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Li Y, Long J, Li L, Yu Z, Liang Y, Hou B, Xiang L, Niu X. Pioglitazone protects PC12 cells against oxidative stress injury: An in vitro study of its antiapoptotic effects via the PPARγ pathway. Exp Ther Med 2023; 26:522. [PMID: 37854503 PMCID: PMC10580242 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2023.12221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
To the best of our knowledge, the role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) in oxidative stress-induced PC12 cell damage is unknown. Using a PC12 cell model with H2O2 treatment, the present study investigated the expression levels of apoptosis-related genes and neuronal apoptosis after oxidative stress injury. The present study further investigated the protective effect and mechanism of pioglitazone, a PPARγ agonist. PC12 cells treated with H2O2 were used as a model of oxidative stress injury. An MTT assay and flow cytometry were used to detect the effect of H2O2 on PC12 cell viability and the protective effect of pioglitazone. A TUNEL assay was used to detect neuronal apoptosis. The expression levels of PPARγ, Bax, Bcl-2 and caspase-3 were examined by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and western blotting. H2O2 reduced PC12 cell viability in a dose- and time-dependent manner. H2O2 significantly upregulated the protein expression levels of Bax and the cleaved caspase-3/caspase-3 ratio (P<0.01), decreased the protein expression levels of Bcl-2 (P<0.01), and increased the apoptosis rate of PC12 cells. Pioglitazone significantly reduced the protein expression levels of Bax and the cleaved caspase-3/caspase-3 ratio (P<0.01), increased the expression levels of Bcl-2 (P<0.01), decreased the Bax/Bcl-2 expression ratio (P<0.01) and increased the viability of H2O2-damaged PC12 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Treatment with the PPARγ antagonist GW9662 or PPARγ small interfering RNA counteracted the protective effect of pioglitazone on PC12 cells to different extents (P<0.01). Therefore, the present study reported the role of PPARγ in protecting PC12 cells against oxidative stress injury, which may lead to novel therapeutic approaches for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Li
- Department of Rehabilitation, Weihai Municipal Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong 264200, P.R. China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261000, P.R. China
| | - Jun Long
- Department of Rehabilitation, Weihai Municipal Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong 264200, P.R. China
| | - Libo Li
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Ziyao Yu
- College of Sports and Health, Shandong Sport University, Jinan, Shandong 250000, P.R. China
| | - Yanjing Liang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Weihai Municipal Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong 264200, P.R. China
| | - Bin Hou
- Department of Rehabilitation, Weihai Municipal Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong 264200, P.R. China
| | - Li Xiang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Xiaolin Niu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
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Hempel B, Crissman M, Pari S, Klein B, Bi GH, Alton H, Xi ZX. PPARα and PPARγ are expressed in midbrain dopamine neurons and modulate dopamine- and cannabinoid-mediated behavior in mice. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:4203-4214. [PMID: 37479780 PMCID: PMC10799974 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02182-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are a family of nuclear receptors that regulate gene expression. Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) is a PPARγ agonist and some endocannabinoids are natural activators of PPARα and PPARγ. However, little is known regarding their cellular distributions in the brain and functional roles in cannabinoid action. Here, we first used RNAscope in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry assays to examine the cellular distributions of PPARα and PPARγ expression in the mouse brain. We found that PPARα and PPARγ are expressed in ~70% of midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons. In the amygdala, PPARα is expressed in ~60% of glutamatergic neurons, while PPARγ is expressed in ~60% of GABA neurons. However, no PPARα/γ signal was detected in GABA neurons in the nucleus accumbens. We then used a series of behavioral assays to determine the functional roles of PPARα/γ in the CNS effects of Δ9-THC. We found that optogenetic stimulation of midbrain DA neurons was rewarding as assessed by optical intracranial self-stimulation (oICSS) in DAT-cre mice. Δ9-THC and a PPARγ (but not PPARα) agonist dose-dependently inhibited oICSS. Pretreatment with PPARα or PPARγ antagonists attenuated the Δ9-THC-induced reduction in oICSS and Δ9-THC-induced anxiogenic effects. In addition, a PPARγ agonist increased, while PPARα or PPARγ antagonists decreased open-field locomotion. Pretreatment with PPARα or PPARγ antagonists potentiated Δ9-THC-induced hypoactivity and catalepsy but failed to alter Δ9-THC-induced analgesia, hypothermia and immobility. These findings provide the first anatomical and functional evidence supporting an important role of PPARα/γ in DA-dependent behavior and cannabinoid action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briana Hempel
