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Gising J, Honarnejad S, Bras M, Baillie GL, McElroy SP, Jones PS, Morrison A, Beveridge J, Hallberg M, Larhed M. The Discovery of New Inhibitors of Insulin-Regulated Aminopeptidase by a High-Throughput Screening of 400,000 Drug-like Compounds. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4084. [PMID: 38612894 PMCID: PMC11012289 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25074084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
With the ambition to identify novel chemical starting points that can be further optimized into small drug-like inhibitors of insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP) and serve as potential future cognitive enhancers in the clinic, we conducted an ultra-high-throughput screening campaign of a chemically diverse compound library of approximately 400,000 drug-like small molecules. Three biochemical and one biophysical assays were developed to enable large-scale screening and hit triaging. The screening funnel, designed to be compatible with high-density microplates, was established with two enzyme inhibition assays employing either fluorescent or absorbance readouts. As IRAP is a zinc-dependent enzyme, the remaining active compounds were further evaluated in the primary assay, albeit with the addition of zinc ions. Rescreening with zinc confirmed the inhibitory activity for most compounds, emphasizing a zinc-independent mechanism of action. Additionally, target engagement was confirmed using a complementary biophysical thermal shift assay where compounds causing positive/negative thermal shifts were considered genuine binders. Triaging based on biochemical activity, target engagement, and drug-likeness resulted in the selection of 50 qualified hits, of which the IC50 of 32 compounds was below 3.5 µM. Despite hydroxamic acid dominance, diverse chemotypes with biochemical activity and target engagement were discovered, including non-hydroxamic acid compounds. The most potent compound (QHL1) was resynthesized with a confirmed inhibitory IC50 of 320 nM. Amongst these compounds, 20 new compound structure classes were identified, providing many new starting points for the development of unique IRAP inhibitors. Detailed characterization and optimization of lead compounds, considering both hydroxamic acids and other diverse structures, are in progress for further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Gising
- The Beijer Laboratory, Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden; (J.B.); (M.L.)
| | - Saman Honarnejad
- Pivot Park Screening Centre, Kloosterstraat 9, 5349 AB Oss, The Netherlands; (S.H.); (M.B.)
| | - Maaike Bras
- Pivot Park Screening Centre, Kloosterstraat 9, 5349 AB Oss, The Netherlands; (S.H.); (M.B.)
| | - Gemma L. Baillie
- BioAscent Discovery Ltd., Bo‘Ness Road, Newhouse, Motherwell ML1 5UH, UK; (G.L.B.); (S.P.M.); (P.S.J.); (A.M.)
| | - Stuart P. McElroy
- BioAscent Discovery Ltd., Bo‘Ness Road, Newhouse, Motherwell ML1 5UH, UK; (G.L.B.); (S.P.M.); (P.S.J.); (A.M.)
| | - Philip S. Jones
- BioAscent Discovery Ltd., Bo‘Ness Road, Newhouse, Motherwell ML1 5UH, UK; (G.L.B.); (S.P.M.); (P.S.J.); (A.M.)
| | - Angus Morrison
- BioAscent Discovery Ltd., Bo‘Ness Road, Newhouse, Motherwell ML1 5UH, UK; (G.L.B.); (S.P.M.); (P.S.J.); (A.M.)
| | - Julia Beveridge
- The Beijer Laboratory, Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden; (J.B.); (M.L.)
| | - Mathias Hallberg
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Neuropharmacology and Addiction Research, Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 591, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Mats Larhed
- The Beijer Laboratory, Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden; (J.B.); (M.L.)
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Engen K, Lundbäck T, Yadav A, Puthiyaparambath S, Rosenström U, Gising J, Jenmalm-Jensen A, Hallberg M, Larhed M. Inhibition of Insulin-Regulated Aminopeptidase by Imidazo [1,5-α]pyridines-Synthesis and Evaluation. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2516. [PMID: 38473764 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP) has been shown to improve cognitive functions in several animal models. Recently, we performed a screening campaign of approximately 10,000 compounds, identifying novel small-molecule-based compounds acting as inhibitors of the enzymatic activity of IRAP. Here we report on the chemical synthesis, structure-activity relationships (SAR) and initial characterization of physicochemical properties of a series of 48 imidazo [1,5-α]pyridine-based inhibitors, including delineation of their mode of action as non-competitive inhibitors with a small L-leucine-based IRAP substrate. The best compound displays an IC50 value of 1.0 µM. We elucidate the importance of two chiral sites in these molecules and find they have little impact on the compound's metabolic stability or physicochemical properties. The carbonyl group of a central urea moiety was initially believed to mimic substrate binding to a catalytically important Zn2+ ion in the active site, although the plausibility of this binding hypothesis is challenged by observation of excellent selectivity versus the closely related aminopeptidase N (APN). Taken together with the non-competitive inhibition pattern, we also consider an alternative model of allosteric binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Engen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC, P.O. Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Thomas Lundbäck
- Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden (CBCS), Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Chemical Biology and Genome Engineering, Karolinska Institutet, Tomtebodavägen 23A, SE-171 65 Solna, Sweden
- Mechanistic & Structural Biology, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, SE-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Anubha Yadav
- The Beijer Laboratory, Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC, P.O. Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sharathna Puthiyaparambath
- The Beijer Laboratory, Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC, P.O. Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Rosenström
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC, P.O. Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Gising
- The Beijer Laboratory, Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC, P.O. Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Annika Jenmalm-Jensen
- Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden (CBCS), Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Chemical Biology and Genome Engineering, Karolinska Institutet, Tomtebodavägen 23A, SE-171 65 Solna, Sweden
| | - Mathias Hallberg
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Neuropharmacology and Addiction Research, Uppsala University, BMC, P.O. Box 591, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mats Larhed
- The Beijer Laboratory, Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC, P.O. Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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Telianidis J, Hunter A, Widdop R, Kemp-Harper B, Pham V, McCarthy C, Chai SY. Inhibition of insulin-regulated aminopeptidase confers neuroprotection in a conscious model of ischemic stroke. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19722. [PMID: 37957163 PMCID: PMC10643421 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46072-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity with a paucity of effective pharmacological treatments. We have previously identified insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP) as a potential target for the development of a new class of drugs for the treatment of stroke, as global deletion of this gene in mice significantly protected against ischemic damage. In the current study, we demonstrate that small molecular weight IRAP inhibitors reduce infarct volume and improve neurological outcome in a hypertensive animal model of ischemic stroke. The effects of two structurally distinct IRAP inhibitors (HFI419 or SJM164) were investigated in a model of stroke where the middle cerebral artery was transiently occluded with endothelin-1 in the conscious spontaneously hypertensive rat. IRAP inhibitor was administered into the lateral ventricle at 2 or 6 h after stroke, with subsequent doses delivered at 24, 48 and 70 h post-stroke. Functional outcomes were assessed prior to drug treatment, and on day 1 and 3 post-stroke. Histological analyses and neuroinflammatory cytokine profiling were conducted at 72 and 24 h post-stroke respectively. IRAP inhibitor treatment following stroke significantly reduced infarct volume and improved neurological and motor deficits. These protective effects were maintained even when the therapeutic window was extended to 6 h. Examination of the cellular architecture at 72 h post-stroke demonstrated that IRAP expression was upregulated in CD11b positive cells and activated astrocytes. Furthermore, IRAP inhibitor treatment significantly increased gene expression for interleukin 6 and C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 in the ischemic core. This study provides proof-of-principle that selective inhibition of IRAP activity with two structurally distinct IRAP inhibitors reduces infarct volume and improves functional outcome even when the first dose is administered 6 h post-stroke. This is the first direct evidence that IRAP inhibitors are a class of drug with potential use in the treatment of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon Telianidis
- Department of Physiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Andrew Hunter
- Department of Physiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Robert Widdop
- Department Pharmacology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Barbara Kemp-Harper
- Department Pharmacology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Vi Pham
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Claudia McCarthy
- Department Pharmacology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Siew Yeen Chai
- Department of Physiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.
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New N- and C-modified RGD-hemorphins as potential biomedical application on Ti-surface materials: synthesis, characterization and antinociceptive activity. Mol Divers 2023; 27:263-280. [PMID: 35438429 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-022-10428-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This manuscript presented the synthesis and characterization of two new N- and C-modified analogues of VV-hemorphin-7 containing RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp) residues as potential nociceptive agents and bioactive materials. It has been shown that the addition of one or two RGD sequences to natural VV-hemorphin-7 increases its effect on acute nociception, but the reduction of the inflammatory phase depends on the concentration of the peptide. The structure-property relationship of the new peptide derivatives was highlighted by electrochemical and FT-IR methods of analysis. Because of the proven bone-structural bonds of hydroxyapatite, the simultaneous deposition of peptide/hydroxyapatite on the surface of a titanium surface was investigated. The deposition was performed in a medium of gelatin solution containing dissolved amounts of peptide and hydroxyapatite using ultrasound. SEM-EDS analyzes confirmed the presence of a layer of the studied system.
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Marcum ZA, Gabriel N, Bress AP, Hernandez I. Association of New Use of Antihypertensives That Stimulate vs Inhibit Type 2 and 4 Angiotensin II Receptors With Dementia Among Medicare Beneficiaries. JAMA Netw Open 2023; 6:e2249370. [PMID: 36598787 PMCID: PMC9856661 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.49370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Importance Prevalent use of antihypertensive medications that stimulate type 2 and 4 angiotensin II receptors, compared with those that do not stimulate these receptors, has been associated with a lower risk of dementia. However, previous studies were limited by inclusion of individuals with prevalent hypertension and a history of antihypertensive use prior to the start of the study, which can introduce bias. Objective To examine the association of new use of antihypertensive medication regimens that stimulate vs inhibit type 2 and 4 angiotensin II receptors with Alzheimer disease and related dementias (ADRD) among Medicare beneficiaries. Design, Setting, and Participants This cohort study was conducted among 57 773 Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries (January 1, 2006, through December 31, 2018) aged 65 years or older with incident hypertension. Data analysis was conducted from January 1 through June 30, 2022. Exposures Initiation of antihypertensive medication regimens that stimulate or inhibit type 2 and 4 angiotensin II receptors, or mixed regimens (both stimulating and inhibiting), with the time-dependent measure being each 30-day interval. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was time to first occurrence of ADRD (Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services Chronic Conditions Data Warehouse definition). Cox proportional hazards regression modeling with time-dependent variables was performed to estimate the association between time-dependent treatment groups and time to ADRD, after adjusting for sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. Results The sample included 57 773 Medicare beneficiaries (36 348 women [62.9%]; mean [SD] age, 73.8 [6.3] years; 2954 [5.1%] Black, 1545 [2.7%] Hispanic; 50 184 [86.9%] White, and 3090 [5.4%] Other individuals [the Other category included individuals of American Indian, Asian, other, or unknown race and ethnicity]). During a median of 6.9 years (IQR, 4.7-9.3 years) of follow-up, the unadjusted incidence density rate of ADRD was 2.2 cases per 100 person-years (95% CI, 2.1-2.4 cases per 100 person-years) for the group receiving regimens that stimulate type 2 and 4 angiotensin II receptors compared with 3.1 cases per 100 person-years (95% CI, 3.0-3.2 cases per 100 person-years) for the group receiving regimens that inhibit type 2 and 4 angiotensin II receptors and 2.7 cases per 100 person-years (95% CI, 2.6-2.9 cases per 100 person-years) for the group receiving mixed treatment regimens. In adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression modeling, stimulating treatment was associated with a statistically significant 16% reduction in the hazard of ADRD compared with inhibiting treatment (hazard ratio, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.79-0.90). Mixed regimen use was also associated with reduced hazards of ADRD compared with the inhibiting group (hazard ratio, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.84-0.96). Conclusions and Relevance This cohort study of Medicare beneficiaries suggests that use of antihypertensive medications that stimulate type 2 and 4 angiotensin II receptors was associated with lower risk of ADRD compared with antihypertensive medications that inhibit these receptors. Confirmation is needed in a randomized trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary A. Marcum
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Washington School of Pharmacy, Seattle
| | - Nico Gabriel
- Division of Clinical Pharmacy, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Adam P. Bress
- Division of Health System Innovation and Research, Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City
- George E. Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City
| | - Inmaculada Hernandez
- Division of Clinical Pharmacy, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
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Hydrogen Peroxide Induced Toxicity Is Reversed by the Macrocyclic IRAP-Inhibitor HA08 in Primary Hippocampal Cell Cultures. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:5000-5012. [PMID: 36286055 PMCID: PMC9601255 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44100340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin IV (Ang IV), a metabolite of Angiotensin II, is a bioactive hexapeptide that inhibits the insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP). This transmembrane zinc metallopeptidase with many biological functions has in recent years emerged as a new pharmacological target. IRAP is expressed in a variety of tissues and can be found in high density in the hippocampus and neocortex, brain regions associated with cognition. Ang IV is known to improve memory tasks in experimental animals. One of the most potent IRAP inhibitors known today is the macrocyclic compound HA08 that is significantly more stable than the endogenous Ang IV. HA08 combines structural elements from Ang IV and the physiological substrates oxytocin and vasopressin, and binds to the catalytic site of IRAP. In the present study we evaluate whether HA08 can restore cell viability in rat primary cells submitted to hydrogen peroxide damage. After damaging the cells with hydrogen peroxide and subsequently treating them with HA08, the conceivable restoring effects of the IRAP inhibitor were assessed. The cellular viability was determined by measuring mitochondrial activity and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release. The mitochondrial activity was significantly higher in primary hippocampal cells, whereas the amount of LDH was unaffected. We conclude that the cell viability can be restored in this cell type by blocking IRAP with the potent macrocyclic inhibitor HA08, although the mechanism by which HA08 exerts its effects remains unclear.
