1
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Hao P, Yang Z, So KF, Li X. A core scientific problem in the treatment of central nervous system diseases: newborn neurons. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:2588-2601. [PMID: 38595278 PMCID: PMC11168522 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-01775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
It has long been asserted that failure to recover from central nervous system diseases is due to the system's intricate structure and the regenerative incapacity of adult neurons. Yet over recent decades, numerous studies have established that endogenous neurogenesis occurs in the adult central nervous system, including humans'. This has challenged the long-held scientific consensus that the number of adult neurons remains constant, and that new central nervous system neurons cannot be created or renewed. Herein, we present a comprehensive overview of the alterations and regulatory mechanisms of endogenous neurogenesis following central nervous system injury, and describe novel treatment strategies that target endogenous neurogenesis and newborn neurons in the treatment of central nervous system injury. Central nervous system injury frequently results in alterations of endogenous neurogenesis, encompassing the activation, proliferation, ectopic migration, differentiation, and functional integration of endogenous neural stem cells. Because of the unfavorable local microenvironment, most activated neural stem cells differentiate into glial cells rather than neurons. Consequently, the injury-induced endogenous neurogenesis response is inadequate for repairing impaired neural function. Scientists have attempted to enhance endogenous neurogenesis using various strategies, including using neurotrophic factors, bioactive materials, and cell reprogramming techniques. Used alone or in combination, these therapeutic strategies can promote targeted migration of neural stem cells to an injured area, ensure their survival and differentiation into mature functional neurons, and facilitate their integration into the neural circuit. Thus can integration replenish lost neurons after central nervous system injury, by improving the local microenvironment. By regulating each phase of endogenous neurogenesis, endogenous neural stem cells can be harnessed to promote effective regeneration of newborn neurons. This offers a novel approach for treating central nervous system injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Hao
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaoyang Yang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Kwok-Fai So
- Guangdong-HongKong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- Department of Ophthalmology and State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administration Region, China
- Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaoguang Li
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
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2
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Rizzuti M, Melzi V, Brambilla L, Quetti L, Sali L, Ottoboni L, Meneri M, Ratti A, Verde F, Ticozzi N, Comi GP, Corti S, Abati E. Shaping the Neurovascular Unit Exploiting Human Brain Organoids. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:6642-6657. [PMID: 38334812 PMCID: PMC11338975 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-03998-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Brain organoids, three-dimensional cell structures derived from pluripotent stem cells, closely mimic key aspects of the human brain in vitro, providing a powerful tool for studying neurodevelopment and disease. The neuroectodermal induction protocol employed for brain organoid generation primarily gives rise to the neural cellular component but lacks the vital vascular system, which is crucial for the brain functions by regulating differentiation, migration, and circuit formation, as well as delivering oxygen and nutrients. Many neurological diseases are caused by dysfunctions of cerebral microcirculation, making vascularization of human brain organoids an important tool for pathogenetic and translational research. Experimentally, the creation of vascularized brain organoids has primarily focused on the fusion of vascular and brain organoids, on organoid transplantation in vivo, and on the use of microfluidic devices to replicate the intricate microenvironment of the human brain in vitro. This review summarizes these efforts and highlights the importance of studying the neurovascular unit in a forward-looking perspective of leveraging their use for understanding and treating neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mafalda Rizzuti
- Neurology Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Melzi
- Neurology Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Brambilla
- Neurology Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Quetti
- Neurology Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Sali
- Neurology Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Linda Ottoboni
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Megi Meneri
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonia Ratti
- Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
- Department Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Federico Verde
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Ticozzi
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giacomo Pietro Comi
- Neurology Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Corti
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Abati
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
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3
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Passarelli JP, Nimjee SM, Townsend KL. Stroke and Neurogenesis: Bridging Clinical Observations to New Mechanistic Insights from Animal Models. Transl Stroke Res 2024; 15:53-68. [PMID: 36462099 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-022-01109-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Stroke was the 2nd leading cause of death and a major cause of morbidity. Unfortunately, there are limited means to promote neurological recovery post-stroke, but research has unearthed potential targets for therapies to encourage post-stroke neurogenesis and neuroplasticity. The occurrence of neurogenesis in adult mammalian brains, including humans, was not widely accepted until the 1990s. Now, adult neurogenesis has been extensively studied in human and mouse neurogenic brain niches, of which the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles and subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus are best studied. Numerous other niches are under investigation for neurogenic potential. This review offers a basic overview to stroke in the clinical setting, a focused summary of recent and foundational research literature on cortical neurogenesis and post-stroke brain plasticity, and insights regarding how the meninges and choroid plexus have emerged as key players in neurogenesis and neuroplasticity in the context of focal cerebral ischemia disrupting the anterior circulation. The choroid plexus and meninges are vital as they are integral sites for neuroimmune interactions, glymphatic perfusion, and niche signaling pertinent to neural stem cells and neurogenesis. Modulating neuroimmune interactions with a focus on astrocyte activity, potentially through manipulation of the choroid plexus and meningeal niches, may reduce the exacerbation of stroke by inflammatory mediators and create an environment conducive to neurorecovery. Furthermore, addressing impaired glymphatic perfusion after ischemic stroke likely supports a neurogenic environment by clearing out inflammatory mediators, neurotoxic metabolites, and other accumulated waste. The meninges and choroid plexus also contribute more directly to promoting neurogenesis: the meninges are thought to harbor neural stem cells and are a niche amenable to neural stem/progenitor cell migration. Additionally, the choroid plexus has secretory functions that directly influences stem cells through signaling mechanisms and growth factor actions. More research to better understand the functions of the meninges and choroid plexus may lead to novel approaches for stimulating neuronal recovery after ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shahid M Nimjee
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Biomedical Research Tower, 460 W 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Kristy L Townsend
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Biomedical Research Tower, 460 W 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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4
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Guo W, Liu K, Wang Y, Ge X, Ma Y, Qin J, Zhang C, Zhao Y, Shi C. Neurotrophins and neural stem cells in posttraumatic brain injury repair. Animal Model Exp Med 2024; 7:12-23. [PMID: 38018458 PMCID: PMC10961886 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the main cause of disability, mental health disorder, and even death, with its incidence and social costs rising steadily. Although different treatment strategies have been developed and tested to mitigate neurological decline, a definitive cure for these conditions remains elusive. Studies have revealed that various neurotrophins represented by the brain-derived neurotrophic factor are the key regulators of neuroinflammation, apoptosis, blood-brain barrier permeability, neurite regeneration, and memory function. These factors are instrumental in alleviating neuroinflammation and promoting neuroregeneration. In addition, neural stem cells (NSC) contribute to nerve repair through inherent neuroprotective and immunomodulatory properties, the release of neurotrophins, the activation of endogenous NSCs, and intercellular signaling. Notably, innovative research proposals are emerging to combine BDNF and NSCs, enabling them to synergistically complement and promote each other in facilitating injury repair and improving neuron differentiation after TBI. In this review, we summarize the mechanism of neurotrophins in promoting neurogenesis and restoring neural function after TBI, comprehensively explore the potential therapeutic effects of various neurotrophins in basic research on TBI, and investigate their interaction with NSCs. This endeavor aims to provide a valuable insight into the clinical treatment and transformation of neurotrophins in TBI, thereby promoting the progress of TBI therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Guo
- Laboratory Animal CenterFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anP.R. China
- Gansu University of Traditional Chinese MedicineLanzhouP.R. China
| | - Ke Liu
- Laboratory Animal CenterFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anP.R. China
- Gansu University of Traditional Chinese MedicineLanzhouP.R. China
| | - Yinghua Wang
- Medical College of Yan'an UniversityYan'anP.R. China
| | - Xu Ge
- Laboratory Animal CenterFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anP.R. China
| | - Yifan Ma
- Gansu University of Traditional Chinese MedicineLanzhouP.R. China
| | - Jing Qin
- Laboratory Animal CenterFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anP.R. China
| | - Caiqin Zhang
- Laboratory Animal CenterFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anP.R. China
| | - Ya Zhao
- Laboratory Animal CenterFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anP.R. China
| | - Changhong Shi
- Laboratory Animal CenterFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anP.R. China
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5
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Toh HSY, Choo XY, Sun AX. Midbrain organoids-development and applications in Parkinson's disease. OXFORD OPEN NEUROSCIENCE 2023; 2:kvad009. [PMID: 38596240 PMCID: PMC10913847 DOI: 10.1093/oons/kvad009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Human brain development is spatially and temporally complex. Insufficient access to human brain tissue and inadequacy of animal models has limited the study of brain development and neurodegenerative diseases. Recent advancements of brain organoid technology have created novel opportunities to model human-specific neurodevelopment and brain diseases. In this review, we discuss the use of brain organoids to model the midbrain and Parkinson's disease. We critically evaluate the extent of recapitulation of PD pathology by organoids and discuss areas of future development that may lead to the model to become a next-generation, personalized therapeutic strategy for PD and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary S Y Toh
- Neuroscience & Behavioural Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore
| | - Xin Yi Choo
- Neuroscience & Behavioural Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore
| | - Alfred Xuyang Sun
- Neuroscience & Behavioural Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore
- National Neuroscience Institute, 11 Jln Tan Tock Seng, Singapore
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6
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Jiménez Peinado P, Urbach A. From Youthful Vigor to Aging Decline: Unravelling the Intrinsic and Extrinsic Determinants of Hippocampal Neural Stem Cell Aging. Cells 2023; 12:2086. [PMID: 37626896 PMCID: PMC10453598 DOI: 10.3390/cells12162086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Since Joseph Altman published his pioneering work demonstrating neurogenesis in the hippocampus of adult rats, the number of publications in this field increased exponentially. Today, we know that the adult hippocampus harbors a pool of adult neural stem cells (NSCs) that are the source of life-long neurogenesis and plasticity. The functions of these NSCs are regulated by extrinsic cues arising from neighboring cells and the systemic environment. However, this tight regulation is subject to imbalance with age, resulting in a decline in adult NSCs and neurogenesis, which contributes to the progressive deterioration of hippocampus-related cognitive functions. Despite extensive investigation, the mechanisms underlying this age-related decline in neurogenesis are only incompletely understood, but appear to include an increase in NSC quiescence, changes in differentiation patterns, and NSC exhaustion. In this review, we summarize recent work that has improved our knowledge of hippocampal NSC aging, focusing on NSC-intrinsic mechanisms as well as cellular and molecular changes in the niche and systemic environment that might be involved in the age-related decline in NSC functions. Additionally, we identify future directions that may advance our understanding of NSC aging and the concomitant loss of hippocampal neurogenesis and plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anja Urbach
- Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Healthy Aging, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany
- Aging Research Center Jena, Leibniz Institute on Aging, 07745 Jena, Germany
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7