- Addiction Biology Unit, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Medication Development Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Madeline Crissman
- Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sruti Pari
- Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Benjamin Klein
- Addiction Biology Unit, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Medication Development Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Guo-Hua Bi
- Addiction Biology Unit, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Medication Development Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hannah Alton
- Addiction Biology Unit, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Medication Development Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Zheng-Xiong Xi
- Addiction Biology Unit, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Li WA, Efendizade A, Ding Y. The role of microRNA in neuronal inflammation and survival in the post ischemic brain: a review. Neurol Res 2023; 45:1-9. [PMID: 28552032 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2017.1327505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Each year, more than 790 000 people in the United States suffer from a stroke. Although progress has been made in diagnosis and treatment of ischemic stroke (IS), new therapeutic interventions to protect the brain during an ischemic insult is highly needed. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally. Growing evidence suggests that miRNAs have a profound impact on ischemic stroke progression and are potential targets of novel treatments. Notably, inflammatory pathways play an important role in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke and its pathophysiologic progression. Experimental and clinical studies have illustrated that inflammatory molecular events collaboratively contribute to neuronal and glial cell survival, edema formation and regression, and vascular integrity. In the present review, we examine recent discoveries regarding miRNAs and their roles in post-ischemic stroke neuropathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Aslan Efendizade
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Yuchuan Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, MI, USA
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Xi ZX, Hempel B, Crissman M, Pari S, Klein B, Bi GH, Alton H. PPARα and PPARγ are expressed in midbrain dopamine neurons and modulate dopamine- and cannabinoid-mediated behavior in mice. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2614714. [PMID: 36909477 PMCID: PMC10002816 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2614714/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are a family of nuclear receptors that regulate gene expression. Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ 9 -THC) is a PPARg agonist and some endocannabinoids are natural activators of PPAR a and PPARg. Therefore, both the receptors are putative cannabinoid receptors. However, little is known regarding their cellular distributions in the brain and functional roles in cannabinoid action. Here we first used RNAscope in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry assays to examine the cellular distributions of PPARα and PPARγ expression in the mouse brain. We found that PPARα and PPARγ are highly expressed in ~70% midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons and in ~50% GABAergic and ~50% glutamatergic neurons in the amygdala. However, no PPARα/γ signal was detected in GABAergic neurons in the nucleus accumbens. We then used a series of behavioral assays to determine the functional roles of PPARα/γ in the CNS effects of Δ 9 -THC. We found that optogenetic stimulation of midbrain DA neurons was rewarding as assessed by optical intracranial self-stimulation (oICSS) in DAT-cre mice. Δ 9 -THC and a PPARγ (but not PPARα) agonist dose-dependently inhibited oICSS, suggesting that dopaminergic PPARγ modulates DA-dependent behavior. Surprisingly, pretreatment with PPARα or PPARγ antagonists dose-dependently attenuated the Δ 9 -THC-induced reduction in oICSS and anxiogenic effects. In addition, a PPARγ agonist increased, while PPARa or PPARγ antagonists decreased open-field locomotion. Pretreatment with PPARa or PPARγ antagonists potentiated Δ 9 -THC-induced hypoactivity and catalepsy but failed to alter Δ 9 -THC-induced analgesia, hypothermia and immobility. These findings provide the first anatomical and functional evidence supporting an important role of PPARa/g in DA-dependent behavior and cannabinoid action.
