1
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Betsholtz C, Engelhardt B, Koh GY, McDonald DM, Proulx ST, Siegenthaler J. Advances and controversies in meningeal biology. Nat Neurosci 2024:10.1038/s41593-024-01701-8. [PMID: 39333784 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-024-01701-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024]
Abstract
The dura, arachnoid and pia mater, as the constituent layers of the meninges, along with cerebrospinal fluid in the subarachnoid space and ventricles, are essential protectors of the brain and spinal cord. Complemented by immune cells, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves, these connective tissue layers have held many secrets that have only recently begun to be revealed. Each meningeal layer is now known to have molecularly distinct types of fibroblasts. Cerebrospinal fluid clearance through peripheral lymphatics and lymph nodes is well documented, but its routes and flow dynamics are debated. Advances made in meningeal immune functions are also debated. This Review considers the cellular and molecular structure and function of the dura, arachnoid and pia mater in the context of conventional views, recent progress, and what is uncertain or unknown. The hallmarks of meningeal pathophysiology are identified toward developing a more complete understanding of the meninges in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christer Betsholtz
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden and Department of Medicine-Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | | | - Gou Young Koh
- Center for Vascular Research, Institute for Basic Science and Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Donald M McDonald
- Department of Anatomy, Cardiovascular Research Institute, and UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Steven T Proulx
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Julie Siegenthaler
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora, Colorado, CO, USA.
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2
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Xie Y, Yang F, He L, Huang H, Chao M, Cao H, Hu Y, Fan Z, Zhai Y, Zhao W, Liu X, Zhao R, Xiao B, Shi X, Luo Y, Yin J, Feng D, Hugnot JP, Muhl L, Dimberg A, Betsholtz C, Zhang Y, Wang L, Zhang L. Single-cell dissection of the human blood-brain barrier and glioma blood-tumor barrier. Neuron 2024; 112:3089-3105.e7. [PMID: 39191260 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2024.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) serves as a crucial vascular specialization, shielding and nourishing brain neurons and glia while impeding drug delivery. Here, we conducted single-cell mRNA sequencing of human cerebrovascular cells from 13 surgically resected glioma samples and adjacent normal brain tissue. The transcriptomes of 103,230 cells were mapped, including 57,324 endothelial cells (ECs) and 27,703 mural cells (MCs). Both EC and MC transcriptomes originating from lower-grade glioma were indistinguishable from those of normal brain tissue, whereas transcriptomes from glioblastoma (GBM) displayed a range of abnormalities. Among these, we identified LOXL2-dependent collagen modification as a common GBM-dependent trait and demonstrated that inhibiting LOXL2 enhanced chemotherapy efficacy in both murine and human patient-derived xenograft (PDX) GBM models. Our comprehensive single-cell RNA sequencing-based molecular atlas of the human BBB, coupled with insights into its perturbations in GBM, holds promise for guiding future investigations into brain health, pathology, and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Xie
- China-Sweden International Joint Research Center for Brain Diseases, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resource and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China; Jinfeng Laboratory, Chongqing 401329, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Rudbeck Laboratory, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Liqun He
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Rudbeck Laboratory, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hua Huang
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Rudbeck Laboratory, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Min Chao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital of the Fourth Military Medical University, 569 Xinsi Road, Xi'an 710038, China
| | - Haiyan Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital of the Fourth Military Medical University, 569 Xinsi Road, Xi'an 710038, China
| | - Yaqin Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital of the Fourth Military Medical University, 569 Xinsi Road, Xi'an 710038, China
| | - Zhicheng Fan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital of the Fourth Military Medical University, 569 Xinsi Road, Xi'an 710038, China
| | - Yaohong Zhai
- China-Sweden International Joint Research Center for Brain Diseases, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resource and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Wenjian Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital of the Fourth Military Medical University, 569 Xinsi Road, Xi'an 710038, China
| | - Xian Liu
- China-Sweden International Joint Research Center for Brain Diseases, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resource and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Ruozhu Zhao
- China-Sweden International Joint Research Center for Brain Diseases, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resource and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Bing Xiao
- China-Sweden International Joint Research Center for Brain Diseases, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resource and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Xinxin Shi
- China-Sweden International Joint Research Center for Brain Diseases, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resource and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Yuancheng Luo
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, The Commonwealth Building, Du Cane Road, W12 0NN London, UK
| | - Jinlong Yin
- Henan Key Laboratory of Brain Targeted Bio-nanomedicine, School of Life Sciences & School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Dayun Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital of the Fourth Military Medical University, 569 Xinsi Road, Xi'an 710038, China
| | - Jean-Philippe Hugnot
- Jinfeng Laboratory, Chongqing 401329, China; Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Lars Muhl
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institute, 14157 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Anna Dimberg
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Rudbeck Laboratory, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christer Betsholtz
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Rudbeck Laboratory, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institute, 14157 Huddinge, Sweden.
| | - Yanyu Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital of the Fourth Military Medical University, 569 Xinsi Road, Xi'an 710038, China.
| | - Lei Zhang
- China-Sweden International Joint Research Center for Brain Diseases, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resource and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China; Jinfeng Laboratory, Chongqing 401329, China.