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Kasakura N, Murata Y, Shindo A, Kitaoka S, Furuyashiki T, Suzuki K, Segi-Nishida E. Overexpression of NT-3 in the hippocampus suppresses the early phase of the adult neurogenic process. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1178555. [PMID: 37575306 PMCID: PMC10413268 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1178555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus regulates stress-related emotional behaviors and ensures neurogenesis throughout life. Neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) is a neurotrophic factor that regulates neuronal differentiation, survival, and synaptic formation in both the peripheral and central nervous systems. NT-3 is expressed in the adult DG of the hippocampus; several chronic stress conditions enhance NT-3 expression in rodents. However, functional modulation of the adult DG by NT-3 signaling remains unclear. To directly investigate the impact of NT-3 on DG function, NT-3 was overexpressed in the hippocampal ventral DG by an adeno-associated virus carrying NT-3 (AAV-NT-3). Four weeks following the AAV-NT-3 injection, high NT-3 expression was observed in the ventral DG. We examined the influence of NT-3 overexpression on the neuronal responses and neurogenic processes in the ventral DG. NT-3 overexpression significantly increased the expression of the mature DG neuronal marker calbindin and immediate early genes, such as Fos and Fosb, thereby suggesting DG neuronal activation. During neurogenesis, the number of proliferating cells and immature neurons in the subgranular zone of the DG significantly decreased in the AAV-NT-3 group. Among the neurogenesis-related factors, Vegfd, Lgr6, Bmp7, and Drd1 expression significantly decreased. These results demonstrated that high NT-3 levels in the hippocampus regulate the activation of mature DG neurons and suppress the early phase of neurogenic processes, suggesting a possible role of NT-3 in the regulation of adult hippocampal function under stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanami Kasakura
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Advanced Engineering, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuka Murata
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Advanced Engineering, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Asuka Shindo
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Advanced Engineering, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shiho Kitaoka
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Furuyashiki
- Division of Pharmacology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kanzo Suzuki
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Advanced Engineering, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eri Segi-Nishida
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Advanced Engineering, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
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8
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Blasco-Chamarro L, Fariñas I. Fine-tuned rest: unveiling the regulatory landscape of adult quiescent neural stem cells. Neuroscience 2023:S0306-4522(23)00298-1. [PMID: 37437796 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Cell quiescence is an essential mechanism that allows cells to temporarily halt proliferation while preserving the potential to resume it at a later time. The molecular mechanisms underlying cell quiescence are complex and involve the regulation of various signaling pathways, transcription factors and epigenetic modifications. The importance of unveiling the mechanisms regulating the quiescent state is undeniable, as its long-term maintenance is key to sustain tissue homeostasis throughout life. Neural stem cells (NSCs) are maintained in the subependymal zone (SEZ) niche of adult mammalian brains mostly as long-lasting quiescent cells, owing to multiple intrinsic and extrinsic cues that actively regulate this state. Differently from other non-proliferative states, quiescence is a reversible and tightly regulated condition that can re-activate to support the formation of new neurons throughout adult lifespan. Decoding its regulatory mechanisms in homeostasis and unveiling how it is modulated in the context of the aged brain or during tumorigenesis, could bring us closer to the development of new potential strategies to intervene in adult neurogenesis with therapeutic purposes. Starting with a general conceptualization of the quiescent state in different stem cell niches, we here review what we have learned about NSC quiescence in the SEZ, encompassing the experimental strategies used for its study, to end up discussing the modulation of quiescence in the context of a physiology or pathological NSC dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Blasco-Chamarro
- Biomedical Research Network on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED); Department of Cell Biology; Biotechnology and Biomedicine Institute (BioTecMed), University of Valencia, Spain
| | - Isabel Fariñas
- Biomedical Research Network on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED); Department of Cell Biology; Biotechnology and Biomedicine Institute (BioTecMed), University of Valencia, Spain.
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9
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Winkelman MA, Dai G. Bioengineered perfused human brain microvascular networks enhance neural progenitor cell survival, neurogenesis, and maturation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eaaz9499. [PMID: 37163593 PMCID: PMC10171804 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz9499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Neural progenitor cells (NPCs) have the capability to self-renew and differentiate into neurons and glial cells. In the adult brain, NPCs are found near brain microvascular networks (BMVNs) in specialized microenvironments called the neurovascular niche (NVN). Although several in vitro NVN models have been previously reported, most do not properly recapitulate the intimate cellular interactions between NPCs and perfused brain microvessels. Here, we developed perfused BMVNs composed of primary human brain endothelial cells, pericytes, and astrocytes within microfluidic devices. When induced pluripotent stem cell-derived NPCs were introduced into BMVNs, we found that NPC survival, neurogenesis, and maturation were enhanced. The application of flow during BMVN coculture was also beneficial for neuron differentiation. Collectively, our work highlighted the important role of BMVNs and flow in NPC self-renewal and neurogenesis, as well as demonstrated our model's potential to study the biological and physical interactions of human NVN in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max A. Winkelman
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
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10
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Karakatsani A, Álvarez-Vergara MI, de Almodóvar CR. The vasculature of neurogenic niches: Properties and function. Cells Dev 2023; 174:203841. [PMID: 37060947 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdev.2023.203841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
In the adult rodent brain, neural stem cells (NSCs) reside in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricles and the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the hippocampus. In these areas, NSCs and their progeny integrate intrinsic signals and extrinsic cues provided by their microenvironment that control their behavior. The vasculature in the SVZ and SGZ, and the choroid plexus (ChP) in the SVZ, have emerged as critical compartments of the neurogenic niches as they provide a rich repertoire of cues to regulate NSC quiescence, proliferation, self-renewal and differentiation. Physical contact between NSCs and blood vessels is also a feature within the niches and supports different processes such as quiescence, migration and vesicle transport. In this review, we provide a description of the brain and choroid plexus vasculature in both stem cell niches, highlighting the main properties and role of the vasculature in each niche. We also summarize the current understanding of how blood vessel- and ChP-derived signals influence the behavior of NSCs in physiological adulthood, as well as upon aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andromachi Karakatsani
- European Center for Angioscience, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Institute for Neurovascular Cell Biology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - María I Álvarez-Vergara
- European Center for Angioscience, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Institute for Neurovascular Cell Biology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Carmen Ruiz de Almodóvar
- European Center for Angioscience, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Institute for Neurovascular Cell Biology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Schlegel Chair for Neurovascular Cell Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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11
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Dlamini Z, Khanyile R, Molefi T, Damane BP, Bates DO, Hull R. Genomic Interplay between Neoneurogenesis and Neoangiogenesis in Carcinogenesis: Therapeutic Interventions. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15061805. [PMID: 36980690 PMCID: PMC10046518 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15061805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis, the generation of new blood vessels, is one of the hallmarks of cancer. The growing tumor requires nutrients and oxygen. Recent evidence has shown that tumors release signals to attract new nerve fibers and stimulate the growth of new nerve fibers. Neurogenesis, neural extension, and axonogenesis assist in the migration of cancer cells. Cancer cells can use both blood vessels and nerve fibers as routes for cells to move along. In this way, neurogenesis and angiogenesis both contribute to cancer metastasis. As a result, tumor-induced neurogenesis joins angiogenesis and immunosuppression as aberrant processes that are exacerbated within the tumor microenvironment. The relationship between these processes contributes to cancer development and progression. The interplay between these systems is brought about by cytokines, neurotransmitters, and neuromodulators, which activate signaling pathways that are common to angiogenesis and the nervous tissue. These include the AKT signaling pathways, the MAPK pathway, and the Ras signaling pathway. These processes also both require the remodeling of tissues. The interplay of these processes in cancer provides the opportunity to develop novel therapies that can be used to target these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zodwa Dlamini
- SAMRC Precision Oncology Research Unit (PORU), DSI/NRF SARChI Chair in Precision Oncology and Cancer Prevention (POCP), Pan African Cancer Research Institute (PACRI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
- Correspondence: (Z.D.); (R.H.)
| | - Richard Khanyile
- SAMRC Precision Oncology Research Unit (PORU), DSI/NRF SARChI Chair in Precision Oncology and Cancer Prevention (POCP), Pan African Cancer Research Institute (PACRI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
- Department of Medical Oncology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Steve Biko Academic Hospital, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Thulo Molefi
- SAMRC Precision Oncology Research Unit (PORU), DSI/NRF SARChI Chair in Precision Oncology and Cancer Prevention (POCP), Pan African Cancer Research Institute (PACRI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
- Department of Medical Oncology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Steve Biko Academic Hospital, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Botle Precious Damane
- Department of Surgery, Steve Biko Academic Hospital, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - David Owen Bates
- Centre for Cancer Sciences, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Rodney Hull
- SAMRC Precision Oncology Research Unit (PORU), DSI/NRF SARChI Chair in Precision Oncology and Cancer Prevention (POCP), Pan African Cancer Research Institute (PACRI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
- Correspondence: (Z.D.); (R.H.)
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12
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Zhang Q, Liu J, Chen L, Zhang M. Promoting Endogenous Neurogenesis as a Treatment for Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:1353-1368. [PMID: 36445633 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-03145-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most universal neurodegenerative disorder characterized by memory loss and cognitive impairment. AD is biologically defined by production and aggregation of misfolded protein including extracellular amyloid β (Aβ) peptide and intracellular microtubule-associated protein tau tangles in neurons, leading to irreversible neuronal loss. At present, regulation of endogenous neurogenesis to supplement lost neurons has been proposed as a promising strategy for treatment of AD. However, the exact underlying mechanisms of impaired neurogenesis in AD have not been fully explained and effective treatments targeting neurogenesis for AD are limited. In this review, we mainly focus on the latest research of impaired neurogenesis in AD. Then we discuss the factors affecting stages of neurogenesis and the interplay between neural stem cells (NSCs) and neurogenic niche under AD pathological conditions. This review aims to explore potential therapeutic strategies that promote endogenous neurogenesis for AD treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Jingyue Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China. .,School of Nursing, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China.
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13
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Yazdani N, Willits RK. Mimicking the neural stem cell niche: An engineer’s view of cell: material interactions. FRONTIERS IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fceng.2022.1086099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells have attracted attention in recent years to treat neurodegeneration. There are two neurogenic regions in the brain where neural stem cells reside, one of which is called the subventricular zone (SVZ). The SVZ niche is a complicated microenvironment providing cues to regulate self-renewal and differentiation while maintaining the neural stem cell’s pool. Many scientists have spent years understanding the cellular and structural characteristics of the SVZ niche, both in homeostasis and pathological conditions. On the other hand, engineers focus primarily on designing platforms using the knowledge they acquire to understand the effect of individual factors on neural stem cell fate decisions. This review provides a general overview of what we know about the components of the SVZ niche, including the residing cells, extracellular matrix (ECM), growth factors, their interactions, and SVZ niche changes during aging and neurodegenerative diseases. Furthermore, an overview will be given on the biomaterials used to mimic neurogenic niche microenvironments and the design considerations applied to add bioactivity while meeting the structural requirements. Finally, it will discuss the potential gaps in mimicking the microenvironment.
