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Bakker J. Neurobiological characteristics associated with gender identity: Findings from neuroimaging studies in the Amsterdam cohort of children and adolescents experiencing gender incongruence. Horm Behav 2024; 164:105601. [PMID: 39029340 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2024.105601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
This review has been based on my invited lecture at the annual meeting of the Society for Behavioral Neuroendocrinology in 2023. Gender incongruence is defined as a marked and persistent incongruence between an individual's experienced gender and the sex assigned at birth. A prominent hypothesis on the etiology of gender incongruence proposes that it is related to an altered or less pronounced sexual differentiation of the brain. This hypothesis has primarily been based on postmortem studies of the hypothalamus in transgender individuals. To further address this hypothesis, a series of structural and functional neuroimaging studies were conducted in the Amsterdam cohort of children and adolescents experiencing gender incongruence. Additional research objectives were to determine whether any sex and gender differences are established before or after puberty, as well as whether gender affirming hormone treatment would affect brain development and function. We found some evidence in favor of the sexual differentiation hypothesis at the functional level, but this was less evident at the structural level. We also observed some specific transgender neural signatures, suggesting that they might present a unique brain phenotype rather than being shifted towards either end of the male-female spectrum. Our results further suggest that the years between childhood and mid-adolescence represent an important period in which puberty-related factors influence several neural characteristics, such as white matter development and functional connectivity patterns, in both a sex and gender identity specific way. These latter observations thus lead to the important question about the possible negative consequences of delaying puberty on neurodevelopment. To further address this question, larger-scale, longitudinal studies are required to increase our understanding of the possible neurodevelopmental impacts of delaying puberty in transgender youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Bakker
- GIGA Neurosciences, University of Liège, Belgium.
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2
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Kollndorfer K, Novak A, Nenning KH, Fischmeister FPS, Seidl R, Langs G, Kasprian G, Prayer D, Bartha-Doering L. Cortical thickness in the right medial frontal gyrus predicts planning performance in healthy children and adolescents. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1196707. [PMID: 37794918 PMCID: PMC10546024 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1196707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to plan is an important part of the set of the cognitive skills called "executive functions." To be able to plan actions in advance is of great importance in everyday life and constitutes one of the major key features for academic as well as economic success. The present study aimed to investigate the neuroanatomical correlates of planning in normally developing children, as measured by the cortical thickness of the prefrontal cortex. Eighteen healthy children and adolescents underwent structural MRI examinations and the Tower of London (ToL) task. A multiple regression analysis revealed that the cortical thickness of the right caudal middle frontal gyrus (cMFG) was a significant predictor of planning performance. Neither the cortical thickness of any other prefrontal area nor gender were significantly associated with performance in the ToL task. The results of the present exploratory study suggest that the cortical thickness of the right, but not the left cMFG, is positively correlated with performance in the ToL task. We, therefore, conclude that increased cortical thickness may be more beneficial for higher-order processes, such as information integration, than for lower-order processes, such as the analysis of external information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Kollndorfer
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Developmental and Interventional Imaging (DIN) Lab, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Astrid Novak
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karl-Heinz Nenning
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Computational Imaging Research Lab (CIR), Vienna, Austria
- Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, United States
| | - Florian Ph S. Fischmeister
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Developmental and Interventional Imaging (DIN) Lab, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Rainer Seidl
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Langs
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Computational Imaging Research Lab (CIR), Vienna, Austria
| | - Gregor Kasprian
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniela Prayer
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lisa Bartha-Doering
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Savidge LE, Bales KL. Possible effects of pair bonds on general cognition: Evidence from shared roles of dopamine. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 152:105317. [PMID: 37442497 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Pair bonding builds on preexisting dopamine connectivity to help form and maintain the bond. The involvement of dopaminergic pathways in pair bonding has stimulated research linking pair bonds to other dopamine-dependent processes, like addiction and social cognition (Burkett & Young, 2012; Yetnikoff, Lavezzi, Reichard, & Zahm, 2014). Less studied is the relationship of pair bonding to non-social cognitive processes. The first half of this review will provide an overview of pair bonding and the role of dopamine within social processes. With a thorough review of the literature, the current study will identify the ways the dopaminergic pathways critical for pair bonding also overlap with cognitive processes. Highlighting dopamine as a key player in pair bonds and non-social cognition will provide evidence that pair bonding can alter general cognitive processes like attention, working memory, cognitive flexibility, and impulse control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan E Savidge
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, United States; California National Primate Research Center, United States.
| | - Karen L Bales
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, United States; California National Primate Research Center, United States; Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California, Davis, United States.
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Function of language skills in preschooler's problem-solving performance: The role of self-directed speech. JOURNAL OF APPLIED DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appdev.2022.101431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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5
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Mürner-Lavanchy IM, Parzer P, Brüstle J, Koenig J, Kaess M, Resch F. Normierung der Testbatterie COGBAT bei Jugendlichen im Alter von 12 bis 15 Jahren. ZEITSCHRIFT FÜR NEUROPSYCHOLOGIE 2022. [DOI: 10.1024/1016-264x/a000356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung: Das Jugendalter stellt eine wichtige Phase in der Entwicklung der Verarbeitungsgeschwindigkeit, der Aufmerksamkeit, des Gedächtnisses und der exekutiven Funktionen dar. Im Rahmen einer Normierungsstudie der kognitiven Basistestung (COGBAT) für das Jugendalter wurden Testwerte bei n = 269 Jugendlichen im Alter von 12 bis 15 Jahren erhoben und mit den Normen der Altersgruppe der 16- bis 30-Jährigen verglichen. Zusätzlich wurde überprüft, inwiefern sich diese Testergebnisse in der subjektiven Einschätzung zur Leistungsfähigkeit (FLei) und Psychopathologie (SDQ) abbilden lassen. Im Jugendalter zeigte sich ein starker Zuwachs in der kognitiven Flexibilität, der Verarbeitungs- und Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit sowie der Inhibitions- und Planungsfähigkeit. Ein bedeutsamer Geschlechtsunterschied fand sich in der Inhibition, mit stärkeren Leistungen bei Mädchen als bei Jungen. Zwischen den Testergebnissen und den subjektiven Einschätzungen zeigten sich keine Zusammenhänge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines M. Mürner-Lavanchy
- Universitätsklinik für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Universität Bern, Schweiz
| | - Peter Parzer
- Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Deutschland
| | - Julia Brüstle
- Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Deutschland
| | - Julian Koenig
- Universitätsklinik für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Universität Bern, Schweiz
- Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Deutschland
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie des Kindes- und Jugendalters, Universität zu Köln, Deutschland
| | - Michael Kaess
- Universitätsklinik für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Universität Bern, Schweiz
- Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Deutschland
| | - Franz Resch
- Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Deutschland
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Bakker J. The role of steroid hormones in the sexual differentiation of the human brain. J Neuroendocrinol 2022; 34:e13050. [PMID: 34708466 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Widespread sex differences in human brain structure and function have been reported. Research on animal models has demonstrated that sex differences in brain and behavior are induced by steroid hormones during specific, hormone sensitive, developmental periods. It was shown that typical male neural and behavioral characteristics develop under the influence of testosterone, mostly acting during perinatal development. By contrast, typical female neural and behavioral characteristics may actually develop under the influence of estradiol during a specific prepubertal period. This review provides an overview of our current knowledge on the role of steroid hormones in the sexual differentiation of the human brain. Both clinical and neuroimaging data obtained in patients with altered androgen levels/actions (i.e., congenital adrenal hyperplasia or complete androgen insensitivity syndrome [CAIS]), point to an important role of (prenatal) androgens in inducing typical male neural and psychosexual characteristics in humans. In contrast to rodents, there appears to be no obvious role for estrogens in masculinizing the human brain. Furthermore, data from CAIS also suggest a contribution of sex chromosome genes to the development of the human brain. The final part of this review is dedicated to a brief discussion of gender incongruence, also known as gender dysphoria, which has been associated with an altered or less pronounced sexual differentiation of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Bakker
- Neuroendocrinology, GIGA Neurosciences, Liège University, Liege, Belgium
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The effect of strategy game types on inhibition. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2022; 86:2115-2127. [PMID: 35020073 PMCID: PMC9470634 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-021-01632-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Past studies have shown evidence of transfer of learning in action video games, less so in other types, e.g. strategy games. Further, the transfer of learning from games to inhibitory control has yet to be examined from the perspectives of time constraint and logic contradiction. We examined the effect of strategy games (puzzle, turn-based strategy ‘TBS’, and real-time strategy ‘RTS’) on inhibition (response inhibition and distractor inhibition) and cerebral hemispheric activation over 4 weeks. We predicted that compared to RTS, puzzle and TBS games would (1) improve response and distractor inhibition, and (2) increase cerebral hemispheric activation demonstrating increased inhibitory control. A total of 67 non-habitual video game players (Mage = 21.63 years old, SD = 2.12) played one of three games: puzzle (n = 19), TBS (n = 24) or RTS (n = 24) for 4 weeks on their smartphones. Participants completed three inhibition tasks, working memory (WM), and had their tympanic membrane temperature (TMT) taken from each ear before and after playing the games. Results showed that only the puzzle game group showed an improved response inhibition while controlling for WM. There were no significant changes in the distractor inhibition tasks. We also found that there was an increase in left TMT while playing RTS, suggesting the presence of increased impulsivity in RTS. Our findings suggest that puzzle games involving logical contradiction could improve response inhibition, showing potential as a tool for inhibition training.