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Mendonça MM, da Cruz KR, Pinheiro DDS, Moraes GCA, Ferreira PM, Ferreira-Neto ML, da Silva ES, Gonçalves RV, Pedrino GR, Fajemiroye JO, Xavier CH. Dysregulation in erythrocyte dynamics caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection: possible role in shuffling the homeostatic puzzle during COVID-19. Hematol Transfus Cell Ther 2022; 44:235-245. [PMID: 35098037 PMCID: PMC8786672 DOI: 10.1016/j.htct.2022.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The evolving COVID-19 pandemic became a hallmark in human history, not only by changing lifestyles, but also by enriching scientific knowledge on viral infection and its consequences. Objective Although the management of cardiorespiratory changes is pivotal to a favorable prognosis during severe clinical findings, dysregulation of other systems caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection may imbalance erythrocyte dynamics, such as a bidirectional positive feedback loop pathophysiology. Method and Results Recent evidence shows that SARS-CoV-2 is capable of affecting the genetics and dynamics of erythrocytes and this coexists with a non-homeostatic function of cardiovascular, respiratory and renal systems during COVID-19. In hypothesis, SARS-CoV-2-induced systematical alterations of erythrocytes dynamics would constitute a setpoint for COVID-19-related multiple organ failure syndrome and death. Conclusion The present review covers the most frequent erythrocyte-related non-homeostatic findings during COVID-19 capable of providing mechanistic clues of SARS-CoV-2-induced infection and inspiring therapeutic-oriented scientific evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kellen Rosa da Cruz
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas da Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | | | | | - Patricia Maria Ferreira
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas da Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Marcos Luiz Ferreira-Neto
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (ICBIM UFU), Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - James O Fajemiroye
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas da Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Carlos Henrique Xavier
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas da Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
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Marcum ZA, Cohen JB, Zhang C, Derington CG, Greene TH, Ghazi L, Herrick JS, King JB, Cheung AK, Bryan N, Supiano MA, Sonnen JA, Weintraub WS, Williamson J, Pajewski NM, Bress AP. Association of Antihypertensives That Stimulate vs Inhibit Types 2 and 4 Angiotensin II Receptors With Cognitive Impairment. JAMA Netw Open 2022; 5:e2145319. [PMID: 35089354 PMCID: PMC8800076 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.45319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Importance Use of antihypertensive medications that stimulate type 2 and 4 angiotensin II receptors, compared with those that do not stimulate these receptors, has been associated with a lower risk of dementia. However, this association with cognitive outcomes in hypertension trials, with blood pressure levels in the range of current guidelines, has not been evaluated. Objective To examine the association between use of exclusively antihypertensive medication regimens that stimulate vs inhibit type 2 and 4 angiotensin II receptors on mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or dementia. Design, Setting, and Participants This cohort study is a secondary analysis (April 2011 to July 2018) of participants in the randomized Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial (SPRINT), which recruited individuals 50 years or older with hypertension and increased cardiovascular risk but without a history of diabetes, stroke, or dementia. Data analysis was conducted from March 16 to July 6, 2021. Exposures Prevalent use of angiotensin II receptor type 2 and 4-stimulating or -inhibiting antihypertensive medication regimens at the 6-month study visit. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was a composite of adjudicated amnestic MCI or probable dementia. Results Of the 8685 SPRINT participants who were prevalent users of antihypertensive medication regimens at the 6-month study visit (mean [SD] age, 67.7 [11.2] years; 5586 [64.3%] male; and 935 [10.8%] Hispanic, 2605 [30.0%] non-Hispanic Black, 4983 [57.4%] non-Hispanic White, and 162 [1.9%] who responded as other race or ethnicity), 2644 (30.4%) were users of exclusively stimulating, 1536 (17.7%) inhibiting, and 4505 (51.9%) mixed antihypertensive medication regimens. During a median of 4.8 years of follow-up (95% CI, 4.7-4.8 years), there were 45 vs 59 cases per 1000 person-years of amnestic MCI or probable dementia among prevalent users of regimens that contained exclusively stimulating vs inhibiting antihypertensive medications (hazard ratio [HR], 0.76; 95% CI, 0.66-0.87). When comparing stimulating-only vs inhibiting-only users, amnestic MCI occurred at rates of 40 vs 54 cases per 1000 person-years (HR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.64-0.87) and probable dementia at rates of 8 vs 10 cases per 1000 person-years (HR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.57-1.14). Negative control outcome analyses suggested the presence of residual confounding. Conclusions and Relevance In this secondary analysis of SPRINT, prevalent users of regimens that contain exclusively antihypertensive medications that stimulate vs inhibit type 2 and 4 angiotensin II receptors had lower rates of incident cognitive impairment. Residual confounding cannot be ruled out. If these results are replicated in randomized clinical trials, certain antihypertensive medications could be prioritized to prevent cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary A. Marcum
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Jordana B. Cohen
- Renal-Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Chong Zhang
- Division of Health System Innovation and Research, Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City
| | - Catherine G. Derington
- Division of Health System Innovation and Research, Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City
| | - Tom H. Greene
- Division of Health System Innovation and Research, Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City
| | - Lama Ghazi
- Clinical and Translational Research Accelerator, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Jennifer S. Herrick
- Division of Health System Innovation and Research, Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City
- George E. Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Jordan B. King
- Division of Health System Innovation and Research, Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City
- George E. Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Institute for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Aurora
| | - Alfred K. Cheung
- George E. Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City
| | - Nick Bryan
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Mark A. Supiano
- Division of Geriatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City
| | - Joshua A. Sonnen
- Department of Pathology and Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University School of Medicine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Jeff Williamson
- Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Nicholas M. Pajewski
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Adam P. Bress
- Division of Health System Innovation and Research, Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City
- George E. Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City
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Marcum ZA, Li Y, Lee SJ, Steinman MA, Graham L, Jing B, Fung K, Peralta CA, Odden MC. Association of Antihypertensives and Cognitive Impairment in Long-Term Care Residents. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 86:1149-1158. [PMID: 35147539 PMCID: PMC9128024 DOI: 10.3233/jad-215393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Certain classes of antihypertensive medication may have different associations with cognitive impairment. OBJECTIVE To examine the association between prevalent use of antihypertensive medications that stimulate (thiazides, dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers, angiotensin type I receptor blockers) versus inhibit (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, beta-blockers, non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers) type 2 and 4 angiotensin II receptors on cognitive impairment among older adults residing in Veterans Affairs (VA) nursing homes for long-term care. METHODS Retrospective cohort study. Long-term care residents aged 65 + years admitted to a VA nursing home from 2012 to 2019 using blood pressure medication and without cognitive impairment at admission. Main exposure was prevalent use of angiotensin II receptor type 2 and 4-'stimulating' (N = 589), 'inhibiting' (N = 3,219), or 'mixed' (N = 1,715) antihypertensive medication regimens at admission. Primary outcome was any cognitive impairment (Cognitive Function Scale). RESULTS Over an average of 5.4 months of follow-up, prevalent use of regimens containing exclusively 'stimulating' antihypertensives was associated with a lower risk of any incident cognitive impairment as compared to prevalent use of regimens containing exclusively 'inhibiting' antihypertensives (HR 0.83, 95% CI 0.74-0.93). Results for the comparison between 'mixed' versus 'inhibiting' regimens were in the same direction but not statistically significant (HR 0.96, 95% CI 0.88-1.06). CONCLUSION For residents without cognitive impairment at baseline, prevalent users of regimens containing exclusively antihypertensives that stimulate type 2 and 4 angiotensin II receptors had lower rates of cognitive impairment as compared to prevalent users of regimens containing exclusively antihypertensives that inhibit these receptors. Residual confounding cannot be ruled out.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yongmei Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sei J. Lee
- San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA,Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michael A. Steinman
- San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA,Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Laura Graham
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA,Health Economics Research Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Bocheng Jing
- NCIRE – The Veterans Health Research Institute, San Francisco. USA
| | - Kathy Fung
- San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA,Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Carmen A. Peralta
- Cricket Health, Inc and the Kidney Health Research Collaborative, University of California San Francisco and San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michelle C. Odden
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA,Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
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10
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Recent Advances in the Endogenous Brain Renin-Angiotensin System and Drugs Acting on It. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2021; 2021:9293553. [PMID: 34925551 PMCID: PMC8651430 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9293553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The RAS (renin-angiotensin system) is the part of the endocrine system that plays a prime role in the control of essential hypertension. Since the discovery of brain RAS in the seventies, continuous efforts have been put by the scientific committee to explore it more. The brain has shown the presence of various components of brain RAS such as angiotensinogen (AGT), converting enzymes, angiotensin (Ang), and specific receptors (ATR). AGT acts as the precursor molecule for Ang peptides—I, II, III, and IV—while the enzymes such as prorenin, ACE, and aminopeptidases A and N synthesize it. AT1, AT2, AT4, and mitochondrial assembly receptor (MasR) are found to be plentiful in the brain. The brain RAS system exhibits pleiotropic properties such as neuroprotection and cognition along with regulation of blood pressure, CVS homeostasis, thirst and salt appetite, stress, depression, alcohol addiction, and pain modulation. The molecules acting through RAS predominantly ARBs and ACEI are found to be effective in various ongoing and completed clinical trials related to cognition, memory, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and pain. The review summarizes the recent advances in the brain RAS system highlighting its significance in pathophysiology and treatment of the central nervous system-related disorders.