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14
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Matsuura S, Nishimoto Y, Endo A, Shiraki H, Suzuki K, Segi-Nishida E. Hippocampal Inflammation and Gene Expression Changes in Peripheral Lipopolysaccharide Challenged Mice Showing Sickness and Anxiety-Like Behaviors. Biol Pharm Bull 2023; 46:1176-1183. [PMID: 37661396 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b22-00729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is often associated with the development of depressive and anxiety disorders. The hippocampus is one of the brain regions affected by inflammation that is associated with these symptoms. However, the mechanism of hippocampal inflammation-induced emotional behavior remains unknown. The aim of this study was to clarify temporal changes in the neuroinflammatory responses in the hippocampus and the response of dentate gyrus (DG) neurons using peripheral lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-challenged mice. LPS administration induced anxiety-like activity in the elevated plus maze test and social interaction test after 24 h, at which time the mice had recovered from sickness behavior. We examined the hippocampal inflammation-related gene expression changes over time. The expression of interleukin-1β (Il1b) and tumor necrosis factor α (Tnfa) was rapidly enhanced and sustained until 24 h after LPS administration, whereas the expression of Il6 was transiently induced at approx. 6 h. IL-6-dependent downstream signaling of transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) was also activated approx. 3-6 h after LPS treatment. The expression of innate immune genes including interferon-induced transmembrane proteins such as interferon-induced transmembrane protein 1 (Ifitm1) and Ifitm3 and complement factors such as C1qa and C1qb started to increase approx. 6 h and showed sustained or further increase at 24 h. We also examined changes in the expression of several maturation markers in the DG and found that LPS enhanced the expression of calbindin 1 (Calb1), tryptophan-2,3-dioxigenase 2 (Tdo2), Il1rl, and neurotrophin-3 (Ntf3) at 24 h after LPS treatment. Collectively, these results demonstrate temporal changes of inflammation and gene expression in the hippocampus in LPS-induced sickness and anxiety-like behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumire Matsuura
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Advanced Engineering, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Yuki Nishimoto
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Advanced Engineering, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Akane Endo
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Advanced Engineering, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Hirono Shiraki
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Advanced Engineering, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Kanzo Suzuki
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Advanced Engineering, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Eri Segi-Nishida
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Advanced Engineering, Tokyo University of Science
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15
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Cancel LM, Silas D, Bikson M, Tarbell JM. Direct current stimulation modulates gene expression in isolated astrocytes with implications for glia-mediated plasticity. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17964. [PMID: 36289296 PMCID: PMC9606293 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22394-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
While the applications of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) across brain disease and cognition are diverse, they rely on changes in brain function outlasting stimulation. The cellular mechanisms of DCS leading to brain plasticity have been studied, but the role of astrocytes remains unaddressed. We previously predicted that during tDCS current is concentrated across the blood brain-barrier. This will amplify exposure of endothelial cells (ECs) that form blood vessels and of astrocytes that wrap around them. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of tDCS on the gene expression by astrocytes or ECs. DCS (0.1 or 1 mA, 10 min) was applied to monolayers of mouse brain ECs or human astrocytes. Gene expression of a set of neuroactive genes were measured using RT-qPCR. Expression was assessed immediately or 1 h after DCS. Because we previously showed that DCS can produce electroosmotic flow and fluid shear stress known to influence EC and astrocyte function, we compared three interventions: pressure-driven flow across the monolayer alone, pressure-driven flow plus DCS, and DCS alone with flow blocked. We show that DCS can directly modulate gene expression in astrocytes (notably FOS and BDNF), independent of but synergistic with pressure-driven flow gene expression. In ECs, pressure-driven flow activates genes expression with no evidence of further contribution from DCS. In ECs, DCS alone produced mixed effects including an upregulation of FGF9 and downregulation of NTF3. We propose a new adjunct mechanism for tDCS based on glial meditated plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limary M Cancel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, Steinman Hall, Room 404C, 160 Convent Ave, New York, NY, 10031, USA
| | - Dharia Silas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, Steinman Hall, Room 404C, 160 Convent Ave, New York, NY, 10031, USA
| | - Marom Bikson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, Steinman Hall, Room 404C, 160 Convent Ave, New York, NY, 10031, USA
| | - John M Tarbell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, Steinman Hall, Room 404C, 160 Convent Ave, New York, NY, 10031, USA.
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16
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Hui Y, Yan Z, Yang H, Xu X, Yuan WE, Qian Y. Graphene Family Nanomaterials for Stem Cell Neurogenic Differentiation and Peripheral Nerve Regeneration. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:4741-4759. [PMID: 36102324 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Stem cells play a critical role in peripheral nerve regeneration. Nerve scaffolds fabricated by specific materials can help induce the neurogenic differentiation of stem cells. Therefore, it is a potential strategy to enhance therapeutic efficiency. Graphene family nanomaterials are widely applied in repairing peripheral nerves. However, the mechanism underlying the pro-regeneration effects remains elusive. In this review, we first discuss the properties of graphene family nanomaterials, including monolayer and multilayer graphene, few-layer graphene, graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, and graphene quantum dots. We also introduce their applications in regulating stem cell differentiation. Then, we review the potential mechanisms of the neurogenic differentiation of stem cells facilitated by the materials. Finally, we discuss the existing challenges in this field to advance the development of nerve biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Hui
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Orthopaedic Material Innovation and Tissue Regeneration, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Zhiwen Yan
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Orthopaedic Material Innovation and Tissue Regeneration, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Hao Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Orthopaedic Material Innovation and Tissue Regeneration, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Xingxing Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Orthopaedic Material Innovation and Tissue Regeneration, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Wei-En Yuan
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yun Qian
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Orthopaedic Material Innovation and Tissue Regeneration, Shanghai 201306, China
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17
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Baklaushev VP, Yusubalieva GM, Samoilova EM, Belopasov VV. Resident Neural Stem Cell Niches and Regeneration: The Splendors and Miseries of Adult Neurogenesis. Russ J Dev Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062360422030080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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18
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Wang W, Su L, Wang Y, Li C, Ji F, Jiao J. Endothelial Cells Mediated by UCP2 Control the Neurogenic-to-Astrogenic Neural Stem Cells Fate Switch During Brain Development. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2105208. [PMID: 35488517 PMCID: PMC9218656 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202105208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
During mammalian cortical development, neural stem/progenitor cells (NSCs) gradually alter their characteristics, and the timing of generation of neurons and glial cells is strictly regulated by internal and external factors. However, whether the blood vessels located near NSCs affect the neurogenic-to-gliogenic transition remain unknown. Here, it is demonstrated that endothelial uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) deletion reduces blood vessel diameter and affects the transition timing of neurogenesis and gliogenesis. Deletion of endothelial UCP2 results in a persistent increase in astrocyte production at the postnatal stage. Mechanistically, the endothelial UCP2/ROS/ERK1/2 pathway increases chymase-1 expression to enhance angiotensin II (AngII) secretion outside the brain endothelium. The endotheliocyte-driven AngII-gp130-JAK-STAT pathway also regulates gliogenesis initiation. Moreover, endothelial UCP2 knockdown decreases human neural precursor cell (hNPC) differentiation into neurons and accelerates hNPC differentiation into astrocytes. Altogether, this work provides mechanistic insights into how endothelial UCP2 regulates the neurogenic-to-gliogenic fate switch in the developing neocortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101China
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei230026China
| | - Libo Su
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Yanyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Chenxiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Fen Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Jianwei Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
- Co‐Innovation Center of NeuroregenerationNantong UniversityNantong226001China
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineInstitute for Stem Cell and RegenerationChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101China
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19
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Sun XY, Ju XC, Li Y, Zeng PM, Wu J, Zhou YY, Shen LB, Dong J, Chen Y, Luo ZG. Generation of vascularized brain organoids to study neurovascular interactions. eLife 2022; 11:76707. [PMID: 35506651 PMCID: PMC9246368 DOI: 10.7554/elife.76707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain organoids have been used to recapitulate the processes of brain development and related diseases. However, the lack of vasculatures, which regulate neurogenesis and brain disorders, limits the utility of brain organoids. In this study, we induced vessel and brain organoids, respectively, and then fused two types of organoids together to obtain vascularized brain organoids. The fused brain organoids were engrafted with robust vascular network-like structures and exhibited increased number of neural progenitors, in line with the possibility that vessels regulate neural development. Fusion organoids also contained functional blood–brain barrier-like structures, as well as microglial cells, a specific population of immune cells in the brain. The incorporated microglia responded actively to immune stimuli to the fused brain organoids and showed ability of engulfing synapses. Thus, the fusion organoids established in this study allow modeling interactions between the neuronal and non-neuronal components in vitro, particularly the vasculature and microglia niche. Understanding how the organs form and how their cells behave is essential to finding the causes and treatment for developmental disorders, as well as understanding certain diseases. However, studying most organs in live animals or humans is technically difficult, expensive and invasive. To address this issue, scientists have developed models called ‘organoids’ that recapitulate the development of organs using stem cells in the lab. These models are easier to study and manipulate than the live organs. Brain organoids have been used to recapitulate brain formation as well as developmental, degenerative and psychiatric brain conditions such as microcephaly, autism and Alzheimer’s disease. However, these brain organoids lack the vasculature (the network of blood vessels) that supplies a live brain with nutrients and regulates its development, and which has important roles in brain disorders. Partly due to this lack of blood vessels, brain organoids also do not develop a blood brain barrier, the structure that prevents certain contents of the blood, including pathogens, toxins and even certain drugs from entering the brain. These characteristics limit the utility of existing brain organoids. To overcome these limitations, Sun, Ju et al. developed brain organoids and blood vessel organoids independently, and then fused them together to obtain vascularized brain organoids. These fusion organoids developed a robust network of blood vessels that was well integrated with the brain cells, and produced more neural cell precursors than brain organoids that had not been fused. This result is consistent with the idea that blood vessels can regulate brain development. Analyzing the fusion organoids revealed that they contain structures similar to the blood-brain barrier, as well as microglial cells (immune cells specific to the brain). When exposed to lipopolysaccharide – a component of the cell wall of certain bacteria – these cells responded by initiating an immune response in the fusion organoids. Notably, the microglial cells were also able to engulf connections between brain cells, a process necessary for the brain to develop the correct structures and work normally. Sun, Ju et al. have developed a new organoid system that will be of broad interest to researchers studying interactions between the brain and the circulatory system. The development of brain-blood-barrier-like structures in the fusion organoids could also facilitate the development of drugs that can cross this barrier, making it easier to treat certain conditions that affect the brain. Refining this model to allow the fusion organoids to grow for longer times in the lab, and adding blood flow to the system will be the next steps to establish this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yao Sun
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang-Chun Ju
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng-Ming Zeng
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Wu
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying-Ying Zhou
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Bing Shen
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Dong
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuejun Chen
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen-Ge Luo
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
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20
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Teplyashina EA, Gorina YV, Khilazheva ED, Boytsova EB, Mosyagina AI, Malinovskaya NA, Komleva YK, Morgun AV, Uspenskaya YA, Shuvaev AN, Salmina AB. Cells of Cerebrovascular Endothelium and Perivascular Astroglia in the Regulation of Neurogenesis. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093022030097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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21
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Quaresima S, Istiaq A, Jono H, Cacci E, Ohta K, Lupo G. Assessing the Role of Ependymal and Vascular Cells as Sources of Extracellular Cues Regulating the Mouse Ventricular-Subventricular Zone Neurogenic Niche. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:845567. [PMID: 35450289 PMCID: PMC9016221 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.845567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurogenesis persists in selected regions of the adult mouse brain; among them, the ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ) of the lateral ventricles represents a major experimental paradigm due to its conspicuous neurogenic output. Postnatal V-SVZ neurogenesis is maintained by a resident population of neural stem cells (NSCs). Although V-SVZ NSCs are largely quiescent, they can be activated to enter the cell cycle, self-renew and generate progeny that gives rise to olfactory bulb interneurons. These adult-born neurons integrate into existing circuits to modify cognitive functions in response to external stimuli, but cells shed by V-SVZ NSCs can also reach injured brain regions, suggesting a latent regenerative potential. The V-SVZ is endowed with a specialized microenvironment, which is essential to maintain the proliferative and neurogenic potential of NSCs, and to preserve the NSC pool from exhaustion by finely tuning their quiescent and active states. Intercellular communication is paramount to the stem cell niche properties of the V-SVZ, and several extracellular signals acting in the niche milieu have been identified. An important part of these signals comes from non-neural cell types, such as local vascular cells, ependymal and glial cells. Understanding the crosstalk between NSCs and other niche components may aid therapeutic approaches for neuropathological conditions, since neurodevelopmental disorders, age-related cognitive decline and neurodegenerative diseases have been associated with dysfunctional neurogenic niches. Here, we review recent advances in the study of the complex interactions between V-SVZ NSCs and their cellular niche. We focus on the extracellular cues produced by ependymal and vascular cells that regulate NSC behavior in the mouse postnatal V-SVZ, and discuss the potential implication of these molecular signals in pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Quaresima