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Larson C, Gangopadhyay I, Prescott K, Kaushanskaya M, Ellis Weismer S. Planning in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: The Role of Verbal Mediation. J Autism Dev Disord 2021; 51:2200-2217. [PMID: 32930893 PMCID: PMC7956912 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-020-04639-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This study examined verbal mediation during planning in school-age children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) relative to age- and nonverbal IQ- matched typically developing peers using a dual-task paradigm. Analyses showed no group differences in performance. However, in the condition intended to disrupt verbal mediation, language skills were associated with planning performance for the TD group, but not the ASD group. Upon examining ASD subgroups with versus without comorbid structural language impairment, children with ASD and normal language appeared to rely on verbal mediation to a greater degree than children with ASD and language impairment, but to a lesser degree than TD peers. Thus, the role of verbal mediation in planning for children with ASD differs depending on language status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Larson
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1500 Highland Ave., Madison, WI, 53705, USA
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1500 Highland Ave., Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Ishanti Gangopadhyay
- Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences Organization Indiana University-Bloomington, 200 South Jordan Avenue, Room C175, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Kathryn Prescott
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1500 Highland Ave., Madison, WI, 53705, USA
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1500 Highland Ave., Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Margarita Kaushanskaya
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1500 Highland Ave., Madison, WI, 53705, USA
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1500 Highland Ave., Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Susan Ellis Weismer
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1500 Highland Ave., Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1500 Highland Ave., Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Room 473, 1500 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
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9
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Wolf A, Ueda K, Hirano Y. Recent updates of eye movement abnormalities in patients with schizophrenia: A scoping review. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2021; 75:82-100. [PMID: 33314465 PMCID: PMC7986125 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.13188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIM Although eye-tracking technology expands beyond capturing eye data just for the sole purpose of ensuring participants maintain their gaze at the presented fixation cross, gaze technology remains of less importance in clinical research. Recently, impairments in visual information encoding processes indexed by novel gaze metrics have been frequently reported in patients with schizophrenia. This work undertakes a scoping review of research on saccadic dysfunctions and exploratory eye movement deficits among patients with schizophrenia. It gathers promising pieces of evidence of eye movement abnormalities in attention-demanding tasks on the schizophrenia spectrum that have mounted in recent years and their outcomes as potential biological markers. METHODS The protocol was drafted based on PRISMA for scoping review guidelines. Electronic databases were systematically searched to identify articles published between 2010 and 2020 that examined visual processing in patients with schizophrenia and reported eye movement characteristics as potential biomarkers for this mental illness. RESULTS The use of modern eye-tracking instrumentation has been reported by numerous neuroscientific studies to successfully and non-invasively improve the detection of visual information processing impairments among the screened population at risk of and identified with schizophrenia. CONCLUSIONS Eye-tracking technology has the potential to contribute to the process of early intervention and more apparent separation of the diagnostic entities, being put together by the syndrome-based approach to the diagnosis of schizophrenia. However, context-processing paradigms should be conducted and reported in equally accessible publications to build comprehensive models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Wolf
- International Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Human Science, Research Center for Applied Perceptual Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kazuo Ueda
- Department of Human Science, Research Center for Applied Perceptual Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoji Hirano
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Phillips LH, Lawrie L, Schaefer A, Tan CY, Yong MH. The Effects of Adult Ageing and Culture on the Tower of London Task. Front Psychol 2021; 12:631458. [PMID: 33692728 PMCID: PMC7937624 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.631458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Planning ability is important in everyday functioning, and a key measure to assess the preparation and execution of plans is the Tower of London (ToL) task. Previous studies indicate that older adults are often less accurate than the young on the ToL and that there may be cultural differences in performance on the task. However, potential interactions between age and culture have not previously been explored. In the current study we examined the effects of age on ToL performance in an Asian culture (Malaysia) and a Western culture (British) (n = 191). We also explored whether working memory, age, education, and socioeconomic status explained variance in ToL performance across these two cultures. Results indicated that age effects on ToL performance were greater in the Malaysian sample. Subsequent moderated mediation analysis revealed differences between the two cultures (British vs Malaysians), in that the age-related variance in ToL accuracy was accounted for by WM capacity at low and medium education levels only in the Malaysian sample. Demographic variables could not explain additional variance in ToL speed or accuracy. These results may reflect cultural differences in the familiarity and cognitive load of carrying out complex planning tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise H Phillips
- School of Psychology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Louisa Lawrie
- School of Psychology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandre Schaefer
- Department of Psychology, Monash University Malaysia, Sunway City, Malaysia
| | - Cher Yi Tan
- Department of Psychology, Sunway University, Sunway City, Malaysia
| | - Min Hooi Yong
- Department of Psychology, Sunway University, Sunway City, Malaysia.,Aging Health and Well-being Research Centre, Sunway University, Sunway City, Malaysia
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Vitamin D Supplementation during Winter: Effects on Stress Resilience in a Randomized Control Trial. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12113258. [PMID: 33114392 PMCID: PMC7692327 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D status may be important for stress resilience. This study investigated the effects of vitamin D supplements during winter on biological markers of stress resilience such as psychophysiological activity, serotonin, and cortisol in a placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. Eighty-six participants were randomly assigned to the Intervention (vitamin D) or Control (placebo) groups. Before and after the intervention participants were exposed to an experimental stress procedure. Psychophysiological activity was measured during three main conditions: baseline, stress, and recovery. Fasting blood samples were taken in the morning and saliva samples were collected at seven different time points across 24 h. Prior to intervention both groups had normal/sufficient vitamin D levels. Both groups showed a normal pattern of psychophysiological responses to the experimental stress procedure (i.e., increased psychophysiological responses from resting baseline to stress-condition, and decreased psychophysiological responses from stress-condition to recovery; all p < 0.009). Post-intervention, the Intervention group showed increased vitamin D levels (p < 0.001) and normal psychophysiological responses to the experimental stress procedure (p < 0.001). Importantly, the Control group demonstrated a classic nadir in vitamin D status post-intervention (spring) (p < 0.001) and did not show normal psychophysiological responses. Thus, physiologically the Control group showed a sustained stress response. No significant effects of vitamin D were found on serotonin and cortisol.