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5
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Takeuchi S, Fukumoto T, Takemori C, Saito N, Nishigori C, Sato M. Cell migration is impaired in XPA-deficient cells. FASEB Bioadv 2022; 5:53-61. [PMID: 36816512 PMCID: PMC9927838 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2022-00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is a hereditary disorder characterized by photosensitivity, predisposition to skin cancers, and neurological abnormalities including microcephaly and progressive neurodegeneration. A lack of nucleotide excision repair (NER) in patients with XP can cause hypersensitivity to the sun, leading to skin cancer, whereas the etiology of the neuronal symptoms of XP remains ambiguous. There are various neurological disorders that perturb neuronal migration, causing mislocalization and disorganization of the cortical lamination. Here, we investigated the role of the XP group-A (Xpa) gene in directed cell migration. First, we adopted an in utero electroporation method to transduce shRNA vectors into the murine embryonic cerebral cortex for the in vivo knockdown of Xpa. Xpa-knockdown neurons in the embryonic cerebral cortex showed abnormal cell migration, cell cycle exit, and differentiation. The genotype-phenotype relationship between the lack of XPA and cell migration abnormalities was confirmed using both a scratch assay and time-lapse microscopy in XP-A patient-derived fibroblasts. Unlike healthy cells, these cells showed impairment in overall mobility and the direction of motility. Therefore, abnormal cell migration may explain neural tissue abnormalities in patients with XP-A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Takeuchi
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal RelatedKobe University Graduate School of MedicineKobeJapan,Division of Cell Biology and NeuroscienceDepartment of Morphological and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medical SciencesUniversity of FukuiFukuiJapan
| | - Takeshi Fukumoto
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal RelatedKobe University Graduate School of MedicineKobeJapan
| | - Chihiro Takemori
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal RelatedKobe University Graduate School of MedicineKobeJapan
| | - Naoaki Saito
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Biosignal Research CenterKobe UniversityKobeJapan
| | - Chikako Nishigori
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal RelatedKobe University Graduate School of MedicineKobeJapan,Department of iPS cell applicationsGraduate School of Medicine, Kobe UniversityKobeJapan
| | - Makoto Sato
- Division of Cell Biology and NeuroscienceDepartment of Morphological and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medical SciencesUniversity of FukuiFukuiJapan,Department of Anatomy and NeuroscienceGraduate School of Medicine, Osaka UniversityOsakaJapan,United Graduate School of Child DevelopmentOsaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University and University of Fukui (UGSCD)OsakaJapan
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6
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Liu J, Sahin C, Ahmad S, Magomedova L, Zhang M, Jia Z, Metherel AH, Orellana A, Poda G, Bazinet RP, Attisano L, Cummins CL, Peng H, Krause HM. The omega-3 hydroxy fatty acid 7( S)-HDHA is a high-affinity PPARα ligand that regulates brain neuronal morphology. Sci Signal 2022; 15:eabo1857. [PMID: 35857636 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abo1857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
The nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) is emerging as an important target in the brain for the treatment or prevention of cognitive disorders. The identification of high-affinity ligands for brain PPARα may reveal the mechanisms underlying the synaptic effects of this receptor and facilitate drug development. Here, using an affinity purification-untargeted mass spectrometry (AP-UMS) approach, we identified an endogenous, selective PPARα ligand, 7(S)-hydroxy-docosahexaenoic acid [7(S)-HDHA]. Results from mass spectrometric detection of 7(S)-HDHA in mouse and rat brain tissues, time-resolved FRET analyses, and thermal shift assays collectively revealed that 7(S)-HDHA potently activated PPARα with an affinity greater than that of other ligands identified to date. We also found that 7(S)-HDHA activation of PPARα in cultured mouse cortical neurons stimulated neuronal growth and arborization, as well as the expression of genes associated with synaptic plasticity. The findings suggest that this DHA derivative supports and enhances neuronal synaptic capacity in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiabao Liu
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Cigdem Sahin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Samar Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2
| | - Lilia Magomedova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Minhao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Zhengping Jia
- Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Adam H Metherel
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Arturo Orellana
- Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Gennady Poda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada
- Drug Discovery, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Richard P Bazinet
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Liliana Attisano
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2
| | - Carolyn L Cummins
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Hui Peng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
- School of the Environment, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Henry M Krause
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
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7
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PPARα Signaling: A Candidate Target in Psychiatric Disorder Management. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12050723. [PMID: 35625650 PMCID: PMC9138493 DOI: 10.3390/biom12050723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activator receptors (PPARs) regulate lipid and glucose metabolism, control inflammatory processes, and modulate several brain functions. Three PPAR isoforms have been identified, PPARα, PPARβ/δ, and PPARγ, which are expressed in different tissues and cell types. Hereinafter, we focus on PPARα involvement in the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders, which is underscored by PPARα localization in neuronal circuits involved in emotion modulation and stress response, and its role in neurodevelopment and neuroinflammation. A multiplicity of downstream pathways modulated by PPARα activation, including glutamatergic neurotransmission, upregulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and neurosteroidogenic effects, encompass mechanisms underlying behavioral regulation. Modulation of dopamine neuronal firing in the ventral tegmental area likely contributes to PPARα effects in depression, anhedonia, and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Based on robust preclinical evidence and the initial results of clinical studies, future clinical trials should assess the efficacy of PPARα agonists in the treatment of mood and neurodevelopmental disorders, such as depression, schizophrenia, and ASD.