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “C. Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Arif Istiaq
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Faculty of Arts and Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of Brain Morphogenesis, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Jono
- Department of Pharmacy, Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
- Department of Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Emanuele Cacci
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “C. Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Kunimasa Ohta
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Faculty of Arts and Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- *Correspondence: Kunimasa Ohta, ; Giuseppe Lupo,
| | - Giuseppe Lupo
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “C. Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Kunimasa Ohta, ; Giuseppe Lupo,
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22
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Zhang J, Uchiyama J, Imami K, Ishihama Y, Kageyama R, Kobayashi T. Novel Roles of Small Extracellular Vesicles in Regulating the Quiescence and Proliferation of Neural Stem Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:762293. [PMID: 34805169 PMCID: PMC8601375 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.762293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cell (NSC) quiescence plays pivotal roles in avoiding exhaustion of NSCs and securing sustainable neurogenesis in the adult brain. The maintenance of quiescence and transition between proliferation and quiescence are complex processes associated with multiple niche signals and environmental stimuli. Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) containing functional cargos such as proteins, microRNAs, and mRNAs. The role of sEVs in NSC quiescence has not been fully investigated. Here, we applied proteomics to analyze the protein cargos of sEVs derived from proliferating, quiescent, and reactivating NSCs. Our findings revealed fluctuation of expression levels and functional clusters of gene ontology annotations of differentially expressed proteins especially in protein translation and vesicular transport among three sources of exosomes. Moreover, the use of exosome inhibitors revealed exosome contribution to entrance into as well as maintenance of quiescence. Exosome inhibition delayed entrance into quiescence, induced quiescent NSCs to exit from the G0 phase of the cell cycle, and significantly upregulated protein translation in quiescent NSCs. Our results suggest that NSC exosomes are involved in attenuating protein synthesis and thereby regulating the quiescence of NSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingtian Zhang
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Junki Uchiyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Koshi Imami
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasushi Ishihama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryoichiro Kageyama
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Japan
| | - Taeko Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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23
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Fauser M, Loewenbrück KF, Rangnick J, Brandt MD, Hermann A, Storch A. Adult Neural Stem Cells from Midbrain Periventricular Regions Show Limited Neurogenic Potential after Transplantation into the Hippocampal Neurogenic Niche. Cells 2021; 10:3021. [PMID: 34831242 PMCID: PMC8616334 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation of adult neural stem or progenitor cell (aNSC) proliferation and differentiation as an interplay of cell-intrinsic and local environmental cues remains in part unclear, impeding their role in putative regenerative therapies. aNSCs with all major properties of NSCs in vitro have been identified in a variety of brain regions beyond the classic neurogenic niches, including the caudal periventricular regions (PVRs) of the midbrain, though active neurogenesis is either limited or merely absent in these regions. To elucidate cell-intrinsic properties of aNSCs from various PVRs, we here examined the proliferation and early differentiation capacity of murine aNSCs from non-neurogenic midbrain PVRs (PVRMB) compared to aNSCs from the neurogenic ventricular-subventricular zone (PVRV-SVZ) 7 days after transplantation into the permissive pro-neurogenic niche of the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus in mice. An initial in vitro characterization of the transplants displayed very similar characteristics of both aNSC grafts after in vitro expansion with equal capacities of terminal differentiation into astrocytes and Tuj1+ neurons. Upon the allogenic transplantation of the respective aNSCs into the DG, PVRMB grafts showed a significantly lower graft survival and proliferative capacity compared to PVRV-SVZ transplants, whereby the latter are exclusively capable of generating new neurons. Although these differences might be-in part-related to the transplantation procedure and the short-term study design, our data strongly imply important cell-intrinsic differences between aNSCs from neurogenic compared to non-neurogenic PVRs with respect to their neurogenic potential and/or their sensitivity to neurogenic cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareike Fauser
- Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Gehlsheimer Straße 20, 18147 Rostock, Germany;
- Division of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (K.F.L.); (J.R.); (M.D.B.); (A.H.)
| | - Kai F Loewenbrück
- Division of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (K.F.L.); (J.R.); (M.D.B.); (A.H.)
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tatzberg 41, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Johannes Rangnick
- Division of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (K.F.L.); (J.R.); (M.D.B.); (A.H.)
| | - Moritz D Brandt
- Division of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (K.F.L.); (J.R.); (M.D.B.); (A.H.)
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tatzberg 41, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Hermann
- Division of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (K.F.L.); (J.R.); (M.D.B.); (A.H.)
- Translational Neurodegeneration Section, “Albrecht-Kossel”, Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Gehlsheimer Straße 20, 18147 Rostock, Germany
- German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Rostock-Greifswald, Gehlsheimer Straße 20, 18147 Rostock, Germany
| | - Alexander Storch
- Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Gehlsheimer Straße 20, 18147 Rostock, Germany;
- German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Rostock-Greifswald, Gehlsheimer Straße 20, 18147 Rostock, Germany
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24
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Shin N, Kim Y, Ko J, Choi SW, Hyung S, Lee SE, Park S, Song J, Jeon NL, Kang KS. Vascularization of iNSC spheroid in a 3D spheroid-on-a-chip platform enhances neural maturation. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 119:566-574. [PMID: 34716703 PMCID: PMC9298365 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In vitro platforms for studying the human brain have been developed, and brain organoids derived from stem cells have been studied. However, current organoid models lack three-dimensional (3D) vascular networks, limiting organoid proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. In this study, we created a 3D model of vascularized spheroid cells using an injection-molded microfluidic chip. We cocultured spheroids derived from induced neural stem cells (iNSCs) with perfusable blood vessels. Gene expression analysis and immunostaining revealed that the vascular network greatly enhanced spheroid differentiation and reduced apoptosis. This platform can be used to further study the functional and structural interactions between blood vessels and neural spheroids, and ultimately to simulate brain development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nari Shin
- Adult Stem Cell Research Center and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Youngtaek Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jihoon Ko
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Soon Won Choi
- Adult Stem Cell Research Center and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sujin Hyung
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung-Eun Lee
- Adult Stem Cell Research Center and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seunghyuk Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jiyoung Song
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Noo Li Jeon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Institute of Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Institute of Advanced Machinery and Design, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Sun Kang
- Adult Stem Cell Research Center and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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25
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Ouellette J, Lacoste B. From Neurodevelopmental to Neurodegenerative Disorders: The Vascular Continuum. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:749026. [PMID: 34744690 PMCID: PMC8570842 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.749026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural and functional integrity of the cerebral vasculature ensures proper brain development and function, as well as healthy aging. The inability of the brain to store energy makes it exceptionally dependent on an adequate supply of oxygen and nutrients from the blood stream for matching colossal demands of neural and glial cells. Key vascular features including a dense vasculature, a tightly controlled environment, and the regulation of cerebral blood flow (CBF) all take part in brain health throughout life. As such, healthy brain development and aging are both ensured by the anatomical and functional interaction between the vascular and nervous systems that are established during brain development and maintained throughout the lifespan. During critical periods of brain development, vascular networks remodel until they can actively respond to increases in neural activity through neurovascular coupling, which makes the brain particularly vulnerable to neurovascular alterations. The brain vasculature has been strongly associated with the onset and/or progression of conditions associated with aging, and more recently with neurodevelopmental disorders. Our understanding of cerebrovascular contributions to neurological disorders is rapidly evolving, and increasing evidence shows that deficits in angiogenesis, CBF and the blood-brain barrier (BBB) are causally linked to cognitive impairment. Moreover, it is of utmost curiosity that although neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders express different clinical features at different stages of life, they share similar vascular abnormalities. In this review, we present an overview of vascular dysfunctions associated with neurodevelopmental (autism spectrum disorders, schizophrenia, Down Syndrome) and neurodegenerative (multiple sclerosis, Huntington's, Parkinson's, and Alzheimer's diseases) disorders, with a focus on impairments in angiogenesis, CBF and the BBB. Finally, we discuss the impact of early vascular impairments on the expression of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Ouellette
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Neuroscience Program, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Baptiste Lacoste
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Neuroscience Program, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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26
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Hongjin W, Han C, Baoxiang J, Shiqi Y, Xiaoyu X. Reconstituting neurovascular unit based on the close relations between neural stem cells and endothelial cells: an effective method to explore neurogenesis and angiogenesis. Rev Neurosci 2021; 31:143-159. [PMID: 31539363 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2019-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of neural stem cells (NSCs) and their microenvironment, the NSC niche, brought new therapeutic strategies through neurogenesis and angiogenesis for stroke and most neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease. Based on the close links between NSCs and endothelial cells, the integration of neurogenesis and angiogenesis of the NSC niche is also a promising area to the neurovascular unit (NVU) modeling and is now offering a powerful tool to advance our understanding of the brain. In this review, critical aspects of the NVU and model systems are discussed. First, we briefly describe the interaction of each part in the NSC niche. Second, we introduce the co-culture system, microfluidic platforms, and stem cell-derived 3D reconstitution used in NVU modeling based on the close relations between NSCs and endothelial cells, and various characteristics of cell interactions in these systems are also described. Finally, we address the challenges in modeling the NVU that can potentially be overcome by employing strategies for advanced biomaterials and stem cell co-culture use. Based on these approaches, researchers will continue to develop predictable technologies to control the fate of stem cells, achieve accurate screening of drugs for the nervous system, and advance the clinical application of NVU models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Hongjin
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening From Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing 400715, China.,Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica-Key Discipline Constructed by the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Chen Han
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening From Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing 400715, China.,Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica-Key Discipline Constructed by the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jiang Baoxiang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening From Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing 400715, China.,Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica-Key Discipline Constructed by the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yu Shiqi
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening From Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing 400715, China.,Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica-Key Discipline Constructed by the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xu Xiaoyu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening From Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing 400715, China.,Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica-Key Discipline Constructed by the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing 400715, China
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27
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Ahn Y, An JH, Yang HJ, Lee DG, Kim J, Koh H, Park YH, Song BS, Sim BW, Lee HJ, Lee JH, Kim SU. Human Blood Vessel Organoids Penetrate Human Cerebral Organoids and Form a Vessel-Like System. Cells 2021; 10:cells10082036. [PMID: 34440805 PMCID: PMC8393185 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascularization of tissues, organoids and organ-on-chip models has been attempted using endothelial cells. However, the cultured endothelial cells lack the capacity to interact with other somatic cell types, which is distinct from developing vascular cells in vivo. Recently, it was demonstrated that blood vessel organoids (BVOs) recreate the structure and functions of developing human blood vessels. However, the tissue-specific adaptability of BVOs had not been assessed in somatic tissues. Herein, we investigated whether BVOs infiltrate human cerebral organoids and form a blood-brain barrier. As a result, vascular cells arising from BVOs penetrated the cerebral organoids and developed a vessel-like architecture composed of CD31+ endothelial tubes coated with SMA+ or PDGFR+ mural cells. Molecular markers of the blood-brain barrier were detected in the vascularized cerebral organoids. We revealed that BVOs can form neural-specific blood-vessel networks that can be maintained for over 50 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujin Ahn
- Futuristic Animal Resource and Research Center (FARRC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Ochang 28116, Korea; (Y.A.); (J.-H.A.); (H.-J.Y.); (D.G.L.); (J.K.); (H.K.); (Y.-H.P.); (B.-S.S.); (B.-W.S.)
