zhang
- grid.24696.3f0000 0004 0369 153XHeadache Center, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xueying Yu
- grid.24696.3f0000 0004 0369 153XHeadache Center, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Binbin Sui
- Tiantan Neuroimaging Center of Excellence, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.
| | - Yonggang Wang
- Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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10
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The effects of distractors on brightness perception based on a spiking network. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1517. [PMID: 36707550 PMCID: PMC9883501 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28326-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Visual perception can be modified by the surrounding context. Particularly, experimental observations have demonstrated that visual perception and primary visual cortical responses could be modified by properties of surrounding distractors. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. To simulate primary visual cortical activities in this paper, we design a k-winner-take-all (k-WTA) spiking network whose responses are generated through probabilistic inference. In simulations, images with the same target and various surrounding distractors perform as stimuli. Distractors are designed with multiple varying properties, including the luminance, the sizes and the distances to the target. Simulations for each varying property are performed with other properties fixed. Each property could modify second-layer neural responses and interactions in the network. To the same target in the designed images, the modified network responses could simulate distinguishing brightness perception consistent with experimental observations. Our model provides a possible explanation of how the surrounding distractors modify primary visual cortical responses to induce various brightness perception of the given target.
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11
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Learned value modulates the access to visual awareness during continuous flash suppression. Sci Rep 2023; 13:756. [PMID: 36641499 PMCID: PMC9840604 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28004-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Monetary value enhances visual perception and attention and boosts activity in the primary visual cortex, however, it is still unclear whether monetary value can modulate the conscious access to rewarding stimuli. Here we investigate this issue by employing a breaking continuous flash suppression (b-CFS) paradigm. We measured suppression durations of sinusoidal gratings having orthogonal orientations under CFS in adult volunteers before and after a short session of Pavlovian associative learning in which each orientation was arbitrarily associated either with high or low monetary reward. We found that monetary value accelerated the access to visual awareness during CFS. Specifically, after the associative learning, suppression durations of the visual stimulus associated with high monetary value were shorter compared to the visual stimulus associated with low monetary value. Critically, the effect was replicated in a second experiment using a detection task for b-CFS that was orthogonal to the reward associative learning. These results indicate that monetary reward facilitates the access to awareness of visual stimuli associated with monetary value probably by boosting their representation at the early stages of visual processing in the brain.
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De Martino B, Cortese A. Goals, usefulness and abstraction in value-based choice. Trends Cogn Sci 2023; 27:65-80. [PMID: 36446707 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Colombian drug lord Pablo Escobar, while on the run, purportedly burned two million dollars in banknotes to keep his daughter warm. A stark reminder that, in life, circumstances and goals can quickly change, forcing us to reassess and modify our values on-the-fly. Studies in decision-making and neuroeconomics have often implicitly equated value to reward, emphasising the hedonic and automatic aspect of the value computation, while overlooking its functional (concept-like) nature. Here we outline the computational and biological principles that enable the brain to compute the usefulness of an option or action by creating abstractions that flexibly adapt to changing goals. We present different algorithmic architectures, comparing ideas from artificial intelligence (AI) and cognitive neuroscience with psychological theories and, when possible, drawing parallels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetto De Martino
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London WC1N 3AZ, UK; Computational Neuroscience Laboratories, ATR Institute International, 619-0288 Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Aurelio Cortese
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London WC1N 3AZ, UK; Computational Neuroscience Laboratories, ATR Institute International, 619-0288 Kyoto, Japan.
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13
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van den Bosch R, Lambregts B, Määttä J, Hofmans L, Papadopetraki D, Westbrook A, Verkes RJ, Booij J, Cools R. Striatal dopamine dissociates methylphenidate effects on value-based versus surprise-based reversal learning. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4962. [PMID: 36002446 PMCID: PMC9402573 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32679-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychostimulants such as methylphenidate are widely used for their cognitive enhancing effects, but there is large variability in the direction and extent of these effects. We tested the hypothesis that methylphenidate enhances or impairs reward/punishment-based reversal learning depending on baseline striatal dopamine levels and corticostriatal gating of reward/punishment-related representations in stimulus-specific sensory cortex. Young healthy adults (N = 100) were scanned with functional magnetic resonance imaging during a reward/punishment reversal learning task, after intake of methylphenidate or the selective D2/3-receptor antagonist sulpiride. Striatal dopamine synthesis capacity was indexed with [18F]DOPA positron emission tomography. Methylphenidate improved and sulpiride decreased overall accuracy and response speed. Both drugs boosted reward versus punishment learning signals to a greater degree in participants with higher dopamine synthesis capacity. By contrast, striatal and stimulus-specific sensory surprise signals were boosted in participants with lower dopamine synthesis. These results unravel the mechanisms by which methylphenidate gates both attention and reward learning. The mechanisms underpinning the variability in methylphenidate’s effects on cognition remain unclear. Here, the authors show that such effects reflect changes in striatal dopamine-related output gating of task-relevant cortical signals, and that these changes depend on baseline dopamine synthesis capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben van den Bosch
- Radboud University, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Britt Lambregts
- Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jessica Määttä
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lieke Hofmans
- Department of Developmental Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Danae Papadopetraki
- Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew Westbrook
- Cognitive, Linguistic & Psychological Sciences Department, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Robbert-Jan Verkes
- Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Booij
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Medical Imaging, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Roshan Cools
- Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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14
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Cho YT, Moujaes F, Schleifer CH, Starc M, Ji JL, Santamauro N, Adkinson B, Kolobaric A, Flynn M, Krystal JH, Murray JD, Repovs G, Anticevic A. Reward and loss incentives improve spatial working memory by shaping trial-by-trial posterior frontoparietal signals. Neuroimage 2022; 254:119139. [PMID: 35346841 PMCID: PMC9264479 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrating motivational signals with cognition is critical for goal-directed activities. The mechanisms that link neural changes with motivated working memory continue to be understood. Here, we tested how externally cued and non-cued (internally represented) reward and loss impact spatial working memory precision and neural circuits in human subjects using fMRI. We translated the classic delayed-response spatial working memory paradigm from non-human primate studies to take advantage of a continuous numeric measure of working memory precision, and the wealth of translational neuroscience yielded by these studies. Our results demonstrated that both cued and non-cued reward and loss improved spatial working memory precision. Visual association regions of the posterior prefrontal and parietal cortices, specifically the precentral sulcus (PCS) and intraparietal sulcus (IPS), had increased BOLD signal during incentivized spatial working memory. A subset of these regions had trial-by-trial increases in BOLD signal that were associated with better working memory precision, suggesting that these regions may be critical for linking neural signals with motivated working memory. In contrast, regions straddling executive networks, including areas in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, anterior parietal cortex and cerebellum displayed decreased BOLD signal during incentivized working memory. While reward and loss similarly impacted working memory processes, they dissociated during feedback when money won or avoided in loss was given based on working memory performance. During feedback, the trial-by-trial amount and valence of reward/loss received was dissociated amongst regions such as the ventral striatum, habenula and periaqueductal gray. Overall, this work suggests motivated spatial working memory is supported by complex sensory processes, and that the IPS and PCS in the posterior frontoparietal cortices may be key regions for integrating motivational signals with spatial working memory precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngsun T Cho
- Yale University, Department of Psychiatry, 300 George Street, Suite 901, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA; Yale University, Child Study Center, 230 South Frontage Road, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA; Connecticut Mental Health Center, Clinical Neuroscience Research Unit, 34 Park Street, 3rd floor, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA; Yale University, Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University Neuroscience Program, P.O. Box 208074, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
| | - Flora Moujaes
- Yale University, Department of Psychiatry, 300 George Street, Suite 901, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Charles H Schleifer
- Yale University, Department of Psychiatry, 300 George Street, Suite 901, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | | | - Jie Lisa Ji
- Yale University, Department of Psychiatry, 300 George Street, Suite 901, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Nicole Santamauro
- Yale University, Department of Psychiatry, 300 George Street, Suite 901, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Brendan Adkinson
- Yale University, Department of Psychiatry, 300 George Street, Suite 901, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Antonija Kolobaric
- Yale University, Department of Psychiatry, 300 George Street, Suite 901, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Morgan Flynn
- Yale University, Department of Psychiatry, 300 George Street, Suite 901, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - John H Krystal
- Yale University, Department of Psychiatry, 300 George Street, Suite 901, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA; Yale University, NIAAA Center for Translational Neuroscience of Alcoholism, 34 Park Street, 3rd floor, New Haven, CT 06519 USA
| | - John D Murray
- Yale University, Department of Psychiatry, 300 George Street, Suite 901, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA; Yale University, Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University Neuroscience Program, P.O. Box 208074, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA; Yale University, Department of Physics, 217 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Grega Repovs
- University of Ljubljana, Department of Psychology
| | - Alan Anticevic
- Yale University, Department of Psychiatry, 300 George Street, Suite 901, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA; Connecticut Mental Health Center, Clinical Neuroscience Research Unit, 34 Park Street, 3rd floor, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA; Yale University, Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University Neuroscience Program, P.O. Box 208074, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA; University of Zagreb, University Psychiatric Hospital Vrapce; Yale University, Department of Psychology, Box 208205, New Haven, CT, 06520-8205, USA; Yale University, NIAAA Center for Translational Neuroscience of Alcoholism, 34 Park Street, 3rd floor, New Haven, CT 06519 USA.