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De Iuliis A, Montinaro E, Fatati G, Plebani M, Colosimo C. Diabetes mellitus and Parkinson's disease: dangerous liaisons between insulin and dopamine. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:523-533. [PMID: 34380882 PMCID: PMC8504381 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.320965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between diabetes mellitus and Parkinson's disease has been described in several epidemiological studies over the 1960s to date. Molecular studies have shown the possible functional link between insulin and dopamine, as there is strong evidence demonstrating the action of dopamine in pancreatic islets, as well as the insulin effects on feeding and cognition through central nervous system mechanism, largely independent of glucose utilization. Therapies used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus appear to be promising candidates for symptomatic and/or disease-modifying action in neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's disease, while an old dopamine agonist, bromocriptine, has been repositioned for the type 2 diabetes mellitus treatment. This review will aim at reappraising the different studies that have highlighted the dangerous liaisons between diabetes mellitus and Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ennio Montinaro
- Department of Neurology, Santa Maria University Hospital, Terni, Italy
| | | | - Mario Plebani
- Department of Medicine-DiMED, University of Padova, Italy
- Department of Medicine-DiMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Department of Laboratory Medicine-Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Carlo Colosimo
- Department of Neurology, Santa Maria University Hospital, Terni, Italy
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Wada Y, Maekawa M, Ohnishi T, Balan S, Matsuoka S, Iwamoto K, Iwayama Y, Ohba H, Watanabe A, Hisano Y, Nozaki Y, Toyota T, Shimogori T, Itokawa M, Kobayashi T, Yoshikawa T. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α as a novel therapeutic target for schizophrenia. EBioMedicine 2020; 62:103130. [PMID: 33279456 PMCID: PMC7728824 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.103130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathophysiology of schizophrenia, a major psychiatric disorder, remains elusive. In this study, the role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)/retinoid X receptor (RXR) families, belonging to the ligand-activated nuclear receptor superfamily, in schizophrenia, was analyzed. METHODS The PPAR/RXR family genes were screened by exploiting molecular inversion probe (MIP)-based targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) using the samples of 1,200 Japanese patients with schizophrenia. The results were compared with the whole-genome sequencing databases of the Japanese cohort (ToMMo) and the gnomAD. To reveal the relationship between PPAR/RXR dysfunction and schizophrenia, Ppara KO mice and fenofibrate (a clinically used PPARα agonist)-administered mice were assessed by performing behavioral, histological, and RNA-seq analyses. FINDINGS Our findings indicate that c.209-2delA, His117Gln, Arg141Cys, and Arg226Trp of the PPARA gene are risk variants for schizophrenia. The c.209-2delA variant generated a premature termination codon. The three missense variants significantly decreased the activity of PPARα as a transcription factor in vitro. The Ppara KO mice exhibited schizophrenia-relevant phenotypes, including behavioral deficits and impaired synaptogenesis in the cerebral cortex. Oral administration of fenofibrate alleviated spine pathology induced by phencyclidine, an N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist. Furthermore, pre-treatment with fenofibrate suppressed the sensitivity of mice to another NMDA receptor antagonist, MK-801. RNA-seq analysis revealed that PPARα regulates the expression of synaptogenesis signaling pathway-related genes. INTERPRETATION The findings of this study indicate that the mechanisms underlying schizophrenia pathogenesis involve PPARα-regulated transcriptional machinery and modulation of synapse physiology. Hence, PPARα can serve as a novel therapeutic target for schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuina Wada
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-city, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Humanities and Science, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan; Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-city, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Motoko Maekawa
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-city, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Humanities and Science, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan.