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12
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Calabro FJ, Murty VP, Jalbrzikowski M, Tervo-Clemmens B, Luna B. Development of Hippocampal-Prefrontal Cortex Interactions through Adolescence. Cereb Cortex 2020; 30:1548-1558. [PMID: 31670797 PMCID: PMC7132933 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant improvements in cognitive control occur from childhood through adolescence, supported by the maturation of prefrontal systems. However, less is known about the neural basis of refinements in cognitive control proceeding from adolescence to adulthood. Accumulating evidence indicates that integration between hippocampus (HPC) and prefrontal cortex (PFC) supports flexible cognition and has a protracted neural maturation. Using a longitudinal design (487 scans), we characterized developmental changes from 8 to 32 years of age in HPC-PFC functional connectivity at rest and its associations with cognitive development. Results indicated significant increases in functional connectivity between HPC and ventromedial PFC (vmPFC), but not dorsolateral PFC. Importantly, HPC-vmPFC connectivity exclusively predicted performance on the Stockings of Cambridge task, which probes problem solving and future planning. These data provide evidence that maturation of high-level cognition into adulthood is supported by increased functional integration across the HPC and vmPFC through adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Finnegan J Calabro
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Vishnu P Murty
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Maria Jalbrzikowski
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | | | - Beatriz Luna
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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13
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Ohoshi Y, Takahashi S, Yamada S, Ishida T, Tsuda K, Tsuji T, Terada M, Shinosaki K, Ukai S. Microstructural abnormalities in callosal fibers and their relationship with cognitive function in schizophrenia: A tract-specific analysis study. Brain Behav 2019; 9:e01357. [PMID: 31283112 PMCID: PMC6710197 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The corpus callosum serves the essential role of relaying cognitive information between the homologous regions in the left and the right hemispheres of the brain. Cognitive impairment is a core dysfunction of schizophrenia, but much of its pathophysiology is unknown. The aim of this study was to elucidate the association between microstructural abnormalities of the corpus callosum and cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia. METHODS We examined stepwise multiple regression analysis to investigate the relationship of the fractional anisotropy (FA) of callosal fibers in each segment with z-scores of each brief assessment of cognition in schizophrenia subtest and cognitive composite score in all subjects (19 patients with schizophrenia [SZ group] and 19 healthy controls [HC group]). Callosal fibers were separated into seven segments based on their cortical projection using tract-specific analysis of diffusion tensor imaging. RESULTS The FA of callosal fibers in the temporal segment was significantly associated with z-scores of token motor test, Tower of London test, and the composite score. In the SZ group, the FA of callosal fibers in the temporal segment was significantly associated with the z-score of the Tower of London test. In addition, the FA of callosal fibers in temporal segment showed significant negative association with the positive and negative syndrome scale negative score in the SZ group. Compared to the HC group, the FA in temporal segment was significantly decreased in the SZ group. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that microstructural abnormalities in the callosal white matter fibers connecting bilateral temporal lobe cortices contribute to poor executive function and severe negative symptom in patients with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Ohoshi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Shun Takahashi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Shinichi Yamada
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Takuya Ishida
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Kumi Tsuda
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Tomikimi Tsuji
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | | | - Kazuhiro Shinosaki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan.,Asakayama General Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ukai
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
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Abstract
In the last decade, advances in neuroimaging technologies have given rise to a large number of research studies that investigate the neural underpinnings of executive function (EF). EF has long been associated with the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and involves both a unified, general element, as well as the distinct, separable elements of working memory, inhibitory control and set shifting. We will highlight the value of utilising advances in neuroimaging techniques to uncover answers to some of the most pressing questions in the field of early EF development. First, this review will explore the development and neural substrates of each element of EF. Second, the structural, anatomical and biochemical changes that occur in the PFC during infancy and throughout childhood will be examined, in order to address the importance of these changes for the development of EF. Third, the importance of connectivity between regions of the PFC and other brain areas in EF development is reviewed. Finally, throughout this review more recent developments in neuroimaging techniques will be addressed, alongside the implications for further elucidating the neural substrates of early EF development in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Fiske
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Karla Holmboe
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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15
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Loe IM, Heller NA, Chatav M. Behavior problems and executive function impairments in preterm compared to full term preschoolers. Early Hum Dev 2019; 130:87-95. [PMID: 30708271 PMCID: PMC6856007 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2019.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children born preterm (PT) are at high risk for behavior problems and deficits in executive function (EF), a set of cognitive processes that guide goal-directed behaviors. Behavior differences have been found as early as 2 years in PT children; EF differences have been found in infancy. Whether behavior problems and EF deficits co-occur at young ages has not been fully investigated. AIMS To determine whether (1) PT children have more behavior problems and EF impairment than full term (FT) children and (2) larger proportions of PT children show behavior problems or EF impairments. DESIGN/METHODS PT (≤34 wks, n = 82) and FT (n = 79) preschoolers (mean age 4.4 years) completed an EF battery. Parents completed rating scales of behavior problems and EF skills. Mean scores and proportions with impairment were compared between groups. Logistic regression predicting to impairment defined odds ratios for PT/FT groups. RESULTS PT compared to FT had more problems on most behavior and EF scales and poorer EF scores on all tasks and greater proportion with impairments on most behavior scales, all EF ratings, and all EF tasks, p < .05. PT had elevated odds for impaired performance-based EF, parent-rated EF and CBCL scores compared to FT, p < .05. Within the PT group, EF impairments were twice as common as behavior impairment. CONCLUSIONS We recommend early identification of EF impairments in PT children. Future research should evaluate whether EF impairments serve as better early markers for later functional difficulties compared to behavior problems, as well as targets for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene M. Loe
- Division of Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1265 Welch Road, MSOB X109, MC 5415, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Nicole A. Heller
- Division of Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1265 Welch Road, MSOB X109, MC 5415, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Maya Chatav
- Division of Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1265 Welch Road, MSOB X109, MC 5415, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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16
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Vijayakumar N, Op de Macks Z, Shirtcliff EA, Pfeifer JH. Puberty and the human brain: Insights into adolescent development. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 92:417-436. [PMID: 29972766 PMCID: PMC6234123 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Alongside the exponential flourish of research on age-related trajectories of human brain development during childhood and adolescence in the past two decades, there has been an increase in the body of work examining the association between pubertal development and brain maturation. This review systematically examines empirical research on puberty-related structural and functional brain development in humans, with the aim of identifying convergent patterns of associations. We emphasize longitudinal studies, and discuss pervasive but oft-overlooked methodological issues that may be contributing to inconsistent findings and hindering progress (e.g., conflating distinct pubertal indices and different measurement instruments). We also briefly evaluate support for prominent models of adolescent neurodevelopment that hypothesize puberty-related changes in brain regions involved in affective and motivational processes. For the field to progress, replication studies are needed to help resolve current inconsistencies and gain a clearer understanding of pubertal associations with brain development in humans, knowledge that is crucial to make sense of the changes in psychosocial functioning, risk behavior, and mental health during adolescence.
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17
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Gangopadhyay I, McDonald M, Ellis Weismer S, Kaushanskaya M. Planning Abilities in Bilingual and Monolingual Children: Role of Verbal Mediation. Front Psychol 2018; 9:323. [PMID: 29593620 PMCID: PMC5861373 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the role of verbal mediation in planning performance of English-Spanish-speaking bilingual children and monolingual English-speaking children, between the ages of 9 and 12 years. To measure planning, children were administered the Tower of London (ToL) task. In a dual-task paradigm, children completed ToL problems under three conditions: with no secondary task (baseline), with articulatory suppression, and with non-verbal motor suppression. Analyses revealed generally shorter planning times for bilinguals than monolinguals but both groups performed similarly on number of moves and execution times. Additionally, bilingual children were more efficient at planning throughout the duration of the task while monolingual children showed significant gains with more practice. Children's planning times under articulatory suppression were significantly shorter than under motor suppression as well as the baseline condition, and there was no difference in planning times between monolingual and bilingual children during articulatory suppression. These results demonstrate that bilingualism influences performance on a complex EF measure like planning, and that these effects are not related to verbal mediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishanti Gangopadhyay
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Margarethe McDonald
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Susan Ellis Weismer
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Margarita Kaushanskaya
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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18
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Malagoli C, Usai MC. The effects of gender and age on inhibition and working memory organization in 14- to 19-year-old adolescents and young adults. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cogdev.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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19
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Wasserman AM, Crockett LJ, Hoffman L. Reward Seeking and Cognitive Control: Using the Dual Systems Model to Predict Adolescent Sexual Behavior. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE 2017; 27:907-913. [PMID: 29152861 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Research has provided support for the dual systems model of adolescent risk taking, but the model has rarely been applied to sexual behavior. Using data from the NICHD SECCYD (N = 958; Mage = 15.07, SD = 0.18), this study examined the effects of cognitive control, reward seeking, and their interaction on sexual behavior. Results of structural equation models revealed that performance on behavioral tasks assessing reward seeking and cognitive control uniquely predicted sexual intercourse, but the interaction between them was not significant. For oral sex, only cognitive control was a significant predictor. The findings provide additional support for the dual systems model, and suggest that reward seeking and cognitive control make unique contributions to adolescent sexual behavior.
