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Muneta-Arrate I, Miranda-Azpiazu P, Horrillo I, Diez-Alarcia R, Meana JJ. Ligand bias and inverse agonism on 5-HT 2A receptor-mediated modulation of G protein activity in post-mortem human brain. Br J Pharmacol 2024. [PMID: 38644550 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Whereas biased agonism on the 5-HT2A receptor has been ascribed to hallucinogenic properties of psychedelics, no information about biased inverse agonism on this receptor is available. In schizophrenia, increased 5-HT2A receptor constitutive activity has been suggested, highlighting the therapeutic relevance of inverse agonism. This study characterized the modulation of G protein activity promoted by different drugs, commonly considered as 5-HT2A receptor antagonists, in post-mortem human brain cortex. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Modulation of [35S]GTPγS binding to different subtypes of Gα proteins exerted by different 5-HT2A receptor drugs was determined by scintillation proximity assays in brain from human, WT and 5-HT2A receptor KO mice. KEY RESULTS MDL-11,939 was the only drug having no effect on the basal activity of 5-HT2A receptor. Altanserin and pimavanserin decreased basal activation of Gi1, but not Gq/11 proteins. This effect was blocked by MDL-11,939 and absent in 5-HT2A receptor KO mice. Volinanserin showed 5-HT2A receptor-mediated inverse agonism both on Gi1 and Gq/11 proteins. Ketanserin exhibited 5-HT2A receptor partial agonism exclusively on Gq/11 proteins. On the other hand, eplivanserin and nelotanserin displayed inverse agonism on Gq/11 and/or Gi1 proteins, which was insensitive to MDL-11,939 and was present in KO mice suggesting a role for another receptor. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS The results reveal the existence of constitutively active 5-HT2A receptors in human pre-frontal cortex and demonstrate different pharmacological profiles of various 5-HT2A receptor drugs previously considered antagonists. These findings indicate that altanserin and pimavanserin possess biased inverse agonist profile towards 5-HT2A receptor activation of Gi1 proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itziar Muneta-Arrate
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental CIBERSAM, ISCIII, Leioa, Spain
- Current address: Department of Basic Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Patricia Miranda-Azpiazu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental CIBERSAM, ISCIII, Leioa, Spain
| | - Igor Horrillo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental CIBERSAM, ISCIII, Leioa, Spain
- Biobizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Rebeca Diez-Alarcia
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental CIBERSAM, ISCIII, Leioa, Spain
- Biobizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - J Javier Meana
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental CIBERSAM, ISCIII, Leioa, Spain
- Biobizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
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Simon IA, Bjørn-Yoshimoto WE, Harpsøe K, Iliadis S, Svensson B, Jensen AA, Gloriam DE. Ligand selectivity hotspots in serotonin GPCRs. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2023; 44:978-990. [PMID: 37914598 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2023.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Serotonin is a neurotransmitter regulating numerous physiological processes also modulated by drugs, for example, schizophrenia, depression, migraine, and obesity. However, these drugs typically have adverse effects caused by promiscuous binding across 12 serotonin and more than 20 homologous receptors. Recently, structures of the entire serotonin receptor family uncovered molecular ligand recognition. Here, we present a map of 19 'selectivity hotspots', that is, nonconserved binding site residues governing selectivity via favorable target interactions or repulsive 'off-target' contacts. Furthermore, we review functional rationale from observed ligand-binding affinities and mutagenesis effects. Unifying knowledge underlying specific probes and drugs is critical toward the functional characterization of different receptors and alleviation of adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Icaro A Simon
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Walden E Bjørn-Yoshimoto
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kasper Harpsøe
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stylianos Iliadis
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Bart's and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Bo Svensson
- SARomics Biostructures AB, Scheelevägen 2, 223 63 Lund, Sweden
| | - Anders A Jensen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David E Gloriam
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Mitroshina EV, Marasanova EA, Vedunova MV. Functional Dimerization of Serotonin Receptors: Role in Health and Depressive Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16416. [PMID: 38003611 PMCID: PMC10671093 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the neurobiological underpinnings of depressive disorder constitutes a pressing challenge in the fields of psychiatry and neurobiology. Depression represents one of the most prevalent forms of mental and behavioral disorders globally. Alterations in dimerization capacity can influence the functional characteristics of serotonin receptors and may constitute a contributing factor to the onset of depressive disorders. The objective of this review is to consolidate the current understanding of interactions within the 5-HT receptor family and between 5-HT receptors and members of other receptor families. Furthermore, it aims to elucidate the role of such complexes in depressive disorders and delineate the mechanisms through which antidepressants exert their effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena V. Mitroshina
- Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Avenue, 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (E.A.M.)
| | - Ekaterina A. Marasanova
- Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Avenue, 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (E.A.M.)
| | - Maria V. Vedunova
- Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Avenue, 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (E.A.M.)