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11
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AngIV-Analog Dihexa Rescues Cognitive Impairment and Recovers Memory in the APP/PS1 Mouse via the PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathway. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11111487. [PMID: 34827486 PMCID: PMC8615599 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11111487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is a paracrine RAS within the central nervous system (CNS) and is closely related to Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The endogenous hexapeptide angiotensin IV (Ang IV), an important component of the brain RAS, was found to rescue cognitive impairment and recover memory in previous studies. In our study, we used different doses of Dihexa, which can be orally administered and cross the BBB in APP/PS1 mice. We found that the amount of AngIV in mouse tissue increased after the administration of Dihexa compared to that in the WT group. Meanwhile, Dihexa restored spatial learning and cognitive functions in the Morris water maze test. Dihexa increased the neuronal cells and the expression of SYP protein in APP/PS1 mice in Nissl staining. Furthermore, Dihexa decreased the activation of astrocytes and microglia, markedly reduced levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α and increased the levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Dihexa activated the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, while PI3K inhibitor wortmannin significantly reversed the anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects of APP/PS1 mice. These findings highlight the brain AngIV/PI3K/AKT axis as a potential target for the treatment of AD.
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12
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Hemorphins-From Discovery to Functions and Pharmacology. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26133879. [PMID: 34201982 PMCID: PMC8270332 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26133879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
During the last three decades, a variety of different studies on bioactive peptides that are opioid receptor ligands, have been carried out, with regard to their isolation and identification, as well as their molecular functions in living organisms. Thus, in this review, we would like to summarize the present state-of-the art concerning hemorphins, methodological aspects of their identification, and their potential role as therapeutic agents. We have collected and discussed articles describing hemorphins, from their discovery up until now, thus presenting a very wide spectrum of their characteristic and applications. One of the major assets of the present paper is a combination of analytical and pharmacological aspects of peptides described by a team who participated in the initial research on hemorphins. This review is, in part, focused on the analysis of endogenous opioid peptides in biological samples using advanced techniques, description of the identification of synthetic/endogenous hemorphins, their involvement in pharmacology, learning, pain and other function. Finally, the part regarding hemorphin analogues and their synthesis, has been added.
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13
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Hemorphins Targeting G Protein-Coupled Receptors. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14030225. [PMID: 33799973 PMCID: PMC7998264 DOI: 10.3390/ph14030225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemorphins are short peptides produced by the proteolysis of the beta subunit of hemoglobin. These peptides have diverse physiological effects especially in the nervous and the renin-angiotensin systems. Such effects occur through the modulation of a diverse range of proteins including enzymes and receptors. In this review, we focus on pharmacological and functional targeting of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) by hemorphins and their implication in physiology and pathophysiology. Among GPCRs, the opioid receptors constitute the first set of targets of hemorphins with implication in analgesia. Subsequently, several other GPCRs have been reported to be directly or indirectly involved in hemorphins’ action. This includes the receptors for angiotensin II, oxytocin, bombesin, and bradykinin, as well as the human MAS-related G protein-coupled receptor X1. Interestingly, both orthosteric activation and allosteric modulation of GPCRs by hemorphins have been reported. This review links hemorphins with GPCR pharmacology and signaling, supporting the implication of GPCRs in hemorphins’ effects. Thus, this aids a better understanding of the molecular basis of the action of hemorphins and further demonstrates that hemorphin-GPCR axis constitutes a valid target for therapeutic intervention in different systems.
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14
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Hung HY, Chow LH, Kotlinska JH, Drabik A, Silberring J, Chen YH, Huang EYK. LVV-hemorphin-7 (LVV-H7) plays a role in antinociception in a rat model of alcohol-induced pain disorders. Peptides 2021; 136:170455. [PMID: 33253777 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2020.170455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol can increase the sensitivity to painful stimulation or convert insensibility to pain at different stages. We hypothesized that chronic alcohol consumption changes the level of LVV-hemorphin-7 (abbreviated as LVV-H7, an opioid-like peptide generated from hemoglobin β-chain), thereby affecting pain sensation. We established a chronic alcohol-exposed rat model to investigate the effects of LVV-H7. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to daily intraperitoneal injection of 10 % ethanol (w/v) at 0.5 g/kg for 15 days and subsequent alcohol withdrawal for 5 days. Using different pharmacological strategies to affect the LVV-H7 level, we investigated the correlation between LVV-H7 and pain-related behavior. Tail-flick and hot plate tests were employed to investigate alcohol-induced pain-related behavioral changes. The serum level of LVV-H7 was determined by ELISA. Our results showed that alcohol first induced an analgesia followed by a hyperalgesia during alcohol withdrawal, which could be driven by the quantitative change of LVV-H7. A positive correlation between the level of LVV-H7 and Δtail-flick latency (measured latency minus basal latency) confirmed this finding. Moreover, we revealed that the LVV-H7 levels were determined by the activity of cathepsin D and red blood cell/hemoglobin counts, which could be affected by alcohol. These results suggest that the deterioration of anti-nociception induced by alcohol is correlated to the decreased level of LVV-H7, and this could be due to alcohol-induced anemia. This study may help to develop LVV-H7 structure-based novel analgesics for treating alcohol-induced pain disorders and thus ameliorate the complications in alcoholics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Yuan Hung
- Department of Pharmacology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pharmacy Practice, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lok-Hi Chow
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Anesthesiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jolanta H Kotlinska
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy With Division of Medical Analytics, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Drabik
- Department of Biochemistry and Neurobiology, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jerzy Silberring
- Department of Biochemistry and Neurobiology, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow, Poland
| | - Yuan-Hao Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Neurological Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Eagle Yi-Kung Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
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15
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Kilic A, Ustunova S, Elibol B, Bulut H, Meral I, Sahin G. Angiotensin IV improves spatial memory in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats by reducing oxidative stress and altering BDNF levels. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars) 2021. [DOI: 10.21307/ane-2021-015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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16
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Machado TCG, Guatimosim C, Kangussu LM. The Renin-Angiotensin System in Huntington's Disease: Villain or Hero? Protein Pept Lett 2020; 27:456-462. [PMID: 31933441 PMCID: PMC7403685 DOI: 10.2174/0929866527666200110154523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Huntington’s Disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant, progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by severe symptoms, including motor impairment, cognitive decline, and psychiatric alterations. Several systems, molecules, and mediators have been associated with the pathophysiology of HD. Among these, there is the Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS), a peptide hormone system that has been associated with the pathology of neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. Important alterations in this system have been demonstrated in HD. However, the role of RAS components in HD is still unclear and needs further investigation. Nonetheless, modulation of the RAS components may represent a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thatiane C G Machado
- Departamento de Morfologia - Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Cristina Guatimosim
- Departamento de Morfologia - Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Lucas M Kangussu
- Departamento de Morfologia - Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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17
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Hallberg M, Larhed M. From Angiotensin IV to Small Peptidemimetics Inhibiting Insulin-Regulated Aminopeptidase. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:590855. [PMID: 33178027 PMCID: PMC7593869 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.590855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
It was reported three decades ago that intracerebroventricular injection of angiotensin IV (Ang IV, Val-Tyr-Ile-His-Pro-Phe) improved memory and learning in the rat. There are several explanations for these positive effects of the hexapeptide and related analogues on cognition available in the literature. In 2001, it was proposed that the insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP) is a main target for Ang IV and that Ang IV serves as an inhibitor of the enzyme. The focus of this review is the efforts to stepwise transform the hexapeptide into more drug-like Ang IV peptidemimetics serving as IRAP inhibitors. Moreover, the discovery of IRAP inhibitors by virtual and substance library screening and direct design applying knowledge of the structure of IRAP and of related enzymes is briefly presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Hallberg
- The Beijer Laboratory, Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mats Larhed
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Science for Life Laboratory, BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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18
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Vear A, Gaspari T, Thompson P, Chai SY. Is There an Interplay Between the Functional Domains of IRAP? Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:585237. [PMID: 33134302 PMCID: PMC7550531 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.585237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
As a member of the M1 family of aminopeptidases, insulin regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP) is characterized by distinct binding motifs at the active site in the C-terminal domain that mediate the catalysis of peptide substrates. However, what makes IRAP unique in this family of enzymes is that it also possesses trafficking motifs at the N-terminal domain which regulate the movement of IRAP within different intracellular compartments. Research on the role of IRAP has focused predominantly on the C-terminus catalytic domain in different physiological and pathophysiological states ranging from pregnancy to memory loss. Many of these studies have utilized IRAP inhibitors, that bind competitively to the active site of IRAP, to explore the functional significance of its catalytic activity. However, it is unknown whether these inhibitors are able to access intracellular sites where IRAP is predominantly located in a basal state as the enzyme may need to be at the cell surface for the inhibitors to mediate their effects. This property of IRAP has often been overlooked. Interestingly, in some pathophysiological states, the distribution of IRAP is altered. This, together with the fact that IRAP possesses trafficking motifs, suggest the localization of IRAP may play an important role in defining its physiological or pathological functions and provide insights into the interplay between the two functional domains of the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika Vear
- Department of Physiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Tracey Gaspari
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Philip Thompson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Siew Yeen Chai
- Department of Physiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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19
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Barlow N, Thompson PE. IRAP Inhibitors: M1-Aminopeptidase Family Inspiration. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:585930. [PMID: 33101040 PMCID: PMC7546331 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.585930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The insulin regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP) has been proposed as an important therapeutic target for indications including Alzheimer’s disease and immune disorders. To date, a number of IRAP inhibitor designs have been investigated but the total number of molecules investigated remains quite small. As a member the M1 aminopeptidase family, IRAP shares numerous structural features with the other M1 aminopeptidases. The study of those enzymes and the development of inhibitors provide key learnings and new approaches and are potential sources of inspiration for future IRAP inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Barlow
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Philip E Thompson
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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20
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Mpakali A, Saridakis E, Giastas P, Maben Z, Stern LJ, Larhed M, Hallberg M, Stratikos E. Structural Basis of Inhibition of Insulin-Regulated Aminopeptidase by a Macrocyclic Peptidic Inhibitor. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:1429-1434. [PMID: 32676150 PMCID: PMC7357224 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.0c00172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP) is a transmembrane zinc metallopeptidase with many important biological functions and an emerging pharmacological target. Although previous structural studies have given insight on how IRAP recognizes linear peptides, how it recognizes its physiological cyclic ligands remains elusive. Here, we report the first crystal structure of IRAP with the macrocyclic peptide inhibitor HA08 that combines structural elements from angiotensin IV and the physiological substrates oxytocin and vasopressin. The compound is found in the catalytic site in a near canonical substrate-like configuration and inhibits by a competitive mechanism. Comparison with previously solved structures of IRAP along with small-angle X-ray scattering experiments suggests that IRAP is in an open conformation in solution but undergoes a closing conformational change upon inhibitor binding. Stabilization of the closed conformation in combination with catalytic water exclusion by the tightly juxtaposed GAMEN loop is proposed as a mechanism of inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Mpakali
- National
Center for Scientific Research Demokritos, Agia Paraskevi, Athens 15341, Greece
| | - Emmanuel Saridakis
- National
Center for Scientific Research Demokritos, Agia Paraskevi, Athens 15341, Greece
| | - Petros Giastas
- National
Center for Scientific Research Demokritos, Agia Paraskevi, Athens 15341, Greece
| | - Zachary Maben
- Department
of Pathology, University of Massachusetts
Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, United States
| | - Lawrence J. Stern
- Department
of Pathology, University of Massachusetts
Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, United States
| | - Mats Larhed
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Science for Life Laboratory, BMC, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mathias Hallberg
- The
Beijer Laboratory, Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence,
Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, BMC, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 591, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Efstratios Stratikos
- National
Center for Scientific Research Demokritos, Agia Paraskevi, Athens 15341, Greece
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21
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Ali A, Alzeyoudi SAR, Almutawa SA, Alnajjar AN, Vijayan R. Molecular basis of the therapeutic properties of hemorphins. Pharmacol Res 2020; 158:104855. [PMID: 32438036 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Hemorphins are endogenous peptides, 4-10 amino acids long, belonging to the family of atypical opioid peptides released during the sequential cleavage of hemoglobin protein. Hemorphins have been shown to exhibit diverse therapeutic effects in both human and animal models. However, the precise cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in such effects remain elusive. In this review, we summarize and propose potential mechanisms based on studies that investigated the biological activity of hemorphins of different lengths on multiple therapeutic targets. Special emphasis is given to molecular events related to renin-angiotensin system (RAS), opioid receptors and insulin-regulated aminopeptidase receptor (IRAP). This review provides a comprehensive coverage of the molecular mechanisms that underpin the therapeutic potential of hemorphins. Furthermore, it highlights the role of various hemorphin residues in pathological conditions, which could be explored further for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanat Ali
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, PO Box 15551, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Shamma Abdulla Almutawa
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, PO Box 15551, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Alya Nasir Alnajjar
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, PO Box 15551, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ranjit Vijayan
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, PO Box 15551, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
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22
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Vasile S, Hallberg A, Sallander J, Hallberg M, Åqvist J, Gutiérrez-de-Terán H. Evolution of Angiotensin Peptides and Peptidomimetics as Angiotensin II Receptor Type 2 (AT2) Receptor Agonists. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E649. [PMID: 32340100 PMCID: PMC7226584 DOI: 10.3390/biom10040649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin II receptor type 1 and 2 (AT1R and AT2R) are two G-protein coupled receptors that mediate most biological functions of the octapeptide Angiotensin II (Ang II). AT2R is upregulated upon tissue damage and its activation by selective AT2R agonists has become a promising approach in the search for new classes of pharmaceutical agents. We herein analyzed the chemical evolution of AT2R agonists starting from octapeptides, through shorter peptides and peptidomimetics to the first drug-like AT2R-selective agonist, C21, which is in Phase II clinical trials and aimed for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Based on the recent crystal structures of AT1R and AT2R in complex with sarile, we identified a common binding model for a series of 11 selected AT2R agonists, consisting of peptides and peptidomimetics of different length, affinity towards AT2R and selectivity versus AT1R. Subsequent molecular dynamics simulations and free energy perturbation (FEP) calculations of binding affinities allowed the identification of the bioactive conformation and common pharmacophoric points, responsible for the key interactions with the receptor, which are maintained by the drug-like agonists. The results of this study should be helpful and facilitate the search for improved and even more potent AT2R-selective drug-like agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Vasile
- Sweden and Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, BMC (H.G.T.), Biomedical Centre (BMC), Uppsala University, P.O. BOX 596, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden; (S.V.); (J.S.); (J.Å.)