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20
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Kouklari EC, Tsermentseli S, Monks CP. Hot and cool executive function in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder: Cross-sectional developmental trajectories. Child Neuropsychol 2017; 24:1088-1114. [PMID: 29052463 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2017.1391190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The development of executive function (EF) in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has only been investigated using "cool"-cognitive-EF tasks. Little is known about the development of "hot"-affective-EF and whether it follows a similar developmental pathway. This study employed a cross-sectional developmental trajectories approach to examine the developmental changes in cool (working memory, inhibition, and planning) and hot EF (delay discounting and affective decision-making) of ASD participants (n = 79) and controls (n = 91) relative to age and IQ, shedding more light on the hot-cool EF organization. The developmental trajectories of some aspects of cool EF (working memory and planning) differed significantly as a function of age in ASD participants relative to controls. For both hot EFs, no significant age-related changes were found in either group. These findings extend our understanding regarding the maturation of EF from childhood through adolescence in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stella Tsermentseli
- a Department of Psychology, Social Work and Counselling , University of Greenwich , London , UK
| | - Claire P Monks
- a Department of Psychology, Social Work and Counselling , University of Greenwich , London , UK
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21
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Eckstein MK, Guerra-Carrillo B, Miller Singley AT, Bunge SA. Beyond eye gaze: What else can eyetracking reveal about cognition and cognitive development? Dev Cogn Neurosci 2017; 25:69-91. [PMID: 27908561 PMCID: PMC6987826 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
This review provides an introduction to two eyetracking measures that can be used to study cognitive development and plasticity: pupil dilation and spontaneous blink rate. We begin by outlining the rich history of gaze analysis, which can reveal the current focus of attention as well as cognitive strategies. We then turn to the two lesser-utilized ocular measures. Pupil dilation is modulated by the brain's locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system, which controls physiological arousal and attention, and has been used as a measure of subjective task difficulty, mental effort, and neural gain. Spontaneous eyeblink rate correlates with levels of dopamine in the central nervous system, and can reveal processes underlying learning and goal-directed behavior. Taken together, gaze, pupil dilation, and blink rate are three non-invasive and complementary measures of cognition with high temporal resolution and well-understood neural foundations. Here we review the neural foundations of pupil dilation and blink rate, provide examples of their usage, describe analytic methods and methodological considerations, and discuss their potential for research on learning, cognitive development, and plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria K Eckstein
- Department of Psychology, University of California at Berkeley, United States
| | | | | | - Silvia A Bunge
- Department of Psychology, University of California at Berkeley, United States; Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California at Berkeley, United States.
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22
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Satler C, Guimarães L, Tomaz C. Planning ability impairments in probable Alzheimer's disease patients: Evidence from the Tower of London test. Dement Neuropsychol 2017; 11:137-144. [PMID: 29213505 PMCID: PMC5710682 DOI: 10.1590/1980-57642016dn11-020006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with progressive impairment of
higher-level cognitive abilities. Previous research suggests that early
impairment of executive functions occurs during the course of the disease, but
few studies have specifically investigated planning ability in an AD
population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corina Satler
- PhD, Adjunct Professor, Faculty of Ceilandia, UnB, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | - Luiza Guimarães
- Undergraduate Student, Laboratory of Neurosciences and Behavior, Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | - Carlos Tomaz
- Undergraduate Student, Laboratory of Neurosciences and Behavior, Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF, Brazil.,PhD, Full Professor, Neuroscience Research Program, University CEUMA, São Luis, MA, Brazil
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23
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Yang TX, Xie W, Chen CS, Altgassen M, Wang Y, Cheung EFC, Chan RCK. The development of multitasking in children aged 7-12years: Evidence from cross-sectional and longitudinal data. J Exp Child Psychol 2017; 161:63-80. [PMID: 28482180 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the development of multitasking ability across childhood. A sample of 65 typically developing children aged 7, 9, and 11years completed two multitasking tests across three time points within a year. Cross-sectional and longitudinal data consistently indicated continuous linear growth in children's multitasking ability. By the age of 12years, children could effectively perform a simple multitasking scenario comprising six equally important tasks, although their ability to strategically organize assorted tasks with varied values and priorities in a complex multitasking setting had not reached proficiency yet. Cognitive functions underlying a complex multitasking scenario varied in their developmental trajectories. Retrospective memory developed continuously from 7 to 12years of age, suggesting its supporting role in the development of multitasking. Planning skills developed slowly and showed practice effects for older children but not for younger children. The ability to adhere to plans also developed slowly, and children of all age groups benefited from practice. This study offers a preliminary benchmark for future comparison with clinical populations and may help to inform the development of targeted interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Xiao Yang
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing 100101, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Weizhen Xie
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Chu-Sheng Chen
- Department of Psychology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Mareike Altgassen
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, 6525 EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ya Wang
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing 100101, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Eric F C Cheung
- Castle Peak Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Raymond C K Chan
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing 100101, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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24
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Grung B, Sandvik AM, Hjelle K, Dahl L, Frøyland L, Nygård I, Hansen AL. Linking vitamin D status, executive functioning and self-perceived mental health in adolescents through multivariate analysis: A randomized double-blind placebo control trial. Scand J Psychol 2017; 58:123-130. [PMID: 28252190 DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present randomized double-blind placebo control trial was to investigate if vitamin D supplementation had an effect on vitamin D status, executive functioning and self-perceived mental health in a group of Norwegian adolescents during winter time. Fifty adolescents were randomly assigned into an intervention group (vitamin D pearls) or a control group (placebo pearls). Before (pre-test in December/January) and after (post-test in April/May) the intervention period the participants were exposed to a test procedure, consisting of blood draw, completion of cognitive tests (Tower of Hanoi and Tower of London), and the Youth Self-report version of the Child Behavior Checklist. Multivariate data analysis showed that participants with low vitamin D status scored worse on the Tower of London tests and the more difficult sub-tasks on the Tower of Hanoi tests. They also had a tendency to report higher frequency of externalizing behavior problems and attention deficit. At pre-test, the overall mean vitamin D status measured as 25-hydroxy vitamin D was 42 nmol/L, defining deficiency (Intervention group = 44 nmol/L, Control group = 39 nmol/L). However, vitamin D supplementation caused a significant increase in vitamin D status resulting in a sufficient level in the Intervention group at post-test (mean 62 nmol/L). The results also revealed that the intervention group improved their performance on the most demanding sub-tasks on the ToH. Overall, the study indicates that vitamin D status in adolescents may be important for both executive functioning and mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjørn Grung
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, 5007, Bergen, Norway
| | - Asle M Sandvik
- Norwegian Police University College, Helgeroveien 9, 3291, Stavern, Norway
| | - Kay Hjelle
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Bergen, Christiesgt. 12, 5015, Bergen, Norway
| | - Lisbeth Dahl
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES), PO Box 2029, Nordnes, 5817, Bergen, Norway
| | - Livar Frøyland
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES), PO Box 2029, Nordnes, 5817, Bergen, Norway
| | - Irene Nygård
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Sciences and Chemical Engineering, Bergen University College
| | - Anita L Hansen
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Bergen, Christiesgt. 12, 5015, Bergen, Norway.,Centre for Research and Education in Forensic Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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25
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Neural Perspectives on Cognitive Control Development during Childhood and Adolescence. Trends Cogn Sci 2017; 21:205-215. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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26