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3
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Zanluqui NG, McGavern DB. Why do central nervous system barriers host a diverse immune landscape? Trends Immunol 2024:S1471-4906(24)00195-9. [PMID: 39299888 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2024.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2024] [Revised: 08/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
The meninges in vertebrates comprise three layers (dura, arachnoid, pia mater), representing an important barrier surrounding and protecting the central nervous system (CNS). The most exterior CNS barrier, the dura mater, is unique because it resembles a peripheral tissue. It hosts a rich immune landscape, lymphatic vessels, and fenestrated vasculature, allowing microbes and other threats from the blood to extravasate into the meninges, potentially reaching the underlying CNS. The highly specialized large venous drainage system in the dura is especially susceptible to infection. Here, we explore specializations in the CNS barrier system from an anatomical and immunological perspective and posit that the dura mater evolved an elaborate innate and adaptive immune system in specific locations within it to protect underlying CNS tissue against invading pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagela G Zanluqui
- Viral Immunology and Intravital Imaging Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institute of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dorian B McGavern
- Viral Immunology and Intravital Imaging Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institute of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Siegenthaler J, Betsholtz C. Commentary on "Structural characterization of SLYM - a 4th meningeal membrane". Fluids Barriers CNS 2024; 21:69. [PMID: 39252039 PMCID: PMC11385822 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-024-00568-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/11/2024] Open
Abstract
For centuries, the meninges have been described as three membranes: the inner pia, middle arachnoid and outer dura. It was therefore sensational when in early 2023 Science magazine published a report of a previously unrecognized - 4th - meningeal membrane located between the pia and arachnoid. Multiple features were claimed for this new membrane: a single cell layer marked by the transcription factor Prox1 that formed a barrier to low molecular weight substances and separated the subarachnoid space (SAS) into two fluid-filled compartments, not one as previously described. These features were further claimed to facilitate unidirectional glymphatic cerebrospinal fluid transport. These claims were immediately questioned by several researchers as misinterpretations of the authors' own data. The critics argued that (i) the 4th meningeal membrane as claimed did not exist as a separate structure but was part of the arachnoid, (ii) the "outer SAS" compartment was likely an artifactual subdural space created by the experimental procedures, and (iii) the 4th membrane barrier property was confused with the arachnoid barrier. Subsequent publications in late 2023 indeed showed that Prox1 + cells are embedded within the arachnoid and located immediately inside of and firmly attached to the arachnoid barrier cells by adherens junctions and gap junctions. In a follow-up study, published in this journal, the lead authors of the Science paper Kjeld Møllgård and Maiken Nedergaard reported additional observations they claim support the existence of a 4th meningeal membrane and the compartmentalization of the SAS into two non-communicating spaces. Their minor modification to the original paper was the 4th meningeal membrane was better observable at the ventral side of the brain than at the dorsal side where it was originally reported. The authors also claimed support for the existence of a 4th meningeal membrane in classical literature. Here, we outline multiple concerns over the new data and interpretation and argue against the claim there is prior support in the literature for a 4th meningeal membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Siegenthaler
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 East 19th Ave, MS-8313, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| | - Christer Betsholtz
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Medicine-Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
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5
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Plá V, Bitsika S, Giannetto MJ, Ladrón-de-Guevara A, Gahn-Martinez D, Mori Y, Nedergaard M, Møllgård K. Response to Commentary on "Structural characterization of SLYM - a 4th meningeal membrane" by Julie Siegenthaler and Christer Betsholtz. Fluids Barriers CNS 2024; 21:70. [PMID: 39252092 PMCID: PMC11384692 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-024-00567-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Histological studies have for decades documented that each of the classical meningeal membranes contains multiple fibroblast layers with distinct cellular morphology. Particularly, the sublayers of the arachnoid membranes have received attention due to their anatomical complexity. Early studies found that tracers injected into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) do not distribute freely but are restricted by the innermost sublayer of the arachnoid membrane. The existence of restrictions on CSF movement and the subdivision of the subarachnoid space into several distinct compartments have recently been confirmed by in vivo 2-photon studies of rodents, as well as macroscopic imaging of pigs and magnetic resonance imaging of human brain. Based on in vivo imaging and immunophenotyping characterization, we identified the structural basis for this compartmentalization of the subarachnoid space, which we term 'Subarachnoid lymphatic-like membrane', SLYM. The SLYM layer engages the subarachnoid vasculature as it approaches the brain parenchyma, demarcating a roof over pial perivascular spaces. Functionally, the separation of pial periarterial and perivenous spaces in the larger subarachnoid space is critical for the maintenance of unidirectional glymphatic clearance. In light of its close apposition to the pial surface and to the brain perivascular fluid exit points, the SLYM also provides a primary locus for immune surveillance of the brain. Yet, the introduction of SLYM, in terms of its anatomic distinction and hence functional specialization, has met resistance. Its critics assert that SLYM has been described in the literature by other terms, including the inner arachnoid membrane, the interlaminate membrane, the outer pial layer, the intermediate lamella, the pial membrane, the reticular layer of the arachnoid membrane or, more recently, BFB2-3. We argue that our conception of SLYM as an anatomically and functionally distinct construct is both necessary and warranted since its functional roles are wholly distinct from those of the overlying arachnoid barrier layer. Our terminology also lends clarity to a complex anatomy that has hitherto been ill-described. In that regard, we also note the lack of specificity of DPP4, which has recently been introduced as a 'selected defining marker' of the arachnoid barrier layer. We note that DPP4 labels fibroblasts in all meningeal membranes as well as in the trabecula arachnoides and the vascular adventitial layers, thus obviating its utility in meningeal characterization. Instead, we report a set of glymphatic-associated proteins that serve to accurately specify SLYM and distinguish it from its adjacent yet functionally distinct membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Plá
- Division of Glial Disease and Therapeutics, Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark
| | - Styliani Bitsika
- Division of Glial Disease and Therapeutics, Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark
| | - Michael J Giannetto
- Division of Glial Disease and Therapeutics, Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Antonio Ladrón-de-Guevara
- Division of Glial Disease and Therapeutics, Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Daniel Gahn-Martinez
- Division of Glial Disease and Therapeutics, Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Yuki Mori
- Division of Glial Disease and Therapeutics, Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark
| | - Maiken Nedergaard
- Division of Glial Disease and Therapeutics, Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark.
- Division of Glial Disease and Therapeutics, Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
| | - Kjeld Møllgård
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark.