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15
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Herpers J, Vanduffel W, Vogels R. Limited Pairings of Electrical Micro-stimulation of the Ventral Tegmental Area and a Visual Stimulus Enhance Visual Cortical Responses. J Cogn Neurosci 2022; 34:1259-1273. [PMID: 35468206 PMCID: PMC7614035 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies demonstrated that pairing a visual stimulus and electrical micro-stimulation of the ventral tegmental area (VTA-EM) for multiple days is sufficient to induce visual cortical plasticity and changes perception. However, a brief epoch of VTA-EM-stimulus pairing within a single day has been shown to result in a behavioral preference for the paired stimulus. Here, we investigated whether a brief single-day session of VTA-EM-stimulus pairings is sufficient to induce changes in visual cortical responses. We examined macaque posterior inferior temporal (PIT) cortex because previous studies demonstrated response changes after VTA-EM stimulus pairing in that area. Multi-unit recordings in PIT were interleaved with VTA-EM-stimulus pairing epochs. During the short VTA-EM-stimulus pairing epochs (60 pairings), one image (fractal) was paired with VTA-EM (STIM) whereas another, unpaired fractal was presented as control. Two other fractals (dummies) were presented only during the recordings. The difference in response between the STIM and control fractals already increased after the first VTA-EM-stimulus pairing epoch, reflecting a relative increase of the response to the STIM fractal. However, the response to the STIM fractal did not increase further with more VTA-EM-stimulus pairing epochs. The relative increase in firing rate for the paired fractal was present early in the response, in line with a local/ bottom-up origin. These effects were absent when comparing the responses to the dummies pre- and post-VTA-EM. This study shows that pairing a visual image and VTA-EM in a brief single-day session is sufficient to increase the response for the paired image in macaque PIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Herpers
- Laboratory for Neuro-and Psychophysiology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven Medical School, Leuven, 3000, Belgium,Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Wim Vanduffel
- Laboratory for Neuro-and Psychophysiology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven Medical School, Leuven, 3000, Belgium,Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium,Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA,Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02144, USA
| | - Rufin Vogels
- Laboratory for Neuro-and Psychophysiology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven Medical School, Leuven, 3000, Belgium,Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium,Corresponding author
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16
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Granato G, Cartoni E, Da Rold F, Mattera A, Baldassarre G. Integrating unsupervised and reinforcement learning in human categorical perception: A computational model. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0267838. [PMID: 35536843 PMCID: PMC9089926 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Categorical perception identifies a tuning of human perceptual systems that can occur during the execution of a categorisation task. Despite the fact that experimental studies and computational models suggest that this tuning is influenced by task-independent effects (e.g., based on Hebbian and unsupervised learning, UL) and task-dependent effects (e.g., based on reward signals and reinforcement learning, RL), no model studies the UL/RL interaction during the emergence of categorical perception. Here we have investigated the effects of this interaction, proposing a system-level neuro-inspired computational architecture in which a perceptual component integrates UL and RL processes. The model has been tested with a categorisation task and the results show that a balanced mix of unsupervised and reinforcement learning leads to the emergence of a suitable categorical perception and the best performance in the task. Indeed, an excessive unsupervised learning contribution tends to not identify task-relevant features while an excessive reinforcement learning contribution tends to initially learn slowly and then to reach sub-optimal performance. These results are consistent with the experimental evidence regarding categorical activations of extrastriate cortices in healthy conditions. Finally, the results produced by the two extreme cases of our model can explain the existence of several factors that may lead to sensory alterations in autistic people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Granato
- Laboratory of Computational Embodied Neuroscience, Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Rome, Italy
- School of Computing, Electronics and Mathematics, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Emilio Cartoni
- Laboratory of Computational Embodied Neuroscience, Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Rome, Italy
| | - Federico Da Rold
- Body Action Language Lab, Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Mattera
- Laboratory of Computational Embodied Neuroscience, Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianluca Baldassarre
- Laboratory of Computational Embodied Neuroscience, Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Rome, Italy
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17
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Caravaggio F, Barnett AJ, Nakajima S, Iwata Y, Kim J, Borlido C, Mar W, Gerretsen P, Remington G, Graff-Guerrero A. The effects of acute dopamine depletion on resting-state functional connectivity in healthy humans. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2022; 57:39-49. [PMID: 35091322 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2022.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine (AMPT), a competitive inhibitor of tyrosine hydroxylase, can be used to deplete endogenous dopamine in humans. We examined how AMPT-induced dopamine depletion alters resting-state functional connectivity of the basal ganglia, and canonical resting-state networks, in healthy humans. Fourteen healthy participants (8 females; age [mean ± SD] = 27.93 ± 9.86) completed the study. Following dopamine depletion, the caudate showed reduced connectivity with the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) (Cohen's d = 1.89, p<.0001). Moreover, the caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, and midbrain all showed reduced connectivity with the occipital cortex (Cohen's d = 1.48-1.90; p<.0001-0.001). Notably, the dorsal caudate showed increased connectivity with the sensorimotor network (Cohen's d = 2.03, p=.002). AMPT significantly decreased self-reported motivation (t(13)=4.19, p=.001) and increased fatigue (t(13)=4.79, p=.0004). A greater increase in fatigue was associated with a greater reduction in connectivity between the substantia nigra and the mPFC (Cohen's d = 3.02, p<.00001), while decreased motivation was correlated with decreased connectivity between the VTA and left sensorimotor cortex (Cohen's d = 2.03, p=.00004). These findings help us to better understand the role of dopamine in basal ganglia function and may help us better understand neuropsychiatric diseases where abnormal dopamine levels are observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Caravaggio
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada.
| | - Alexander J Barnett
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, 1515 Newton Ct, Davis, California 95618, United States of America
| | - Shinichiro Nakajima
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University, 2 Chome-15-45 Mita, Tokyo 108-8345, Japan
| | - Yusuke Iwata
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, University of Yamanashi, 4 Chome-4-37 Takeda, Kofu 400-8510, Japan
| | - Julia Kim
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Carol Borlido
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Wanna Mar
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Philip Gerretsen
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Gary Remington
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Ariel Graff-Guerrero
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
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18
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Skirzewski M, Molotchnikoff S, Hernandez LF, Maya-Vetencourt JF. Multisensory Integration: Is Medial Prefrontal Cortex Signaling Relevant for the Treatment of Higher-Order Visual Dysfunctions? Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 14:806376. [PMID: 35110996 PMCID: PMC8801884 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.806376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In the mammalian brain, information processing in sensory modalities and global mechanisms of multisensory integration facilitate perception. Emerging experimental evidence suggests that the contribution of multisensory integration to sensory perception is far more complex than previously expected. Here we revise how associative areas such as the prefrontal cortex, which receive and integrate inputs from diverse sensory modalities, can affect information processing in unisensory systems via processes of down-stream signaling. We focus our attention on the influence of the medial prefrontal cortex on the processing of information in the visual system and whether this phenomenon can be clinically used to treat higher-order visual dysfunctions. We propose that non-invasive and multisensory stimulation strategies such as environmental enrichment and/or attention-related tasks could be of clinical relevance to fight cerebral visual impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Skirzewski
- Rodent Cognition Research and Innovation Core, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Stéphane Molotchnikoff
- Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Département de Génie Electrique et Génie Informatique, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Luis F. Hernandez
- Knoebel Institute for Healthy Aging, University of Denver, Denver, CO, United States
| | - José Fernando Maya-Vetencourt
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Centre for Synaptic Neuroscience, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Genova, Italy
- *Correspondence: José Fernando Maya-Vetencourt
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19
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Anderson BA, Kim H, Kim AJ, Liao MR, Mrkonja L, Clement A, Grégoire L. The past, present, and future of selection history. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 130:326-350. [PMID: 34499927 PMCID: PMC8511179 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The last ten years of attention research have witnessed a revolution, replacing a theoretical dichotomy (top-down vs. bottom-up control) with a trichotomy (biased by current goals, physical salience, and selection history). This third new mechanism of attentional control, selection history, is multifaceted. Some aspects of selection history must be learned over time whereas others reflect much more transient influences. A variety of different learning experiences can shape the attention system, including reward, aversive outcomes, past experience searching for a target, target‒non-target relations, and more. In this review, we provide an overview of the historical forces that led to the proposal of selection history as a distinct mechanism of attentional control. We then propose a formal definition of selection history, with concrete criteria, and identify different components of experience-driven attention that fit within this definition. The bulk of the review is devoted to exploring how these different components relate to one another. We conclude by proposing an integrative account of selection history centered on underlying themes that emerge from our review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian A Anderson
- Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, United States.