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Zimmer P, Binnebößel S, Bloch W, Hübner ST, Schenk A, Predel HG, Wright P, Stritt C, Oberste M. Exhaustive Exercise Alters Thinking Times in a Tower of London Task in a Time-Dependent Manner. Front Physiol 2017; 7:694. [PMID: 28127289 PMCID: PMC5226945 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: In contrast to other aspects of executive functions, acute exercise-induced alterations in planning are poorly investigated. While only few studies report improved planning performances after exercise, even less is known about their time course after exhaustive exercise. Methods: One hundred and nineteen healthy adults performed the Tower of London (ToL) task at baseline, followed by a graded exercise test (GXT). Participants were subsequently randomized into one of four groups (immediately, 30, 60, and 90 min after the GXT) to repeat the ToL. Main outcomes of the ToL were planning (number of tasks completed in the minimum number of moves), solutions (correct responses independent of the given number of moves) as well as thinking times (time between presentation of each problem and first action) for tasks with varying difficulty (four-, five,- and six-move problems). Blood lactate levels were analyzed as a potential mediator. Results: No effect of exercise on planning could be detected. In contrast to complex problem conditions, median thinking times deteriorated significantly in the immediately after GXT tested group in less challenging problem conditions (four-move problems: p = 0.001, F = 5.933, df = 3; five-move problems: p = 0.005, F = 4.548, df = 3). Decreased lactate elimination rates were associated with impaired median thinking times across all groups ΔMTT4-6 (p = 0.001, r = −0.309), ΔMTT4 (p < 0.001, r = −0.367), and ΔMTT5 (p = 0.001, r = −0.290). Conclusion: These results suggest that planning does not improve within 90 min after exhaustive exercise. In line with previous research, revealing a negative impact of exhaustive exercise on memory and attention, our study extends this knowledge of exercise-induced alterations in cognitive functioning as thinking times as subcomponents of planning are negatively affected immediately after exercise. This is further associated with peripheral lactate levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Zimmer
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, German Sport University CologneCologne, Germany; National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) and German Cancer Research CenterHeidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephan Binnebößel
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne Cologne, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Bloch
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne Cologne, Germany
| | - Sven T Hübner
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, Department for Preventive and Rehabilitative Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexander Schenk
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne Cologne, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Predel
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, Department for Preventive and Rehabilitative Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne Cologne, Germany
| | - Peter Wright
- Chair of Sports Medicine, Chemnitz University of Technology Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Christian Stritt
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne Cologne, Germany
| | - Max Oberste
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne Cologne, Germany
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27
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Wang YF, Zauszniewski JA, Burant CJ. Psychometric Properties of the Chinese Version of the Children's Resourcefulness Scale in Taiwanese Children. Issues Ment Health Nurs 2016; 37:847-857. [PMID: 27682224 DOI: 10.1080/01612840.2016.1224961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This study reports the psychometric properties of a Chinese version of the Children's Resourcefulness Scale (C-CRS) for Taiwanese children. An instrument for assessing resourcefulness skills in children and adolescents, the CRS was translated into Mandarin Chinese, and a cross-sectional investigation was conducted with a convenience sample of 368 fifth and sixth graders recruited from three geographically diverse locations in Taiwan. Internal consistency statistics from the total sample and subgroups were between .57 and .71 with lower alphas for subgroups with disadvantaged socioeconomic status. Findings suggest that the C-CRS has the potential to assess children's resourcefulness skills in the Taiwanese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Fen Wang
- a Kent State University , College of Nursing , Kent , Ohio , USA
| | - Jaclene A Zauszniewski
- b Case Western Reserve University , Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing , Cleveland , Ohio , USA
| | - Christopher J Burant
- b Case Western Reserve University , Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing , Cleveland , Ohio , USA.,c Cleveland Louis Stokes VA Medical Center, Geriatric Research, Educational, Clinical Center , Cleveland , Ohio , USA
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28
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Sheehan JC, Kerns KA, Müller U. The effect of task complexity on planning in preterm-born children. Clin Neuropsychol 2016; 31:438-458. [DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2016.1244248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John C. Sheehan
- Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
| | | | - Ulrich Müller
- Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
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29
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Crews FT, Vetreno RP, Broadwater MA, Robinson DL. Adolescent Alcohol Exposure Persistently Impacts Adult Neurobiology and Behavior. Pharmacol Rev 2016; 68:1074-1109. [PMID: 27677720 PMCID: PMC5050442 DOI: 10.1124/pr.115.012138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescence is a developmental period when physical and cognitive abilities are optimized, when social skills are consolidated, and when sexuality, adolescent behaviors, and frontal cortical functions mature to adult levels. Adolescents also have unique responses to alcohol compared with adults, being less sensitive to ethanol sedative-motor responses that most likely contribute to binge drinking and blackouts. Population studies find that an early age of drinking onset correlates with increased lifetime risks for the development of alcohol dependence, violence, and injuries. Brain synapses, myelination, and neural circuits mature in adolescence to adult levels in parallel with increased reflection on the consequence of actions and reduced impulsivity and thrill seeking. Alcohol binge drinking could alter human development, but variations in genetics, peer groups, family structure, early life experiences, and the emergence of psychopathology in humans confound studies. As adolescence is common to mammalian species, preclinical models of binge drinking provide insight into the direct impact of alcohol on adolescent development. This review relates human findings to basic science studies, particularly the preclinical studies of the Neurobiology of Adolescent Drinking in Adulthood (NADIA) Consortium. These studies focus on persistent adult changes in neurobiology and behavior following adolescent intermittent ethanol (AIE), a model of underage drinking. NADIA studies and others find that AIE results in the following: increases in adult alcohol drinking, disinhibition, and social anxiety; altered adult synapses, cognition, and sleep; reduced adult neurogenesis, cholinergic, and serotonergic neurons; and increased neuroimmune gene expression and epigenetic modifiers of gene expression. Many of these effects are specific to adolescents and not found in parallel adult studies. AIE can cause a persistence of adolescent-like synaptic physiology, behavior, and sensitivity to alcohol into adulthood. Together, these findings support the hypothesis that adolescent binge drinking leads to long-lasting changes in the adult brain that increase risks of adult psychopathology, particularly for alcohol dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulton T Crews
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies (F.T.C., R.P.V., M.A.B., D.L.R.), Department of Psychiatry (F.T.C., D.L.R.), and Department of Pharmacology (F.T.C.), School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Ryan P Vetreno
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies (F.T.C., R.P.V., M.A.B., D.L.R.), Department of Psychiatry (F.T.C., D.L.R.), and Department of Pharmacology (F.T.C.), School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Margaret A Broadwater
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies (F.T.C., R.P.V., M.A.B., D.L.R.), Department of Psychiatry (F.T.C., D.L.R.), and Department of Pharmacology (F.T.C.), School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Donita L Robinson
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies (F.T.C., R.P.V., M.A.B., D.L.R.), Department of Psychiatry (F.T.C., D.L.R.), and Department of Pharmacology (F.T.C.), School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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30
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The development of social cognition in adolescence: An integrated perspective. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 70:106-120. [PMID: 27545755 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Social cognitive processes are critical in navigating complex social interactions and are associated with a network of brain areas termed the 'social brain'. Here, we describe the development of social cognition, and the structural and functional changes in the social brain during adolescence, a period of life characterised by extensive changes in social behaviour and environments. Neuroimaging and behavioural studies have demonstrated that the social brain and social cognition undergo significant development in human adolescence. Development of social cognition and the social brain are discussed in the context of developments in other neural systems, such as those implicated in motivational-affective and cognitive control processes. Successful transition to adulthood requires the rapid refinement and integration of these processes and many adolescent-typical behaviours, such as peer influence and sensitivity to social exclusion, involve dynamic interactions between these systems. Considering these interactions, and how they vary between individuals and across development, could increase our understanding of adolescent brain and behavioural development.