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, HSE University, St. Profsoyuznaya, 33, 117418 Moscow, Russia
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Braillon A, Bewley S, Blumsohn A, Naudet F. Comment on: "Should Antidepressants be Avoided in Pregnancy?". Drug Saf 2023; 46:615-616. [PMID: 37103644 DOI: 10.1007/s40264-023-01308-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Susan Bewley
- Obstetrics and Women's Health, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Florian Naudet
- Therapeutics, Adult Psychiatry Department and Clinical Investigation Center (INSERM 1414), University Hospital, Rennes, France
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Ambrogini P, Lattanzi D, Pagliarini M, Di Palma M, Sartini S, Cuppini R, Fuxe K, Borroto-Escuela DO. 5HT1AR-FGFR1 Heteroreceptor Complexes Differently Modulate GIRK Currents in the Dorsal Hippocampus and the Dorsal Raphe Serotonin Nucleus of Control Rats and of a Genetic Rat Model of Depression. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087467. [PMID: 37108630 PMCID: PMC10144171 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The midbrain raphe serotonin (5HT) neurons provide the main ascending serotonergic projection to the forebrain, including hippocampus, which has a role in the pathophysiology of depressive disorder. Serotonin 5HT1A receptor (R) activation at the soma-dendritic level of serotonergic raphe neurons and glutamatergic hippocampal pyramidal neurons leads to a decrease in neuronal firing by activation of G protein-coupled inwardly-rectifying potassium (GIRK) channels. In this raphe-hippocampal serotonin neuron system, the existence of 5HT1AR-FGFR1 heteroreceptor complexes has been proven, but the functional receptor-receptor interactions in the heterocomplexes have only been investigated in CA1 pyramidal neurons of control Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. In the current study, considering the impact of the receptor interplay in developing new antidepressant drugs, the effects of 5HT1AR-FGFR1 complex activation were investigated in hippocampal pyramidal neurons and in midbrain dorsal raphe serotonergic neurons of SD rats and of a genetic rat model of depression (the Flinders Sensitive Line (FSL) rats of SD origin) using an electrophysiological approach. The results showed that in the raphe-hippocampal 5HT system of SD rats, 5HT1AR-FGFR1 heteroreceptor activation by specific agonists reduced the ability of the 5HT1AR protomer to open the GIRK channels through the allosteric inhibitory interplay produced by the activation of the FGFR1 protomer, leading to increased neuronal firing. On the contrary, in FSL rats, FGFR1 agonist-induced inhibitory allosteric action at the 5HT1AR protomer was not able to induce this effect on GIRK channels, except in CA2 neurons where we demonstrated that the functional receptor-receptor interaction is needed for producing the effect on GIRK. In keeping with this evidence, hippocampal plasticity, evaluated as long-term potentiation induction ability in the CA1 field, was impaired by 5HT1AR activation both in SD and in FSL rats, which did not develop after combined 5HT1AR-FGFR1 heterocomplex activation in SD rats. It is therefore proposed that in the genetic FSL model of depression, there is a significant reduction in the allosteric inhibition exerted by the FGFR1 protomer on the 5HT1A protomer-mediated opening of the GIRK channels in the 5HT1AR-FGFR1 heterocomplex located in the raphe-hippocampal serotonin system. This may result in an enhanced inhibition of the dorsal raphe 5HT nerve cell and glutamatergic hippocampal CA1 pyramidal nerve cell firing, which we propose may have a role in depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Ambrogini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Università di Urbino Carlo Bo, I-61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Davide Lattanzi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Università di Urbino Carlo Bo, I-61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Marica Pagliarini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Università di Urbino Carlo Bo, I-61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Michael Di Palma
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Università Politecnica delle Marche, I-60121 Ancona, Italy
| | - Stefano Sartini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Università di Urbino Carlo Bo, I-61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Riccardo Cuppini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Università di Urbino Carlo Bo, I-61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Kjell Fuxe
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dasiel Oscar Borroto-Escuela
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Human Physiology, Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaga, 29017 Malaga, Spain
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Pinna A, Parekh P, Morelli M. Serotonin 5-HT 1A receptors and their interactions with adenosine A 2A receptors in Parkinson's disease and dyskinesia. Neuropharmacology 2023; 226:109411. [PMID: 36608814 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The dopamine neuronal loss that characterizes Parkinson's Disease (PD) is associated to changes in neurotransmitters, such as serotonin and adenosine, which contribute to the symptomatology of PD and to the onset of dyskinetic movements associated to levodopa treatment. The present review describes the role played by serotonin 5-HT1A receptors and the adenosine A2A receptors on dyskinetic movements induced by chronic levodopa in PD. The focus is on preclinical and clinical results showing the interaction between serotonin 5-HT1A receptors and other receptors such as 5-HT1B receptors and adenosine A2A receptors. 5-HT1A/1B receptor agonists and A2A receptor antagonists, administered in combination, contrast dyskinetic movements induced by chronic levodopa without impairing motor behaviour, suggesting that this drug combination might be a useful therapeutic approach for counteracting the PD motor deficits and dyskinesia associated with chronic levodopa treatment. This article is part of the Special Issue on "The receptor-receptor interaction as a new target for therapy".