| | - Anders Hallberg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Division of Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Jessica Sallander
- Sweden and Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, BMC (H.G.T.), Biomedical Centre (BMC), Uppsala University, P.O. BOX 596, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden; (S.V.); (J.S.); (J.Å.)
| | - Mathias Hallberg
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, BMC, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 591, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Johan Åqvist
- Sweden and Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, BMC (H.G.T.), Biomedical Centre (BMC), Uppsala University, P.O. BOX 596, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden; (S.V.); (J.S.); (J.Å.)
| | - Hugo Gutiérrez-de-Terán
- Sweden and Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, BMC (H.G.T.), Biomedical Centre (BMC), Uppsala University, P.O. BOX 596, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden; (S.V.); (J.S.); (J.Å.)
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23
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Ali A, Alzeyoudi SAR, Almutawa SA, Alnajjar AN, Al Dhaheri Y, Vijayan R. Camel Hemorphins Exhibit a More Potent Angiotensin-I Converting Enzyme Inhibitory Activity than Other Mammalian Hemorphins: An In Silico and In Vitro Study. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E486. [PMID: 32210030 PMCID: PMC7175181 DOI: 10.3390/biom10030486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE) is a zinc metallopeptidase that has an important role in regulating the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). It is also an important drug target for the management of cardiovascular diseases. Hemorphins are endogenous peptides that are produced by proteolytic cleavage of beta hemoglobin. A number of studies have reported various therapeutic activities of hemorphins. Previous reports have shown antihypertensive action of hemorphins via the inhibition of ACE. The sequence of hemorphins is highly conserved among mammals, except in camels, which harbors a unique Q>R variation in the peptide. Here, we studied the ACE inhibitory activity of camel hemorphins (LVVYPWTRRF and YPWTRRF) and non-camel hemorphins (LVVYPWTQRF and YPWTQRF). Computational methods were used to determine the most likely binding pose and binding affinity of both camel and non-camel hemorphins within the active site of ACE. Molecular dynamics simulations showed that the peptides interacted with critical residues in the active site of ACE. Notably, camel hemorphins showed higher binding affinity and sustained interactions with all three subsites of the ACE active site. An in vitro ACE inhibition assay showed that the IC50 of camel hemorphins were significantly lower than the IC50 of non-camel hemorphins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ranjit Vijayan
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, PO Box 15551 Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE
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24
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Barlow N, Vanga SR, Sävmarker J, Sandström A, Burns P, Hallberg A, Åqvist J, Gutiérrez-de-Terán H, Hallberg M, Larhed M, Chai SY, Thompson PE. Macrocyclic peptidomimetics as inhibitors of insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP). RSC Med Chem 2020; 11:234-244. [PMID: 33479630 DOI: 10.1039/c9md00485h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrocyclic analogues of the linear hexapeptide, angiotensin IV (AngIV) have proved to be potent inhibitors of insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP, oxytocinase, EC 3.4.11.3). Along with higher affinity, macrocycles may also offer better metabolic stability, membrane permeability and selectivity, however predicting the outcome of particular cycle modifications is challenging. Here we describe the development of a series of macrocyclic IRAP inhibitors with either disulphide, olefin metathesis or lactam bridges and variations of ring size and other functionality. The binding mode of these compounds is proposed based on molecular dynamics analysis. Estimation of binding affinities (ΔG) and relative binding free energies (ΔΔG) with the linear interaction energy (LIE) method and free energy perturbation (FEP) method showed good general agreement with the observed inhibitory potency. Experimental and calculated data highlight the cumulative importance of an intact N-terminal peptide, the specific nature of the macrocycle, the phenolic oxygen and the C-terminal functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Barlow
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , BMC , Uppsala University , P.O. Box 574 , SE-751 23 Uppsala , Sweden.,Medicinal Chemistry , Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Parkville , Victoria 3052 , Australia .
| | - Sudarsana Reddy Vanga
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology , BMC , Uppsala University , Box 596 , SE-751 24 Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Jonas Sävmarker
- The Beijer Laboratory , Department of Medicinal Chemistry , BMC , Uppsala University , P.O. Box 574 , SE-751 23 Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Anja Sandström
- The Beijer Laboratory , Department of Medicinal Chemistry , BMC , Uppsala University , P.O. Box 574 , SE-751 23 Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Peta Burns
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute , Department of Physiology , Monash University , Clayton , Victoria 3800 , Australia
| | - Anders Hallberg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , BMC , Uppsala University , P.O. Box 574 , SE-751 23 Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Johan Åqvist
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology , BMC , Uppsala University , Box 596 , SE-751 24 Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Hugo Gutiérrez-de-Terán
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology , BMC , Uppsala University , Box 596 , SE-751 24 Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Mathias Hallberg
- The Beijer Laboratory , Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences , Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence , BMC , Uppsala University , P.O. Box 591 , SE-751 24 Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Mats Larhed
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , BMC , Uppsala University , P.O. Box 574 , SE-751 23 Uppsala , Sweden.,Science for Life Laboratory , Department of Medicinal Chemistry , BMC , Uppsala University , SE-751 24 Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Siew Yeen Chai
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute , Department of Physiology , Monash University , Clayton , Victoria 3800 , Australia
| | - Philip E Thompson
- Medicinal Chemistry , Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Parkville , Victoria 3052 , Australia .
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25
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Ali A, Palakkott A, Ashraf A, Al Zamel I, Baby B, Vijayan R, Ayoub MA. Positive Modulation of Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor-Mediated Signaling by LVV-Hemorphin-7. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1258. [PMID: 31708782 PMCID: PMC6823245 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemorphins are hemoglobin β-chain–derived peptides initially known for their analgesic effects via binding to the opioid receptors belonging to the family of G protein–coupled receptor (GPCR), as well as their physiological action on blood pressure. However, their molecular mechanisms in the regulation of blood pressure are not fully understood. Studies have reported an antihypertensive action via the inhibition of the angiotensin-converting enzyme, a key enzyme in the renin–angiotensin system. In this study, we hypothesized that hemorphins may also target angiotensin II (AngII) type 1 receptor (AT1R) as a key GPCR in the renin–angiotensin system. To investigate this, we examined the effects of LVV–hemorphin-7 on AT1R transiently expressed in human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells using bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) technology for the assessment of AT1R/Gαq coupling and β-arrestin 2 recruitment. Interestingly, while LVV–hemorphin-7 alone had no significant effect on BRET signals between AT1R and Gαq or β-arrestin 2, it nicely potentiated AngII-induced BRET signals and significantly increased AngII potency. The BRET data were also correlated with AT1R downstream signaling with LVV–hemorphin-7 potentiating the canonical AngII-mediated Gq-dependent inositol phosphate pathway as well as the activation of the extracellular signal–regulated kinases (ERK1/2). Both AngII and LVV–hemorphin-7–mediated responses were fully abolished by AT1R antagonist demonstrating the targeting of the active conformation of AT1R. Our data report for the first time the targeting and the positive modulation of AT1R signaling by hemorphins, which may explain their role in the physiology and pathophysiology of both vascular and renal systems. This finding further consolidates the pharmacological targeting of GPCRs by hemorphins as previously shown for the opioid receptors in analgesia opening a new era for investigating the role of hemorphins in physiology and pathophysiology via the targeting of GPCR pharmacology and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanat Ali
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Abdulrasheed Palakkott
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Arshida Ashraf
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Isra Al Zamel
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Bincy Baby
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ranjit Vijayan
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohammed Akli Ayoub
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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26
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Seyer B, Diwakarla S, Burns P, Hallberg A, Grӧnbladh A, Hallberg M, Chai SY. Insulin-regulated aminopeptidase inhibitor-mediated increases in dendritic spine density are facilitated by glucose uptake. J Neurochem 2019; 153:485-494. [PMID: 31556456 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ethyl2-acetylamino-7-hydroxy-4-pyridin-3-yl-4H-chromene-3-carboxylate (HFI-419), the benzopyran-based inhibitor of insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP), has previously been shown to improve spatial working and recognition memory in rodents. However, the mechanism of its cognitive-enhancing effect remains unknown. There is a close correlation between dendritic spine density and learning in vivo and several studies suggest that increases in neuronal glucose uptake and/or alterations to the activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) may improve memory and increase dendritic spine density. We aimed to identify the potential mechanism by which HFI-419 enhances memory by utilizing rat primary cultures of hippocampal cells. Alterations to dendritic spine density were assessed in the presence of varying concentrations of HFI-419 at different stages of hippocampal cell development. In addition, glucose uptake and changes to spine density were assessed in the presence of indinavir, an inhibitor of the glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4 ), or the matrix metalloprotease inhibitor CAS 204140-01-2. We confirmed that inhibition of IRAP activity with HFI-419 enhanced spatial working memory in rats, and determined that this enhancement may be driven by GLUT4 -mediated changes to dendritic spine density. We observed that IRAP inhibition increased dendritic spine density prior to peak dendritic growth in hippocampal neurons, and that spine formation was inhibited when GLUT4 -mediated glucose uptake was blocked. In addition, during the peak phase of dendritic spine growth, the effect of IRAP inhibition on enhancement of dendritic spine density resulted specifically in an increase in the proportion of mushroom/stubby-like spines, a morphology associated with memory and learning. Moreover, these spines were deemed to be functional based on their expression of the pre-synaptic markers vesicular glutamate transporter 1 and synapsin. Overall, or findings suggest that IRAP inhibitors may facilitate memory by increasing hippocampal dendritic spine density via a GLUT4 -mediated mechanism. Cover Image for this issue: doi: 10.1111/jnc.14745.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Seyer
- Faculty of Biomedical and Psychological Sciences, Department of Physiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Shanti Diwakarla
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Uppsala University, BMC, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Peta Burns
- Faculty of Biomedical and Psychological Sciences, Department of Physiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Anders Hallberg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alfhild Grӧnbladh
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Uppsala University, BMC, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mathias Hallberg
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Uppsala University, BMC, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Siew Yeen Chai
- Faculty of Biomedical and Psychological Sciences, Department of Physiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
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Molecular insights into the interaction of hemorphin and its targets. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14747. [PMID: 31611567 PMCID: PMC6791854 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50619-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemorphins are atypical endogenous opioid peptides produced by the cleavage of hemoglobin beta chain. Several studies have reported the therapeutic potential of hemorphin in memory enhancement, blood regulation, and analgesia. However, the mode of interaction of hemorphin with its target remains largely elusive. The decapeptide LVV-hemorphin-7 is the most stable form of hemorphin. It binds with high affinity to mu-opioid receptors (MOR), angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP). In this study, computational methods were used extensively to elucidate the most likely binding pose of mammalian LVV-hemorphin-7 with the aforementioned proteins and to calculate the binding affinity. Additionally, alignment of mammalian hemorphin sequences showed that the hemorphin sequence of the camel harbors a variation - a Q > R substitution at position 8. This study also investigated the binding affinity and the interaction mechanism of camel LVV-hemorphin-7 with these proteins. To gain a better understanding of the dynamics of the molecular interactions between the selected targets and hemorphin peptides, 100 ns molecular dynamics simulations of the best-ranked poses were performed. Simulations highlighted major interactions between the peptides and key residues in the binding site of the proteins. Interestingly, camel hemorphin had a higher binding affinity and showed more interactions with all three proteins when compared to the canonical mammalian LVV-hemorphin-7. Thus, camel LVV-hemorphin-7 could be explored as a potent therapeutic agent for memory loss, hypertension, and analgesia.