| | - Tetsuo Ohnishi
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-city, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-city, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Shabeesh Balan
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-city, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-city, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | | | - Kazuya Iwamoto
- Department of Molecular Brain Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Iwayama
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-city, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hisako Ohba
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-city, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Akiko Watanabe
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-city, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yasuko Hisano
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-city, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yayoi Nozaki
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-city, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Tomoko Toyota
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-city, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Tomomi Shimogori
- Laboratory for Molecular Mechanisms of Brain Development, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Masanari Itokawa
- Center for Medical Cooperation, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Tetsuyuki Kobayashi
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Humanities and Science, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan
| | - Takeo Yoshikawa
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-city, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Humanities and Science, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan.
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Strosznajder AK, Wójtowicz S, Jeżyna MJ, Sun GY, Strosznajder JB. Recent Insights on the Role of PPAR-β/δ in Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration, and Its Potential Target for Therapy. Neuromolecular Med 2020; 23:86-98. [PMID: 33210212 PMCID: PMC7929960 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-020-08629-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) β/δ belongs to the family of hormone and lipid-activated nuclear receptors, which are involved in metabolism of long-chain fatty acids, cholesterol, and sphingolipids. Similar to PPAR-α and PPAR-γ, PPAR-β/δ also acts as a transcription factor activated by dietary lipids and endogenous ligands, such as long-chain saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, and selected lipid metabolic products, such as eicosanoids, leukotrienes, lipoxins, and hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids. Together with other PPARs, PPAR-β/δ displays transcriptional activity through interaction with retinoid X receptor (RXR). In general, PPARs have been shown to regulate cell differentiation, proliferation, and development and significantly modulate glucose, lipid metabolism, mitochondrial function, and biogenesis. PPAR-β/δ appears to play a special role in inflammatory processes and due to its proangiogenic and anti-/pro-carcinogenic properties, this receptor has been considered as a therapeutic target for treating metabolic syndrome, dyslipidemia, carcinogenesis, and diabetes. Until now, most studies were carried out in the peripheral organs, and despite of its presence in brain cells and in different brain regions, its role in neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation remains poorly understood. This review is intended to describe recent insights on the impact of PPAR-β/δ and its novel agonists on neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s, Huntington’s diseases, multiple sclerosis, stroke, and traumatic injury. An important goal is to obtain new insights to better understand the dietary and pharmacological regulations of PPAR-β/δ and to find promising therapeutic strategies that could mitigate these neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Strosznajder
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, 1 Kilinskiego st., 15-089, Białystok, Poland
| | - Sylwia Wójtowicz
- Department of Cellular Signaling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawińskiego st., 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mieszko J Jeżyna
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, 1 Kilinskiego st., 15-089, Białystok, Poland
| | - Grace Y Sun
- Biochemistry Department, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Joanna B Strosznajder
- Department of Cellular Signaling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawińskiego st., 02-106, Warsaw, Poland.