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Potocki A, Sanchez M, Ecalle J, Magnan A. Linguistic and Cognitive Profiles of 8- to 15-Year-Old Children With Specific Reading Comprehension Difficulties. JOURNAL OF LEARNING DISABILITIES 2016; 50:128-142. [PMID: 26510849 DOI: 10.1177/0022219415613080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This article presents two studies investigating the role of executive functioning in written text comprehension in children and adolescents. In a first study, the involvement of executive functions in reading comprehension performance was examined in normally developing children in fifth grade. Two aspects of text comprehension were differentiated: literal and inferential processes. The results demonstrated that while three aspects of executive functioning (working memory, planning, and inhibition processes) were significantly predictive of the performance on the inferential questions of the comprehension test, these factors did not predict the scores on the literal tasks of the test. In a second experiment, the linguistic and cognitive profiles of children in third/fifth and seventh/ninth grades with a specific reading comprehension deficit were examined. This analysis revealed that the deficits experienced by the less skilled comprehenders in both the linguistic and the executive domains could evolve over time. As a result, linguistic factors do not make it possible to distinguish between good and poor comprehenders among the group of older children, whereas the difficulties relating to executive processing remain stable over development. These findings are discussed in the context of the need to take account of the executive difficulties that characterize less skilled comprehenders of any age, especially for remediation purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Potocki
- 1 CeRCA (UMR 7295), University of Poitiers, France
| | | | - Jean Ecalle
- 3 EMC Laboratory (Etude des Mécanismes Cognitifs), Lyon 2 University, LabEx Cortex ANR-11-LABX-0042 (Université de Lyon), France
| | - Annie Magnan
- 3 EMC Laboratory (Etude des Mécanismes Cognitifs), Lyon 2 University, LabEx Cortex ANR-11-LABX-0042 (Université de Lyon), France
- 4 Institut Universitaire de France
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Rose M, Reville MC, Iszatt A, Levinson S, Frampton I, Lask B. Deconstructing Planning Ability in Children and Adolescents with Anorexia Nervosa. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY-CHILD 2016; 6:297-304. [DOI: 10.1080/21622965.2016.1172312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Rose
- The Huntercombe Group, Newmarket, UK
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Marie-Claire Reville
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Amber Iszatt
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | | | - Ian Frampton
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
- Regional Eating Disorders Service, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bryan Lask
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
- Regional Eating Disorders Service, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Care UK, Colchester, UK
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Nouwens S, Groen MA, Verhoeven L. How storage and executive functions contribute to children's reading comprehension. LEARNING AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lindif.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Unterrainer JM, Rauh R, Rahm B, Hardt J, Kaller CP, Klein C, Paschke-Müller M, Biscaldi M. Development of Planning in Children with High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders and/or Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Autism Res 2015; 9:739-51. [DOI: 10.1002/aur.1574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Josef M. Unterrainer
- Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology; University Medical Center Mainz; Germany
| | - Reinhold Rauh
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; University Medical Center Freiburg; Germany
| | - Benjamin Rahm
- Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology; University Medical Center Mainz; Germany
| | - Jochen Hardt
- Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology; University Medical Center Mainz; Germany
| | - Christoph P. Kaller
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; University Medical Center Freiburg; Germany
- Department of Neurology; University Medical Center Freiburg; Germany
- Freiburg Brain Imaging Center, University of Freiburg; Germany
| | - Christoph Klein
- School of Psychology; Bangor University; Bangor UK
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty; University of Cologne
| | - Mirjam Paschke-Müller
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; University Medical Center Freiburg; Germany
| | - Monica Biscaldi
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; University Medical Center Freiburg; Germany
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Greiff S, Wüstenberg S, Goetz T, Vainikainen MP, Hautamäki J, Bornstein MH. A longitudinal study of higher-order thinking skills: working memory and fluid reasoning in childhood enhance complex problem solving in adolescence. Front Psychol 2015; 6:1060. [PMID: 26283992 PMCID: PMC4515543 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Scientists have studied the development of the human mind for decades and have accumulated an impressive number of empirical studies that have provided ample support for the notion that early cognitive performance during infancy and childhood is an important predictor of later cognitive performance during adulthood. As children move from childhood into adolescence, their mental development increasingly involves higher-order cognitive skills that are crucial for successful planning, decision-making, and problem solving skills. However, few studies have employed higher-order thinking skills such as complex problem solving (CPS) as developmental outcomes in adolescents. To fill this gap, we tested a longitudinal developmental model in a sample of 2,021 Finnish sixth grade students (M = 12.41 years, SD = 0.52; 1,041 female, 978 male, 2 missing sex). We assessed working memory (WM) and fluid reasoning (FR) at age 12 as predictors of two CPS dimensions: knowledge acquisition and knowledge application. We further assessed students' CPS performance 3 years later as a developmental outcome (N = 1696; M = 15.22 years, SD = 0.43; 867 female, 829 male). Missing data partly occurred due to dropout and technical problems during the first days of testing and varied across indicators and time with a mean of 27.2%. Results revealed that FR was a strong predictor of both CPS dimensions, whereas WM exhibited only a small influence on one of the two CPS dimensions. These results provide strong support for the view that CPS involves FR and, to a lesser extent, WM in childhood and from there evolves into an increasingly complex structure of higher-order cognitive skills in adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Greiff
- Education, Culture, Cognition and Society Unit, University of LuxembourgLuxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Sascha Wüstenberg
- Education, Culture, Cognition and Society Unit, University of LuxembourgLuxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Thomas Goetz
- University of KonstanzKonstanz, Germany
- Thurgau University of Teacher Education, KreuzlingenSwitzerland
| | | | | | - Marc H. Bornstein
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MDUSA
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Abstract
Deficits in executive functions (EFs) have been documented among individuals with unipolar depression, but controversy exists as to whether such deficits are state-dependent or are trait markers that precede disorder onset. The present study examined whether maternal history of unipolar depression was associated with deficits in EFs in early adolescent offspring, a finding that would support a trait marker conceptualization of EF deficits. Participants were a diverse sample (N = 493) of adolescents and their mothers recruited through local schools. Measures included semi-structured diagnostic interviews of mother and adolescent, mother-report forms assessing demographic information, and tests of executive function. Hierarchical linear regression analyses were conducted to examine the association between maternal depression diagnosis and adolescent offspring performance on tests of EF. Maternal lifetime history of depression was not associated with offspring EF task performance. Findings are not consistent with the conceptualization of impaired executive functions as trait markers of unipolar depression.
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Bellaj T, Salhi I, Le Gall D, Roy A. Development of executive functioning in school-age Tunisian children. Child Neuropsychol 2015; 22:919-54. [DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2015.1058349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Staphorsius AS, Kreukels BPC, Cohen-Kettenis PT, Veltman DJ, Burke SM, Schagen SEE, Wouters FM, Delemarre-van de Waal HA, Bakker J. Puberty suppression and executive functioning: An fMRI-study in adolescents with gender dysphoria. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2015; 56:190-9. [PMID: 25837854 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Adolescents with gender dysphoria (GD) may be treated with gonadotropin releasing hormone analogs (GnRHa) to suppress puberty and, thus, the development of (unwanted) secondary sex characteristics. Since adolescence marks an important period for the development of executive functioning (EF), we determined whether the performance on the Tower of London task (ToL), a commonly used EF task, was altered in adolescents with GD when treated with GnRHa. Furthermore, since GD has been proposed to result from an atypical sexual differentiation of the brain, we determined whether untreated adolescents with GD showed sex-atypical brain activations during ToL performance. We found no significant effect of GnRHa on ToL performance scores (reaction times and accuracy) when comparing GnRHa treated male-to-females (suppressed MFs, n=8) with untreated MFs (n=10) or when comparing GnRHa treated female-to-males (suppressed FMs, n=12) with untreated FMs (n=10). However, the suppressed MFs had significantly lower accuracy scores than the control groups and the untreated FMs. Region-of-interest (ROI) analyses showed significantly greater activation in control boys (n=21) than control girls (n=24) during high task load ToL items in the bilateral precuneus and a trend (p<0.1) for greater activation in the right DLPFC. In contrast, untreated adolescents with GD did not show significant sex differences in task load-related activation and had intermediate activation levels compared to the two control groups. GnRHa treated adolescents with GD showed sex differences in neural activation similar to their natal sex control groups. Furthermore, activation in the other ROIs (left DLPFC and bilateral RLPFC) was also significantly greater in GnRHa treated MFs compared to GnRHa treated FMs. These findings suggest that (1) GnRHa treatment had no effect on ToL performance in adolescents with GD, and (2) pubertal hormones may induce sex-atypical brain activations during EF in adolescents with GD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemieke S Staphorsius
- Neuroendocrinology Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Baudewijntje P C Kreukels
- Center of Expertise on Gender Dysphoria, Department of Medical Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peggy T Cohen-Kettenis
- Center of Expertise on Gender Dysphoria, Department of Medical Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dick J Veltman
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah M Burke
- Neuroendocrinology Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Center of Expertise on Gender Dysphoria, Department of Medical Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastian E E Schagen
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Femke M Wouters
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Julie Bakker
- Neuroendocrinology Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands; GIGA Neurosciences, University of Liège, Avenue de l'Hôpital 1B36, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
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Cooper RP, Marsh V. Set-shifting as a component process of goal-directed problem-solving. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2015; 80:307-23. [PMID: 25686918 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-015-0652-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In two experiments, we compared secondary task interference on Tower of London performance resulting from three different secondary tasks. The secondary tasks were designed to tap three different executive functions, namely set-shifting, memory monitoring and updating, and response inhibition. Previous work using individual differences methodology suggests that, all other things being equal, the response inhibition or memory tasks should result in the greatest interference. However, this was not found to be the case. Rather, in both experiments the set-shifting task resulted in significantly more interference on Tower of London performance than either of the other secondary tasks. Subsequent analyses suggest that the degree of interference could not be attributed to differences in secondary task difficulty. Results are interpreted in the light of related work which suggests that solving problems with non-transparent goal/subgoal structure requires flexible shifting between subgoals-a process that is held to be impaired by concurrent performance of a set-shifting task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard P Cooper
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London, WC1E 7HX, UK.