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Pinna
- National Research Council of Italy, Neuroscience Institute, UOS of Cagliari, c/o Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042, Monserrato (CA), Italy.
| | - Pathik Parekh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042, Monserrato (CA), Italy
| | - Micaela Morelli
- National Research Council of Italy, Neuroscience Institute, UOS of Cagliari, c/o Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042, Monserrato (CA), Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042, Monserrato (CA), Italy.
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7
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Interactions of Apigenin and Safranal with the 5HT1A and 5HT2A Receptors and Behavioral Effects in Depression and Anxiety: A Molecular Docking, Lipid-Mediated Molecular Dynamics, and In Vivo Analysis. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27248658. [PMID: 36557792 PMCID: PMC9783496 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current study utilizes in silico molecular docking/molecular dynamics to evaluate the binding affinity of apigenin and safranal with 5HT1AR/5HT2AR, followed by assessment of in vivo effects of these compounds on depressive and anxious behavior. METHODS The docking between apigenin and safranal and the 5HT1A and 5HT2A receptors was performed utilizing AutoDock Vina software, while MD and protein-lipid molecular dynamics simulations were executed by AMBER16 software. For in vivo analysis, healthy control (HC), disease control (DC), fluoxetine-, and apigenin-safranal-treated rats were tested for changes in depression and anxiety using the forced swim test (FST) and the elevated plus-maze test (EPMT), respectively. RESULTS The binding affinity estimations identified the superior interacting capacity of apigenin over safranal for 5HT1A/5HT2A receptors over 200 ns MD simulations. Both compounds exhibit oral bioavailability and absorbance. In the rodent model, there was a significant increase in the overall mobility time in the FST, while in the EPMT, there was a decrease in latency and an increase in the number of entries for the treated and HC rats compared with the DC rats, suggesting a reduction in depressive/anxiety symptoms after treatment. CONCLUSIONS Our analyses suggest apigenin and safranal as prospective medication options to treat depression and anxiety.
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8
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A Simple and Efficient Method for the Substrate Identification of Amino Acid Decarboxylases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314551. [PMID: 36498879 PMCID: PMC9737665 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Amino acid decarboxylases convert amino acids into different biogenic amines which regulate diverse biological processes. Therefore, identifying the substrates of amino acid decarboxylases is critical for investigating the function of the decarboxylases, especially for the new genes predicted to be amino acid decarboxylases. In the present work, we have established a simple and efficient method to identify the substrates and enzymatic activity of amino acid decarboxylases based on LC-MS methods. We chose GAD65 and AADC as models to validate our method. GAD65 and AADC were expressed in HEK 293T cells and purified through immunoprecipitation. The purified amino acid decarboxylases were subjected to enzymatic reaction with different substrate mixtures in vitro. LC-MS analysis of the reaction mixture identified depleted or accumulated metabolites, which corresponded to candidate enzyme substrates and products, respectively. Our method successfully identified the substrates and products of known amino acid decarboxylases. In summary, our method can efficiently identify the substrates and products of amino acid decarboxylases, which will facilitate future amino acid decarboxylase studies.