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11
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Yüksel RN, Titiz AP, Yaylacı ET, Ünal K, Turhan T, Erzin G, Züngün C, Aydemir MÇ, Göka E. Serum PGE2, 15d-PGJ, PPARγ and CRP levels in patients with schizophrenia. Asian J Psychiatr 2019; 46:24-28. [PMID: 31590005 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2019.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Many hypotheses have been proposed for the development of schizophrenia, including the one proposing that exogenous and endogenous factors are linked to inflammatory processes. There is strong evidence about the immunological and inflammatory dysfunction in schizophrenia. In this study, we aimed to measure serum 15-deoxy-delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J (15d-PGJ), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma(PPARγ), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. Forty-four patients and 39 healthy volunteers were included in the study. Serum PGE2, 15d-PGJ, PPARγ and CRP levels were measured in both the groups. Demographic data forms were filled out for the patient group, and the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, Clinical Global Impression-Severity scale and Calgary Depression scale were used to assess patients' clinical status. Serum PGE2, 15d-PGJ and PPARγ levels were found to be significantly lower in patients with schizophrenia than in healthy controls. There was no significant relationship between the serum PGE2, 15d-PGJ and PPARγ levels and CRP levels.In this study, the evidence of systemic inflammatory conditions in patients with schizophrenia was found. The duration of the disease has been found to be the only variable that independently affects all three biomarker levels in the patients with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kübranur Ünal
- Department of Biochemistry, Ankara City Hospital, Turkey
| | - Turan Turhan
- Department of Biochemistry, Ankara City Hospital, Turkey
| | - Gamze Erzin
- Department of Psychiatry, Ankara City Hospital, Turkey
| | | | | | - Erol Göka
- Department of Psychiatry, Ankara City Hospital, Turkey
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12
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d'Angelo M, Castelli V, Catanesi M, Antonosante A, Dominguez-Benot R, Ippoliti R, Benedetti E, Cimini A. PPARγ and Cognitive Performance. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20205068. [PMID: 31614739 PMCID: PMC6834178 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20205068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent findings have led to the discovery of many signaling pathways that link nuclear receptors with human conditions, including mental decline and neurodegenerative diseases. PPARγ agonists have been indicated as neuroprotective agents, supporting synaptic plasticity and neurite outgrowth. For these reasons, many PPARγ ligands have been proposed for the improvement of cognitive performance in different pathological conditions. In this review, the research on this issue is extensively discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele d'Angelo
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Vanessa Castelli
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Mariano Catanesi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Andrea Antonosante
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Reyes Dominguez-Benot
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Ippoliti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Benedetti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Annamaria Cimini
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine and Center for Biotechnology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA.
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13
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Bordone MP, Salman MM, Titus HE, Amini E, Andersen JV, Chakraborti B, Diuba AV, Dubouskaya TG, Ehrke E, Espindola de Freitas A, Braga de Freitas G, Gonçalves RA, Gupta D, Gupta R, Ha SR, Hemming IA, Jaggar M, Jakobsen E, Kumari P, Lakkappa N, Marsh APL, Mitlöhner J, Ogawa Y, Paidi RK, Ribeiro FC, Salamian A, Saleem S, Sharma S, Silva JM, Singh S, Sulakhiya K, Tefera TW, Vafadari B, Yadav A, Yamazaki R, Seidenbecher CI. The energetic brain - A review from students to students. J Neurochem 2019; 151:139-165. [PMID: 31318452 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The past 20 years have resulted in unprecedented progress in understanding brain energy metabolism and its role in health and disease. In this review, which was initiated at the 14th International Society for Neurochemistry Advanced School, we address the basic concepts of brain energy metabolism and approach the question of why the brain has high energy expenditure. Our review illustrates that the vertebrate brain has a high need for energy because of the high number of neurons and the need to maintain a delicate interplay between energy metabolism, neurotransmission, and plasticity. Disturbances to the energetic balance, to mitochondria quality control or to glia-neuron metabolic interaction may lead to brain circuit malfunction or even severe disorders of the CNS. We cover neuronal energy consumption in neural transmission and basic ('housekeeping') cellular processes. Additionally, we describe the most common (glucose) and alternative sources of energy namely glutamate, lactate, ketone bodies, and medium chain fatty acids. We discuss the multifaceted role of non-neuronal cells in the transport of energy substrates from circulation (pericytes and astrocytes) and in the supply (astrocytes and microglia) and usage of different energy fuels. Finally, we address pathological consequences of disrupted energy homeostasis in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina Paula Bordone