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6
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Mehta RI, Mehta RI. Understanding central nervous system fluid networks: Historical perspectives and a revised model for clinical neurofluid imaging. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2024; 37:e5149. [PMID: 38584002 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.5149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) lacks traditionally defined lymphatic vasculature. However, CNS tissues and barriers compartmentalize the brain, spinal cord, and adjacent spaces, facilitating the transmittal of fluids, metabolic wastes, immune cells, and vital signals, while more conventional lymphatic pathways in the meninges, cervicofacial and paraspinal regions transmit efflux fluid and molecules to peripheral lymph and lymph nodes. Thus, a unique and highly organized fluid circulation network encompassing intraparenchymal, subarachnoid, dural, and extradural segments functions in unison to maintain CNS homeostasis. Pathways involved in this system have been under investigation for centuries and continue to be the source of considerable interest and debate. Modern imaging and microscopy technologies have led to important breakthroughs pertaining to various elements of CNS fluid circuitry and exchange over the past decade, thus enhancing knowledge on mechanisms of mammalian CNS maintenance and disease. Yet, to better understand precise anatomical routes, the physiology and clinical significance of these CNS pathways, and potential therapeutic targets in humans, fluid conduits, flow-regulating factors, and tissue effects must be analyzed systematically and in a global manner in persons across age, demographical factors, and disease states. Here, we illustrate the system-wide nature of intermixing CNS fluid networks, summarize historical and clinical studies, and discuss anatomical and physiological similarities and differences that are relevant for translation of evidence from mice to humans. We also review Cushing's classical model of cerebrospinal fluid flow and present a new framework of this "third circulation" that emphasizes previously unexplained complexities of CNS fluid circulation in humans. Finally, we review future directions in the field, including emerging theranostic techniques and MRI studies required in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupal I Mehta
- Department of Pathology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Rashi I Mehta
- Department of Neuroradiology, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
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7
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Madarasz A, Xin L, Proulx ST. Clearance of erythrocytes from the subarachnoid space through cribriform plate lymphatics in female mice. EBioMedicine 2024; 107:105295. [PMID: 39178745 PMCID: PMC11388277 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2024.105295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atraumatic subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Proposed mechanisms for red blood cell (RBC) clearance from the subarachnoid space (SAS) are erythrolysis, erythrophagocytosis or through efflux along cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage routes. We aimed to elucidate the mechanisms of RBC clearance from the SAS to identify targetable efflux pathways. METHODS Autologous fluorescently-labelled RBCs along with PEGylated 40 kDa near-infrared tracer (P40D800) were infused via the cisterna magna (i.c.m.) in female reporter mice for lymphatics or for resident phagocytes. Drainage pathways for RBCs to extracranial lymphatics were evaluated by in vivo and in situ near-infrared imaging and by immunofluorescent staining on decalcified cranial tissue or dural whole-mounts. FINDINGS RBCs drained to the deep cervical lymph nodes 15 min post i.c.m. infusion, showing similar dynamics as P40D800 tracer. Postmortem in situ imaging and histology showed perineural accumulations of RBCs around the optic and olfactory nerves. Numerous RBCs cleared through the lymphatics of the cribriform plate, whilst histology showed no relevant fast RBC clearance through dorsal dural lymphatics or by tissue-resident macrophage-mediated phagocytosis. INTERPRETATION This study provides evidence for rapid RBC drainage through the cribriform plate lymphatic vessels, whilst neither fast RBC clearance through dorsal dural lymphatics nor through spinal CSF efflux or phagocytosis was observed. Similar dynamics of P40D800 and RBCs imply open pathways for clearance that do not impose a barrier for RBCs. This finding suggests further evaluation of the cribriform plate lymphatic function and potential pharmacological targeting in models of SAH. FUNDING Swiss National Science Foundation (310030_189226), SwissHeart (FF191155).
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Madarasz
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Li Xin
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Steven T Proulx
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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Xue X, Wu X, Fan Y, Han S, Zhang H, Sun Y, Yin Y, Yin M, Chen B, Sun Z, Zhao S, Zhang Q, Liu W, Zhang J, Li J, Shi Y, Xiao Z, Dai J, Zhao Y. Heterogeneous fibroblasts contribute to fibrotic scar formation after spinal cord injury in mice and monkeys. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6321. [PMID: 39060269 PMCID: PMC11282111 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50564-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) leads to fibrotic scar formation at the lesion site, yet the heterogeneity of fibrotic scar remains elusive. Here we show the heterogeneity in distribution, origin, and function of fibroblasts within fibrotic scars after SCI in mice and female monkeys. Utilizing lineage tracing and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), we found that perivascular fibroblasts (PFs), and meningeal fibroblasts (MFs), rather than pericytes/vascular smooth cells (vSMCs), primarily contribute to fibrotic scar in both transection and crush SCI. Crabp2 + /Emb+ fibroblasts (CE-F) derived from meninges primarily localize in the central region of fibrotic scars, demonstrating enhanced cholesterol synthesis and secretion of type I collagen and fibronectin. In contrast, perivascular/pial Lama1 + /Lama2+ fibroblasts (LA-F) are predominantly found at the periphery of the lesion, expressing laminin and type IV collagen and functionally involved in angiogenesis and lipid transport. These findings may provide a comprehensive understanding for remodeling heterogeneous fibrotic scars after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xianming Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yongheng Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Shuyu Han
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Haipeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yuting Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yanyun Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Man Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Bing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Zheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Shuaijing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Weiyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jiaojiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jiayin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Ya Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Zhifeng Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Jianwu Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300192, China.
| | - Yannan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
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9
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Smets NG, van der Panne SA, Strijkers GJ, Bakker ENTP. Perivascular spaces around arteries exceed perivenous spaces in the mouse brain. Sci Rep 2024; 14:17655. [PMID: 39085283 PMCID: PMC11291892 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-67885-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The perivascular space (PVS) surrounds cerebral blood vessels and plays an important role in clearing waste products from the brain. Their anatomy and function have been described for arteries, but PVS around veins remain poorly characterized. Using in vivo 2-photon imaging in mice, we determined the size of the PVS around arteries and veins, and their connection with the subarachnoid space. After infusion of 70 kD FITC-dextran into the cerebrospinal fluid via the cisterna magna, labeled PVS were evident around arteries, but veins showed less frequent labeling of the PVS. The size of the PVS correlated with blood vessel size for both pial arteries and veins, but not for penetrating vessels. The PVS around pial arteries and veins was separated from the subarachnoid space by a thin meningeal layer, which did not form a barrier for the tracer. In vivo, FITC-dextran signal was observed adjacent to the vessel wall, but minimally within the wall itself. Post-mortem, there was a significant shift in the tracer's location within the arterial wall, extending into the smooth muscle layer. Taken together, these findings suggest that the PVS around veins has a limited role in the exchange of solutes between CSF and brain parenchyma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina G Smets
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience Research Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences Research Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Shakira A van der Panne
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience Research Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences Research Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Gustav J Strijkers
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences Research Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Erik N T P Bakker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Amsterdam Neuroscience Research Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences Research Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
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10
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Ventriglia S, Kalcheim C. From neural tube to spinal cord: The dynamic journey of the dorsal neuroepithelium. Dev Biol 2024; 511:26-38. [PMID: 38580174 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2024.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
In a developing embryo, formation of tissues and organs is remarkably precise in both time and space. Through cell-cell interactions, neighboring progenitors coordinate their activities, sequentially generating distinct types of cells. At present, we only have limited knowledge, rather than a systematic understanding, of the underlying logic and mechanisms responsible for cell fate transitions. The formation of the dorsal aspect of the spinal cord is an outstanding model to tackle these dynamics, as it first generates the peripheral nervous system and is later responsible for transmitting sensory information from the periphery to the brain and for coordinating local reflexes. This is reflected first by the ontogeny of neural crest cells, progenitors of the peripheral nervous system, followed by formation of the definitive roof plate of the central nervous system and specification of adjacent interneurons, then a transformation of roof plate into dorsal radial glia and ependyma lining the forming central canal. How do these peripheral and central neural branches segregate from common progenitors? How are dorsal radial glia established concomitant with transformation of the neural tube lumen into a central canal? How do the dorsal radial glia influence neighboring cells? This is only a partial list of questions whose clarification requires the implementation of experimental paradigms in which precise control of timing is crucial. Here, we outline some available answers and still open issues, while highlighting the contributions of avian models and their potential to address mechanisms of neural patterning and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Ventriglia
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC) and the Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences (ELSC), Hebrew University of Jerusalem-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, 9112102, P.O.Box 12272, Israel.
| | - Chaya Kalcheim
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC) and the Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences (ELSC), Hebrew University of Jerusalem-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, 9112102, P.O.Box 12272, Israel.