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MacLean MR, Fanburg B, Hill N, Lazarus HM, Pack TF, Palacios M, Penumatsa KC, Wring SA. Serotonin and Pulmonary Hypertension; Sex and Drugs and ROCK and Rho. Compr Physiol 2022; 12:4103-4118. [PMID: 36036567 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c220004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin is often referred to as a "happy hormone" as it maintains good mood, well-being, and happiness. It is involved in communication between nerve cells and plays a role in sleeping and digestion. However, too much serotonin can have pathogenic effects and serotonin synthesis is elevated in pulmonary artery endothelial cells from patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). PAH is characterized by elevated pulmonary pressures, right ventricular failure, inflammation, and pulmonary vascular remodeling; serotonin has been shown to be associated with these pathologies. The rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of serotonin in the periphery of the body is tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (TPH1). TPH1 expression and serotonin synthesis are elevated in pulmonary artery endothelial cells in patients with PAH. The serotonin synthesized in the pulmonary arterial endothelium can act on the adjacent pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs), adventitial macrophages, and fibroblasts, in a paracrine fashion. In humans, serotonin enters PASMCs cells via the serotonin transporter (SERT) and it can cooperate with the 5-HT1B receptor on the plasma membrane; this activates both contractile and proliferative signaling pathways. The "serotonin hypothesis of pulmonary hypertension" arose when serotonin was associated with PAH induced by diet pills such as fenfluramine, aminorex, and chlorphentermine; these act as indirect serotonergic agonists causing the release of serotonin from platelets and cells through the SERT. Here the role of serotonin in PAH is reviewed. Targeting serotonin synthesis or signaling is a promising novel alternative approach which may lead to novel therapies for PAH. © 2022 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 12: 1-16, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret R MacLean
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Barry Fanburg
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Division, Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nicolas Hill
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Division, Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | | - Krishna C Penumatsa
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Division, Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Liaqat H, Parveen A, Kim SY. Neuroprotective Natural Products’ Regulatory Effects on Depression via Gut–Brain Axis Targeting Tryptophan. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14163270. [PMID: 36014776 PMCID: PMC9413544 DOI: 10.3390/nu14163270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
L-tryptophan (Trp) contributes to regulating bilateral communication of the gut–brain axis. It undergoes three major metabolic pathways, which lead to formation of kynurenine, serotonin (5-HT), and indole derivatives (under the control of the microbiota). Metabolites from the principal Trp pathway, kynurenic acid and quinolinic acid, exhibit neuroprotective activity, while picolinic acid exhibits antioxidant activity, and 5-HT modulates appetite, sleep cycle, and pain. Abnormality in Trp plays crucial roles in diseases, including depression, colitis, ulcer, and gut microbiota-related dysfunctions. To address these diseases, the use of natural products could be a favorable alternative because they are a rich source of compounds that can modulate the activity of Trp and combat various diseases through modulating different signaling pathways, including the gut microbiota, kynurenine pathway, and serotonin pathway. Alterations in the signaling cascade pathways via different phytochemicals may help us explore the deep relationships of the gut–brain axis to study neuroprotection. This review highlights the roles of natural products and their metabolites targeting Trp in different diseases. Additionally, the role of Trp metabolites in the regulation of neuroprotective and gastroprotective activities is discussed. This study compiles the literature on novel, potent neuroprotective agents and their action mechanisms in the gut–brain axis and proposes prospective future studies to identify more pharmaceuticals based on signaling pathways targeting Trp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humna Liaqat
- Department of Animal Science, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Groblje 3, 1230 Domzale, Slovenia
| | - Amna Parveen
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University Medical Campus, No. 191, Hambakmoero, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Korea
- Correspondence: or (A.P.); (S.Y.K.)
| | - Sun Yeou Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University Medical Campus, No. 191, Hambakmoero, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Korea
- Correspondence: or (A.P.); (S.Y.K.)
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Alachkar A. Aromatic patterns: Tryptophan aromaticity as a catalyst for the emergence of life and rise of consciousness. Phys Life Rev 2022; 42:93-114. [PMID: 35905538 DOI: 10.1016/j.plrev.2022.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sunlight held the key to the origin of life on Earth. The earliest life forms, cyanobacteria, captured the sunlight to generate energy through photosynthesis. Life on Earth evolved in accordance with the circadian rhythms tied to sensitivity to sunlight patterns. A unique feature of cyanobacterial photosynthetic proteins and circadian rhythms' molecules, and later of nearly all photon-sensing molecules throughout evolution, is that the aromatic amino acid tryptophan (Trp) resides at the center of light-harvesting active sites. In this perspective, I review the literature and integrate evidence from different scientific fields to explore the role Trp plays in photon-sensing capabilities of living organisms through its resonance delocalization of π-electrons. The observations presented here are the product of apparently unrelated phenomena throughout evolution, but nevertheless share consistent patterns of photon-sensing by Trp-containing and Trp-derived molecules. I posit the unique capacity to transfer electrons during photosynthesis in the earliest life forms is conferred to Trp due to its aromaticity. I propose this ability evolved to assume more complex functions, serving as a host for mechanisms underlying mental aptitudes - a concept which provides a theoretical basis for defining the neural correlates of consciousness. The argument made here is that Trp aromaticity may have allowed for the inception of the mechanistic building blocks used to fabricate complexity in higher forms of life. More specifically, Trp aromatic non-locality may have acted as a catalyst for the emergence of consciousness by instigating long-range synchronization and stabilizing the large-scale coherence of neural networks, which mediate functional brain activity. The concepts proposed in this perspective provide a conceptual foundation that invites further interdisciplinary dialogue aimed at examining and defining the role of aromaticity (beyond Trp) in the emergence of life and consciousness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal Alachkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; UC Irvine Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Institute for Genomics and Bioinformatics, School of Information and Computer Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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12