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Ho JK, Nation DA. Cognitive benefits of angiotensin IV and angiotensin-(1-7): A systematic review of experimental studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 92:209-225. [PMID: 29733881 PMCID: PMC8916541 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore effects of the brain renin-angiotensin system (RAS) on cognition. DESIGN Systematic review of experimental (non-human) studies assessing cognitive effects of RAS peptides angiotensin-(3-8) [Ang IV] and angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)] and their receptors, the Ang IV receptor (AT4R) and the Mas receptor. RESULTS Of 450 articles identified, 32 met inclusion criteria. Seven of 11 studies of normal animals found Ang IV had beneficial effects on tests of passive or conditioned avoidance and object recognition. In models of cognitive deficit, eight of nine studies found Ang IV and its analogs (Nle1-Ang IV, dihexa, LVV-hemorphin-7) improved performance on spatial working memory and passive avoidance tasks. Two of three studies examining Ang-(1-7) found it benefited memory. Mas receptor removal was associated with reduced fear memory in one study. CONCLUSION Studies of cognitive impairment show salutary effects of acute administration of Ang IV and its analogs, as well as AT4R activation. Brain RAS peptides appear most effective administered intracerebroventricularly, close to the time of learning acquisition or retention testing. Ang-(1-7) shows anti-dementia qualities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean K Ho
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Daniel A Nation
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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29
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Effect of Endoplasmic Reticular Stress on Free Hemoglobin Metabolism and Liver Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19071977. [PMID: 29986432 PMCID: PMC6073154 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19071977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Elevated soluble (s) CD163 and free hemoglobin (Hb) levels predict fatty liver progression; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying Hb metabolism and liver injury remain undefined. We investigated the effects of endoplasmic reticular (ER) stress on red blood cell (RBC) rheology and free Hb recycling pathways. ER stress was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats by an intraperitoneal injection of tunicamycin (TM) (50, 100, and 200 μg/100 g body weight (BW)) or an intravenous injection of Hb (5 mg/100 g BW). A TM injection increased sCD163 levels, attenuated free Hb uptake, and maintained RBC aggregability. An Hb injection increased serum LVV-hemorphin-7 and total bilirubin levels, but this effect was suppressed by TM. A Western blot analysis showed that ER stress suppressed Hb degradation in the liver through downregulation of globin degradation proteins cathepsin D and glyoxalase-1, as well as heme degradation protein heme oxyganase-1 and keap-1 expression. An ER stress activator also increased the translocation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB (p65) and nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) to nuclei. In conclusion, ER stress triggers ineffective Hb metabolism via altering globin and heme iron degradation pathways. Inability to recycle and metabolize free Hb may underlie the association between iron dysfunction and liver injury.
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Haspula D, Clark MA. Molecular Basis of the Brain Renin Angiotensin System in Cardiovascular and Neurologic Disorders: Uncovering a Key Role for the Astroglial Angiotensin Type 1 Receptor AT1R. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018; 366:251-264. [PMID: 29752427 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.118.248831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The central renin angiotensin system (RAS) is one of the most widely investigated cardiovascular systems in the brain. It is implicated in a myriad of cardiovascular diseases. However, studies from the last decade have identified its involvement in several neurologic abnormalities. Understanding the molecular functionality of the various RAS components can thus provide considerable insight into the phenotypic differences and mechanistic drivers of not just cardiovascular but also neurologic disorders. Since activation of one of its primary receptors, the angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R), results in an augmentation of oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines, it becomes essential to investigate not just neuronal RAS but glial RAS as well. Glial cells are key homeostatic regulators in the brain and are critical players in the resolution of overt oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. Designing better and effective therapeutic strategies that target the brain RAS could well hinge on understanding the molecular basis of both neuronal and glial RAS. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the major studies that have investigated the mechanisms and regulation of the brain RAS, and it also provides insight into the potential role of glial AT1Rs in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular and neurologic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanush Haspula
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (D.H.); and College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida (M.A.C.)
| | - Michelle A Clark
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (D.H.); and College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida (M.A.C.)
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31
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Vanga SR, Sävmarker J, Ng L, Larhed M, Hallberg M, Åqvist J, Hallberg A, Chai SY, Gutiérrez-de-Terán H. Structural Basis of Inhibition of Human Insulin-Regulated Aminopeptidase (IRAP) by Aryl Sulfonamides. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:4509-4521. [PMID: 30023895 PMCID: PMC6045421 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b00595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP) is a membrane-bound zinc metallopeptidase with many important regulatory functions. It has been demonstrated that inhibition of IRAP by angiotensin IV (Ang IV) and other peptides, as well as more druglike inhibitors, improves cognition in several rodent models. We recently reported a series of aryl sulfonamides as small-molecule IRAP inhibitors and a promising scaffold for pharmacological intervention. We have now expanded with a number of derivatives, report their stability in liver microsomes, and characterize the activity of the whole series in a new assay performed on recombinant human IRAP. Several compounds, such as the new fluorinated derivative 29, present submicromolar affinity and high metabolic stability. Starting from the two binding modes previously proposed for the sulfonamide scaffold, we systematically performed molecular dynamics simulations and binding affinity estimation with the linear interaction energy method for the full compound series. The significant agreement with experimental affinities suggests one of the binding modes, which was further confirmed by the excellent correlation for binding affinity differences between the selected pair of compounds obtained by rigorous free energy perturbation calculations. The new experimental data and the computationally derived structure-activity relationship of the sulfonamide series provide valuable information for further lead optimization of novel IRAP inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudarsana Reddy Vanga
- Department
of Cell and Molecular Biology, BMC, Box 596, Uppsala University, SE-751
24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jonas Sävmarker
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Science for Life Laboratory, Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University,
BMC, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Leelee Ng
- Biomedicine
Discovery Institute, Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Mats Larhed
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Science for Life Laboratory, Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University,
BMC, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mathias Hallberg
- The
Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division
of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Uppsala University, BMC, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Åqvist
- Department
of Cell and Molecular Biology, BMC, Box 596, Uppsala University, SE-751
24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Hallberg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Science for Life Laboratory, Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University,
BMC, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Siew Yeen Chai
- Biomedicine
Discovery Institute, Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- E-mail: . Phone: +61 3 990 52515. Fax: +61 3 990 52547 (S.Y.C.)
| | - Hugo Gutiérrez-de-Terán
- Department
of Cell and Molecular Biology, BMC, Box 596, Uppsala University, SE-751
24 Uppsala, Sweden
- E-mail: . Phone: +46 18 471 5056. Fax: +46 18 53 69 71 (H.G.-d.-T.)