| | - Haena Kim
- Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, United States
| | - Andy J Kim
- Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, United States
| | - Ming-Ray Liao
- Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, United States
| | - Lana Mrkonja
- Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, United States
| | - Andrew Clement
- Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, United States
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20
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Hill-Bowen LD, Riedel MC, Poudel R, Salo T, Flannery JS, Camilleri JA, Eickhoff SB, Laird AR, Sutherland MT. The cue-reactivity paradigm: An ensemble of networks driving attention and cognition when viewing drug and natural reward-related stimuli. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 130:201-213. [PMID: 34400176 PMCID: PMC8511211 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The cue-reactivity paradigm is a widely adopted neuroimaging probe engendering brain activity linked with attentional, affective, and reward processes following presentation of appetitive stimuli. Given the multiple mental operations invoked, we sought to decompose cue-related brain activity into constituent components employing emergent meta-analytic techniques when considering drug and natural reward-related cues. We conducted coordinate-based meta-analyses delineating common and distinct brain activity convergence across cue-reactivity studies (N = 196 articles) involving drug (n = 133) or natural (n = 63) visual stimuli. Across all studies, convergence was observed in limbic, cingulate, insula, and fronto-parieto-occipital regions. Drug-distinct convergence was observed in posterior cingulate, dorsolateral prefrontal, and temporo-parietal regions, whereas distinct-natural convergence was observed in thalamic, insular, orbitofrontal, and occipital regions. We characterized connectivity profiles of identified regions by leveraging task-independent and task-dependent MRI datasets, grouped these profiles into subnetworks, and linked each with putative mental operations. Outcomes suggest multifaceted brain activity during cue-reactivity can be decomposed into elemental processes and indicate that while drugs of abuse usurp the brain's natural-reward-processing system, some regions appear distinct to drug cue-reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren D Hill-Bowen
- Department of Psychology, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8(th)Street, Miami, FL, 33199, United States
| | - Michael C Riedel
- Department of Physics, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8(th)Street, Miami, FL, 33199, United States
| | - Ranjita Poudel
- Department of Psychology, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8(th)Street, Miami, FL, 33199, United States
| | - Taylor Salo
- Department of Psychology, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8(th)Street, Miami, FL, 33199, United States
| | - Jessica S Flannery
- Department of Psychology, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8(th)Street, Miami, FL, 33199, United States
| | - Julia A Camilleri
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain & Behaviour (INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany; Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Simon B Eickhoff
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain & Behaviour (INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany; Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Angela R Laird
- Department of Physics, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8(th)Street, Miami, FL, 33199, United States
| | - Matthew T Sutherland
- Department of Psychology, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8(th)Street, Miami, FL, 33199, United States.
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21
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Russ BE, Petkov CI, Kwok SC, Zhu Q, Belin P, Vanduffel W, Hamed SB. Common functional localizers to enhance NHP & cross-species neuroscience imaging research. Neuroimage 2021; 237:118203. [PMID: 34048898 PMCID: PMC8529529 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional localizers are invaluable as they can help define regions of interest, provide cross-study comparisons, and most importantly, allow for the aggregation and meta-analyses of data across studies and laboratories. To achieve these goals within the non-human primate (NHP) imaging community, there is a pressing need for the use of standardized and validated localizers that can be readily implemented across different groups. The goal of this paper is to provide an overview of the value of localizer protocols to imaging research and we describe a number of commonly used or novel localizers within NHPs, and keys to implement them across studies. As has been shown with the aggregation of resting-state imaging data in the original PRIME-DE submissions, we believe that the field is ready to apply the same initiative for task-based functional localizers in NHP imaging. By coming together to collect large datasets across research group, implementing the same functional localizers, and sharing the localizers and data via PRIME-DE, it is now possible to fully test their robustness, selectivity and specificity. To do this, we reviewed a number of common localizers and we created a repository of well-established localizer that are easily accessible and implemented through the PRIME-RE platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian E Russ
- Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, United States; Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, United States; Department of Psychiatry, New York University at Langone, New York City, NY, United States.
| | - Christopher I Petkov
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Sze Chai Kwok
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, Affiliated Mental Health Center (ECNU), School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China; Division of Natural and Applied Sciences, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, Jiangsu, China; NYU-ECNU Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science at NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Zhu
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, INSERM, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, NeuroSpin Center, 91191 Gif/Yvette, France; Laboratory for Neuro-and Psychophysiology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven Medical School, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Pascal Belin
- Institut de Neurosciences de La Timone, Aix-Marseille Université et CNRS, Marseille, 13005, France
| | - Wim Vanduffel
- Laboratory for Neuro-and Psychophysiology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven Medical School, Leuven, 3000, Belgium; Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, United States; Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02144, United States.
| | - Suliann Ben Hamed
- Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, UMR 5229, Université de Lyon - CNRS, France.
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22
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Macedo-Lima M, Remage-Healey L. Dopamine Modulation of Motor and Sensory Cortical Plasticity among Vertebrates. Integr Comp Biol 2021; 61:316-336. [PMID: 33822047 PMCID: PMC8600016 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icab019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Goal-directed learning is a key contributor to evolutionary fitness in animals. The neural mechanisms that mediate learning often involve the neuromodulator dopamine. In higher order cortical regions, most of what is known about dopamine's role is derived from brain regions involved in motivation and decision-making, while significantly less is known about dopamine's potential role in motor and/or sensory brain regions to guide performance. Research on rodents and primates represents over 95% of publications in the field, while little beyond basic anatomy is known in other vertebrate groups. This significantly limits our general understanding of how dopamine signaling systems have evolved as organisms adapt to their environments. This review takes a pan-vertebrate view of the literature on the role of dopamine in motor/sensory cortical regions, highlighting, when available, research on non-mammalian vertebrates. We provide a broad perspective on dopamine function and emphasize that dopamine-induced plasticity mechanisms are widespread across all cortical systems and associated with motor and sensory adaptations. The available evidence illustrates that there is a strong anatomical basis-dopamine fibers and receptor distributions-to hypothesize that pallial dopamine effects are widespread among vertebrates. Continued research progress in non-mammalian species will be crucial to further our understanding of how the dopamine system evolved to shape the diverse array of brain structures and behaviors among the vertebrate lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Macedo-Lima
- Neuroscience and Behavior Program, Center for Neuroendocrine Studies, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
- CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, 70040-031 Brasília, Brazil
| | - Luke Remage-Healey
- Neuroscience and Behavior Program, Center for Neuroendocrine Studies, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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23
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Abstract
Many studies have revealed that reward-associated features capture attention. Neurophysiological evidence further suggests that this reward-driven attention effect modulates visual processes by enhancing low-level visual salience. However, no behavioral study to date has directly examined whether reward-driven attention changes how people see. Combining the two-phase paradigm with a psychophysical method, the current study found that compared with nonsalient cues associated with lower reward, the nonsalient cues associated with higher reward captured more attention, and increased the perceived contrast of the subsequent stimuli. This is the first direct behavioral evidence of the effect of reward-driven attention on low-level visual perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Qin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China.,Department of Experimental-Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,
| | - Ruolei Gu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China.,
| | - Jingming Xue
- Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, P. R. China.,
| | - Chuansheng Chen
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.,
| | - Mingxia Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, P. R. China.,
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24