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Maitra U, Stephen C, Ciesla LM. Drug discovery from natural products - Old problems and novel solutions for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 210:114553. [PMID: 34968995 PMCID: PMC8792363 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The use of natural products has been shown to be a fruitful approach in the discovery of novel pharmaceuticals. In fact, many currently approved drugs originated from compounds that were first identified in nature. Chemical diversity of natural compounds cannot be matched by man-made libraries of chemically synthesized molecules. Many natural compounds interact with and modulate regulatory protein targets and can be considered evolutionarily-optimized drug-like molecules. Despite this, many pharmaceutical companies have reduced or eliminated their natural product discovery programs in the last two decades. Screening natural products for pharmacologically active compounds is a challenging task that requires high resource commitment. Novel approaches at the early stage of the drug discovery pipeline are needed to allow for rapid screening and identification of the most promising molecules. Here, we review the possible evolutionary roots for drug-like characteristics of numerous natural compounds. Since many of these compounds target evolutionarily conserved cellular signaling pathways, we propose novel, early-stage drug discovery approaches to identify drug candidates that can be used for the potential prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Invertebrate in vivo animal models of neurodegenerative diseases and innovative tools used within these models are proposed here as a screening funnel to identify new drug candidates and to shuttle these hits into further stages of the drug discovery pipeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urmila Maitra
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Cayman Stephen
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Lukasz M Ciesla
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA.
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13
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Chang L, Wei Y, Hashimoto K. Brain Research Bulletin: Special Issue: Brain–body communication in health and diseases, Brain–gut–microbiota axis in depression: A historical overview and future directions. Brain Res Bull 2022; 182:44-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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14
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Liu HM, Ma LL, Li C, Cao B, Jiang Y, Han L, Xu R, Lin J, Zhang D. The molecular mechanism of chronic stress affecting the occurrence and development of breast cancer and potential drug therapy. Transl Oncol 2021; 15:101281. [PMID: 34875482 PMCID: PMC8652015 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2021.101281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the 2020 data released by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, breast cancer has surpassed lung cancer as the world's most newly diagnosed first-time cancer. Compared with patients with other types of cancer, those with breast cancer experience greater mental stress and more severe psychological impacts because of the life-threatening diagnosis, physical changes, treatment side effects, and family and social life dysfunctions. These usually manifest as anxiety, depression, nervousness, and insomnia, all of which elicit stress responses. Particularly under chronic stress, the continuous release of neurotransmitters from the neuroendocrine system can have a highly profound impact on the occurrence and prognosis of breast cancer. However, because of the complex mechanisms underlying chronic stress and the variability in individual tolerance, evidence of the role of chronic stress in the occurrence and evolution of breast cancer remains unclear. This article reviewed previous research on the correlation between chronic stress and the occurrence and development of breast cancer, particularly the molecular mechanism through which chronic stress promotes breast cancer via neurotransmitters secreted by the nervous system. We also review the progress in the development of potential drugs or blockers for the treatment of breast cancer by targeting the neuroendocrine system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Min Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1066 Avenue Liutai, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Le-le Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1066 Avenue Liutai, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Chunyu Li
- National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Bo Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1066 Avenue Liutai, Chengdu 611137, China; National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Yifang Jiang
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 39 Road Shierqiao, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Li Han
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1066 Avenue Liutai, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Runchun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1066 Avenue Liutai, Chengdu 611137, China.
| | - Junzhi Lin
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 39 Road Shierqiao, Chengdu 610072, China.
| | - Dingkun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1066 Avenue Liutai, Chengdu 611137, China.
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15
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Rootman JM, Kryskow P, Harvey K, Stamets P, Santos-Brault E, Kuypers KPC, Polito V, Bourzat F, Walsh Z. Adults who microdose psychedelics report health related motivations and lower levels of anxiety and depression compared to non-microdosers. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22479. [PMID: 34795334 PMCID: PMC8602275 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01811-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of psychedelic substances at sub-sensorium 'microdoses', has gained popular academic interest for reported positive effects on wellness and cognition. The present study describes microdosing practices, motivations and mental health among a sample of self-selected microdosers (n = 4050) and non-microdosers (n = 4653) via a mobile application. Psilocybin was the most commonly used microdose substances in our sample (85%) and we identified diverse microdose practices with regard to dosage, frequency, and the practice of stacking which involves combining psilocybin with non-psychedelic substances such as Lion's Mane mushrooms, chocolate, and niacin. Microdosers were generally similar to non-microdosing controls with regard to demographics, but were more likely to report a history of mental health concerns. Among individuals reporting mental health concerns, microdosers exhibited lower levels of depression, anxiety, and stress across gender. Health and wellness-related motives were the most prominent motives across microdosers in general, and were more prominent among females and among individuals who reported mental health concerns. Our results indicate health and wellness motives and perceived mental health benefits among microdosers, and highlight the need for further research into the mental health consequences of microdosing including studies with rigorous longitudinal designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Rootman
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada.