| | - Verity Marsh
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London, WC1E 7HX, UK
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Triplett RL, Velanova K, Luna B, Padmanabhan A, Gaillard WD, Asato MR. Investigating inhibitory control in children with epilepsy: an fMRI study. Epilepsia 2014; 55:1667-76. [PMID: 25223606 PMCID: PMC4206566 DOI: 10.1111/epi.12768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Deficits in executive function are noted increasingly in children with epilepsy and have been associated with poor academic and psychosocial outcomes. Impaired inhibitory control contributes to executive dysfunction in children with epilepsy; however, its neuroanatomic basis has not yet been investigated. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to probe the integrity of activation in brain regions underlying inhibitory control in children with epilepsy. METHODS This cross-sectional study consisted of 34 children aged 8-17 years: 17 with well-controlled epilepsy and 17 age- and sex-matched controls. Participants performed the antisaccade (AS) task, representative of inhibitory control, during fMRI scanning. We compared AS performance during neutral and reward task conditions and evaluated task-related blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) activation. RESULTS Children with epilepsy demonstrated impaired AS performance compared to controls during both neutral (nonreward) and reward trials, but exhibited significant task improvement during reward trials. Post hoc analysis revealed that younger patients made more errors than older patients and all controls. fMRI results showed preserved activation in task-relevant regions in patients and controls, with the exception of increased activation in the left posterior cingulate gyrus in patients specifically with generalized epilepsy across neutral and reward trials. SIGNIFICANCE Despite impaired inhibitory control, children with epilepsy accessed typical neural pathways as did their peers without epilepsy. Children with epilepsy showed improved behavioral performance in response to the reward condition, suggesting potential benefits of the use of incentives in cognitive remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katerina Velanova
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh PA
| | - Beatriz Luna
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh PA
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA
| | - Aarthi Padmanabhan
- Department of Psychiatry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto CA
| | - William D. Gaillard
- Center for Neuroscience, Children’s National Medical Center, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington DC
| | - Miya R. Asato
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh PA
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh PA
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Gofer-Levi M, Silberg T, Brezner A, Vakil E. Cognitive procedural learning among children and adolescents with or without spastic cerebral palsy: the differential effect of age. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2014; 35:1952-1962. [PMID: 24858793 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2014.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Children learn to engage their surroundings skillfully, adopting implicit knowledge of complex regularities and associations. Probabilistic classification learning (PCL) is a type of cognitive procedural learning in which different cues are probabilistically associated with specific outcomes. Little is known about the effects of developmental disorders on cognitive skill acquisition. METHODS Twenty-four children and adolescents with cerebral palsy (CP) were compared to 24 typically developing (TD) youth in their ability to learn probabilistic associations. Performance was examined in relation to general cognitive abilities, level of motor impairment and age. RESULTS Improvement in PCL was observed for all participants, with no relation to IQ. An age effect was found only among TD children. CONCLUSIONS Learning curves of children with CP on a cognitive procedural learning task differ from those of TD peers and do not appear to be age sensitive.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gofer-Levi
- The Department of Psychology, Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel.
| | - T Silberg
- The Department of Psychology, Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel; The Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer 52621, Israel.
| | - A Brezner
- The Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer 52621, Israel.
| | - E Vakil
- The Department of Psychology, Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel.
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Tecwyn EC, Thorpe SK, Chappell J. Development of planning in 4- to 10-year-old children: Reducing inhibitory demands does not improve performance. J Exp Child Psychol 2014; 125:85-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2014.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Vara AS, Pang EW, Vidal J, Anagnostou E, Taylor MJ. Neural mechanisms of inhibitory control continue to mature in adolescence. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2014; 10:129-39. [PMID: 25212682 PMCID: PMC6987894 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2014.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain mechanisms involved in inhibitory control were examined in adults and teens. No differences were seen on reaction time and accuracy for the Go/No-go tasks. Adults showed the expected activation in right inferior frontal gyrus. Teens showed a delayed and left dominant activation of inferior frontal gyri. Teens also recruited temporal and parietal regions to support inhibitory processing.
Inhibition is a fundamental executive function necessary for self-management of behaviour. The ability to withhold prepotent responses shows protracted development, extending through childhood and into adulthood. Using magnetoencephalography (MEG) with co-registered MRI, the spatiotemporal neural processes involved in inhibitory control were examined in 15 adolescents and 15 adults during a Go/No-go task. Two tasks were run that contained inverse ratios of Go to No-go trials for the experimental (2:1) and control conditions (1:2). Using vector beamforming, images of neural activation between No-go and Go trials were compared for both age-groups and revealed recruitment of the right inferior frontal gyrus in adults (BA 45; 200–250 ms), but delayed recruitment of the left inferior frontal gyri in adolescents (BA 45; 250–300 ms). Left anticipatory-related activity near the hand motor region (BA 6) was present in both adolescents and adults, but for a longer duration in adults. Adolescents additionally recruited the right middle and superior temporal gyri (BA21, BA22), while adults engaged the right temporal gyrus (BA41) but for a much briefer duration. These findings of delayed recruitment of canonical inhibitory control areas with supplementary and prolonged involvement of temporal areas in adolescents compared to adults indicate an immature inhibitory network even in adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjili S Vara
- Diagnostic Imaging, The Hospital for Sick Children, Canada; Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Centre, Canada; University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Elizabeth W Pang
- Neurology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Canada; University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Julie Vidal
- Diagnostic Imaging, The Hospital for Sick Children, Canada; Unité CNRS 3521, Université Paris Descartes, France
| | - Evdokia Anagnostou
- Neurology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Canada; Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Centre, Canada; University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Margot J Taylor
- Diagnostic Imaging, The Hospital for Sick Children, Canada; Neurology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Canada; University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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Rosenberg L. The Associations Between Executive Functions' Capacities, Performance Process Skills, and Dimensions of Participation in Activities of Daily Life Among Children of Elementary School Age. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY-CHILD 2014; 4:148-56. [PMID: 25072941 DOI: 10.1080/21622965.2013.821652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Effective executive functions (EFs) are crucial for efficient daily functioning. Daily functioning or involvement in life situations is defined as "participation" (International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health [ICF]; World Health Organization, 2001). Yet associations between them have been inadequately studied for children. The present study aimed to explore the associations between EFs and child participation. Participants were 60 typically developing children aged 6 to 9 years old and their parents. The children were individually evaluated using five EF cognitive tests. The parents completed three questionnaires: the Children Participation Questionnaire, the Process Skills (the observed executive performance) Questionnaire, and the Environmental Restrictions Questionnaire. Most of the EF scores were associated with the child's age. A unique contribution of executive capacities was found for the "independence" aspect of child participation, though the quantum of contribution was limited compared with the other predictors' process skills and environmental restrictions. In the context of child participation, EFs should be studied through multivariate analysis, as otherwise, the unique contribution of executive capacities measured by neuropsychological cognitive tests are likely to be ignored. Process skills are crucial for a child's independence and autonomy in daily functioning. These findings are supported by the capacity-performance distinction suggested by the ICF model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limor Rosenberg
- a Department of Occupational Therapy , School of Health Professions, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv , Israel
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May JS, Beaver KM. The neuropsychological contributors to psychopathic personality traits in adolescence. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OFFENDER THERAPY AND COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY 2014; 58:265-285. [PMID: 23277225 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x12469861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Research has consistently revealed that measures of psychopathy and psychopathic personality traits represent some of the most consistent predictors of violent criminal involvement. As a result, there has been a considerable amount of interest in trying to identify the various etiological factors related to psychopathy. The current study builds on this existing body of literature by examining the association between neuropsychological deficits and psychopathic personality traits. Data from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Study of Early Child Care were analyzed. Adolescent psychopathic personality traits were measured with a 15-item scale drawn from the Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory (YPI), whereas neuropsychological functioning was assessed with a number of standardized tests of cognitive skills. Analyses revealed that neuropsychological deficits were significantly related to psychopathy measures across all four measurement phases. Neuropsychological deficits also predicted scoring in the top 5% of psychopathic personality traits.