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Pelletier G, Aridan N, Fellows LK, Schonberg T. A Preferential Role for Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex in Assessing "the Value of the Whole" in Multiattribute Object Evaluation. J Neurosci 2021; 41:5056-5068. [PMID: 33906899 PMCID: PMC8197643 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0241-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Everyday decision-making commonly involves assigning values to complex objects with multiple value-relevant attributes. Drawing on object recognition theories, we hypothesized two routes to multiattribute evaluation: assessing the value of the whole object based on holistic attribute configuration or summing individual attribute values. In two samples of healthy human male and female participants undergoing eye tracking and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while evaluating novel pseudo objects, we found evidence for both forms of evaluation. Fixations to and transitions between attributes differed systematically when the value of pseudo objects was associated with individual attributes or attribute configurations. Ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and perirhinal cortex were engaged when configural processing was required. These results converge with our recent findings that individuals with vmPFC lesions were impaired in decisions requiring configural evaluation but not when evaluating the sum of the parts. This suggests that multiattribute decision-making engages distinct evaluation mechanisms relying on partially dissociable neural substrates, depending on the relationship between attributes and value.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Decision neuroscience has only recently begun to address how multiple choice-relevant attributes are brought together during evaluation and choice among complex options. Object recognition research makes a crucial distinction between individual attribute and holistic/configural object processing, but how the brain evaluates attributes and whole objects remains unclear. Using fMRI and eye tracking, we found that the vmPFC and the perirhinal cortex contribute to value estimation specifically when value was related to whole objects, that is, predicted by the unique configuration of attributes and not when value was predicted by the sum of individual attribute values. This perspective on the interactions between subjective value and object processing mechanisms provides a novel bridge between the study of object recognition and reward-guided decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Pelletier
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Nadav Aridan
- Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Lesley K Fellows
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Tom Schonberg
- Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
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25
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Nakagawa E, Sumiya M, Koike T, Sadato N. The neural network underpinning social feedback contingent upon one's action: An fMRI study. Neuroimage 2020; 225:117476. [PMID: 33099011 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Praise enhances motor performance; however, the underlying feedback pathway is unknown. Here, we hypothesized that the social evaluation feedback to the motor system is modified by the top-down effect of the social contingency valuation system, such as the anterior rostral medial prefrontal cortex (arMPFC). We developed a pseudo-interactive task that simplified a conversational student-teacher interaction and conducted a functional magnetic resonance imaging study with 33 participants (13 men, 20 women; mean age = 21.7 years; standard deviation = 2.0 years). The participant inside the scanner uttered the pseudo-English word to the English teacher outside the scanner. The teacher provided feedback of acceptance or rejection by either gestures or words, through video. As a control condition, the pseudo-word was read aloud by a computer. Approval from the teacher enhanced the participants' pleasure rate. Feedback to the participants' utterance, either rejection or acceptance, activated the arMPFC. Irrespective of the preceding utterance by self or computer, acceptance compared with rejection activated the right primary visual cortex (V1), and the reverse activated the left V1. This valence-dependent laterality of V1 activation indicates that the effect is not the domain-general modulation of visual processing. Instead, the early visual cortices are part of the valence-specific representation of the social signal. Physio-physiological interaction analysis with the seed regions in the right and left V1 and the modulator region in the arMPFC showed enhanced connectivity with the bilateral primary motor cortex. These findings indicate that the socially contingent, self-relevant signals from others act as feedback to the motor control system, and this process is mediated by the early visual cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Nakagawa
- Department of System Neuroscience, National Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS), 38 Nishigonaka Myodaiji, Okazaki city, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Motofumi Sumiya
- Department of System Neuroscience, National Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS), 38 Nishigonaka Myodaiji, Okazaki city, Aichi 444-8585, Japan; Department of Cognitive and Psychological Sciences, Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ward, Nagoya city, Aichi 464-8601, Japan; Research Fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiko Koike
- Department of System Neuroscience, National Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS), 38 Nishigonaka Myodaiji, Okazaki city, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Norihiro Sadato
- Department of System Neuroscience, National Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS), 38 Nishigonaka Myodaiji, Okazaki city, Aichi 444-8585, Japan; Biomedical Imaging Research Center (BIRC), University of Fukui, 23-3 Matsuokashimoaizuki, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui 910-1193, Japan.
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26
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Shapcott KA, Schmiedt JT, Kouroupaki K, Kienitz R, Lazar A, Singer W, Schmid MC. Reward-Related Suppression of Neural Activity in Macaque Visual Area V4. Cereb Cortex 2020; 30:4871-4881. [PMID: 32350517 PMCID: PMC7391271 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In order for organisms to survive, they need to detect rewarding stimuli, for example, food or a mate, in a complex environment with many competing stimuli. These rewarding stimuli should be detected even if they are nonsalient or irrelevant to the current goal. The value-driven theory of attentional selection proposes that this detection takes place through reward-associated stimuli automatically engaging attentional mechanisms. But how this is achieved in the brain is not very well understood. Here, we investigate the effect of differential reward on the multiunit activity in visual area V4 of monkeys performing a perceptual judgment task. Surprisingly, instead of finding reward-related increases in neural responses to the perceptual target, we observed a large suppression at the onset of the reward indicating cues. Therefore, while previous research showed that reward increases neural activity, here we report a decrease. More suppression was caused by cues associated with higher reward than with lower reward, although neither cue was informative about the perceptually correct choice. This finding of reward-associated neural suppression further highlights normalization as a general cortical mechanism and is consistent with predictions of the value-driven attention theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine A Shapcott
- Schmid Lab, Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, Frankfurt a. M. 60528, Germany.,Singer Lab, Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, Frankfurt a. M. 60528, Germany.,Singer Group, Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Frankfurt a. M. 60438, Germany
| | - Joscha T Schmiedt
- Schmid Lab, Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, Frankfurt a. M. 60528, Germany
| | - Kleopatra Kouroupaki
- Schmid Lab, Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, Frankfurt a. M. 60528, Germany
| | - Ricardo Kienitz
- Schmid Lab, Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, Frankfurt a. M. 60528, Germany.,Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.,Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Center of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Goethe University, Frankfurt a. M. 60528, Germany
| | - Andreea Lazar
- Singer Lab, Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, Frankfurt a. M. 60528, Germany.,Singer Group, Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Frankfurt a. M. 60438, Germany
| | - Wolf Singer
- Singer Lab, Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, Frankfurt a. M. 60528, Germany.,Singer Group, Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Frankfurt a. M. 60438, Germany
| | - Michael C Schmid
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.,Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg 1700, Switzerland
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27
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Event-Related Potentials Elicited by Face and Face Pareidolia in Parkinson's Disease. PARKINSONS DISEASE 2020; 2020:3107185. [PMID: 32318259 PMCID: PMC7150676 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3107185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Parkinson's disease is associated with impaired ability to recognize emotional facial expressions. In addition to a visual processing disorder, a visual recognition disorder may be involved in these patients. Pareidolia is a type of complex visual illusion that permits the interpretation of a vague stimulus as something known to the observer. Parkinson's patients experience pareidolic illusions. N170 and N250 waveforms are two event-related potentials (ERPs) involved in emotional facial expression recognition. Objective In this study, we investigated how Parkinson's patients process face and face-pareidolia stimuli at the neural level using N170, vertex positive potential (VPP), and N250 components of event-related potentials. Methods To examine the response of face and face-pareidolia processing in Parkinson's patients, we measured the N170, VPP, and N250 components of the event-related brain potentials in a group of 21 participants with Parkinson's disease and 26 control participants. Results We found that the latencies of N170 and VPP responses to both face and face-pareidolia stimuli were increased along with their amplitudes, and the amplitude of N250 responses decreased in Parkinson's patients compared to the control group. In both control and Parkinson's patients, face stimuli generated greater ERP amplitude and shorter latency in responses than did face-pareidolia stimuli. Conclusion The results of our study showed that ERPs associated with face and also face-pareidolia stimuli processing are changed in early-stage neurophysiological activity in the temporoparietal cortex of Parkinson's patients.