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11
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Remsik J, Boire A. The path to leptomeningeal metastasis. Nat Rev Cancer 2024; 24:448-460. [PMID: 38871881 PMCID: PMC11404355 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-024-00700-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
The leptomeninges, the cerebrospinal-fluid-filled tissues surrounding the central nervous system, play host to various pathologies including infection, neuroinflammation and malignancy. Spread of systemic cancer into this space, termed leptomeningeal metastasis, occurs in 5-10% of patients with solid tumours and portends a bleak clinical prognosis. Previous, predominantly descriptive, clinical studies have provided few insights. Recent development of preclinical leptomeningeal metastasis models, alongside genomic, transcriptomic and proteomic sequencing efforts, has provided groundwork for mechanistic understanding and identification of long-needed therapeutic targets. Although previously understood as an anatomically isolated compartment, the leptomeninges are increasingly appreciated as a major conduit of communication between the systemic circulation and the central nervous system. Despite the unique nature of the leptomeningeal microenvironment, the general principles of metastasis hold true: cells metastasizing to the leptomeninges must gain access to the new environment, survive within the space and evade the immune system. The study of leptomeningeal metastasis has the potential to uncover novel site-specific metastatic principles and illuminate the physiology of the leptomeningeal space. In this Review, we provide a biology-focused overview of how metastatic cells reach the leptomeninges, thrive in this nutritionally sparse environment and evade the detection of the omnipresent immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Remsik
- Human Oncology & Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Laboratory for Immunology of Metastatic Ecosystems, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Adrienne Boire
- Human Oncology & Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Brain Tumour Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
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12
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Kumar A, Kumar R, Narayan RK, Nath B, Datusalia AK, Rastogi AK, Jha RK, Kumar P, Pareek V, Prasoon P, Faiq MA, Agrawal P, Prasad SN, Kumari C, Asghar A. Anatomical correlates for the newly discovered meningeal layer in the existing literature: A systematic review. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2024. [PMID: 38924700 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
The existence of a previously unrecognized subarachnoid lymphatic-like membrane (SLYM) was reported in a recent study. SLYM is described as an intermediate leptomeningeal layer between the arachnoid and pia mater in mouse and human brains, which divides the subarachnoid space (SAS) into two functional compartments. Being a macroscopic structure, having missed detection in previous studies is surprising. We systematically reviewed the published reports in animals and humans to explore whether prior descriptions of this meningeal layer were reported in some way. A comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed/Medline, EMBASE, Google Scholar, Science Direct, and Web of Science databases using combinations of MeSH terms and keywords with Boolean operators from inception until 31 December 2023. We found at least eight studies that provided structural evidence of an intermediate leptomeningeal layer in the brain or spinal cord. However, unequivocal descriptions for this layer all along the central nervous system were scarce. Obscure names like the epipial, intermediate meningeal, outer pial layers, or intermediate lamella were used to describe it. Its microscopic/ultrastructural details closely resemble the recently reported SLYM. We further examined the counterarguments in current literature that are skeptical of the existence of this layer. The potential physiological and clinical implications of this new meningeal layer are significant, underscoring the urgent need for further exploration of its structural and functional details.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Kumar
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Patna, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Patna, India
| | - Ravi K Narayan
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Patna, India
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Banshi Nath
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Patna, India
| | - Ashok K Datusalia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli, Lucknow, India
| | - Ashok K Rastogi
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Patna, India
| | - Rakesh K Jha
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Patna, India
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- Regional Institute of Ophthalmology, Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India
| | - Vikas Pareek
- Haskins Laboratories, Yale Child Study Centre, Yale School of Medicine, University of Connecticut, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Pranav Prasoon
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Muneeb A Faiq
- New York University (NYU) Langone Health Center, NYU Robert I Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Prabhat Agrawal
- Spine Surgery Clinic, Department of Orthopedics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Patna, India
| | - Surya Nandan Prasad
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Patna, India
| | - Chiman Kumari
- Department of Anatomy, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Adil Asghar
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Patna, India
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13
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Benveniste H, Thomas JL. Elucidating a new path of CSF transport in the CNS. Lancet Neurol 2024; 23:553-554. [PMID: 38760087 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(24)00164-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Helene Benveniste
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Jean-Leon Thomas
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA; Paris Brain Institute, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06 UMRS1127, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
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14
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Tan LY, Cunliffe G, Hogan MP, Yeo XY, Oh C, Jin B, Kang J, Park J, Kwon MS, Kim M, Jung S. Emergence of the brain-border immune niches and their contribution to the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1380063. [PMID: 38863704 PMCID: PMC11165048 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1380063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Historically, the central nervous system (CNS) was regarded as 'immune-privileged', possessing its own distinct immune cell population. This immune privilege was thought to be established by a tight blood-brain barrier (BBB) and blood-cerebrospinal-fluid barrier (BCSFB), which prevented the crossing of peripheral immune cells and their secreted factors into the CNS parenchyma. However, recent studies have revealed the presence of peripheral immune cells in proximity to various brain-border niches such as the choroid plexus, cranial bone marrow (CBM), meninges, and perivascular spaces. Furthermore, emerging evidence suggests that peripheral immune cells may be able to infiltrate the brain through these sites and play significant roles in driving neuronal cell death and pathology progression in neurodegenerative disease. Thus, in this review, we explore how the brain-border immune niches may contribute to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and multiple sclerosis (MS). We then discuss several emerging options for harnessing the neuroimmune potential of these niches to improve the prognosis and treatment of these debilitative disorders using novel insights from recent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yang Tan
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Grace Cunliffe
- Division of Neuroscience, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Patrick Hogan
- Division of Neuroscience, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Xin Yi Yeo
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chansik Oh
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Bohwan Jin
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Junmo Kang
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Junho Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Research Institute for Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Soo Kwon
- Department of Pharmacology, Research Institute for Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - MinYoung Kim
- Rehabilitation and Regeneration Research Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangyong Jung
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
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15
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van Veluw SJ, Benveniste H, Bakker ENTP, Carare RO, Greenberg SM, Iliff JJ, Lorthois S, Van Nostrand WE, Petzold GC, Shih AY, van Osch MJP. Is CAA a perivascular brain clearance disease? A discussion of the evidence to date and outlook for future studies. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:239. [PMID: 38801464 PMCID: PMC11130115 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-024-05277-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