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Ju-Hyun An
- Futuristic Animal Resource and Research Center (FARRC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Ochang 28116, Korea; (Y.A.); (J.-H.A.); (H.-J.Y.); (D.G.L.); (J.K.); (H.K.); (Y.-H.P.); (B.-S.S.); (B.-W.S.)
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Hae-Jun Yang
- Futuristic Animal Resource and Research Center (FARRC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Ochang 28116, Korea; (Y.A.); (J.-H.A.); (H.-J.Y.); (D.G.L.); (J.K.); (H.K.); (Y.-H.P.); (B.-S.S.); (B.-W.S.)
| | - Dong Gil Lee
- Futuristic Animal Resource and Research Center (FARRC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Ochang 28116, Korea; (Y.A.); (J.-H.A.); (H.-J.Y.); (D.G.L.); (J.K.); (H.K.); (Y.-H.P.); (B.-S.S.); (B.-W.S.)
| | - Jieun Kim
- Futuristic Animal Resource and Research Center (FARRC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Ochang 28116, Korea; (Y.A.); (J.-H.A.); (H.-J.Y.); (D.G.L.); (J.K.); (H.K.); (Y.-H.P.); (B.-S.S.); (B.-W.S.)
- Department of Medical Life Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - Hyebin Koh
- Futuristic Animal Resource and Research Center (FARRC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Ochang 28116, Korea; (Y.A.); (J.-H.A.); (H.-J.Y.); (D.G.L.); (J.K.); (H.K.); (Y.-H.P.); (B.-S.S.); (B.-W.S.)
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Young-Ho Park
- Futuristic Animal Resource and Research Center (FARRC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Ochang 28116, Korea; (Y.A.); (J.-H.A.); (H.-J.Y.); (D.G.L.); (J.K.); (H.K.); (Y.-H.P.); (B.-S.S.); (B.-W.S.)
| | - Bong-Seok Song
- Futuristic Animal Resource and Research Center (FARRC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Ochang 28116, Korea; (Y.A.); (J.-H.A.); (H.-J.Y.); (D.G.L.); (J.K.); (H.K.); (Y.-H.P.); (B.-S.S.); (B.-W.S.)
| | - Bo-Woong Sim
- Futuristic Animal Resource and Research Center (FARRC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Ochang 28116, Korea; (Y.A.); (J.-H.A.); (H.-J.Y.); (D.G.L.); (J.K.); (H.K.); (Y.-H.P.); (B.-S.S.); (B.-W.S.)
| | - Hong J. Lee
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea;
- Research Institute, eBiogen Inc., Seoul 04785, Korea
| | - Jong-Hee Lee
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
- National Primate Research Center (NPRC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Ochang 28116, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.-H.L.); (S.-U.K.); Tel.: +82-43-240-6312 (J.-H.L.); +82-43-240-6321 (S.-U.K.); Fax: +82-43-240-6309 (S.-U.K.)
| | - Sun-Uk Kim
- Futuristic Animal Resource and Research Center (FARRC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Ochang 28116, Korea; (Y.A.); (J.-H.A.); (H.-J.Y.); (D.G.L.); (J.K.); (H.K.); (Y.-H.P.); (B.-S.S.); (B.-W.S.)
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.-H.L.); (S.-U.K.); Tel.: +82-43-240-6312 (J.-H.L.); +82-43-240-6321 (S.-U.K.); Fax: +82-43-240-6309 (S.-U.K.)
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28
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Borrett MJ, Innes BT, Jeong D, Tahmasian N, Storer MA, Bader GD, Kaplan DR, Miller FD. Single-Cell Profiling Shows Murine Forebrain Neural Stem Cells Reacquire a Developmental State when Activated for Adult Neurogenesis. Cell Rep 2021; 32:108022. [PMID: 32783944 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The transitions from developing to adult quiescent and activated neural stem cells (NSCs) are not well understood. Here, we use single-cell transcriptional profiling and lineage tracing to characterize these transitions in the murine forebrain. We show that the two forebrain NSC parental populations, embryonic cortex and ganglionic eminence radial precursors (RPs), are highly similar even though they make glutamatergic versus gabaergic neurons. Both RP populations progress linearly to transition from a highly active embryonic to a dormant adult stem cell state that still shares many similarities with embryonic RPs. When adult NSCs of either embryonic origin become reactivated to make gabaergic neurons, they acquire a developing ganglionic eminence RP-like identity. Thus, transitions from embryonic RPs to adult NSCs and back to neuronal progenitors do not involve fundamental changes in cell identity, but rather reflect conversions between activated and dormant NSC states that may be determined by the niche environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Borrett
- Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1A8, Canada
| | - Brendan T Innes
- The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1A8, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1A8, Canada
| | - Danielle Jeong
- Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1A8, Canada
| | - Nareh Tahmasian
- Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1A8, Canada
| | - Mekayla A Storer
- Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Gary D Bader
- The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1A8, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1A8, Canada
| | - David R Kaplan
- Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1A8, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1A8, Canada
| | - Freda D Miller
- Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1A8, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1A8, Canada; Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1A8, Canada.