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28
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Li N, Jasanoff A. Local and global consequences of reward-evoked striatal dopamine release. Nature 2020; 580:239-244. [PMID: 32269346 PMCID: PMC7799633 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2158-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The neurotransmitter dopamine is required for the reinforcement of actions by rewarding stimuli1. Neuroscientists have tried to define dopamine’s functions in concise conceptual terms2, but the practical significance of dopamine release depends on its diverse brain-wide consequences. Although the molecular and cellular effects of dopaminergic signaling have been extensively studied3, its impact on larger-scale neural activity profiles is less understood. Here we combine dynamic dopamine-sensitive molecular imaging4 and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to determine how striatal dopamine release shapes local and global responses to rewarding stimulation in the rodent brain. We find that dopamine consistently alters the duration but not the magnitude of stimulus responses across much of striatum, via quantifiable postsynaptic effects that vary across subregions. Striatal dopamine release also potentiates a network of distal responses we delineate using neurochemically-dependent functional connectivity analyses. Hot spots of dopaminergic drive notably include cortical regions associated with both limbic and motor function. Our results thus reveal distinct neuromodulatory actions of striatal dopamine that extend well beyond its sites of peak release, and that result in enhanced activation of remote neural populations necessary for performance of motivated actions. Our findings also suggest brain-wide biomarkers of dopaminergic function and could provide a basis for improved interpretation of neuroimaging results relevant to learning and addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Li
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alan Jasanoff
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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29
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Qin N, Xue J, Chen C, Zhang M. The Bright and Dark Sides of Performance-Dependent Monetary Rewards: Evidence From Visual Perception Tasks. Cogn Sci 2020; 44:e12825. [PMID: 32180260 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.12825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Studies have shown that performance-dependent monetary rewards facilitate visual perception. However, no study has examined whether such a positive effect is limited to the rewarded task or may be generalized to other tasks. In the current study, two groups of people were asked to perform two visual perception tasks, one being a reward-relevant task and the other being a reward-irrelevant task. For the reward-relevant task, the experimental group received performance-dependent monetary rewards, whereas the control group did not. For the reward-irrelevant task, both groups were not rewarded. The two tasks were randomly intermixed trial by trial (Experiment 1) or presented block by block (Experiment 2) or session by session (Experiments 3a, 3b, and 3c). Results showed that performance-dependent monetary rewards improved participants' performance on the relevant task in all experiments and impaired their performance on the irrelevant task in Experiments 2, 3a, 3b, and 3c. These results suggested that monetary rewards might incur a cost on reward-irrelevant tasks. Finally, the benefit of monetary rewards disappeared when they were no longer provided during the final session. This is the first study that reveals both the bright and dark sides of the performance-dependent monetary rewards in visual perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Qin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Jingming Xue
- Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University
| | - Chuansheng Chen
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California
| | - Mingxia Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology
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30
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Reward does not facilitate visual perceptual learning until sleep occurs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 117:959-968. [PMID: 31892542 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1913079117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence indicates that visual perceptual learning (VPL) is enhanced by reward provided during training. Another line of studies has shown that sleep following training also plays a role in facilitating VPL, an effect known as the offline performance gain of VPL. However, whether the effects of reward and sleep interact on VPL remains unclear. Here, we show that reward interacts with sleep to facilitate offline performance gains of VPL. First, we demonstrated a significantly larger offline performance gain over a 12-h interval including sleep in a reward group than that in a no-reward group. However, the offline performance gains over the 12-h interval without sleep were not significantly different with or without reward during training, indicating a crucial interaction between reward and sleep in VPL. Next, we tested whether neural activations during posttraining sleep were modulated after reward was provided during training. Reward provided during training enhanced rapid eye movement (REM) sleep time, increased oscillatory activities for reward processing in the prefrontal region during REM sleep, and inhibited neural activation in the untrained region in early visual areas in non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and REM sleep. The offline performance gains were significantly correlated with oscillatory activities of visual processing during NREM sleep and reward processing during REM sleep in the reward group but not in the no-reward group. These results suggest that reward provided during training becomes effective during sleep, with excited reward processing sending inhibitory signals to suppress noise in visual processing, resulting in larger offline performance gains over sleep.
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31
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Kumar P, Pisoni A, Bondy E, Kremens R, Singleton P, Pizzagalli DA, Auerbach RP. Delineating the social valuation network in adolescents. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2019; 14:1159-1166. [PMID: 31680163 PMCID: PMC7057279 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsz086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescents strive for peer approval, and an increased sensitivity to peers' opinions is normative. However, among vulnerable adolescents, peer evaluation can be detrimental, contributing to affective disorders. It is, therefore, critical to improve our understanding of neural underpinnings of peer evaluation. Prior research has investigated averaged neural responses to peer acceptance or rejection, neglecting to probe trial-by-trial computations that mirror real-time updating of daily activities. In non-social decision-making, a common neural valuation system centered on the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) has emerged, which evaluates different reward types on a common scale to guide choices. However, it is unclear whether the mPFC also tracks complex social scenarios involving peer feedback. To address this gap, we acquired fMRI data from 55 healthy adolescents during the Chatroom Task, which probes peer evaluation, and implemented a computational approach to characterize trial-by-trial social value, thereby allowing us to interrogate the neural correlates of social value. Consistent with our hypothesis, social value signals were encoded in the mPFC. Interestingly, analyses also revealed a wider social-specific valuation network including the precuneus and amygdala. Understanding how adolescents make social decisions and neural markers associated with it, may, ultimately, help us clarify promising targets for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poornima Kumar
- Center for Depression, Anxiety and Stress Research, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Angela Pisoni
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Erin Bondy
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63105, USA
| | - Rebecca Kremens
- Center for Depression, Anxiety and Stress Research, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Paris Singleton
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Diego A Pizzagalli
- Center for Depression, Anxiety and Stress Research, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Randy P Auerbach
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA, and
- Division of Clinical Developmental Neuroscience, Sackler Institute, New York, NY, 10032, USA
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32
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Ventral midbrain stimulation induces perceptual learning and cortical plasticity in primates. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3591. [PMID: 31399570 PMCID: PMC6689065 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11527-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Practice improves perception and enhances neural representations of trained visual stimuli, a phenomenon known as visual perceptual learning (VPL). While attention to task-relevant stimuli plays an important role in such learning, Pavlovian stimulus-reinforcer associations are sufficient to drive VPL, even subconsciously. It has been proposed that reinforcement facilitates perceptual learning through the activation of neuromodulatory centers, but this has not been directly confirmed in primates. Here, we paired task-irrelevant visual stimuli with microstimulation of a dopaminergic center, the ventral tegmental area (VTA), in macaques. Pairing VTA microstimulation with a task-irrelevant visual stimulus increased fMRI activity and improved classification of fMRI activity patterns selectively for the microstimulation-paired stimulus. Moreover, pairing VTA microstimulation with a task-irrelevant visual stimulus improved the subject’s capacity to discriminate that stimulus. This is the first causal demonstration of the role of neuromodulatory centers in VPL in primates. Practice can improve the perception of stimuli used to achieve a task (perceptual learning). Here, the authors show in monkeys that perceptual learning can be produced even for irrelevant stimuli if the stimuli are paired with stimulation of a dopaminergic centre, the ventral tegmental area (VTA).
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33
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Shearrer GE, Nansel TR, Lipsky LM, Sadler JR, Burger KS. The impact of elevated body mass on brain responses during appetitive prediction error in postpartum women. Physiol Behav 2019; 206:243-251. [PMID: 30986423 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Repeated exposure to highly palatable foods and elevated weight promote: 1) insensitivity to punishment in striatal regions and, 2) increased willingness to work for food. We hypothesized that BMI would be positively associated with negative prediction error BOLD response in the occipital cortex. Additionally, we postulated that food reinforcement value would be negatively associated with negative prediction error BOLD response in the orbital frontal cortex and amygdala. Postpartum women (n = 47; BMI = 25.5 ± 5.1) were 'trained' to associate specific cues paired to either a highly palatable milkshake or a sub-palatable milkshake. We then violated these cue-taste pairings in 40% of the trials by showing a palatable cue followed by the sub-palatable taste (negative prediction error). Contrary to our hypotheses, during negative prediction error (mismatched cue-taste) versus matched palatable cue-taste, women showed increased BOLD response in the central operculum (pFWE = 0.002; k = 1680; MNI: -57, -7,14) and postcentral gyrus (pFWE = 0.006, k = 1219; MNI: 62, -8,18). When comparing the matched sub-palatable cue-taste to the negative prediction error trials, BOLD response increased in the postcentral gyrus (r = -0.60, pFWE = 0.008), putamen (r = -0.55, pFWE = 0.02), and insula (r = -0.50, pFWE = 0.01). Similarly, viewing the palatable cue vs sub-palatable cue was related to BOLD response in the putamen (pFWE = 0.025, k = 53; MNI: -20, 6, -8) and the insula (pFWE = 0.04, k = 19, MNI:38, -12, -6). Neither BMI at 6-month postpartum nor food reinforcement value was related to BOLD response. The insula and putamen appear to encode for visual food cue processing, and the gustatory and somatosensory cortices appear to encode negative prediction errors. Differential response in the somatosensory cortex to the matched cue-taste pairs to negative prediction error may indicate that a palatable cue may dull aversive qualities in the stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace E Shearrer
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Tonja R Nansel
- Social and Behavioral Sciences Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Leah M Lipsky
- Social and Behavioral Sciences Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Jennifer R Sadler
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Kyle S Burger
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America; Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America.