The brain's network of perivascular channels for clearance of excess fluids and waste plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases including cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). CAA is the main cause of hemorrhagic stroke in the elderly, the most common vascular comorbidity in Alzheimer's disease and also implicated in adverse events related to anti-amyloid immunotherapy. Remarkably, the mechanisms governing perivascular clearance of soluble amyloid β-a key culprit in CAA-from the brain to draining lymphatics and systemic circulation remains poorly understood. This knowledge gap is critically important to bridge for understanding the pathophysiology of CAA and accelerate development of targeted therapeutics. The authors of this review recently converged their diverse expertise in the field of perivascular physiology to specifically address this problem within the framework of a Leducq Foundation Transatlantic Network of Excellence on Brain Clearance. This review discusses the overarching goal of the consortium and explores the evidence supporting or refuting the role of impaired perivascular clearance in the pathophysiology of CAA with a focus on translating observations from rodents to humans. We also discuss the anatomical features of perivascular channels as well as the biophysical characteristics of fluid and solute transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne J van Veluw
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Helene Benveniste
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Erik N T P Bakker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Location AMC, Amsterdam Neuroscience Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roxana O Carare
- Clinical Neurosciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Steven M Greenberg
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Iliff
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sylvie Lorthois
- Institut de Mécanique Des Fluides de Toulouse, IMFT, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - William E Van Nostrand
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Science, George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Gabor C Petzold
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Bonn, Germany
- Division of Vascular Neurology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Andy Y Shih
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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16
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Mokbel AY, Burns MP, Main BS. The contribution of the meningeal immune interface to neuroinflammation in traumatic brain injury. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:135. [PMID: 38802931 PMCID: PMC11131220 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03122-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of disability and mortality worldwide, particularly among the elderly, yet our mechanistic understanding of what renders the post-traumatic brain vulnerable to poor outcomes, and susceptible to neurological disease, is incomplete. It is well established that dysregulated and sustained immune responses elicit negative consequences after TBI; however, our understanding of the neuroimmune interface that facilitates crosstalk between central and peripheral immune reservoirs is in its infancy. The meninges serve as the interface between the brain and the immune system, facilitating important bi-directional roles in both healthy and disease settings. It has been previously shown that disruption of this system exacerbates neuroinflammation in age-related neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease; however, we have an incomplete understanding of how the meningeal compartment influences immune responses after TBI. In this manuscript, we will offer a detailed overview of the holistic nature of neuroinflammatory responses in TBI, including hallmark features observed across clinical and animal models. We will highlight the structure and function of the meningeal lymphatic system, including its role in immuno-surveillance and immune responses within the meninges and the brain. We will provide a comprehensive update on our current knowledge of meningeal-derived responses across the spectrum of TBI, and identify new avenues for neuroimmune modulation within the neurotrauma field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Y Mokbel
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, New Research Building-EG11, 3970 Reservoir Rd, NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Mark P Burns
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, New Research Building-EG11, 3970 Reservoir Rd, NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Bevan S Main
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, New Research Building-EG11, 3970 Reservoir Rd, NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA.
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17
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Huttunen KM. Improving drug delivery to the brain: the prodrug approach. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2024; 21:683-693. [PMID: 38738934 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2024.2355180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The prodrug approach has been thought to be a simple solution to improve brain drug delivery for decades. Nevertheless, it still comes as a surprise that there is relatively little success in the field. The best example anti-parkinsonian drug levodopa has been serendipitously discovered to be a transporter-utilizing brain-delivered prodrug rather than a rationally developed one. AREAS COVERED The lack of success can mainly be explained by the insufficient understanding of the role of membrane proteins that can facilitate drug delivery at dynamic barriers, such as the blood-brain barrier (BBB), but also by the sparse knowledge of prodrug bioconverting enzymes in the brain. This review summarizes the current status of the prodrug attempts that have been developed in the past to improve brain drug delivery. EXPERT OPINION With the expandingly improved analytical and computational technologies, it is anticipated that enhanced brain drug delivery will be eventually achieved for most of the central nervous system (CNS) acting drugs. However, this requires that carrier-mediated (pro)drug delivery methods are implemented in the very early phases of the drug development processes and not as a last step to survive a problematic investigational drug candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristiina M Huttunen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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18
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Bastedo WE, Scott RW, Arostegui M, Underhill TM. Single-cell analysis of mesenchymal cells in permeable neural vasculature reveals novel diverse subpopulations of fibroblasts. Fluids Barriers CNS 2024; 21:31. [PMID: 38575991 PMCID: PMC10996213 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-024-00535-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the choroid plexus and pituitary gland, vasculature is known to have a permeable, fenestrated phenotype which allows for the free passage of molecules in contrast to the blood brain barrier observed in the rest of the CNS. The endothelium of these compartments, along with secretory, neural-lineage cells (choroid epithelium and pituitary endocrine cells) have been studied in detail, but less attention has been given to the perivascular mesenchymal cells of these compartments. METHODS The Hic1CreERT2 Rosa26LSL-TdTomato mouse model was used in conjunction with a PdgfraH2B-EGFP mouse model to examine mesenchymal cells, which can be subdivided into Pdgfra+ fibroblasts and Pdgfra- pericytes within the choroid plexus (CP) and pituitary gland (PG), by histological, immunofluorescence staining and single-cell RNA-sequencing analyses. RESULTS We found that both CP and PG possess substantial populations of distinct Hic1+ mesenchymal cells, including an abundance of Pdgfra+ fibroblasts. Within the pituitary, we identified distinct subpopulations of Hic1+ fibroblasts in the glandular anterior pituitary and the neurosecretory posterior pituitary. We also identified multiple distinct markers of CP, PG, and the meningeal mesenchymal compartment, including alkaline phosphatase, indole-n-methyltransferase and CD34. CONCLUSIONS Novel, distinct subpopulations of mesenchymal cells can be found in permeable vascular interfaces, including the CP, PG, and meninges, and make distinct contributions to both organs through the production of structural proteins, enzymes, transporters, and trophic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- William E Bastedo
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2222 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - R Wilder Scott
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2222 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering and the Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 2222 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Martin Arostegui
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2222 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - T Michael Underhill
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2222 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