| | - Pamela Kryskow
- Department of Family Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kalin Harvey
- Quantified Citizen Technologies Inc., Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | | | - Kim P C Kuypers
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Vince Polito
- Department of Cognitive Science, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Zach Walsh
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
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16
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Soslau G. Cardiovascular serotonergic system: Evolution, receptors, transporter, and function. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART 2021; 337:115-127. [PMID: 34662506 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The serotonergic system, serotonin (5HT), serotonin transporter (SERT), and serotonin receptors (5HT-x), is an evolutionarily ancient system that has clear physiological advantages to all life forms from bacteria to humans. This review focuses on the role of platelet/plasma serotonin and the cardiovascular system with minor references to its significant neurotransmitter function. Platelets transport and store virtually all plasma serotonin in dense granules. Stored serotonin is released from activated platelets and can bind to serotonin receptors on platelets and cellular components of the vascular wall to augment aggregation and induce vasoconstriction or vasodilation. The vascular endothelium is critical to the maintenance of cardiovascular homeostasis. While there are numerous ligands, neurological components, and baroreceptors that effect vascular tone it is proposed that serotonin and nitric oxide (an endothelium relaxing factor) are major players in the regulation of systemic blood pressure. Signals not fully defined, to date, that direct serotonin binding to one of the 15 identified 5HT receptors versus the transporter, and the role platelet/plasma serotonin plays in regulating hypertension within the cardiovascular system remain important issues to better understand many diseases and to develop new drugs. Also, expanded research of these pathways in lower life-forms may serve as important model systems to further our understanding of the evolution and mechanisms of action of serotonin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Soslau
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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17
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Rodrigues Tavares LR, Pelarin V, Baptista-de-Souza D, Pereira Ferrari D, Nunes-de-Souza RL, Canto-de-Souza A. 5-HT 3 receptor within the amygdaloid complex modulates pain hypersensitivity induced by empathy model of cohabitation with a partner in chronic pain condition in mice. Soc Neurosci 2021; 16:534-548. [PMID: 34253155 DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2021.1954083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cohabitation with a partner undergoing chronic pain induces pain hypersensitivity. Among a lot of other neurochemical pathways, the serotonin (5-HT) role, specifically the 5-HT3 receptor (5-HT3R), in the amygdala has never been evaluated in this model. Here we studied the effects of the amygdala's chemical inhibition, its neuronal activation pattern, and 5-HT, 5-HIAA, and 5-HT turnover within the amygdala. Furthermore, the systemic and intra-amygdala 5-HT3R activation and blockade in mice that cohabited with a conspecific subjected to chronic constriction injury were investigated. Male Swiss mice were housed in partners for 28 days. The dyads were divided into two groups on the 14th day: cagemate nerve constriction (CNC) and cagemate sham (CS). On the 24th day, cagemates underwent a stereotaxic surgery (when necessary) and, on the 28th day, they were evaluated on the writhing test. The amygdala inactivation promotes pain-hypersensitivity behaviors in groups and dyads; cohabitation with a partner with chronic pain did not change FosB-labeled cells in the amygdala's nucleus and increases 5-HT turnover in cagemates. Systemic and intra-amygdala 5-HT3R activation attenuated and enhanced the number of writhes, respectively. In contrast, 5-HT3R blockade reduced hypersensitivity pain response. Results suggest the involvement of amygdala serotonergic signaling via 5-HT3R in empathy-like behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lígia Renata Rodrigues Tavares
- Psychobiology Group, Department of Psychology/CECH, Universidade Federal de São Carlos - UFSCar, São Carlos, Brazil.,Joint Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences UFSCar/UNESP, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Vinícius Pelarin
- Psychobiology Group, Department of Psychology/CECH, Universidade Federal de São Carlos - UFSCar, São Carlos, Brazil.,Joint Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences UFSCar/UNESP, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Daniela Baptista-de-Souza
- Psychobiology Group, Department of Psychology/CECH, Universidade Federal de São Carlos - UFSCar, São Carlos, Brazil.,Lab. Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Univ. Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Araraquara, Brazil.,Neuroscience and Behavior Institute - IneC, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Daniele Pereira Ferrari
- Psychobiology Group, Department of Psychology/CECH, Universidade Federal de São Carlos - UFSCar, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Luiz Nunes-de-Souza
- Joint Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences UFSCar/UNESP, São Carlos, Brazil.,Lab. Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Univ. Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Araraquara, Brazil.,Neuroscience and Behavior Institute - IneC, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Azair Canto-de-Souza