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32
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Hallberg M, Sumners C, Steckelings UM, Hallberg A. Small-molecule AT2 receptor agonists. Med Res Rev 2017; 38:602-624. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Hallberg
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, BMC; Uppsala University; P.O. Box 591 SE751 24 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Colin Sumners
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida; College of Medicine and McKnight Brain Institute; Gainesville FL 32611
| | - U. Muscha Steckelings
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research; University of Southern Denmark; P.O. Box 5230 Odense Denmark
| | - Anders Hallberg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, BMC; Uppsala University; P.O. Box 574 SE-751 23 Uppsala Sweden
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33
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Sen S, Gürel N, Ufuktepe B, Özünal ZG, Büyüklü Ç, Üresin Y. Evaluating the relationship of blood pressure, plasma angiotensin peptides and aldosterone with cognitive functions in patients with hypertension. EXCLI JOURNAL 2017; 16:245-255. [PMID: 28507470 PMCID: PMC5427471 DOI: 10.17179/excli2016-725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System (RAAS) plays an important role in the development of hypertension. On the other hand, hypertension is a well-known and independent risk factor for cognitive impairment. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relationship of blood pressure control, plasma angiotensin peptides and aldosterone with cognitive functions. Forty-one patients who were under treatment with the same antihypertensive medications for at least three months were included in the study. Plasma angiotensin II, angiotensin 1-7, angiotensin IV, and aldosterone concentrations were analyzed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Standardized Mini Mental State Examination (SMMSE) was used to evaluate cognitive functions. When the participants were grouped according to their SMMSE scores (cut-off value: 26 points), we determined significant differences between systolic blood pressure (SBP) levels, diastolic blood pressure levels, plasma angiotensin II and angiotensin 1-7 concentrations of the groups. When the participants were stratified according to their SBP levels (cut-off value: 140 mm Hg), we found significant differences in SMMSE scores and plasma angiotensin IV concentrations of the groups. A negative correlation between SBP and SMMSE scores and strong linear correlations among angiotensin peptides levels were determined. The relationship found between SBP and SMMSE in the present study was compatible with the literature. Our 33 patients were using at least one angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB). Regarding AT1 receptor blockage, the significant association between higher SMMSE scores and increased angiotensin peptides may support a finding that ARBs prevent dementia and improve cognitive function. Further larger studies are needed to confirm and prove the relation of RAAS biochemical parameters with cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selçuk Sen
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34390 Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nermin Gürel
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34390 Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Baran Ufuktepe
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34390 Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Günes Özünal
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34390 Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Çagla Büyüklü
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, 34393 Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yagiz Üresin
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34390 Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey
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Engen K, Rosenström U, Axelsson H, Konda V, Dahllund L, Otrocka M, Sigmundsson K, Nikolaou A, Vauquelin G, Hallberg M, Jenmalm Jensen A, Lundbäck T, Larhed M. Identification of Drug-Like Inhibitors of Insulin-Regulated Aminopeptidase Through Small-Molecule Screening. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2016; 14:180-93. [PMID: 27078680 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2016.708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracerebroventricular injection of angiotensin IV, a ligand of insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP), has been shown to improve cognitive functions in several animal models. Consequently, IRAP is considered a potential target for treatment of cognitive disorders. To identify nonpeptidic IRAP inhibitors, we adapted an established enzymatic assay based on membrane preparations from Chinese hamster ovary cells and a synthetic peptide-like substrate for high-throughput screening purposes. The 384-well microplate-based absorbance assay was used to screen a diverse set of 10,500 compounds for their inhibitory capacity of IRAP. The assay performance was robust with Z'-values ranging from 0.81 to 0.91, and the screen resulted in 23 compounds that displayed greater than 60% inhibition at a compound concentration of 10 μM. After hit confirmation experiments, purity analysis, and promiscuity investigations, three structurally different compounds were considered particularly interesting as starting points for the development of small-molecule-based IRAP inhibitors. After resynthesis, all three compounds confirmed low μM activity and were shown to be rapidly reversible. Additional characterization included activity in a fluorescence-based orthogonal assay and in the presence of a nonionic detergent and a reducing agent, respectively. Importantly, the characterized compounds also showed inhibition of the human ortholog, prompting our further interest in these novel IRAP inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Engen
- 1 Division of Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University , Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Rosenström
- 1 Division of Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University , Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hanna Axelsson
- 2 Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory Stockholm, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet , Solna, Sweden
| | - Vivek Konda
- 1 Division of Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University , Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Leif Dahllund
- 3 Drug Discovery and Development Platform, Science for Life Laboratory Stockholm , Solna, Sweden
| | - Magdalena Otrocka
- 2 Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory Stockholm, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet , Solna, Sweden
| | - Kristmundur Sigmundsson
- 2 Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory Stockholm, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet , Solna, Sweden
| | - Alexandros Nikolaou
- 4 Department of Molecular and Biochemical Pharmacology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Brussels, Belgium
| | - Georges Vauquelin
- 4 Department of Molecular and Biochemical Pharmacology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mathias Hallberg
- 5 Beijer Laboratory, Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University , Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Annika Jenmalm Jensen
- 2 Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory Stockholm, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet , Solna, Sweden
| | - Thomas Lundbäck
- 2 Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory Stockholm, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet , Solna, Sweden
| | - Mats Larhed
- 6 Science for Life Laboratory Uppsala, Division of Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University , Uppsala, Sweden
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35
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Yeatman HR, Albiston AL, Burns P, Chai SY. Forebrain neurone-specific deletion of insulin-regulated aminopeptidase causes age related deficits in memory. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2016; 136:174-182. [PMID: 27713012 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2016.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Central infusion of Insulin-Regulated Aminopeptidase (IRAP) inhibitors improves memory in both normal rodents and in models of memory deficit. However, in contrast, the global IRAP knockout mice (KO) demonstrate age-accelerated spatial memory deficits and no improvements in performance in any memory tasks. Potentially, the observed memory deficit could be due to the absence of IRAP in the developing brain. We therefore generated a postnatal forebrain neuron-specific IRAP knockout mouse line (CamKIIalphaCre; IRAPlox/lox). Unexpectedly, we demonstrated that postnatal deletion of IRAP in the brain results in significant deficits in both spatial reference and object recognition memory at three months of age, although spatial working memory remained intact. These results indicate a significant role for IRAP in postnatal brain development and normal function of the hippocampus in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly R Yeatman
- Florey Neuroscience Institutes and Centre for Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Anthony L Albiston
- College of Health and Biomedicine, VU St Albans, Victoria 3021, Australia
| | - Peta Burns
- Department of Physiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Siew Yeen Chai
- Department of Physiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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Gard PR, Daw P, Mashhour ZS, Tran P. Interactions of angiotensin IV and oxytocin on behaviour in mice. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2016; 8:133-8. [PMID: 17907101 DOI: 10.3317/jraas.2007.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Angiotensin (Ang) IV enhances learning and memory in rats but there are strain differences in its effects in mice. Oxytocin (OT) also influences learning and memory in rats and mice and, in the light of the proposed effects of Ang IV on oxytocinase, the hypothesis that the effects of Ang IV on cognition in mice involve OT was tested. Materials and methods. The effects of Ang IV and OT, alone and combined, were determined in rat isolated uterine smooth muscle and in object recognition and forced swim tests in BKW mice. Results. Ang potentiated the contractile effects of OT in the uterus. Neither peptide had any effect on object recognition nor locomotor activity. Ang IV had no effect in the forced swim test but abolished the effects of OT. Conclusions. Ang IV influences the actions of OT in vitro and in vivo, possibly by inhibition of oxytocinase, but the lack of effect of Ang IV on object recognition in BKW mice is unlikely to be a consequence of a deficiency endogenous OT. Unlike OT, Ang IV alone has no effect on learned helplessness in the forced swim test, an effect often used to predict potential antidepressant efficacy in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Gard
- School of Pharmacy & Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK.
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Hamel E, Royea J, Ongali B, Tong XK. Neurovascular and Cognitive failure in Alzheimer’s Disease: Benefits of Cardiovascular Therapy. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2016; 36:219-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-015-0285-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Diwakarla S, Nylander E, Grönbladh A, Vanga SR, Khan YS, Gutiérrez-de-Terán H, Ng L, Pham V, Sävmarker J, Lundbäck T, Jenmalm-Jensen A, Andersson H, Engen K, Rosenström U, Larhed M, Åqvist J, Chai SY, Hallberg M. Binding to and Inhibition of Insulin-Regulated Aminopeptidase by Macrocyclic Disulfides Enhances Spine Density. Mol Pharmacol 2016; 89:413-24. [PMID: 26769413 DOI: 10.1124/mol.115.102533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin IV (Ang IV) and related peptide analogs, as well as nonpeptide inhibitors of insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP), have previously been shown to enhance memory and cognition in animal models. Furthermore, the endogenous IRAP substrates oxytocin and vasopressin are known to facilitate learning and memory. In this study, the two recently synthesized 13-membered macrocyclic competitive IRAP inhibitors HA08 and HA09, which were designed to mimic the N terminus of oxytocin and vasopressin, were assessed and compared based on their ability to bind to the IRAP active site, and alter dendritic spine density in rat hippocampal primary cultures. The binding modes of the IRAP inhibitors HA08, HA09, and of Ang IV in either the extended or γ-turn conformation at the C terminus to human IRAP were predicted by docking and molecular dynamics simulations. The binding free energies calculated with the linear interaction energy method, which are in excellent agreement with experimental data and simulations, have been used to explain the differences in activities of the IRAP inhibitors, both of which are structurally very similar, but differ only with regard to one stereogenic center. In addition, we show that HA08, which is 100-fold more potent than the epimer HA09, can enhance dendritic spine number and alter morphology, a process associated with memory facilitation. Therefore, HA08, one of the most potent IRAP inhibitors known today, may serve as a suitable starting point for medicinal chemistry programs aided by MD simulations aimed at discovering more drug-like cognitive enhancers acting via augmenting synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanti Diwakarla
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence (S.D., E.N., A.G., M.H.), Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (S.R.V., Y.S.K., H.G.T., J.A.), The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry (J.S.), Department of Medicinal Chemistry (H.A., K.E., U.R.), Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry (M.L.), BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medicinal Biochemistry and Biophysics (T.L., A.J.), Karolinska Institute, Sweden; and Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Physiology (L.N., V.P., S.Y.C.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Erik Nylander
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence (S.D., E.N., A.G., M.H.), Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (S.R.V., Y.S.K., H.G.T., J.A.), The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry (J.S.), Department of Medicinal Chemistry (H.A., K.E., U.R.), Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry (M.L.), BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medicinal Biochemistry and Biophysics (T.L., A.J.), Karolinska Institute, Sweden; and Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Physiology (L.N., V.P., S.Y.C.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Alfhild Grönbladh
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence (S.D., E.N., A.G., M.H.), Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (S.R.V., Y.S.K., H.G.T., J.A.), The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry (J.S.), Department of Medicinal Chemistry (H.A., K.E., U.R.), Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry (M.L.), BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medicinal Biochemistry and Biophysics (T.L., A.J.), Karolinska Institute, Sweden; and Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Physiology (L.N., V.P., S.Y.C.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sudarsana Reddy Vanga
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence (S.D., E.N., A.G., M.H.), Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (S.R.V., Y.S.K., H.G.T., J.A.), The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry (J.S.), Department of Medicinal Chemistry (H.A., K.E., U.R.), Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry (M.L.), BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medicinal Biochemistry and Biophysics (T.L., A.J.), Karolinska Institute, Sweden; and Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Physiology (L.N., V.P., S.Y.C.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Yasmin Shamsudin Khan
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence (S.D., E.N., A.G., M.H.), Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (S.R.V., Y.S.K., H.G.T., J.A.), The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry (J.S.), Department of Medicinal Chemistry (H.A., K.E., U.R.), Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry (M.L.), BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medicinal Biochemistry and Biophysics (T.L., A.J.), Karolinska Institute, Sweden; and Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Physiology (L.N., V.P., S.Y.C.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Hugo Gutiérrez-de-Terán
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence (S.D., E.N., A.G., M.H.), Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (S.R.V., Y.S.K., H.G.T., J.A.), The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry (J.S.), Department of Medicinal Chemistry (H.A., K.E., U.R.), Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry (M.L.), BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medicinal Biochemistry and Biophysics (T.L., A.J.), Karolinska Institute, Sweden; and Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Physiology (L.N., V.P., S.Y.C.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Leelee Ng
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence (S.D., E.N., A.G., M.H.), Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (S.R.V., Y.S.K., H.G.T., J.A.), The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry (J.S.), Department of Medicinal Chemistry (H.A., K.E., U.R.), Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry (M.L.), BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medicinal Biochemistry and Biophysics (T.L., A.J.), Karolinska Institute, Sweden; and Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Physiology (L.N., V.P., S.Y.C.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Vi Pham
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence (S.D., E.N., A.G., M.H.), Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (S.R.V., Y.S.K., H.G.T., J.A.), The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry (J.S.), Department of Medicinal Chemistry (H.A., K.E., U.R.), Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry (M.L.), BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medicinal Biochemistry and Biophysics (T.L., A.J.), Karolinska Institute, Sweden; and Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Physiology (L.N., V.P., S.Y.C.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jonas Sävmarker
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence (S.D., E.N., A.G., M.H.), Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (S.R.V., Y.S.K., H.G.T., J.A.), The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry (J.S.), Department of Medicinal Chemistry (H.A., K.E., U.R.), Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry (M.L.), BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medicinal Biochemistry and Biophysics (T.L., A.J.), Karolinska Institute, Sweden; and Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Physiology (L.N., V.P., S.Y.C.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Thomas Lundbäck