- School of Biomedical Engineering and the Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 2222 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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19
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Schevenels G, Cabochette P, America M, Vandenborne A, De Grande L, Guenther S, He L, Dieu M, Christou B, Vermeersch M, Germano RFV, Perez-Morga D, Renard P, Martin M, Vanlandewijck M, Betsholtz C, Vanhollebeke B. A brain-specific angiogenic mechanism enabled by tip cell specialization. Nature 2024; 628:863-871. [PMID: 38570687 PMCID: PMC11041701 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07283-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Vertebrate organs require locally adapted blood vessels1,2. The gain of such organotypic vessel specializations is often deemed to be molecularly unrelated to the process of organ vascularization. Here, opposing this model, we reveal a molecular mechanism for brain-specific angiogenesis that operates under the control of Wnt7a/b ligands-well-known blood-brain barrier maturation signals3-5. The control mechanism relies on Wnt7a/b-dependent expression of Mmp25, which we find is enriched in brain endothelial cells. CRISPR-Cas9 mutagenesis in zebrafish reveals that this poorly characterized glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored matrix metalloproteinase is selectively required in endothelial tip cells to enable their initial migration across the pial basement membrane lining the brain surface. Mechanistically, Mmp25 confers brain invasive competence by cleaving meningeal fibroblast-derived collagen IV α5/6 chains within a short non-collagenous region of the central helical part of the heterotrimer. After genetic interference with the pial basement membrane composition, the Wnt-β-catenin-dependent organotypic control of brain angiogenesis is lost, resulting in properly patterned, yet blood-brain-barrier-defective cerebrovasculatures. We reveal an organ-specific angiogenesis mechanism, shed light on tip cell mechanistic angiodiversity and thereby illustrate how organs, by imposing local constraints on angiogenic tip cells, can select vessels matching their distinctive physiological requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giel Schevenels
- Laboratory of Neurovascular Signaling, Department of Molecular Biology, ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Pauline Cabochette
- Laboratory of Neurovascular Signaling, Department of Molecular Biology, ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Michelle America
- Laboratory of Neurovascular Signaling, Department of Molecular Biology, ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Arnaud Vandenborne
- Laboratory of Neurovascular Signaling, Department of Molecular Biology, ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Line De Grande
- Laboratory of Neurovascular Signaling, Department of Molecular Biology, ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Stefan Guenther
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, ECCPS Bioinformatics and Deep Sequencing Platform, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Liqun He
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marc Dieu
- Mass Spectrometry Facility (MaSUN), University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Basile Christou
- Laboratory of Neurovascular Signaling, Department of Molecular Biology, ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Marjorie Vermeersch
- Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging (CMMI), Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Raoul F V Germano
- Laboratory of Neurovascular Signaling, Department of Molecular Biology, ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - David Perez-Morga
- Laboratory of Neurovascular Signaling, Department of Molecular Biology, ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
- Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging (CMMI), Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Patricia Renard
- Mass Spectrometry Facility (MaSUN), University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Maud Martin
- Laboratory of Neurovascular Signaling, Department of Molecular Biology, ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Michael Vanlandewijck
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Medicine (Huddinge), Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Christer Betsholtz
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Medicine (Huddinge), Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Benoit Vanhollebeke
- Laboratory of Neurovascular Signaling, Department of Molecular Biology, ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium.
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20
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Abubaker M, Greaney A, Newport D, Mulvihill JJE. Characterization of primary human leptomeningeal cells in 2D culture. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26744. [PMID: 38434413 PMCID: PMC10906397 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Maintaining the integrity of brain barriers is critical for a healthy central nervous system. While extensive research has focused on the blood-brain barrier (BBB) of the brain vasculature and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB) of the choroid plexus, the barriers formed by the meninges have not received as much attention. These membranes create a barrier between the brain and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), as well as between CSF and blood. Recent studies have revealed that this barrier has been implicated in the development of neurological and immunological disorders. In order to gain a deeper comprehension of the functioning and significance of the meningeal barriers, sophisticated models of these barriers, need to be created. The aim of this paper is to investigate the characteristics of commercially available primary leptomeningeal cells (LMCs) that form the meningeal barriers, in a cultured environment, including their morphology, proteomics, and barrier properties, and to determine whether passaging of these cells affects their behaviour in comparison to their in vivo state. The results indicate that higher passage numbers significantly alter the morphology and protein localisation and expression of the LMCs. Furthermore, the primary cell culture co-stained for S100A6 and E-cadherin suggesting it is a co-culture of both pial and arachnoid cells. Additionally, cultured LMCs showed an increase in vimentin and cytokeratin expression and a lack of junctional proteins localisation on the cell membrane, which could suggest loss of epithelial properties due to culture, preventing barrier formation. This study shows that the LMCs may be a co-culture of pial and arachnoid cells, that the optimal LMC passage range is between passages two and five for experimentation and that the primary human LMCs form a weak barrier when in culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mannthalah Abubaker
- Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Limerick, Ireland
- School of Engineering, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Aisling Greaney
- Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Limerick, Ireland
- School of Engineering, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Limerick, Ireland
| | - David Newport
- Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Limerick, Ireland
- School of Engineering, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Limerick, Ireland
| | - John J E Mulvihill
- Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Limerick, Ireland
- School of Engineering, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Limerick, Ireland
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21
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Ringstad G, Eide PK. Glymphatic-lymphatic coupling: assessment of the evidence from magnetic resonance imaging of humans. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:131. [PMID: 38472405 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-024-05141-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
The discoveries that cerebrospinal fluid participates in metabolic perivascular exchange with the brain and further drains solutes to meningeal lymphatic vessels have sparked a tremendous interest in translating these seminal findings from animals to humans. A potential two-way coupling between the brain extra-vascular compartment and the peripheral immune system has implications that exceed those concerning neurodegenerative diseases, but also imply that the central nervous system has pushed its immunological borders toward the periphery, where cross-talk mediated by cerebrospinal fluid may play a role in a range of neoplastic and immunological diseases. Due to its non-invasive approach, magnetic resonance imaging has typically been the preferred methodology in attempts to image the glymphatic system and meningeal lymphatics in humans. Even if flourishing, the research field is still in its cradle, and interpretations of imaging findings that topographically associate with reports from animals have yet seemed to downplay the presence of previously described anatomical constituents, particularly in the dura. In this brief review, we illuminate these challenges and assess the evidence for a glymphatic-lymphatic coupling. Finally, we provide a new perspective on how human brain and meningeal clearance function may possibly be measured in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geir Ringstad
- Department of Radiology, Oslo University Hospital - Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.