- Psychobiology Group, Department of Psychology/CECH, Universidade Federal de São Carlos - UFSCar, São Carlos, Brazil.,Joint Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences UFSCar/UNESP, São Carlos, Brazil.,Neuroscience and Behavior Institute - IneC, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Program in Psychology UFSCar, São Carlos, Brazil
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18
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De Deurwaerdère P, Chagraoui A, Di Giovanni G. Serotonin/dopamine interaction: Electrophysiological and neurochemical evidence. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2021; 261:161-264. [PMID: 33785130 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2021.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between serotonin (5-HT) and dopamine (DA) in the central nervous system (CNS) plays an important role in the adaptive properties of living animals to their environment. These are two modulatory, divergent systems shaping and regulating in a widespread manner the activity of neurobiological networks and their interaction. The concept of one interaction linking these two systems is rather elusive when looking at the mechanisms triggered by these two systems across the CNS. The great variety of their interacting mechanisms is in part due to the diversity of their neuronal origin, the density of their fibers in a given CNS region, the distinct expression of their numerous receptors in the CNS, the heterogeneity of their intracellular signaling pathway that depend on the cellular type expressing their receptors, and the state of activity of neurobiological networks, conditioning the outcome of their mutual influences. Thus, originally conceptualized as inhibition of 5-HT on DA neuron activity and DA neurotransmission, this interaction is nowadays considered as a multifaceted, mutual influence of these two systems in the regulation of CNS functions. These new ways of understanding this interaction are of utmost importance to envision the consequences of their dysfunctions underlined in several CNS diseases. It is also essential to conceive the mechanism of action of psychotropic drugs directly acting on their function including antipsychotic, antidepressant, antiparkinsonian, and drug of abuse together with the development of therapeutic strategies of Alzheimer's diseases, epilepsy, obsessional compulsive disorders. The 5-HT/DA interaction has a long history from the serendipitous discovery of antidepressants and antipsychotics to the future, rationalized treatments of CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe De Deurwaerdère
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut des Neurosciences Intégratives et Cognitives d'Aquitaine, UMR 5287, Bordeaux, France.
| | - Abdeslam Chagraoui
- Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine of Normandy (IRIB), Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1239, Rouen, France; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Giuseppe Di Giovanni
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, Malta; Neuroscience Division, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
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19
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Podlewska S, Bugno R, Lacivita E, Leopoldo M, Bojarski AJ, Handzlik J. Low Basicity as a Characteristic for Atypical Ligands of Serotonin Receptor 5-HT2. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031035. [PMID: 33494248 PMCID: PMC7864501 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Serotonin receptors are extensively examined by academic and industrial researchers, due to their vital roles, which they play in the organism and constituting therefore important drug targets. Up to very recently, it was assumed that the basic nitrogen in compound structure is a necessary component to make it active within this receptor system. Such nitrogen interacts in its protonated form with the aspartic acid from the third transmembrane helix (D3x32) forming a hydrogen bond tightly fitting the ligand in the protein binding site. However, there are several recent studies that report strong serotonin receptor affinity also for compounds without a basic moiety in their structures. In the study, we carried out a comprehensive in silico analysis of the low-basicity phenomenon of the selected serotonin receptor ligands. We focused on the crystallized representatives of the proteins of 5-HT1B, 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B, and 5-HT2C receptors, and examined the problem both from the ligand- and structure-based perspectives. The study was performed for the native proteins, and for D3x32A mutants. The investigation resulted in the determination of nonstandard structural requirements for activity towards serotonin receptors, which can be used in the design of new nonbasic ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Podlewska
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, 31-343 Kraków, Poland; (R.B.); (A.J.B.)
- Correspondence: (S.P.); (J.H.); Tel.: +48-12-66-23-301 (S.P.); +48-12-620-55-84 (J.H.)
| | - Ryszard Bugno
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, 31-343 Kraków, Poland; (R.B.); (A.J.B.)
| | - Enza Lacivita
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (E.L.); (M.L.)
| | - Marcello Leopoldo
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (E.L.); (M.L.)
| | - Andrzej J. Bojarski
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, 31-343 Kraków, Poland; (R.B.); (A.J.B.)
| | - Jadwiga Handzlik
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
- Correspondence: (S.P.); (J.H.); Tel.: +48-12-66-23-301 (S.P.); +48-12-620-55-84 (J.H.)