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29
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Taberner L, Bañón A, Alsina B. Sensory Neuroblast Quiescence Depends on Vascular Cytoneme Contacts and Sensory Neuronal Differentiation Requires Initiation of Blood Flow. Cell Rep 2021; 32:107903. [PMID: 32668260 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In many organs, stem cell function depends on communication with their niche partners. Cranial sensory neurons develop in close proximity to blood vessels; however, whether vasculature is an integral component of their niches is yet unknown. Here, two separate roles for vasculature in cranial sensory neurogenesis in zebrafish are uncovered. The first involves precise spatiotemporal endothelial-neuroblast cytoneme contacts and Dll4-Notch signaling to restrain neuroblast proliferation. The second, instead, requires blood flow to trigger a transcriptional response that modifies neuroblast metabolic status and induces sensory neuron differentiation. In contrast, no role of sensory neurogenesis in vascular development is found, suggesting unidirectional signaling from vasculature to sensory neuroblasts. Altogether, we demonstrate that the cranial vasculature constitutes a niche component of the sensory ganglia that regulates the pace of their growth and differentiation dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Taberner
- Developmental Biology Unit, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra-Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aitor Bañón
- Developmental Biology Unit, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra-Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Berta Alsina
- Developmental Biology Unit, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra-Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
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30
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Rojas-Vázquez S, Blasco-Chamarro L, López-Fabuel I, Martínez-Máñez R, Fariñas I. Vascular Senescence: A Potential Bridge Between Physiological Aging and Neurogenic Decline. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:666881. [PMID: 33958987 PMCID: PMC8093510 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.666881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The adult mammalian brain contains distinct neurogenic niches harboring populations of neural stem cells (NSCs) with the capacity to sustain the generation of specific subtypes of neurons during the lifetime. However, their ability to produce new progeny declines with age. The microenvironment of these specialized niches provides multiple cellular and molecular signals that condition NSC behavior and potential. Among the different niche components, vasculature has gained increasing interest over the years due to its undeniable role in NSC regulation and its therapeutic potential for neurogenesis enhancement. NSCs are uniquely positioned to receive both locally secreted factors and adhesion-mediated signals derived from vascular elements. Furthermore, studies of parabiosis indicate that NSCs are also exposed to blood-borne factors, sensing and responding to the systemic circulation. Both structural and functional alterations occur in vasculature with age at the cellular level that can affect the proper extrinsic regulation of NSCs. Additionally, blood exchange experiments in heterochronic parabionts have revealed that age-associated changes in blood composition also contribute to adult neurogenesis impairment in the elderly. Although the mechanisms of vascular- or blood-derived signaling in aging are still not fully understood, a general feature of organismal aging is the accumulation of senescent cells, which act as sources of inflammatory and other detrimental signals that can negatively impact on neighboring cells. This review focuses on the interactions between vascular senescence, circulating pro-senescence factors and the decrease in NSC potential during aging. Understanding the mechanisms of NSC dynamics in the aging brain could lead to new therapeutic approaches, potentially include senolysis, to target age-dependent brain decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Rojas-Vázquez
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València-Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Valencia, Spain.,Departamento de Biología Celular, Biología Funcional y Antropología Física, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Laura Blasco-Chamarro
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Biología Funcional y Antropología Física, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain.,Instituto de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BioTecMed), Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene López-Fabuel
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Biología Funcional y Antropología Física, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain.,Instituto de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BioTecMed), Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ramón Martínez-Máñez
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València-Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Valencia, Spain.,Unidad Mixta UPV-CIPF de Investigación en Mecanismos de Enfermedades y Nanomedicina, Universitat Politècnica de València, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain.,Unidad Mixta de Investigación en Nanomedicina y Sensores, Universitat Politècnica de València, IIS La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Isabel Fariñas
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Biología Funcional y Antropología Física, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain.,Instituto de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BioTecMed), Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
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31
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Bové M, Monto F, Guillem-Llobat P, Ivorra MD, Noguera MA, Zambrano A, Sirerol-Piquer MS, Requena AC, García-Alonso M, Tejerina T, Real JT, Fariñas I, D’Ocon P. NT3/TrkC Pathway Modulates the Expression of UCP-1 and Adipocyte Size in Human and Rodent Adipose Tissue. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:630097. [PMID: 33815288 PMCID: PMC8015941 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.630097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotrophin-3 (NT3), through activation of its tropomyosin-related kinase receptor C (TrkC), modulates neuronal survival and neural stem cell differentiation. It is widely distributed in peripheral tissues (especially vessels and pancreas) and this ubiquitous pattern suggests a role for NT3, outside the nervous system and related to metabolic functions. The presence of the NT3/TrkC pathway in the adipose tissue (AT) has never been investigated. Present work studies in human and murine adipose tissue (AT) the presence of elements of the NT3/TrkC pathway and its role on lipolysis and adipocyte differentiation. qRT-PCR and immunoblot indicate that NT3 (encoded by NTF3) was present in human retroperitoneal AT and decreases with age. NT3 was also present in rat isolated adipocytes and retroperitoneal, interscapular, perivascular, and perirenal AT. Histological analysis evidences that NT3 was mainly present in vessels irrigating AT close associated to sympathetic fibers. Similar mRNA levels of TrkC (encoded by NTRK3) and β-adrenoceptors were found in all ATs assayed and in isolated adipocytes. NT3, through TrkC activation, exert a mild effect in lipolysis. Addition of NT3 during the differentiation process of human pre-adipocytes resulted in smaller adipocytes and increased uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1) without changes in β-adrenoceptors. Similarly, transgenic mice with reduced expression of NT3 (Ntf3 knock-in lacZ reporter mice) or lacking endothelial NT3 expression (Ntf3flox1/flox2;Tie2-Cre+/0) displayed enlarged white and brown adipocytes and lower UCP-1 expression. Conclusions NT3, mainly released by blood vessels, activates TrkC and regulates adipocyte differentiation and browning. Disruption of NT3/TrkC signaling conducts to hypertrophied white and brown adipocytes with reduced expression of the thermogenesis marker UCP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Bové
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (ERI BIOTECMED), Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Fermi Monto
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (ERI BIOTECMED), Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Paloma Guillem-Llobat
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (ERI BIOTECMED), Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - M Dolores Ivorra
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (ERI BIOTECMED), Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - M Antonia Noguera
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (ERI BIOTECMED), Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Andrea Zambrano
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (ERI BIOTECMED), Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - M Salome Sirerol-Piquer
- Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (ERI BIOTECMED), Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Biología Funcional y Antropología Física, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- CIBER en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Cristina Requena
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Biología Funcional y Antropología Física, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mauricio García-Alonso
- Servicio de Cirugía General y Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Tejerina
- Servicio de Cirugía General y Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José T. Real
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
- Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Clínico Universitario e INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
- Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Isabel Fariñas
- Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (ERI BIOTECMED), Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Biología Funcional y Antropología Física, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- CIBER en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar D’Ocon
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (ERI BIOTECMED), Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Marescal O, Cheeseman IM. Cellular Mechanisms and Regulation of Quiescence. Dev Cell 2021; 55:259-271. [PMID: 33171109 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Quiescence is a state of reversible proliferative arrest in which cells are not actively dividing and yet retain the capacity to reenter the cell cycle upon receiving an appropriate stimulus. Quiescent cells are remarkably diverse-they reside in different locations throughout the body, serve distinct roles, and are activated by a variety of signals. Despite this diversity, all quiescent cells must be able to persist in a nondividing state without compromising their proliferative potential, which requires changes to core cellular programs. How drastically different cell types are able to implement extensive changes to their gene-expression programs, metabolism, and cellular structures to induce a common cellular state is a fascinating question in cell and developmental biology. In this review, we explore the diversity of quiescent cells and highlight the unifying characteristics that define the quiescent state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Océane Marescal
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Iain M Cheeseman
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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Ehsanipour A, Sathialingam M, Rad LM, de Rutte J, Bierman RD, Liang J, Xiao W, Di Carlo D, Seidlits SK. Injectable, macroporous scaffolds for delivery of therapeutic genes to the injured spinal cord. APL Bioeng 2021; 5:016104. [PMID: 33728392 PMCID: PMC7946441 DOI: 10.1063/5.0035291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomaterials are being developed as therapeutics for spinal cord injury (SCI) that can stabilize and bridge acute lesions and mediate the delivery of transgenes, providing a localized and sustained reservoir of regenerative factors. For clinical use, direct injection of biomaterial scaffolds is preferred to enable conformation to unique lesions and minimize tissue damage. While an interconnected network of cell-sized macropores is necessary for rapid host cell infiltration into-and thus integration of host tissue with-implanted scaffolds, injectable biomaterials have generally suffered from a lack of control over the macrostructure. As genetic vectors have short lifetimes in vivo, rapid host cell infiltration into scaffolds is a prerequisite for efficient biomaterial-mediated delivery of transgenes. We present scaffolds that can be injected and assembled in situ from hyaluronic acid (HA)-based, spherical microparticles to form scaffolds with a network of macropores (∼10 μm). The results demonstrate that addition of regularly sized macropores to traditional hydrogel scaffolds, which have nanopores (∼10 nm), significantly increases the expression of locally delivered transgene to the spinal cord after a thoracic injury. Maximal cell and axon infiltration into scaffolds was observed in scaffolds with more regularly sized macropores. The delivery of lentiviral vectors encoding the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), but not neurotrophin-3, from these scaffolds further increased total numbers and myelination of infiltrating axons. Modest improvements to the hindlimb function were observed with BDNF delivery. The results demonstrate the utility of macroporous and injectable HA scaffolds as a platform for localized gene therapies after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshia Ehsanipour
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Mayilone Sathialingam
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Laila M Rad
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Joseph de Rutte
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Rebecca D Bierman
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Jesse Liang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Weikun Xiao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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Winkelman MA, Koppes AN, Koppes RA, Dai G. Bioengineering the neurovascular niche to study the interaction of neural stem cells and endothelial cells. APL Bioeng 2021; 5:011507. [PMID: 33688617 PMCID: PMC7932757 DOI: 10.1063/5.0027211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of mammalian neural stem cells (NSCs) to self-renew and differentiate throughout adulthood has made them ideal to study neurogenesis and attractive candidates for neurodegenerative disease therapies. In the adult mammalian brain, NSCs are maintained in the neurovascular niche (NVN) where they are found near the specialized blood vessels, suggesting that brain endothelial cells (BECs) are prominent orchestrators of NSC fate. However, most of the current knowledge of the mammalian NVN has been deduced from nonhuman studies. To circumvent the challenges of in vivo studies, in vitro models have been developed to better understand the reciprocal cellular mechanisms of human NSCs and BECs. This review will cover the current understanding of mammalian NVN biology, the effects of endothelial cell-derived signals on NSC fate, and the in vitro models developed to study the interactions between NSCs and BECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max A Winkelman
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | | | - Ryan A Koppes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Guohao Dai
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Kimura T, Saito H, Kawasaki M, Takeichi M. CAMSAP3 is required for mTORC1-dependent ependymal cell growth and lateral ventricle shaping in mouse brains. Development 2021; 148:dev.195073. [PMID: 33462112 DOI: 10.1242/dev.195073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules (MTs) regulate numerous cellular processes, but their roles in brain morphogenesis are not well known. Here, we show that CAMSAP3, a non-centrosomal microtubule regulator, is important for shaping the lateral ventricles. In differentiating ependymal cells, CAMSAP3 became concentrated at the apical domains, serving to generate MT networks at these sites. Camsap3-mutated mice showed abnormally narrow lateral ventricles, in which excessive stenosis or fusion was induced, leading to a decrease of neural stem cells at the ventricular and subventricular zones. This defect was ascribed at least in part to a failure of neocortical ependymal cells to broaden their apical domain, a process necessary for expanding the ventricular cavities. mTORC1 was required for ependymal cell growth but its activity was downregulated in mutant cells. Lysosomes, which mediate mTORC1 activation, tended to be reduced at the apical regions of the mutant cells, along with disorganized apical MT networks at the corresponding sites. These findings suggest that CAMSAP3 supports mTORC1 signaling required for ependymal cell growth via MT network regulation, and, in turn, shaping of the lateral ventricles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiya Kimura
- Laboratory for Cell Adhesion and Tissue Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Hiroko Saito
- Laboratory for Cell Adhesion and Tissue Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Miwa Kawasaki
- Laboratory for Cell Adhesion and Tissue Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Takeichi
- Laboratory for Cell Adhesion and Tissue Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
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Bakhshinyan D, Savage N, Salim SK, Venugopal C, Singh SK. The Strange Case of Jekyll and Hyde: Parallels Between Neural Stem Cells and Glioblastoma-Initiating Cells. Front Oncol 2021; 10:603738. [PMID: 33489908 PMCID: PMC7820896 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.603738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
During embryonic development, radial glial precursor cells give rise to neural lineages, and a small proportion persist in the adult mammalian brain to contribute to long-term neuroplasticity. Neural stem cells (NSCs) reside in two neurogenic niches of the adult brain, the hippocampus and the subventricular zone (SVZ). NSCs in the SVZ are endowed with the defining stem cell properties of self-renewal and multipotent differentiation, which are maintained by intrinsic cellular programs, and extrinsic cellular and niche-specific interactions. In glioblastoma, the most aggressive primary malignant brain cancer, a subpopulation of cells termed glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) exhibit similar stem-like properties. While there is an extensive overlap between NSCs and GSCs in function, distinct genetic profiles, transcriptional programs, and external environmental cues influence their divergent behavior. This review highlights the similarities and differences between GSCs and SVZ NSCs in terms of their gene expression, regulatory molecular pathways, niche organization, metabolic programs, and current therapies designed to exploit these differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bakhshinyan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Neil Savage
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Sabra Khalid Salim
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Chitra Venugopal
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Sheila K. Singh
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Intervention of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Other Neurotrophins in Adult Neurogenesis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1331:95-115. [PMID: 34453295 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-74046-7_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cell survival during adult neurogenesis and the modulation of each step, namely, proliferation, lineage differentiation, migration, maturation, and functional integration of the newborn cells into the existing circuitry, is regulated by intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Transduction of extracellular niche signals triggers the activation of intracellular mechanisms that regulate adult neurogenesis by affecting gene expression. While the intrinsic factors include transcription factors and epigenetic regulators, the extrinsic factors are molecular signals that are present in the neurogenic niche microenvironment. These include morphogens, growth factors, neurotransmitters, and signaling molecules secreted as soluble factors or associated to the extracellular matrix. Among these molecular mechanisms are neurotrophins and neurotrophin receptors which have been implicated in the regulation of adult neurogenesis at different levels, with brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) being the most studied neurotrophin. In this chapter, we review the current knowledge about the role of neurotrophins in the regulation of adult neurogenesis in both the subventricular zone (SVZ) and the hippocampal subgranular zone (SGZ).