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Unterrainer JM, Kaller CP, Loosli SV, Heinze K, Ruh N, Paschke-Müller M, Rauh R, Biscaldi M, Rahm B. Looking ahead from age 6 to 13: A deeper insight into the development of planning ability. Br J Psychol 2014; 106:46-67. [DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Josef M. Unterrainer
- Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology; University Medical Center Mainz; Germany
| | - Christoph P. Kaller
- Department of Neurology; University Medical Center Freiburg; Germany
- Freiburg Brain Imaging Center; University of Freiburg; Germany
| | - Sandra V. Loosli
- Department of Neurology; University Medical Center Freiburg; Germany
- Freiburg Brain Imaging Center; University of Freiburg; Germany
| | - Katharina Heinze
- Department of Neurology; University Medical Center Freiburg; Germany
- Freiburg Brain Imaging Center; University of Freiburg; Germany
- Cochlear Implant Center Erlangen, Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT) Department; University Hospital Erlangen; Germany
| | - Nina Ruh
- Department of Neurology; University Medical Center Freiburg; Germany
- Freiburg Brain Imaging Center; University of Freiburg; Germany
| | - Mirjam Paschke-Müller
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; University Medical Center Freiburg; Germany
| | - Reinhold Rauh
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; University Medical Center Freiburg; Germany
| | - Monica Biscaldi
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; University Medical Center Freiburg; Germany
| | - Benjamin Rahm
- Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology; University Medical Center Mainz; Germany
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Greiff S, Wüstenberg S. Assessment With Microworlds using MicroDYN: Measurement Invariance and Latent Mean Comparisons. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT 2014. [DOI: 10.1027/1015-5759/a000194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Computer-simulated microworlds have witnessed significant international interest over the last decades as assessment vehicles for complex mental skills. This interest strongly contrasts to what is currently known about measurement characteristics of microworlds. In this study measurement invariance and latent means of the MicroDYN measure, a computer-based assessment instrument containing an entire set of dynamic microworlds, were examined in four German subsamples of junior high school students in 8th–10th grade (n = 309), senior high school students in 11th–13th grade (n = 484), university students (n = 222), and blue-collar workers (n = 181). The findings support satisfactory measurement invariance of a two-dimensional structure of the MicroDYN measure with the dimensions knowledge acquisition and knowledge application across all samples, and yield meaningful comparisons between latent means with university students performing best. It is suggested to further explore measurement characteristics of computer-simulated microworlds to fully exploit their potential as means of modern assessment instruments. Implications and limitations are discussed.
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Chiang HL, Huang LW, Gau SSF, Shang CY. Associations of symptoms and subtypes of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder with visuospatial planning ability in youth. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2013; 34:2986-2995. [PMID: 23811280 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2013.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about which ADHD core symptom or subtype is most associated with visuospatial planning deficit. This issue was investigated in a sample of 408 youths with current DSM-IV diagnosis of ADHD, and 332 youths without lifetime ADHD, aged 8-17 years (mean age 12.02±2.24). All the participants and their mothers were interviewed using the Chinese Kiddie Epidemiologic version of the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia to obtain information about ADHD symptoms and diagnosis and other psychiatric disorders. In addition to clinical assessments, the participants were assessed with the WISC-III and the Stocking of Cambridge task of the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery. Multi-level regression models were used for data analysis. The results showed that univariate analyses revealed that inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity were significantly associated with visuospatial planning, and the magnitude of such association was amplified with increased task difficulties. Only inattention independently predicted visuospatial planning in a model that included all three ADHD symptoms. After further controlling for comorbidity, age of assessment, treatment with methylphenidate, and Full-scale IQ, inattention was still independently associated with visuospatial planning indexed by mean moves needed to solve problems. In subtype comparison, participants with combined subtype and those with prominently inattentive subtype, rather than prominently hyperactivity/impulsivity subtype, had poorer visuospatial planning performance. Our findings indicate that inattention is independently associated with impaired visuospatial planning, and dimensional approach retains the important distinction among ADHD symptoms than subtype approach in understanding the neuropsychological functioning of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huey-Ling Chiang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, No. 7, Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei, Taiwan
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Dekker S, Krabbendam L, Aben A, de Groot R, Jolles J. Coding task performance in early adolescence: a large-scale controlled study into boy-girl differences. Front Psychol 2013; 4:550. [PMID: 23986733 PMCID: PMC3753433 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined differences between boys and girls regarding efficiency of information processing in early adolescence. Three hundred and six healthy adolescents (50.3% boys) in grade 7 and 9 (aged 13 and 15, respectively) performed a coding task based on over-learned symbols. An age effect was revealed as subjects in grade 9 performed better than subjects in grade 7. Main effects for sex were found in the advantage of girls. The 25% best-performing students comprised twice as many girls as boys. The opposite pattern was found for the worst performing 25%. In addition, a main effect was found for educational track in favor of the highest track. No interaction effects were found. School grades did not explain additional variance in LDST performance. This indicates that cognitive performance is relatively independent from school performance. Student characteristics like age, sex, and education level were more important for efficiency of information processing than school performance. The findings imply that after age 13, efficiency of information processing is still developing and that girls outperform boys in this respect. The findings provide new information on the mechanisms underlying boy-girl differences in scholastic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne Dekker
- Department of Educational Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Education, LEARN! Institute, VU University Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Takahashi S, Ukai S, Kose A, Hashimoto T, Iwatani J, Okumura M, Tsuji T, Shinosaki K. Reduction of cortical GABAergic inhibition correlates with working memory impairment in recent onset schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2013; 146:238-43. [PMID: 23523695 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2013.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Revised: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive impairments are present during the early course of schizophrenia, and the contribution of GABAergic dysfunction to these cognitive impairments has received increasing attention. Cortical GABAergic inhibition can be assessed using short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) in a paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (ppTMS). The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between cortical GABAergic inhibition and cognitive function in recent onset schizophrenia patients using ppTMS and a neuropsychological battery. METHODS The subjects were 20 healthy controls (HC group) and 20 patients with schizophrenia whose duration of illness was less than three years (SZ group). All subjects underwent ppTMS measurements of SICI and intracortical facilitation (ICF), and cognitive performance of the SZ group was assessed using the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia Japanese-language version. We examined group differences in ppTMS measurements (resting motor threshold, SICI, and ICF). In the SZ group, we assessed the relationship between SICI and cognitive performance, and the relationships between SICI and age, duration of illness, medications, and psychopathology. RESULTS The SZ group showed a significant reduction of SICI compared to the HC group, and demonstrated a significant correlation between the reduction of SICI and impaired performance of a working memory task. The HC and the SZ groups did not differ significantly in resting motor threshold and ICF. The SZ group did not show any significant correlations between SICI and age, duration of illness, medications, or psychopathology. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the reduction of cortical GABAergic inhibition is related to impairment of working memory in patients with recent onset schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Takahashi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan.
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