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence (S.D., E.N., A.G., M.H.), Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (S.R.V., Y.S.K., H.G.T., J.A.), The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry (J.S.), Department of Medicinal Chemistry (H.A., K.E., U.R.), Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry (M.L.), BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medicinal Biochemistry and Biophysics (T.L., A.J.), Karolinska Institute, Sweden; and Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Physiology (L.N., V.P., S.Y.C.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Annika Jenmalm-Jensen
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence (S.D., E.N., A.G., M.H.), Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (S.R.V., Y.S.K., H.G.T., J.A.), The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry (J.S.), Department of Medicinal Chemistry (H.A., K.E., U.R.), Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry (M.L.), BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medicinal Biochemistry and Biophysics (T.L., A.J.), Karolinska Institute, Sweden; and Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Physiology (L.N., V.P., S.Y.C.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Hanna Andersson
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence (S.D., E.N., A.G., M.H.), Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (S.R.V., Y.S.K., H.G.T., J.A.), The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry (J.S.), Department of Medicinal Chemistry (H.A., K.E., U.R.), Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry (M.L.), BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medicinal Biochemistry and Biophysics (T.L., A.J.), Karolinska Institute, Sweden; and Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Physiology (L.N., V.P., S.Y.C.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Karin Engen
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence (S.D., E.N., A.G., M.H.), Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (S.R.V., Y.S.K., H.G.T., J.A.), The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry (J.S.), Department of Medicinal Chemistry (H.A., K.E., U.R.), Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry (M.L.), BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medicinal Biochemistry and Biophysics (T.L., A.J.), Karolinska Institute, Sweden; and Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Physiology (L.N., V.P., S.Y.C.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ulrika Rosenström
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence (S.D., E.N., A.G., M.H.), Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (S.R.V., Y.S.K., H.G.T., J.A.), The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry (J.S.), Department of Medicinal Chemistry (H.A., K.E., U.R.), Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry (M.L.), BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medicinal Biochemistry and Biophysics (T.L., A.J.), Karolinska Institute, Sweden; and Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Physiology (L.N., V.P., S.Y.C.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mats Larhed
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence (S.D., E.N., A.G., M.H.), Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (S.R.V., Y.S.K., H.G.T., J.A.), The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry (J.S.), Department of Medicinal Chemistry (H.A., K.E., U.R.), Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry (M.L.), BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medicinal Biochemistry and Biophysics (T.L., A.J.), Karolinska Institute, Sweden; and Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Physiology (L.N., V.P., S.Y.C.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Johan Åqvist
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence (S.D., E.N., A.G., M.H.), Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (S.R.V., Y.S.K., H.G.T., J.A.), The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry (J.S.), Department of Medicinal Chemistry (H.A., K.E., U.R.), Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry (M.L.), BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medicinal Biochemistry and Biophysics (T.L., A.J.), Karolinska Institute, Sweden; and Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Physiology (L.N., V.P., S.Y.C.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Siew Yeen Chai
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence (S.D., E.N., A.G., M.H.), Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (S.R.V., Y.S.K., H.G.T., J.A.), The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry (J.S.), Department of Medicinal Chemistry (H.A., K.E., U.R.), Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry (M.L.), BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medicinal Biochemistry and Biophysics (T.L., A.J.), Karolinska Institute, Sweden; and Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Physiology (L.N., V.P., S.Y.C.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mathias Hallberg
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence (S.D., E.N., A.G., M.H.), Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (S.R.V., Y.S.K., H.G.T., J.A.), The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry (J.S.), Department of Medicinal Chemistry (H.A., K.E., U.R.), Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry (M.L.), BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medicinal Biochemistry and Biophysics (T.L., A.J.), Karolinska Institute, Sweden; and Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Physiology (L.N., V.P., S.Y.C.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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Chow LH, Tao PL, Chen YH, Lin YH, Huang EYK. Angiotensin IV possibly acts through PKMzeta in the hippocampus to regulate cognitive memory in rats. Neuropeptides 2015; 53:1-10. [PMID: 26412453 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Ang IV is an endogenous peptide generated from the degradation of angiotensin II. Ang IV was found to enhance learning and memory in CNS. PKMzeta was identified to be a fragment of PKCzeta (protein kinase Czeta). Its continuous activation was demonstrated to be correlated with the formation of memory in the hippocampus. Therefore, we investigated whether PKMzeta participates in the effects of Ang IV on memory. We first examined the effect of Ang IV on non-spatial memory/cognition in modified object recognition test in rats. Our data showed that Ang IV could increase the exploration time on novel object. The co-administration of ZIP (PKMzeta inhibitor) with Ang IV significantly blocked the effect by Ang IV. The effects of Ang IV on hippocampal LTP at the CA1 region were also evaluated. Ang IV significantly increased the amplitude and slope of the EPSPs, which was consistent with other reports. Surprisingly, instead of potentiating LTP, Ang IV caused a failed maintenance of LTP. Moreover, there was no quantitative change in PKMzeta induced by Ang IV and/or ZIP after behavioral experiments. Taken together, our data re-confirmed the finding of the positive effect of Ang IV to enhance memory/cognition. The increased strength of EPSPs with Ang IV could also have certain functional relevance. Since the behavioral results suggested the involvement of PKMzeta, we hypothesized that the enhancement of memory/cognition by Ang IV may rely on an increase in PKMzeta activity. Overall, the present study provided important advances in our understanding of the action of Ang IV in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lok-Hi Chow
- Department of Pharmacology, National Defense Medical Center, Nei-Hu, 114 Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Anesthesiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Pao-Luh Tao
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yuan-Hao Chen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Nei-Hu, 114 Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yu-Hui Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, National Defense Medical Center, Nei-Hu, 114 Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Eagle Yi-Kung Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, National Defense Medical Center, Nei-Hu, 114 Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
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Karnik SS, Unal H, Kemp JR, Tirupula KC, Eguchi S, Vanderheyden PML, Thomas WG. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. XCIX. Angiotensin Receptors: Interpreters of Pathophysiological Angiotensinergic Stimuli [corrected]. Pharmacol Rev 2015; 67:754-819. [PMID: 26315714 PMCID: PMC4630565 DOI: 10.1124/pr.114.010454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin angiotensin system (RAS) produced hormone peptides regulate many vital body functions. Dysfunctional signaling by receptors for RAS peptides leads to pathologic states. Nearly half of humanity today would likely benefit from modern drugs targeting these receptors. The receptors for RAS peptides consist of three G-protein-coupled receptors—the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1 receptor), the angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2 receptor), the MAS receptor—and a type II trans-membrane zinc protein—the candidate angiotensin IV receptor (AngIV binding site). The prorenin receptor is a relatively new contender for consideration, but is not included here because the role of prorenin receptor as an independent endocrine mediator is presently unclear. The full spectrum of biologic characteristics of these receptors is still evolving, but there is evidence establishing unique roles of each receptor in cardiovascular, hemodynamic, neurologic, renal, and endothelial functions, as well as in cell proliferation, survival, matrix-cell interaction, and inflammation. Therapeutic agents targeted to these receptors are either in active use in clinical intervention of major common diseases or under evaluation for repurposing in many other disorders. Broad-spectrum influence these receptors produce in complex pathophysiological context in our body highlights their role as precise interpreters of distinctive angiotensinergic peptide cues. This review article summarizes findings published in the last 15 years on the structure, pharmacology, signaling, physiology, and disease states related to angiotensin receptors. We also discuss the challenges the pharmacologist presently faces in formally accepting newer members as established angiotensin receptors and emphasize necessary future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadashiva S Karnik
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute of Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (S.S.K., H.U., J.R.K., K.C.T.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.E.); Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (P.M.L.V.); and Department of General Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (W.G.T.)
| | - Hamiyet Unal
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute of Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (S.S.K., H.U., J.R.K., K.C.T.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.E.); Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (P.M.L.V.); and Department of General Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (W.G.T.)
| | - Jacqueline R Kemp
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute of Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (S.S.K., H.U., J.R.K., K.C.T.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.E.); Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (P.M.L.V.); and Department of General Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (W.G.T.)
| | - Kalyan C Tirupula
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute of Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (S.S.K., H.U., J.R.K., K.C.T.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.E.); Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (P.M.L.V.); and Department of General Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (W.G.T.)
| | - Satoru Eguchi
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute of Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (S.S.K., H.U., J.R.K., K.C.T.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.E.); Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (P.M.L.V.); and Department of General Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (W.G.T.)
| | - Patrick M L Vanderheyden
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute of Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (S.S.K., H.U., J.R.K., K.C.T.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.E.); Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (P.M.L.V.); and Department of General Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (W.G.T.)
| | - Walter G Thomas
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute of Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (S.S.K., H.U., J.R.K., K.C.T.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.E.); Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (P.M.L.V.); and Department of General Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (W.G.T.)
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Hallberg M. Neuropeptides: metabolism to bioactive fragments and the pharmacology of their receptors. Med Res Rev 2015; 35:464-519. [PMID: 24894913 DOI: 10.1002/med.21323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
The proteolytic processing of neuropeptides has an important regulatory function and the peptide fragments resulting from the enzymatic degradation often exert essential physiological roles. The proteolytic processing generates, not only biologically inactive fragments, but also bioactive fragments that modulate or even counteract the response of their parent peptides. Frequently, these peptide fragments interact with receptors that are not recognized by the parent peptides. This review discusses tachykinins, opioid peptides, angiotensins, bradykinins, and neuropeptide Y that are present in the central nervous system and their processing to bioactive degradation products. These well-known neuropeptide systems have been selected since they provide illustrative examples that proteolytic degradation of parent peptides can lead to bioactive metabolites with different biological activities as compared to their parent peptides. For example, substance P, dynorphin A, angiotensin I and II, bradykinin, and neuropeptide Y are all degraded to bioactive fragments with pharmacological profiles that differ considerably from those of the parent peptides. The review discusses a selection of the large number of drug-like molecules that act as agonists or antagonists at receptors of neuropeptides. It focuses in particular on the efforts to identify selective drug-like agonists and antagonists mimicking the effects of the endogenous peptide fragments formed. As exemplified in this review, many common neuropeptides are degraded to a variety of smaller fragments but many of the fragments generated have not yet been examined in detail with regard to their potential biological activities. Since these bioactive fragments contain a small number of amino acid residues, they provide an ideal starting point for the development of drug-like substances with ability to mimic the effects of the degradation products. Thus, these substances could provide a rich source of new pharmaceuticals. However, as discussed herein relatively few examples have so far been disclosed of successful attempts to create bioavailable, drug-like agonists or antagonists, starting from the structure of endogenous peptide fragments and applying procedures relying on stepwise manipulations and simplifications of the peptide structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Hallberg
- Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, Uppsala, Sweden
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Hermans SJ, Ascher DB, Hancock NC, Holien JK, Michell BJ, Chai SY, Morton CJ, Parker MW. Crystal structure of human insulin-regulated aminopeptidase with specificity for cyclic peptides. Protein Sci 2014; 24:190-9. [PMID: 25408552 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP or oxytocinase) is a membrane-bound zinc-metallopeptidase that cleaves neuroactive peptides in the brain and produces memory enhancing effects when inhibited. We have determined the crystal structure of human IRAP revealing a closed, four domain arrangement with a large, mostly buried cavity abutting the active site. The structure reveals that the GAMEN exopeptidase loop adopts a very different conformation from other aminopeptidases, thus explaining IRAP's unique specificity for cyclic peptides such as oxytocin and vasopressin. Computational docking of a series of IRAP-specific cognitive enhancers into the crystal structure provides a molecular basis for their structure-activity relationships and demonstrates that the structure will be a powerful tool in the development of new classes of cognitive enhancers for treating a variety of memory disorders such as Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan J Hermans
- ACRF Rational Drug Discovery Centre, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Melbourne, Victoria, 3065, Australia
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Wright JW, Kawas LH, Harding JW. The development of small molecule angiotensin IV analogs to treat Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Prog Neurobiol 2014; 125:26-46. [PMID: 25455861 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's (PD) diseases are neurodegenerative diseases presently without effective drug treatments. AD is characterized by general cognitive impairment, difficulties with memory consolidation and retrieval, and with advanced stages episodes of agitation and anger. AD is increasing in frequency as life expectancy increases. Present FDA approved medications do little to slow disease progression and none address the underlying progressive loss of synaptic connections and neurons. New drug design approaches are needed beyond cholinesterase inhibitors and N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonists. Patients with PD experience the symptomatic triad of bradykinesis, tremor-at-rest, and rigidity with the possibility of additional non-motor symptoms including sleep disturbances, depression, dementia, and autonomic nervous system failure. This review summarizes available information regarding the role of the brain renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in learning and memory and motor functions, with particular emphasis on research results suggesting a link between angiotensin IV (AngIV) interacting with the AT4 receptor subtype. Currently there is controversy over the identity of this AT4 receptor protein. Albiston and colleagues have offered convincing evidence that it is the insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP). Recently members of our laboratory have presented evidence that the brain AngIV/AT4 receptor system coincides with the brain hepatocyte growth factor/c-Met receptor system. In an effort to resolve this issue we have synthesized a number of small molecule AngIV-based compounds that are metabolically stable, penetrate the blood-brain barrier, and facilitate compromised memory and motor systems. These research efforts are described along with details concerning a recently synthesized molecule, Dihexa that shows promise in overcoming memory and motor dysfunctions by augmenting synaptic connectivity via the formation of new functional synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Wright
- Departments of Psychology, Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience and Program in Biotechnology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4820, USA; M3 Biotechnology, Inc., 4000 Mason Rd Suite 300, Box 352141, Seattle, WA 98195-2141, USA.