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High-resolution mouse subventricular zone stem-cell niche transcriptome reveals features of lineage, anatomy, and aging. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:31448-31458. [PMID: 33229571 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2014389117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult neural stem cells (NSC) serve as a reservoir for brain plasticity and origin for certain gliomas. Lineage tracing and genomic approaches have portrayed complex underlying heterogeneity within the major anatomical location for NSC, the subventricular zone (SVZ). To gain a comprehensive profile of NSC heterogeneity, we utilized a well-validated stem/progenitor-specific reporter transgene in concert with single-cell RNA sequencing to achieve unbiased analysis of SVZ cells from infancy to advanced age. The magnitude and high specificity of the resulting transcriptional datasets allow precise identification of the varied cell types embedded in the SVZ including specialized parenchymal cells (neurons, glia, microglia) and noncentral nervous system cells (endothelial, immune). Initial mining of the data delineates four quiescent NSC and three progenitor-cell subpopulations formed in a linear progression. Further evidence indicates that distinct stem and progenitor populations reside in different regions of the SVZ. As stem/progenitor populations progress from neonatal to advanced age, they acquire a deficiency in transition from quiescence to proliferation. Further data mining identifies stage-specific biological processes, transcription factor networks, and cell-surface markers for investigation of cellular identities, lineage relationships, and key regulatory pathways in adult NSC maintenance and neurogenesis.
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Jurkowski MP, Bettio L, K. Woo E, Patten A, Yau SY, Gil-Mohapel J. Beyond the Hippocampus and the SVZ: Adult Neurogenesis Throughout the Brain. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:576444. [PMID: 33132848 PMCID: PMC7550688 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.576444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Convincing evidence has repeatedly shown that new neurons are produced in the mammalian brain into adulthood. Adult neurogenesis has been best described in the hippocampus and the subventricular zone (SVZ), in which a series of distinct stages of neuronal development has been well characterized. However, more recently, new neurons have also been found in other brain regions of the adult mammalian brain, including the hypothalamus, striatum, substantia nigra, cortex, and amygdala. While some studies have suggested that these new neurons originate from endogenous stem cell pools located within these brain regions, others have shown the migration of neurons from the SVZ to these regions. Notably, it has been shown that the generation of new neurons in these brain regions is impacted by neurologic processes such as stroke/ischemia and neurodegenerative disorders. Furthermore, numerous factors such as neurotrophic support, pharmacologic interventions, environmental exposures, and stem cell therapy can modulate this endogenous process. While the presence and significance of adult neurogenesis in the human brain (and particularly outside of the classical neurogenic regions) is still an area of debate, this intrinsic neurogenic potential and its possible regulation through therapeutic measures present an exciting alternative for the treatment of several neurologic conditions. This review summarizes evidence in support of the classic and novel neurogenic zones present within the mammalian brain and discusses the functional significance of these new neurons as well as the factors that regulate their production. Finally, it also discusses the potential clinical applications of promoting neurogenesis outside of the classical neurogenic niches, particularly in the hypothalamus, cortex, striatum, substantia nigra, and amygdala.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal P. Jurkowski
- Island Medical Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Luis Bettio
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Emma K. Woo
- Island Medical Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Anna Patten
- Centre for Interprofessional Clinical Simulation Learning (CICSL), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Suk-Yu Yau
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Joana Gil-Mohapel
- Island Medical Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
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Kobayashi T, Kageyama R. Lysosomes and signaling pathways for maintenance of quiescence in adult neural stem cells. FEBS J 2020; 288:3082-3093. [PMID: 32902139 PMCID: PMC8246936 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Quiescence is a cellular strategy for maintaining somatic stem cells in a specific niche in a low metabolic state without senescence for a long period of time. During development, neural stem cells (NSCs) actively proliferate and self-renew, and their progeny differentiate into both neurons and glial cells to form mature brain tissues. On the other hand, most NSCs in the adult brain are quiescent and arrested in G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle. Quiescence is essential in order to avoid the precocious exhaustion of NSCs, ensuring a sustainable source of available stem cells in the brain throughout the lifespan. After receiving activation signals, quiescent NSCs reenter the cell cycle and generate new neurons. This switching between quiescence and proliferation is tightly regulated by diverse signaling pathways. Recent studies suggest significant involvement of cellular proteostasis (homeostasis of the proteome) in the quiescent state of NSCs. Proteostasis is the result of integrated regulation of protein synthesis, folding, and degradation. In this review, we discuss regulation of quiescence by multiple signaling pathways, especially bone morphogenetic protein and Notch signaling, and focus on the functional involvement of the lysosome, an organelle governing cellular degradation, in quiescence of adult NSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeko Kobayashi
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryoichiro Kageyama
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Freitas-Andrade M, Raman-Nair J, Lacoste B. Structural and Functional Remodeling of the Brain Vasculature Following Stroke. Front Physiol 2020; 11:948. [PMID: 32848875 PMCID: PMC7433746 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of cerebral blood vessel integrity and regulation of cerebral blood flow ensure proper brain function. The adult human brain represents only a small portion of the body mass, yet about a quarter of the cardiac output is dedicated to energy consumption by brain cells at rest. Due to a low capacity to store energy, brain health is heavily reliant on a steady supply of oxygen and nutrients from the bloodstream, and is thus particularly vulnerable to stroke. Stroke is a leading cause of disability and mortality worldwide. By transiently or permanently limiting tissue perfusion, stroke alters vascular integrity and function, compromising brain homeostasis and leading to widespread consequences from early-onset motor deficits to long-term cognitive decline. While numerous lines of investigation have been undertaken to develop new pharmacological therapies for stroke, only few advances have been made and most clinical trials have failed. Overall, our understanding of the acute and chronic vascular responses to stroke is insufficient, yet a better comprehension of cerebrovascular remodeling following stroke is an essential prerequisite for developing novel therapeutic options. In this review, we present a comprehensive update on post-stroke cerebrovascular remodeling, an important and growing field in neuroscience, by discussing cellular and molecular mechanisms involved, sex differences, limitations of preclinical research design and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joanna Raman-Nair
- Neuroscience Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Baptiste Lacoste
- Neuroscience Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Gilard V, Tebani A, Bekri S, Marret S. Intraventricular Hemorrhage in Very Preterm Infants: A Comprehensive Review. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E2447. [PMID: 32751801 PMCID: PMC7465819 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9082447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Germinal matrix-intraventricular-intraparenchymal hemorrhage (GMH-IVH-IPH) is a major complication of very preterm births before 32 weeks of gestation (WG). Despite progress in clinical management, its incidence remains high before 27 WG. In addition, severe complications may occur such as post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus and/or periventricular intraparenchymal hemorrhage. IVH is strongly associated with subsequent neurodevelopmental disabilities. For this review, an automated literature search and a clustering approach were applied to allow efficient filtering as well as topic clusters identification. We used a programmatic literature search for research articles related to intraventricular hemorrhage in preterms that were published between January 1990 and February 2020. Two queries ((Intraventricular hemorrhage) AND (preterm)) were used in PubMed. This search resulted in 1093 articles. The data manual curation left 368 documents that formed 12 clusters. The presentation and discussion of the clusters provide a comprehensive overview of existing data on the pathogenesis, complications, neuroprotection and biomarkers of GMH-IVH-IPH in very preterm infants. Clinicians should consider that the GMH-IVH-IPH pathogenesis is mainly due to developmental immaturity of the germinal matrix and cerebral autoregulation impairment. New multiomics investigations of intraventricular hemorrhage could foster the development of predictive biomarkers for the benefit of very preterm newborns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vianney Gilard
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Rouen University Hospital, 76000 Rouen, France;
- Department of Metabolic Biochemistry, Rouen University Hospital, 76000 Rouen, France;
| | - Abdellah Tebani
- Department of Metabolic Biochemistry, Rouen University Hospital, 76000 Rouen, France;
| | - Soumeya Bekri
- Department of Metabolic Biochemistry, Rouen University Hospital, 76000 Rouen, France;
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, CHU Rouen, INSERM U1245, 76000 Rouen, France;
| | - Stéphane Marret
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, CHU Rouen, INSERM U1245, 76000 Rouen, France;
- Department of Neonatal Pediatrics, Intensive Care and Neuropediatrics, Rouen University Hospital, 76000 Rouen, France
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Kaiser K, Bryja V. Choroid Plexus: The Orchestrator of Long-Range Signalling Within the CNS. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4760. [PMID: 32635478 PMCID: PMC7369786 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is the liquid that fills the brain ventricles. CSF represents not only a mechanical brain protection but also a rich source of signalling factors modulating diverse processes during brain development and adulthood. The choroid plexus (CP) is a major source of CSF and as such it has recently emerged as an important mediator of extracellular signalling within the brain. Growing interest in the CP revealed its capacity to release a broad variety of bioactive molecules that, via CSF, regulate processes across the whole central nervous system (CNS). Moreover, CP has been also recognized as a sensor, responding to altered composition of CSF associated with changes in the patterns of CNS activity. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in our understanding of the CP as a signalling centre that mediates long-range communication in the CNS. By providing a detailed account of the CP secretory repertoire, we describe how the CP contributes to the regulation of the extracellular environment-in the context of both the embryonal as well as the adult CNS. We highlight the role of the CP as an important regulator of CNS function that acts via CSF-mediated signalling. Further studies of CP-CSF signalling hold the potential to provide key insights into the biology of the CNS, with implications for better understanding and treatment of neuropathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Kaiser
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vitezslav Bryja
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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Endothelial Lactate Controls Muscle Regeneration from Ischemia by Inducing M2-like Macrophage Polarization. Cell Metab 2020; 31:1136-1153.e7. [PMID: 32492393 PMCID: PMC7267778 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cell (EC)-derived signals contribute to organ regeneration, but angiocrine metabolic communication is not described. We found that EC-specific loss of the glycolytic regulator pfkfb3 reduced ischemic hindlimb revascularization and impaired muscle regeneration. This was caused by the reduced ability of macrophages to adopt a proangiogenic and proregenerative M2-like phenotype. Mechanistically, loss of pfkfb3 reduced lactate secretion by ECs and lowered lactate levels in the ischemic muscle. Addition of lactate to pfkfb3-deficient ECs restored M2-like polarization in an MCT1-dependent fashion. Lactate shuttling by ECs enabled macrophages to promote proliferation and fusion of muscle progenitors. Moreover, VEGF production by lactate-polarized macrophages was increased, resulting in a positive feedback loop that further stimulated angiogenesis. Finally, increasing lactate levels during ischemia rescued macrophage polarization and improved muscle reperfusion and regeneration, whereas macrophage-specific mct1 deletion prevented M2-like polarization. In summary, ECs exploit glycolysis for angiocrine lactate shuttling to steer muscle regeneration from ischemia.