- Department of Geriatrics and Internal Medicine, Sorlandet Hospital, Arendal, Norway.
| | - Per Kristian Eide
- Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital - Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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22
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Smyth LCD, Xu D, Okar SV, Dykstra T, Rustenhoven J, Papadopoulos Z, Bhasiin K, Kim MW, Drieu A, Mamuladze T, Blackburn S, Gu X, Gaitán MI, Nair G, Storck SE, Du S, White MA, Bayguinov P, Smirnov I, Dikranian K, Reich DS, Kipnis J. Identification of direct connections between the dura and the brain. Nature 2024; 627:165-173. [PMID: 38326613 PMCID: PMC11254388 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06993-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
The arachnoid barrier delineates the border between the central nervous system and dura mater. Although the arachnoid barrier creates a partition, communication between the central nervous system and the dura mater is crucial for waste clearance and immune surveillance1,2. How the arachnoid barrier balances separation and communication is poorly understood. Here, using transcriptomic data, we developed transgenic mice to examine specific anatomical structures that function as routes across the arachnoid barrier. Bridging veins create discontinuities where they cross the arachnoid barrier, forming structures that we termed arachnoid cuff exit (ACE) points. The openings that ACE points create allow the exchange of fluids and molecules between the subarachnoid space and the dura, enabling the drainage of cerebrospinal fluid and limited entry of molecules from the dura to the subarachnoid space. In healthy human volunteers, magnetic resonance imaging tracers transit along bridging veins in a similar manner to access the subarachnoid space. Notably, in neuroinflammatory conditions such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, ACE points also enable cellular trafficking, representing a route for immune cells to directly enter the subarachnoid space from the dura mater. Collectively, our results indicate that ACE points are a critical part of the anatomy of neuroimmune communication in both mice and humans that link the central nervous system with the dura and its immunological diversity and waste clearance systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon C D Smyth
- Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG) Center, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Di Xu
- Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG) Center, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Serhat V Okar
- Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Taitea Dykstra
- Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG) Center, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Justin Rustenhoven
- Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG) Center, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Zachary Papadopoulos
- Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG) Center, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, School of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kesshni Bhasiin
- Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG) Center, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Min Woo Kim
- Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG) Center, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
- Immunology Graduate Program, School of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Antoine Drieu
- Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG) Center, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Tornike Mamuladze
- Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG) Center, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
- Immunology Graduate Program, School of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Susan Blackburn
- Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG) Center, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Xingxing Gu
- Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG) Center, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - María I Gaitán
- Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Govind Nair
- Quantitative MRI Core Facility, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Steffen E Storck
- Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG) Center, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Siling Du
- Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG) Center, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
- Immunology Graduate Program, School of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael A White
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Peter Bayguinov
- Washington University Center for Cellular Imaging, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Igor Smirnov
- Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG) Center, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Krikor Dikranian
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Daniel S Reich
- Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jonathan Kipnis
- Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG) Center, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA.
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, School of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA.
- Immunology Graduate Program, School of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA.
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23
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Achón Buil B, Rentsch NH, Weber RZ, Rickenbach C, Halliday SJ, Hotta A, Tackenberg C, Rust R. Beneath the radar: immune-evasive cell sources for stroke therapy. Trends Mol Med 2024; 30:223-238. [PMID: 38272713 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2023.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Stem cell therapy is an emerging treatment paradigm for stroke patients with remaining neurological deficits. While allogeneic cell transplants overcome the manufacturing constraints of autologous grafts, they can be rejected by the recipient's immune system, which identifies foreign cells through the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system. The heterogeneity of HLA molecules in the human population would require a very high number of cell lines, which may still be inadequate for patients with rare genetic HLAs. Here, we outline key progress in genetic HLA engineering in pluripotent stem and derived cells to evade the host's immune system, reducing the number of allogeneic cell lines required, and examine safety measures explored in both preclinical studies and upcoming clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Achón Buil
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland; Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nora H Rentsch
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland; Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rebecca Z Weber
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland; Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Chiara Rickenbach
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland; Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie J Halliday
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland; Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Akitsu Hotta
- Center for iPS cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Christian Tackenberg
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland; Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ruslan Rust
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland; Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1501 San Pablo St, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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24
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Nirwane A, Kang M, Adithan A, Maharaj V, Nguyen F, Santaella Aguilar E, Nasrollahi A, Yao Y. Endothelial and mural laminin-α5 contributes to neurovascular integrity maintenance. Fluids Barriers CNS 2024; 21:18. [PMID: 38383451 PMCID: PMC10882802 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-024-00521-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Laminin-α5, a major component of the basal lamina, is predominantly synthesized by endothelial and mural cells (pericytes and vascular smooth muscle cells) in the CNS. Loss of laminin-α5 in either population fails to induce any abnormalities due to functional redundancy. Thus, the functional significance of laminin-α5 in neurovascular integrity remains unknown. Here, we hypothesize that ablation of laminin-α5 in both endothelial and mural cells increases neurovascular permeability. METHODS The compound knockout mice were generated by crossing laminin-α5 floxed mice with Tie2-Cre and PDGFRβ-Cre, which target endothelial cells and mural cells, respectively. Neurovascular permeability in these mutants was determined with both exogenous and endogenous tracers. Endothelial paracellular and transcellular permeability was assessed by examining the expression of tight junction proteins and transcytosis-associated proteins. In addition, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to visualize tight junction ultrastructure and endothelial caveolae vesicles. Defects in pericytes and astrocytes were investigated by examining pericyte coverage/contact and astrocyte polarity. RESULTS Elevated neurovascular permeability was observed in the mutants. Subsequent studies found increased Caveolin-1 and decreased major facilitator superfamily domain-containing protein 2a (MFSD2A) expression, but unaltered Claudin-5 or zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) expression. Consistent with these results, mutant mice exhibited increased endothelial caveolae vesicle number with intact tight junction structure under TEM. Additionally, pericyte coverage and contact were also decreased in the mutant mice, while astrocyte polarity was unaffected. CONCLUSIONS These results strongly indicate that endothelial and mural cell-derived laminin-α5 actively maintains neurovascular integrity via the transcellular rather than paracellular mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit Nirwane
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., MDC 8, 33612, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Minkyung Kang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., MDC 8, 33612, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Aravinthan Adithan
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., MDC 8, 33612, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Vrishni Maharaj
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., MDC 8, 33612, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Felicia Nguyen
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., MDC 8, 33612, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Elliot Santaella Aguilar
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., MDC 8, 33612, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Ava Nasrollahi
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., MDC 8, 33612, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Yao Yao
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., MDC 8, 33612, Tampa, FL, USA.