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34
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Wikman P, Rinne T, Petkov CI. Reward cues readily direct monkeys' auditory performance resulting in broad auditory cortex modulation and interaction with sites along cholinergic and dopaminergic pathways. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3055. [PMID: 30816142 PMCID: PMC6395775 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38833-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In natural settings, the prospect of reward often influences the focus of our attention, but how cognitive and motivational systems influence sensory cortex is not well understood. Also, challenges in training nonhuman animals on cognitive tasks complicate cross-species comparisons and interpreting results on the neurobiological bases of cognition. Incentivized attention tasks could expedite training and evaluate the impact of attention on sensory cortex. Here we develop an Incentivized Attention Paradigm (IAP) and use it to show that macaque monkeys readily learn to use auditory or visual reward cues, drastically influencing their performance within a simple auditory task. Next, this paradigm was used with functional neuroimaging to measure activation modulation in the monkey auditory cortex. The results show modulation of extensive auditory cortical regions throughout primary and non-primary regions, which although a hallmark of attentional modulation in human auditory cortex, has not been studied or observed as broadly in prior data from nonhuman animals. Psycho-physiological interactions were identified between the observed auditory cortex effects and regions including basal forebrain sites along acetylcholinergic and dopaminergic pathways. The findings reveal the impact and regional interactions in the primate brain during an incentivized attention engaging auditory task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Wikman
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Teemu Rinne
- Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, 20014, Turku, Finland.
| | - Christopher I Petkov
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, NE1 7RU, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
- Centre for Behaviour and Evolution, Newcastle University, NE1 7RU, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
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35
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Garcia-Lazaro HG, Bartsch MV, Boehler CN, Krebs RM, Donohue SE, Harris JA, Schoenfeld MA, Hopf JM. Dissociating Reward- and Attention-driven Biasing of Global Feature-based Selection in Human Visual Cortex. J Cogn Neurosci 2018; 31:469-481. [PMID: 30457917 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Objects that promise rewards are prioritized for visual selection. The way this prioritization shapes sensory processing in visual cortex, however, is debated. It has been suggested that rewards motivate stronger attentional focusing, resulting in a modulation of sensory selection in early visual cortex. An open question is whether those reward-driven modulations would be independent of similar modulations indexing the selection of attended features that are not associated with reward. Here, we use magnetoencephalography in human observers to investigate whether the modulations indexing global color-based selection in visual cortex are separable for target- and (monetary) reward-defining colors. To assess the underlying global color-based activity modulation, we compare the event-related magnetic field response elicited by a color probe in the unattended hemifield drawn either in the target color, the reward color, both colors, or a neutral task-irrelevant color. To test whether target and reward relevance trigger separable modulations, we manipulate attention demands on target selection while keeping reward-defining experimental parameters constant. Replicating previous observations, we find that reward and target relevance produce almost indistinguishable gain modulations in ventral extratriate cortex contralateral to the unattended color probe. Importantly, increasing attention demands on target discrimination increases the response to the target-defining color, whereas the response to the rewarded color remains largely unchanged. These observations indicate that, although task relevance and reward influence the very same feature-selective area in extrastriate visual cortex, the associated modulations are largely independent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jens-Max Hopf
- Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg.,Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg
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36
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Aydın Ç, Couto J, Giugliano M, Farrow K, Bonin V. Locomotion modulates specific functional cell types in the mouse visual thalamus. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4882. [PMID: 30451819 PMCID: PMC6242985 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06780-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The visual system is composed of diverse cell types that encode distinct aspects of the visual scene and may form separate processing channels. Here we present further evidence for that hypothesis whereby functional cell groups in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) are differentially modulated during behavior. Using simultaneous multi-electrode recordings in dLGN and primary visual cortex (V1) of behaving mice, we characterized the impact of locomotor activity on response amplitude, variability, correlation and spatiotemporal tuning. Locomotion strongly impacts the amplitudes of dLGN and V1 responses but the effects on variability and correlations are relatively minor. With regards to tunings, locomotion enhances dLGN responses to high temporal frequencies, preferentially affecting ON transient cells and neurons with nonlinear responses to high spatial frequencies. Channel specific modulations may serve to highlight particular visual inputs during active behaviors. Locomotion is known to modulate neuronal firing in both the visual thalamus (LGN) and V1. Here, the authors characterize the LGN modulation in detail and report that neurons with transient ON responses for high spatial frequency stimuli show the strongest gain modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Çağatay Aydın
- Neuro-Electronics Research Flanders, Kapeldreef 75, 3001, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Biology & Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - João Couto
- Neuro-Electronics Research Flanders, Kapeldreef 75, 3001, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Biology & Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michele Giugliano
- Neuro-Electronics Research Flanders, Kapeldreef 75, 3001, Leuven, Belgium.,VIB, 3001, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium.,Brain Mind Institute, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Karl Farrow
- Neuro-Electronics Research Flanders, Kapeldreef 75, 3001, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Biology & Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.,VIB, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Vincent Bonin
- Neuro-Electronics Research Flanders, Kapeldreef 75, 3001, Leuven, Belgium. .,Department of Biology & Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium. .,VIB, 3001, Leuven, Belgium. .,imec, 3001, Leuven, Belgium.
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37
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Anderson BA. Neurobiology of value-driven attention. Curr Opin Psychol 2018; 29:27-33. [PMID: 30472540 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
What we pay attention to is influenced by reward learning. Converging evidence points to the idea that associative reward learning changes how visual stimuli are processed in the brain, rendering learned reward cues difficult to ignore. Behavioral evidence distinguishes value-driven attention from other established control mechanisms, suggesting a distinct underlying neurobiological process. Recently, studies have begun to explore the neural substrates of this value-driven attention mechanism. Here, I review the progress that has been made in this area, and synthesize the findings to provide an integrative account of the neurobiology of value-driven attention. The proposed account can explain both attentional capture by previously rewarded targets and the modulatory effect of reward on priming, as well as the decoupling of reward history and prior task relevance in value-driven attention.
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38
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Rima S, Poujade M, Maniglia M, Durand JB. Rewarding objects appear larger but not brighter. J Vis 2018; 18:9. [PMID: 30029273 DOI: 10.1167/18.7.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether reward can accentuate the perception of visual objects, that is, makes them appear larger than they really are, is a long-standing and controversial question. Here, we revisit this issue with a novel two-alternative forced-choice paradigm combining asymmetric reward schedule and task reversal. In a first experiment, participants (n = 27) choose the larger of two unequally rewarded objects in some sessions and the smaller one in other sessions. Response biases toward the most rewarding object differ significantly between the reversed tasks, revealing an influence of reward on perceived sizes. In a second experiment, participants (n = 27) indicate either the brighter or darker object. In contrast with the first experiment, response biases are similar between those reversed tasks, indicating that the perceived luminance is immune to reward manipulation. Together, these results reveal that if two objects are associated with different amounts of reward, participants will perceive the more rewarded object to be slightly larger, but not brighter, than the less rewarded one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samy Rima
- Université de Toulouse, Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition, Toulouse, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Mylène Poujade
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.,Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Marcello Maniglia
- Université de Toulouse, Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition, Toulouse, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse Cedex, France.,Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Jean-Baptiste Durand
- Université de Toulouse, Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition, Toulouse, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse Cedex, France
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39
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Jacob SN, Nienborg H. Monoaminergic Neuromodulation of Sensory Processing. Front Neural Circuits 2018; 12:51. [PMID: 30042662 PMCID: PMC6048220 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2018.00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
All neuronal circuits are subject to neuromodulation. Modulatory effects on neuronal processing and resulting behavioral changes are most commonly reported for higher order cognitive brain functions. Comparatively little is known about how neuromodulators shape processing in sensory brain areas that provide the signals for downstream regions to operate on. In this article, we review the current knowledge about how the monoamine neuromodulators serotonin, dopamine and noradrenaline influence the representation of sensory stimuli in the mammalian sensory system. We review the functional organization of the monoaminergic brainstem neuromodulatory systems in relation to their role for sensory processing and summarize recent neurophysiological evidence showing that monoamines have diverse effects on early sensory processing, including changes in gain and in the precision of neuronal responses to sensory inputs. We also highlight the substantial evidence for complementarity between these neuromodulatory systems with different patterns of innervation across brain areas and cortical layers as well as distinct neuromodulatory actions. Studying the effects of neuromodulators at various target sites is a crucial step in the development of a mechanistic understanding of neuronal information processing in the healthy brain and in the generation and maintenance of mental diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon N Jacob
- Department of Neurosurgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hendrikje Nienborg
- Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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40
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Takeda M. Brain mechanisms of visual long-term memory retrieval in primates. Neurosci Res 2018; 142:7-15. [PMID: 29964078 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Memorizing events or objects and retrieving them from memory are essential for daily life. Historically, memory processing was studied in neuropsychology, in which patients provided us with insights into the brain mechanisms underlying memory. Psychological hypotheses about memory processing have been further investigated using neuroscience techniques, such as functional imaging and electrophysiology. In this article, I briefly summarize recent findings on multi-scale neural circuitry for memory at the scale of single neurons and cortical layers as well as inter-area and whole-brain interactions. The key idea which connects multi-scale neural circuits is how neuronal assemblies utilize the frequency of communication between neurons, cortical layers, and brain areas. Using findings and ideas from other cognitive function studies, I discuss the plausible communication between neurons involved in memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Takeda
- Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; Department of Physiology, The University of Tokyo School of Medicine, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Research Center for Brain Communication, Research Institute, Kochi University of Technology, Kami-city, Kochi 782-8502, Japan.