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20
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Mishra RK, Mishra A, Gupta A. Magic Shotgun Nature with Scattergun Approach of Curcumin Repurposing in Obsessive-compulsive Disorder: A Novel Metaphysician of Drug Discovery. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2021; 20:975-981. [PMID: 33970849 DOI: 10.2174/1871527320666210506185510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is an intricate, debilitating neuropsychiatric disorder. Exclusively, Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) are effective agents used for the treatment of OCD. However, SSRIs are not a magic pill-they do not respond adequately to everybody. In this consideration, a single drug target (magic bullet) is only a slightly superior option for all patients with a lot of pathognomonic signs. OBJECTIVE The principal aim of the current study was to check the potential contribution of repurposing of magic shotgun nature of curcumin (rhizomes of Curcuma longa) with scattergun approach- proceeding a pioneer 'fine-tune' for obsessive-compulsive disorder. METHOD Swiss albino mice (male 20 to 25 gram) were grouped into different groups (n = 6) used for the MBB (marble-burying behaviour) and MA (motor activity) test as a model for evaluation of anti-compulsive activity (Anti-OCD). Ethanolic extract of Curcuma longa (EECL-10, 15, 25, 40 mg/kg), or SSRI (fluoxetine 5, 10, 15 mg/kg) followed by pre-treated with either sub effective dose of fluoxetine attenuated MBB without effected the MA, or neurotoxin p-chlorophenyl alanine induced compulsive behavior and specific 5-HT receptors agonists/ antagonist, intraperitoneally revealed neuromodulation. RESULTS EECL (40 mg/kg) significantly attenuated the MBB. Although, during treatments, none of the above had any critical impact on MA. p < 0.05 was considered significant in every case. CONCLUSION Multiple drug-target interactions with multifarious biogenic receptors, supervene unexpected side effects followed by the repurposing of wanted effects (scattergun effect) were evoked by curcumin treatment. Finally, the study shows that EECL (curcumin) has anti-compulsive activity, which is mediated by neuromodulation with 5-HT receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Kumar Mishra
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Technology and Management GIDA Gorakhpur (Dr. A P J Abdul Kalam Technical University Lucknow), U.P, India
| | - Ashutosh Mishra
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kashi Institute of Pharmacy, Varanasi (Dr. A P J Abdul Kalam Technical University Lucknow), U.P, India
| | - Amresh Gupta
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Goel Institute of Pharmacy, Lucknow (Dr. A P J Abdul Kalam Technical University Lucknow), U.P, India
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21
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The Uniqueness of Tryptophan in Biology: Properties, Metabolism, Interactions and Localization in Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228776. [PMID: 33233627 PMCID: PMC7699789 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tryptophan (Trp) holds a unique place in biology for a multitude of reasons. It is the largest of all twenty amino acids in the translational toolbox. Its side chain is indole, which is aromatic with a binuclear ring structure, whereas those of Phe, Tyr, and His are single-ring aromatics. In part due to these elaborate structural features, the biosynthetic pathway of Trp is the most complex and the most energy-consuming among all amino acids. Essential in the animal diet, Trp is also the least abundant amino acid in the cell, and one of the rarest in the proteome. In most eukaryotes, Trp is the only amino acid besides Met, which is coded for by a single codon, namely UGG. Due to the large and hydrophobic π-electron surface area, its aromatic side chain interacts with multiple other side chains in the protein, befitting its strategic locations in the protein structure. Finally, several Trp derivatives, namely tryptophylquinone, oxitriptan, serotonin, melatonin, and tryptophol, have specialized functions. Overall, Trp is a scarce and precious amino acid in the cell, such that nature uses it parsimoniously, for multiple but selective functions. Here, the various aspects of the uniqueness of Trp are presented in molecular terms.
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Abstract
Nearly 100 years after the discovery of serotonin, its role remains elusive. Modulation of serotonin transmission is considered in numerous central nervous system (CNS) diseases including depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, obsessive-compulsive disorders, addiction, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease. The therapeutic strategies based on serotonin systems have evolved thanks to better identification of the involvement of serotonin in various diseases, the better use of animal models, a better understanding of the molecular environment of serotonin receptors, and ultimately the better understanding of the interaction of serotonin neurotransmission with other biological systems. Some 5-HT receptors are still the object of numerous investigations including 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A, and 5-HT6 receptor subtypes. It is noteworthy that the direction of research is moving towards a simultaneous action at multiple targets either through different 5-HT targets or the consideration of both 5-HT and other targets to achieve better therapeutic responses.
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