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25
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Wenzel J, Schwaninger M. Macrophages and endothelial cells in the neurovascular unit. Acta Neuropathol 2024; 147:36. [PMID: 38347168 PMCID: PMC10861386 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-024-02697-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Wenzel
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Markus Schwaninger
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
- German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel, Lübeck, Germany.
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26
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Pan S, Koleske JP, Koller GM, Halupnik GL, Alli AHO, Koneru S, DeFreitas D, Ramagiri S, Strahle JM. Postnatal meningeal CSF transport is primarily mediated by the arachnoid and pia maters and is not altered after intraventricular hemorrhage-posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus. Fluids Barriers CNS 2024; 21:4. [PMID: 38191402 PMCID: PMC10773070 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-023-00503-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CSF has long been accepted to circulate throughout the subarachnoid space, which lies between the arachnoid and pia maters of the meninges. How the CSF interacts with the cellular components of the developing postnatal meninges including the dura, arachnoid, and pia of both the meninges at the surface of the brain and the intracranial meninges, prior to its eventual efflux from the cranium and spine, is less understood. Here, we characterize small and large CSF solute distribution patterns along the intracranial and surface meninges in neonatal rodents and compare our findings to meningeal CSF solute distribution in a rodent model of intraventricular hemorrhage-posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus. We also examine CSF solute interactions with the tela choroidea and its pial invaginations into the choroid plexuses of the lateral, third, and fourth ventricles. METHODS 1.9-nm gold nanoparticles, 15-nm gold nanoparticles, or 3 kDa Red Dextran Tetramethylrhodamine constituted in aCSF were infused into the right lateral ventricle of P7 rats to track CSF circulation. 10 min post-1.9-nm gold nanoparticle and Red Dextran Tetramethylrhodamine injection and 4 h post-15-nm gold nanoparticle injection, animals were sacrificed and brains harvested for histologic analysis to identify CSF tracer localization in the cranial and spine meninges and choroid plexus. Spinal dura and leptomeninges (arachnoid and pia) wholemounts were also evaluated. RESULTS There was significantly less CSF tracer distribution in the dura compared to the arachnoid and pia maters in neonatal rodents. Both small and large CSF tracers were transported intracranially to the arachnoid and pia mater of the perimesencephalic cisterns and tela choroidea, but not the falx cerebri. CSF tracers followed a similar distribution pattern in the spinal meninges. In the choroid plexus, there was large CSF tracer distribution in the apical surface of epithelial cells, and small CSF tracer along the basolateral surface. There were no significant differences in tracer intensity in the intracranial meninges of control vs. intraventricular hemorrhage-posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH) rodents, indicating preserved meningeal transport in the setting of PHH. CONCLUSIONS Differential CSF tracer handling by the meninges suggests that there are distinct roles for CSF handling between the arachnoid-pia and dura maters in the developing brain. Similarly, differences in apical vs. luminal choroid plexus CSF handling may provide insight into particle-size dependent CSF transport at the CSF-choroid plexus border.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelei Pan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Joshua P Koleske
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Gretchen M Koller
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Grace L Halupnik
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Abdul-Haq O Alli
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Shriya Koneru
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Dakota DeFreitas
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Sruthi Ramagiri
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Jennifer M Strahle
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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27
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Sosa MJ, Shih AY, Bonney SK. The elusive brain perivascular fibroblast: a potential role in vascular stability and homeostasis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1283434. [PMID: 38075961 PMCID: PMC10704358 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1283434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
In the brain, perivascular fibroblasts (PVFs) reside within the perivascular spaces (PVSs) of arterioles and large venules, however their physiological and pathophysiological roles remain largely unknown. PVFs express numerous extracellular matrix proteins that are found in the basement membrane and PVS surrounding large diameter vessels. PVFs are sandwiched between the mural cell layer and astrocytic endfeet, where they are poised to interact with mural cells, perivascular macrophages, and astrocytes. We draw connections between the more well-studied PVF pro-fibrotic response in ischemic injury and the less understood thickening of the vascular wall and enlargement of the PVS described in dementia and neurodegenerative diseases. We postulate that PVFs may be responsible for stability and homeostasis of the brain vasculature, and may also contribute to changes within the PVS during disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J. Sosa
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Andy Y. Shih
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Stephanie K. Bonney
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
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28
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Plá V, Bitsika S, Giannetto M, Ladron-de-Guevara A, Gahn-Martinez D, Mori Y, Nedergaard M, Møllgård K. Structural characterization of SLYM - a 4 th meningeal membrane. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.20.563351. [PMID: 37961461 PMCID: PMC10634706 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.20.563351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Traditionally, the meninges are described as 3 distinct layers, dura, arachnoid and pia. Yet, the classification of the connective meningeal membranes surrounding the brain is based on postmortem macroscopic examination. Ultrastructural and single cell transcriptome analyses have documented that the 3 meningeal layers can be subdivided into several distinct layers based on cellular characteristics. We here re-examined the existence of a 4 th meningeal membrane, S ubarachnoid Ly mphatic-like M embrane or SLYM in Prox1-eGFP reporter mice. Imaging of freshly resected whole brains showed that SLYM covers the entire brain and brain stem and forms a roof shielding the subarachnoid cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-filled cisterns and the pia-adjacent vasculature. Thus, SLYM is strategically positioned to facilitate periarterial influx of freshly produced CSF and thereby support unidirectional glymphatic CSF transport. Histological analysis showed that, in spinal cord and parts of dorsal cortex, SLYM fused with the arachnoid barrier layer, while in the basal brain stem typically formed a 1-3 cell layered membrane subdividing the subarachnoid space into two compartments. However, great care should be taken when interpreting the organization of the delicate leptomeningeal membranes in tissue sections. We show that hyperosmotic fixatives dehydrate the tissue with the risk of shrinkage and dislocation of these fragile membranes in postmortem preparations.
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