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41
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42
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Kaskan PM, Costa VD, Eaton HP, Zemskova JA, Mitz AR, Leopold DA, Ungerleider LG, Murray EA. Learned Value Shapes Responses to Objects in Frontal and Ventral Stream Networks in Macaque Monkeys. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:2739-2757. [PMID: 27166166 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We have an incomplete picture of how the brain links object representations to reward value, and how this information is stored and later retrieved. The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), medial frontal cortex (MFC), and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC), together with the amygdala, are thought to play key roles in these processes. There is an apparent discrepancy, however, regarding frontal areas thought to encode value in macaque monkeys versus humans. To address this issue, we used fMRI in macaque monkeys to localize brain areas encoding recently learned image values. Each week, monkeys learned to associate images of novel objects with a high or low probability of water reward. Areas responding to the value of recently learned reward-predictive images included MFC area 10 m/32, VLPFC area 12, and inferior temporal visual cortex (IT). The amygdala and OFC, each thought to be involved in value encoding, showed little such effect. Instead, these 2 areas primarily responded to visual stimulation and reward receipt, respectively. Strong image value encoding in monkey MFC compared with OFC is surprising, but agrees with results from human imaging studies. Our findings demonstrate the importance of VLPFC, MFC, and IT in representing the values of recently learned visual images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Kaskan
- Section on Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, Laboratory of Neuropsychology
| | - Vincent D Costa
- Unit on Learning and Decision Making, Laboratory of Neuropsychology
| | - Hana P Eaton
- Section on Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, Laboratory of Neuropsychology
| | - Julie A Zemskova
- Section on Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, Laboratory of Neuropsychology
| | | | - David A Leopold
- Section on Cognitive Neurophysiology and Imaging, Laboratory of Neuropsychology and
| | - Leslie G Ungerleider
- Section on Neurocircuitry, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Elisabeth A Murray
- Section on Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, Laboratory of Neuropsychology
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43
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Temporal-prefrontal cortical network for discrimination of valuable objects in long-term memory. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E2135-E2144. [PMID: 29437980 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1707695115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Remembering and discriminating objects based on their previously learned values are essential for goal-directed behaviors. While the cerebral cortex is known to contribute to object recognition, surprisingly little is known about its role in retaining long-term object-value associations. To address this question, we trained macaques to arbitrarily associate small or large rewards with many random fractal objects (>100) and then used fMRI to study the long-term retention of value-based response selectivity across the brain. We found a pronounced long-term value memory in core subregions of temporal and prefrontal cortex where, several months after training, fractals previously associated with high reward ("good" stimuli) elicited elevated fMRI responses compared with those associated with low reward ("bad" stimuli). Similar long-term value-based modulation was also observed in subregions of the striatum, amygdala, and claustrum, but not in the hippocampus. The value-modulated temporal-prefrontal subregions showed strong resting-state functional connectivity to each other. Moreover, for areas outside this core, the magnitude of long-term value responses was predicted by the strength of resting-state functional connectivity to the core subregions. In separate testing, free-viewing gaze behavior indicated that the monkeys retained stable long-term memory of object value. These results suggest an implicit and high-capacity memory mechanism in the temporal-prefrontal circuitry and its associated subcortical regions for long-term retention of object-value memories that can guide value-oriented behavior.
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44
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Souza BOF, Abou Rjeili M, Quintana C, Beaulieu JM, Casanova C. Spatial Frequency Selectivity Is Impaired in Dopamine D2 Receptor Knockout Mice. Front Integr Neurosci 2018; 11:41. [PMID: 29379422 PMCID: PMC5775240 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2017.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopamine is a neurotransmitter implicated in several brain functions, including vision. In the present study, we investigated the impacts of the lack of D2 dopamine receptors on the structure and function of the primary visual cortex (V1) of D2-KO mice using optical imaging of intrinsic signals. Retinotopic maps were generated in order to measure anatomo-functional parameters such as V1 shape, cortical magnification factor, scatter, and ocular dominance. Contrast sensitivity and spatial frequency selectivity (SF) functions were computed from responses to drifting gratings. When compared to control mice, none of the parameters of the retinotopic maps were affected by D2 receptor loss of function. While the contrast sensitivity function of D2-KO mice did not differ from their wild-type counterparts, SF selectivity function was significantly affected as the optimal SF and the high cut-off frequency (p < 0.01) were higher in D2-KO than in WT mice. These findings show that the lack of function of D2 dopamine receptors had no influence on cortical structure whereas it had a significant impact on the spatial frequency selectivity and high cut-off. Taken together, our results suggest that D2 receptors play a specific role on the processing of spatial features in early visual cortex while they do not seem to participate in its development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mira Abou Rjeili
- Laboratory of Visual Neuroscience, Optometry School, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Clémentine Quintana
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jean M Beaulieu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Christian Casanova
- Laboratory of Visual Neuroscience, Optometry School, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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45
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Attention Shifts Recruit the Monkey Default Mode Network. J Neurosci 2017; 38:1202-1217. [PMID: 29263238 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1111-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A unifying function associated with the default mode network (DMN), which is more active during rest than under active task conditions, has been difficult to define. The DMN is activated during monitoring the external world for unexpected events, as a sentinel, and when humans are engaged in high-level internally focused tasks. The existence of DMN correlates in other species, such as mice, challenge the idea that internally focused, high-level cognitive operations, such as introspection, autobiographical memory retrieval, planning the future, and predicting someone else's thoughts, are evolutionarily preserved defining properties of the DMN. A recent human study demonstrated that demanding cognitive shifts could recruit the DMN, yet it is unknown whether this holds for nonhuman species. Therefore, we tested whether large changes in cognitive context would recruit DMN regions in female and male nonhuman primates. Such changes were measured as displacements of spatial attentional weights based on internal rules of relevance (spatial shifts) compared with maintaining attentional weights at the same location (stay events). Using fMRI in macaques, we detected that a cortical network, activated during shifts, largely overlapped with the DMN. Moreover, fMRI time courses sampled from independently defined DMN foci showed significant shift selectivity during the demanding attention task. Finally, functional clustering based on independent resting state data revealed that DMN and shift regions clustered conjointly, whereas regions activated during the stay events clustered apart. We therefore propose that cognitive shifting in primates generally recruits DMN regions. This might explain a breakdown of the DMN in many neurological diseases characterized by declined cognitive flexibility.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Activation of the human default mode network (DMN) can be measured with fMRI when subjects shift thoughts between high-level internally directed cognitive states, when thinking about the self, the perspective of others, when imagining future and past events, and during mind wandering. Furthermore, the DMN is activated as a sentinel, monitoring the environment for unexpected events. Arguably, these cognitive processes have in common fast and substantial changes in cognitive context. As DMN activity has also been reported in nonhuman species, we tested whether shifts in spatial attention activated the monkey DMN. Core monkey DMN and shift-selective regions shared several functional properties, indicating that cognitive shifting, in general, might constitute one of the evolutionarily preserved functions of the DMN.