| | - Leen H Kawas
- Departments of Psychology, Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience and Program in Biotechnology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4820, USA; M3 Biotechnology, Inc., 4000 Mason Rd Suite 300, Box 352141, Seattle, WA 98195-2141, USA
| | - Joseph W Harding
- Departments of Psychology, Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience and Program in Biotechnology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4820, USA; M3 Biotechnology, Inc., 4000 Mason Rd Suite 300, Box 352141, Seattle, WA 98195-2141, USA
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Mountford SJ, Albiston AL, Charman WN, Ng L, Holien JK, Parker MW, Nicolazzo JA, Thompson PE, Chai SY. Synthesis, Structure–Activity Relationships and Brain Uptake of a Novel Series of Benzopyran Inhibitors of Insulin-Regulated Aminopeptidase. J Med Chem 2014; 57:1368-77. [DOI: 10.1021/jm401540f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon J. Mountford
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Anthony L. Albiston
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, St. Albans Campus, St. Albans, Victoria 8001, Australia
| | - William N. Charman
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Leelee Ng
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Jessica K. Holien
- ACRF Rational Drug Discovery Centre and Biota Structural Biology Laboratory, St. Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia
| | - Michael W. Parker
- ACRF Rational Drug Discovery Centre and Biota Structural Biology Laboratory, St. Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Joseph A. Nicolazzo
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Philip E. Thompson
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Siew Yeen Chai
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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Wright JW, Kawas LH, Harding JW. A Role for the Brain RAS in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2013; 4:158. [PMID: 24298267 PMCID: PMC3829467 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2013.00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has available the necessary functional components to produce the active ligands angiotensins II (AngII), angiotensin III, angiotensins (IV), angiotensin (1-7), and angiotensin (3-7). These ligands interact with several receptor proteins including AT1, AT2, AT4, and Mas distributed within the central and peripheral nervous systems as well as local RASs in several organs. This review first describes the enzymatic pathways in place to synthesize these ligands and the binding characteristics of these angiotensin receptor subtypes. We next discuss current hypotheses to explain the disorders of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), as well as research efforts focused on the use of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), in their treatment. ACE inhibitors and ARBs are showing promise in the treatment of several neurodegenerative pathologies; however, there is a need for the development of analogs capable of penetrating the blood-brain barrier and acting as agonists or antagonists at these receptor sites. AngII and AngIV have been shown to play opposing roles regarding memory acquisition and consolidation in animal models. We discuss the development of efficacious AngIV analogs in the treatment of animal models of AD and PD. These AngIV analogs act via the AT4 receptor subtype which may coincide with the hepatocyte growth factor/c-Met receptor system. Finally, future research directions are described concerning new approaches to the treatment of these two neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W. Wright
- Departments of Psychology, Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Program in Biotechnology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Leen H. Kawas
- Departments of Psychology, Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Program in Biotechnology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Joseph W. Harding
- Departments of Psychology, Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Program in Biotechnology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
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Ribeiro NM, Toniolo EF, Castro LM, Russo LC, Rioli V, Ferro ES, Dale CS. AGH is a new hemoglobin alpha-chain fragment with antinociceptive activity. Peptides 2013; 48:10-20. [PMID: 23911313 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2013.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2012] [Revised: 07/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Limited proteolysis of certain proteins leads to the release of endogenous bioactive peptides. Hemoglobin-derived peptides such as hemorphins and hemopressins are examples of intracellular protein-derived peptides that have antinociceptive effects by modulating G-protein coupled receptors activities. In the present study, a previously characterized substrate capture assay that uses a catalytically inactive form of the thimet oligopeptidase was combined with isotopic labeling and mass spectrometry in order to identify new bioactive peptides. Indeed, we have identified the peptide AGHLDDLPGALSAL (AGH), a fragment of the hemoglobin alpha-chain, which specifically bind to the inactive thimet oligopeptidase in the substrate capture assay. Previous peptidomics studies have identified the AGH as well as many other natural peptides derived from hemoglobin alpha-chain containing this sequence, further suggesting that AGH is a natural endogenous peptide. Pharmacological assays suggest that AGH inhibits peripheral inflammatory hyperalgesic responses through indirect activation of mu opioid receptors, without having a central nervous system activity. Therefore, we have successfully used the substrate capture assay to identify a new endogenous bioactive peptide derived from hemoglobin alpha-chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia M Ribeiro
- Department of Cell Biology and Development, Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICB), University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1524, S435, São Paulo, SP 05508-00, Brazil.
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Angiotensin IV upregulates the activity of protein phosphatase 1α in Neura-2A cells. Protein Cell 2013; 4:520-8. [PMID: 23744339 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-013-3005-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The peptide angiotensin IV (Ang IV) is a derivative of angiotensin II. While insulin regulated amino peptidase (IRAP) has been proposed as a potential receptor for Ang IV, the signalling pathways of Ang IV through IRAP remain elusive. We applied high-resolution mass spectrometry to perform a systemic quantitative phosphoproteome of Neura-2A (N2A) cells treated with and without Ang IV using sta ble-isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC), and identified a reduction in the phosphorylation of a major Ser/Thr protein phosphorylase 1 (PP1) upon Ang IV treatment. In addition, spinophilin (spn), a PP1 regulatory protein that plays important functions in the neural system, was expressed at higher levels. Immunoblotting revealed decreased phosphorylation of p70S6 kinase (p70(S6K)) and the major cell cycle modulator retinoblastoma protein (pRB). These changes are consistent with an observed decrease in cell proliferation. Taken together, our study suggests that Ang IV functions via regulating the activity of PP1.
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Plasma renin-angiotensin system-regulating aminopeptidase activities are modified in early stage Alzheimer's disease and show gender differences but are not related to apolipoprotein E genotype. Exp Gerontol 2013; 48:557-64. [PMID: 23500679 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2013.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in blood pressure and components of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) contribute to the development and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD), resulting in changes that can lead or contribute to cognitive decline. Aspartyl aminopeptidase (ASAP), aminopeptidase A (APA), aminopeptidase N (APN) and aminopeptidase B (APB) catabolise circulating angiotensins, whereas insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP) has been described as the AT4 receptor. We have found in AD patients a significant decrease of APA activity in men but not in women, and of APN, APB and IRAP in both genders, when compared with control subjects. No changes were found in ASAP activity. Also, APN, APB and IRAP but not APA correlated with the Mini-Mental test, but no relationship with APOE genotype was found. We conclude that several components of the RAS are modified in AD patients, with gender differences. Furthermore, ROC analysis indicates that APN, APB and IRAP activities could be useful non-invasive biomarkers of AD from the earliest stages.
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Paris JJ, Eans SO, Mizrachi E, Reilley KJ, Ganno ML, McLaughlin JP. Central administration of angiotensin IV rapidly enhances novel object recognition among mice. Neuropharmacology 2013; 70:247-53. [PMID: 23416700 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin IV (Val(1)-Tyr(2)-Ile(3)-His(4)-Pro(5)-Phe(6)) has demonstrated potential cognitive-enhancing effects. The present investigation assessed and characterized: (1) dose-dependency of angiotensin IV's cognitive enhancement in a C57BL/6J mouse model of novel object recognition, (2) the time-course for these effects, (3) the identity of residues in the hexapeptide important to these effects and (4) the necessity of actions at angiotensin IV receptors for procognitive activity. Assessment of C57BL/6J mice in a novel object recognition task demonstrated that prior administration of angiotensin IV (0.1, 1.0, or 10.0, but not 0.01 nmol, i.c.v.) significantly enhanced novel object recognition in a dose-dependent manner. These effects were time dependent, with improved novel object recognition observed when angiotensin IV (0.1 nmol, i.c.v.) was administered 10 or 20, but not 30 min prior to the onset of the novel object recognition testing. An alanine scan of the angiotensin IV peptide revealed that replacement of the Val(1), Ile(3), His(4), or Phe(6) residues with Ala attenuated peptide-induced improvements in novel object recognition, whereas Tyr(2) or Pro(5) replacement did not significantly affect performance. Administration of the angiotensin IV receptor antagonist, divalinal-Ang IV (20 nmol, i.c.v.), reduced (but did not abolish) novel object recognition; however, this antagonist completely blocked the procognitive effects of angiotensin IV (0.1 nmol, i.c.v.) in this task. Rotorod testing demonstrated no locomotor effects with any angiotensin IV or divalinal-Ang IV dose tested. These data demonstrate that angiotensin IV produces a rapid enhancement of associative learning and memory performance in a mouse model that was dependent on the angiotensin IV receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason J Paris
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port Saint Lucie, FL 34987, USA.
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50
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Chow LH, Tao PL, Chen JC, Liao RM, Chang EP, Huang EYK. A possible correlation between oxytocin-induced and angiotensin IV-induced anti-hyperalgesia at the spinal level in rats. Peptides 2013; 39:21-8. [PMID: 23142109 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2012.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In our previous study, we showed that intrathecal (i.t.) administration of angiotensin IV (Ang IV), an insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP) inhibitor, attenuated inflammatory hyperalgesia in rats. Using the plantar test in rats with carrageenan-induced paw inflammation, we investigated the possible mechanism(s) of this effect. Because i.t. oxytocin was reported to produce a dose-dependent anti-hyperalgesia in rats with inflammation, we speculate that there is a possible correlation between oxytocin-induced and Ang IV-induced anti-hyperalgesia. Using i.t. co-administered atosiban (oxytocin receptor antagonist), the anti-hyperalgesia by Ang IV was completely abolished. This indicated that oxytocin could be the major IRAP substrate responsible for the anti-hyperalgesia by Ang IV. When Ang IV was co-administered with a low dose of oxytocin, there was a significant enhancing effect of Ang IV on oxytocin-induced anti-hyperalgesia. In recent reports, electrical stimulation on the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN) was proved to increase oxytocin release at the spinal cord. Our results also showed that Ang IV could prolong the anti-hyperalgesia induced by PVN stimulation. This suggests a possible protective effect of Ang IV on endogenous oxytocin degradation/dysfunctioning. Moreover, we examined the local effect of intraplantarly injected Ang IV in the same model. Our results showed no effect of local Ang IV on hyperalgesia and paw edema, indicating that Ang IV may not regulate the peripheral inflammatory process. Overall, our study suggests that Ang IV may act through the inhibition of the activity of IRAP to reduce the degradation of oxytocin at the spinal cord, thereby leading to anti-hyperalgesia in rats with inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lok-Hi Chow
- Department of Pharmacology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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