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas (ININFA), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mootaz M Salman
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, and Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Haley E Titus
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Elham Amini
- Department of Medicine, University Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre (HUKM), Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jens V Andersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Artem V Diuba
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatsiana G Dubouskaya
- Institute of Biophysics and Cell Engineering, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Eric Ehrke
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Andiara Espindola de Freitas
- Neurobiology Section, Biological Sciences Division, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | | | | | - Richa Gupta
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
| | - Sharon R Ha
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Isabel A Hemming
- Brain Growth and Disease Laboratory, The Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Minal Jaggar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Emil Jakobsen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Punita Kumari
- Defense Institute of Physiology and allied sciences, Defense Research and Development Organization, Timarpur, Delhi, India
| | - Navya Lakkappa
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS college of Pharmacy, Ooty, India
| | - Ashley P L Marsh
- Bruce Lefroy Centre for Genetic Health Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jessica Mitlöhner
- Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Biology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Yuki Ogawa
- The Jikei University School of Medicine, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Ahmad Salamian
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Suraiya Saleem
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Sorabh Sharma
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Rajasthan, India
| | - Joana M Silva
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), Medical School, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Shripriya Singh
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
| | - Kunjbihari Sulakhiya
- Department of Pharmacy, Indira Gandhi National Tribal University, Amarkantak, India
| | - Tesfaye Wolde Tefera
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Behnam Vafadari
- Institute of environmental medicine, UNIKA-T, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anuradha Yadav
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
| | - Reiji Yamazaki
- Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Constanze I Seidenbecher
- Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Biology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
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14
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Corrigendum to "PPARs in Human Neuroepithelial Tumors: PPAR Ligands as Anticancer Therapies for the Most Common Human Neuroepithelial Tumors". PPAR Res 2019; 2019:4309068. [PMID: 31428141 PMCID: PMC6679841 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4309068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1155/2010/427401.].
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15
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Boujon V, Uhlemann R, Wegner S, Wright MB, Laufs U, Endres M, Kronenberg G, Gertz K. Dual PPARα/γ agonist aleglitazar confers stroke protection in a model of mild focal brain ischemia in mice. J Mol Med (Berl) 2019; 97:1127-1138. [PMID: 31147725 PMCID: PMC6647083 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-019-01801-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Abstract Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) control the expression of genes involved in glucose homeostasis, lipid metabolism, inflammation, and cell differentiation. Here, we analyzed the effects of aleglitazar, a dual PPARα and PPARγ agonist with balanced affinity for either subtype, on subacute stroke outcome. Healthy young adult mice were subjected to transient 30 min middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo)/reperfusion. Daily treatment with aleglitazar was begun on the day of MCAo and continued until sacrifice. Blood glucose measurements and lipid profile did not differ between mice receiving aleglitazar and mice receiving vehicle after MCAo. Aleglitazar reduced the size of the ischemic lesion as assessed using NeuN immunohistochemistry on day 7. Sensorimotor performance on the rotarod was impaired during the first week after MCAo, an effect that was significantly attenuated by treatment with aleglitazar. Smaller lesion volume in mice treated with aleglitazar was accompanied by a decrease in mRNA transcription of IL-1β, Vcam-1, and Icam-1, suggesting that reduced proinflammatory signaling and reduced vascular inflammation in the ischemic hemisphere contribute to the beneficial effects of aleglitazar during the first week after stroke. Further experiments in primary murine microglia confirmed that aleglitazar reduces key aspects of microglia activation including NO production, release of proinflammatory cytokines, migration, and phagocytosis. In aggregate, a brief course of PPARα/γ agonist aleglitazar initiated post-event affords stroke protection and functional recovery in a model of mild brain ischemia. Our data underscores the theme of delayed injury processes such as neuroinflammation as promising therapeutic targets in stroke. Key messages PPARα/γ agonist aleglitazar improves stroke outcome after transient brain ischemia. Aleglitazar attenuates inflammatory responses in post-ischemic brain. Aleglitazar reduces microglia migration, phagocytosis, and release of cytokines. Beneficial effects of aleglitazar independent of glucose regulation. Aleglitazar provides extended window of opportunity for stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Boujon