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Dar NJ, Glazner GW. Deciphering the neuroprotective and neurogenic potential of soluble amyloid precursor protein alpha (sAPPα). Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:2315-2330. [PMID: 31960113 PMCID: PMC11105086 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03404-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid precursor protein (APP) is a transmembrane protein expressed largely within the central nervous system. Upon cleavage, it does not produce the toxic amyloid peptide (Aβ) only, which is involved in neurodegenerative progressions but via a non-amyloidogenic pathway it is metabolized to produce a soluble fragment (sAPPα) through α-secretase. While a lot of studies are focusing on the role played by APP in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, sAPPα is reported to have numerous neuroprotective effects and it is being suggested as a candidate with possible therapeutic potential against Alzheimer's disease. However, the mechanisms through which sAPPα precisely works remain elusive. We have presented a comprehensive review of how sAPPα is regulating the neuroprotective effects in different biological models. Moreover, we have focused on the role of sAPPα during different developmental stages of the brain, neurogenic microenvironment in the brain and how this metabolite of APP is regulating the neurogenesis which is regarded as a compelling approach to ameliorate the impaired learning and memory deficits in dementia and diseases like Alzheimer's disease. sAPPα exerts beneficial physiological, biochemical and behavioral effects mitigating the detrimental effects of neurotoxic compounds. It has shown to increase the proliferation rate of numerous cell types and promised the synaptogenesis, neurite outgrowth, cell survival and cell adhesion. Taken together, we believe that further studies are warranted to investigate the exact mechanism of action so that sAPPα could be developed as a novel therapeutic target against neuronal deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawab John Dar
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, R2H 2A6, Canada
| | - Gordon W Glazner
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
- St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, R2H 2A6, Canada.
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Waking up quiescent neural stem cells: Molecular mechanisms and implications in neurodevelopmental disorders. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008653. [PMID: 32324743 PMCID: PMC7179833 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) are crucial for development, regeneration, and repair of the nervous system. Most NSCs in mammalian adult brains are quiescent, but in response to extrinsic stimuli, they can exit from quiescence and become reactivated to give rise to new neurons. The delicate balance between NSC quiescence and activation is important for adult neurogenesis and NSC maintenance. However, how NSCs transit between quiescence and activation remains largely elusive. Here, we discuss our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the reactivation of quiescent NSCs. We review recent advances on signaling pathways originated from the NSC niche and their crosstalk in regulating NSC reactivation. We also highlight new intrinsic paradigms that control NSC reactivation in Drosophila and mammalian systems. We also discuss emerging evidence on modeling human neurodevelopmental disorders using NSCs.
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Calorie restriction protects neural stem cells from age-related deficits in the subventricular zone. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 11:115-126. [PMID: 30622221 PMCID: PMC6339798 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The brain can generate new neurons from neural stem cells throughout life. However, the capacity for neurogenesis declines with age, reducing the potential for learning and repair. We explored the effects of calorie restriction, an established anti-aging intervention, on neural stem cells in the subventricular zone of young and aged mice. Calorie restriction transiently enhanced proliferation of neural progenitor cells in young, but not aged mice. However, calorie restriction prevented the age-related loss of neurogenesis in the aged brain. Calorie-restricted mice showed enhanced olfactory memory compared with ad libitum-fed controls, suggesting that calorie restriction can produce functional improvements in the aged brain. Calorie restriction also mitigated the age-related activation of microglia and subsequent increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines. Likewise, calorie restriction prevented increases in senescent cells normally observed in the subventricular zone in aged mice, further protecting this neurogenic niche from pro-inflammatory signals. Together, these data suggest that calorie restriction protects the subventricular zone microenvironment from age-related inflammation, thereby preserving neurogenesis into old age.
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Smith DR, Dumont CM, Park J, Ciciriello AJ, Guo A, Tatineni R, Cummings BJ, Anderson AJ, Shea LD. Polycistronic Delivery of IL-10 and NT-3 Promotes Oligodendrocyte Myelination and Functional Recovery in a Mouse Spinal Cord Injury Model. Tissue Eng Part A 2020; 26:672-682. [PMID: 32000627 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2019.0321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
One million estimated cases of spinal cord injury (SCI) have been reported in the United States and repairing an injury has constituted a difficult clinical challenge. The complex, dynamic, inhibitory microenvironment postinjury, which is characterized by proinflammatory signaling from invading leukocytes and lack of sufficient factors that promote axonal survival and elongation, limits regeneration. Herein, we investigated the delivery of polycistronic vectors, which have the potential to coexpress factors that target distinct barriers to regeneration, from a multiple channel poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLG) bridge to enhance spinal cord regeneration. In this study, we investigated polycistronic delivery of IL-10 that targets proinflammatory signaling, and NT-3 that targets axonal survival and elongation. A significant increase was observed in the density of regenerative macrophages for IL-10+NT-3 condition relative to conditions without IL-10. Furthermore, combined delivery of IL-10+NT-3 produced a significant increase of axonal density and notably myelinated axons compared with all other conditions. A significant increase in functional recovery was observed for IL-10+NT-3 delivery at 12 weeks postinjury that was positively correlated to oligodendrocyte myelinated axon density, suggesting oligodendrocyte-mediated myelination as an important target to improve functional recovery. These results further support the use of multiple channel PLG bridges as a growth supportive substrate and platform to deliver bioactive agents to modulate the SCI microenvironment and promote regeneration and functional recovery. Impact statement Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in a complex microenvironment that contains multiple barriers to regeneration and functional recovery. Multiple factors are necessary to address these barriers to regeneration, and polycistronic lentiviral gene therapy represents a strategy to locally express multiple factors simultaneously. A bicistronic vector encoding IL-10 and NT-3 was delivered from a poly(lactide-co-glycolide) bridge, which provides structural support that guides regeneration, resulting in increased axonal growth, myelination, and subsequent functional recovery. These results demonstrate the opportunity of targeting multiple barriers to SCI regeneration for additive effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique R Smith
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Courtney M Dumont
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida.,Biomedical Nanotechnology Institute at University of Miami (BioNIUM), University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Jonghyuck Park
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky.,Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Andrew J Ciciriello
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida
| | - Amina Guo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Ravindra Tatineni
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Brian J Cummings
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (iMIND), University of California, Irvine, California.,Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, California.,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, California.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Aileen J Anderson
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (iMIND), University of California, Irvine, California.,Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, California.,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, California.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Lonnie D Shea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Pasquier J, Ghiabi P, Chouchane L, Razzouk K, Rafii S, Rafii A. Angiocrine endothelium: from physiology to cancer. J Transl Med 2020; 18:52. [PMID: 32014047 PMCID: PMC6998193 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02244-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The concept of cancer as a cell-autonomous disease has been challenged by the wealth of knowledge gathered in the past decades on the importance of tumor microenvironment (TM) in cancer progression and metastasis. The significance of endothelial cells (ECs) in this scenario was initially attributed to their role in vasculogenesis and angiogenesis that is critical for tumor initiation and growth. Nevertheless, the identification of endothelial-derived angiocrine factors illustrated an alternative non-angiogenic function of ECs contributing to both physiological and pathological tissue development. Gene expression profiling studies have demonstrated distinctive expression patterns in tumor-associated endothelial cells that imply a bilateral crosstalk between tumor and its endothelium. Recently, some of the molecular determinants of this reciprocal interaction have been identified which are considered as potential targets for developing novel anti-angiocrine therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Pasquier
- Nice Breast Institute, 57 bld de la Californie, 06000, Nice, France.
- Stem Cell & Microenvironment Laboratory, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Pegah Ghiabi
- Stem Cell & Microenvironment Laboratory, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | - Lotfi Chouchane
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Laboratory of Genetic Medicine and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | - Kais Razzouk
- Nice Breast Institute, 57 bld de la Californie, 06000, Nice, France
| | - Shahin Rafii
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Arash Rafii
- Nice Breast Institute, 57 bld de la Californie, 06000, Nice, France
- Stem Cell & Microenvironment Laboratory, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
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McDole B, Berger R, Guthrie K. Genetic Increases in Olfactory Bulb BDNF Do Not Enhance Survival of Adult-Born Granule Cells. Chem Senses 2020; 45:3-13. [PMID: 31562506 PMCID: PMC6923167 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjz058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult-born neurons produced in the dentate gyrus subgranular zone (SGZ) develop as excitatory hippocampal granule cells (GCs), while those from the subventricular zone (SVZ) migrate to the olfactory bulb (OB), where most develop as GABAergic olfactory GCs. Both types of neurons express TrkB as they mature. Normally ~50% of new olfactory GCs survive, but survival declines if sensory drive is reduced. Increases in endogenous brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in hippocampus, particularly with wheel running, enhance dentate GC survival. Whether survival of new olfactory GCs is impacted by augmenting BDNF in the OB, where they mature and integrate, is not known. Here, we determined if increasing OB BDNF expression enhances survival of new GCs, and if it counters their loss under conditions of reduced sensory activity. Neurogenesis was assessed under normal conditions, and following unilateral naris occlusion, in mice overexpressing BDNF in the granule cell layer (GCL). OB BDNF levels were significantly higher in transgenic mice compared to controls, and this was maintained following sensory deprivation. Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) cell birth dating showed that at 12-14 days post-BrdU, numbers of new GCs did not differ between genotypes, indicating normal recruitment to the OB. At later intervals, transgenic and control mice showed levels of GC loss in deprived and nondeprived animals that were indistinguishable, as was the incidence of apoptotic cells in the GCL. These results demonstrate that, in contrast to new dentate GCs, elevations in endogenous BDNF do not enhance survival of adult-born olfactory GCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittnee McDole
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - Rachel Berger
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - Kathleen Guthrie
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
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