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46
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Lohrenz T, Kishida KT, Montague PR. BOLD and its connection to dopamine release in human striatum: a cross-cohort comparison. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 371:rstb.2015.0352. [PMID: 27574306 PMCID: PMC5003854 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Activity in midbrain dopamine neurons modulates the release of dopamine in terminal structures including the striatum, and controls reward-dependent valuation and choice. This fluctuating release of dopamine is thought to encode reward prediction error (RPE) signals and other value-related information crucial to decision-making, and such models have been used to track prediction error signals in the striatum as encoded by BOLD signals. However, until recently there have been no comparisons of BOLD responses and dopamine responses except for one clear correlation of these two signals in rodents. No such comparisons have been made in humans. Here, we report on the connection between the RPE-related BOLD signal recorded in one group of subjects carrying out an investment task, and the corresponding dopamine signal recorded directly using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry in a separate group of Parkinson's disease patients undergoing DBS surgery while performing the same task. The data display some correspondence between the signal types; however, there is not a one-to-one relationship. Further work is necessary to quantify the relationship between dopamine release, the BOLD signal and the computational models that have guided our understanding of both at the level of the striatum. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Interpreting BOLD: a dialogue between cognitive and cellular neuroscience’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry Lohrenz
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Kenneth T Kishida
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - P Read Montague
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, USA Department of Physics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, London, UK
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47
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Bayer M, Rossi V, Vanlessen N, Grass A, Schacht A, Pourtois G. Independent effects of motivation and spatial attention in the human visual cortex. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2017; 12:146-156. [PMID: 28031455 PMCID: PMC5390750 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsw162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Motivation and attention constitute major determinants of human perception and action. Nonetheless, it remains a matter of debate whether motivation effects on the visual cortex depend on the spatial attention system, or rely on independent pathways. This study investigated the impact of motivation and spatial attention on the activity of the human primary and extrastriate visual cortex by employing a factorial manipulation of the two factors in a cued pattern discrimination task. During stimulus presentation, we recorded event-related potentials and pupillary responses. Motivational relevance increased the amplitudes of the C1 component at ∼70 ms after stimulus onset. This modulation occurred independently of spatial attention effects, which were evident at the P1 level. Furthermore, motivation and spatial attention had independent effects on preparatory activation as measured by the contingent negative variation; and pupil data showed increased activation in response to incentive targets. Taken together, these findings suggest independent pathways for the influence of motivation and spatial attention on the activity of the human visual cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareike Bayer
- Courant Research Centre Text Structures, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Valentina Rossi
- Cognitive and Affective Psychophysiology Laboratory, Department of Experimental, Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Naomi Vanlessen
- Cognitive and Affective Psychophysiology Laboratory, Department of Experimental, Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Belgium.,Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Annika Grass
- Courant Research Centre Text Structures, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Annekathrin Schacht
- Courant Research Centre Text Structures, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gilles Pourtois
- Cognitive and Affective Psychophysiology Laboratory, Department of Experimental, Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Belgium
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48
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Zhang W, Jiang X, Zhang S, Howell BR, Zhao Y, Zhang T, Guo L, Sanchez MM, Hu X, Liu T. Connectome-scale functional intrinsic connectivity networks in macaques. Neuroscience 2017; 364:1-14. [PMID: 28842187 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
There have been extensive studies of intrinsic connectivity networks (ICNs) in the human brains using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in the literature. However, the functional organization of ICNs in macaque brains has been less explored so far, despite growing interests in the field. In this work, we propose a computational framework to identify connectome-scale group-wise consistent ICNs in macaques via sparse representation of whole-brain resting-state fMRI data. Experimental results demonstrate that 70 group-wise consistent ICNs are successfully identified in macaque brains via the proposed framework. These 70 ICNs are interpreted based on two publicly available parcellation maps of macaque brains and our work significantly expand currently known macaque ICNs already reported in the literature. In general, this set of connectome-scale group-wise consistent ICNs can potentially benefit a variety of studies in the neuroscience and brain-mapping fields, and they provide a foundation to better understand brain evolution in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Cortical Architecture Imaging and Discovery Lab, Department of Computer Science and Bioimaging Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Xi Jiang
- Cortical Architecture Imaging and Discovery Lab, Department of Computer Science and Bioimaging Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Shu Zhang
- Cortical Architecture Imaging and Discovery Lab, Department of Computer Science and Bioimaging Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Brittany R Howell
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Yu Zhao
- Cortical Architecture Imaging and Discovery Lab, Department of Computer Science and Bioimaging Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Tuo Zhang
- School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, PR China; Cortical Architecture Imaging and Discovery Lab, Department of Computer Science and Bioimaging Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Lei Guo
- School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Mar M Sanchez
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Xiaoping Hu
- Department of Bioengineering, UC Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Tianming Liu
- Cortical Architecture Imaging and Discovery Lab, Department of Computer Science and Bioimaging Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
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Selectivity in Postencoding Connectivity with High-Level Visual Cortex Is Associated with Reward-Motivated Memory. J Neurosci 2017; 37:537-545. [PMID: 28100737 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4032-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Reward motivation has been demonstrated to enhance declarative memory by facilitating systems-level consolidation. Although high-reward information is often intermixed with lower reward information during an experience, memory for high value information is prioritized. How is this selectivity achieved? One possibility is that postencoding consolidation processes bias memory strengthening to those representations associated with higher reward. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the influence of differential reward motivation on the selectivity of postencoding markers of systems-level memory consolidation. Human participants encoded intermixed, trial-unique memoranda that were associated with either high or low-value during fMRI acquisition. Encoding was interleaved with periods of rest, allowing us to investigate experience-dependent changes in connectivity as they related to later memory. Behaviorally, we found that reward motivation enhanced 24 h associative memory. Analysis of patterns of postencoding connectivity showed that, even though learning trials were intermixed, there was significantly greater connectivity with regions of high-level, category-selective visual cortex associated with high-reward trials. Specifically, increased connectivity of category-selective visual cortex with both the VTA and the anterior hippocampus predicted associative memory for high- but not low-reward memories. Critically, these results were independent of encoding-related connectivity and univariate activity measures. Thus, these findings support a model by which the selective stabilization of memories for salient events is supported by postencoding interactions with sensory cortex associated with reward. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Reward motivation is thought to promote memory by supporting memory consolidation. Yet, little is known as to how brain selects relevant information for subsequent consolidation based on reward. We show that experience-dependent changes in connectivity of both the anterior hippocampus and the VTA with high-level visual cortex selectively predicts memory for high-reward memoranda at a 24 h delay. These findings provide evidence for a novel mechanism guiding the consolidation of memories for valuable events, namely, postencoding interactions between neural systems supporting mesolimbic dopamine activation, episodic memory, and perception.
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Wilbertz G, van Kemenade BM, Schmack K, Sterzer P. fMRI-based decoding of reward effects in binocular rivalry. Neurosci Conscious 2017; 2017:nix013. [PMID: 30042846 PMCID: PMC6007140 DOI: 10.1093/nc/nix013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Binocular rivalry is a phenomenon where the simultaneous presentation of two different stimuli to the two eyes leads to alternating perception of the two stimuli. The temporary dominance of one stimulus over the other is influenced by several factors. Here, we studied the influence of reward on binocular rivalry dynamics and its neural representation in visual cortex. Orthogonal rotating grating stimuli were shown continuously, while monetary reward was given during the conscious perception of one stimulus but not the other. Periods of perceptual dominance were assessed both through participants’ subjective report and objectively using functional magnetic resonance imaging and multi-voxel pattern analysis. Results did not confirm previous evidence for an effect of reward on perceptual dominance durations. Exploratory post-hoc analyses indicated that knowledge regarding both the reward contingency and the subjective nature of perceptual alternations may have interfered with potential reward effects on perceptual phase durations, suggesting a moderating role of meta-cognitive awareness in reward-based perceptual inference. Future studies of top-down influences on bistable perception should carefully consider the methodological challenges related to meta-cognitive awareness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Wilbertz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charite Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Center for Advanced Neuroimaging, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bianca M van Kemenade
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charite Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Center for Advanced Neuroimaging, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt Universitätzu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps University of Marburg, 35039 Marburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Schmack
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charite Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Center for Advanced Neuroimaging, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Sterzer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charite Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Center for Advanced Neuroimaging, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt Universitätzu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, 10115 Berlin, Germany
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