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Klinik und Hochschulambulanz für Neurologie und Centrum für Schlaganfallforschung Berlin (CSB), Charité Campus Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ria Uhlemann
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Klinik und Hochschulambulanz für Neurologie und Centrum für Schlaganfallforschung Berlin (CSB), Charité Campus Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephanie Wegner
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Klinik und Hochschulambulanz für Neurologie und Centrum für Schlaganfallforschung Berlin (CSB), Charité Campus Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthew B Wright
- pRED, Pharma Research & Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Strekin AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ulrich Laufs
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Kardiologie, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matthias Endres
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Klinik und Hochschulambulanz für Neurologie und Centrum für Schlaganfallforschung Berlin (CSB), Charité Campus Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.,DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), 10115, Berlin, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Golo Kronenberg
- College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, and Leicestershire Partnership NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
| | - Karen Gertz
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Klinik und Hochschulambulanz für Neurologie und Centrum für Schlaganfallforschung Berlin (CSB), Charité Campus Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
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16
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Naserzadeh R, Abad N, Ghorbanzadeh B, Dolatshahi M, Mansouri MT. Simvastatin exerts antidepressant-like activity in mouse forced swimming test: Role of NO-cGMP-K ATP channels pathway and PPAR-gamma receptors. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2019; 180:92-100. [PMID: 30857920 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Simvastatin, one of the lipophilic statins, has been shown to be effective in reducing depression in rodents. The present study aimed to investigate the potential antidepressant-like activity of simvastatin and the possible involvement of NO-cGMP-KATP channels pathway and PPARγ using forced swimming test (FST) in mice. In addition, the interaction between simvastatin and fluoxetine as a reference drug was examined. After assessment of locomotor behavior in the open-field test (OFT), FST was applied for evaluation of depressive behavior in mice. Simvastatin at doses (20, 30, and 40 mg/kg, i.p.) was administrated 30 min before the OFT or FST. To evaluate the involvement of NO-cGMP-KATP channels pathway, mice were pre-treated intraperitoneally with l-arginine (a nitric oxide precursor, 750 mg/kg), L-NAME (a NOS inhibitor, 10 mg/kg), methylene blue (guanylyl cyclase inhibitor, 20 mg/kg), sildenafil (a PDE-5 inhibitor, 5 mg/kg), glibenclamide (ATP-sensitive K+ channel blocker, 1 mg/kg), and diazoxide (K+ channels opener, 10 mg/kg). Moreover, to clarify the probable involvement of PPARγ receptors, pioglitazone, a PPARγ agonist (5 mg/kg, i.p.), and GW9662, a PPARγ antagonist (2 mg/kg, i.p.), were pre-treated with simvastatin. Immobility time was significantly decreased after simvastatin injection. Administration of L-NAME, methylene blue, glibenclamide and pioglitazone in combination with the sub-effective dose of simvastatin (20 mg/kg, i.p.) reduced the immobility time in the FST compared to drugs alone, while co-administration of effective doses of simvastatin (30 mg/kg, i.p.) with l-arginine, sildenafil, diazoxide, and GW9662 prevented the antidepressant-like effect of simvastatin. In addition, simvastatin (20 mg/kg) potentiated the antidepressant-like effect of fluoxetine through the NO pathway. None of the drugs produced any significant alterations in locomotor activity using OFT. These results demonstrated that NO-cGMP-KATP channels pathway and PPARγ receptors may be involved in the antidepressant-like effect of simvastatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Naserzadeh
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Dezful University of Medical Sciences, Dezful, Iran
| | - Niloofar Abad
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Dezful University of Medical Sciences, Dezful, Iran
| | - Behnam Ghorbanzadeh
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Dezful University of Medical Sciences, Dezful, Iran.
| | - Mojtaba Dolatshahi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Dezful University of Medical Sciences, Dezful, Iran
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17
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Augustyniak J, Lenart J, Gaj P, Kolanowska M, Jazdzewski K, Stepien PP, Buzanska L. Bezafibrate Upregulates Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Influence Neural Differentiation of Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:4346-4363. [PMID: 30315479 PMCID: PMC6505510 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1368-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Bezafibrate (BZ) regulates mitochondrial biogenesis by activation of PPAR’s receptors and enhancing the level of PGC-1α coactivator. In this report, we investigated the effect of BZ on the expression of genes (1) that are linked to different pathways involved in mitochondrial biogenesis, e.g., regulated by PPAR’s receptors or PGC-1α coactivator, and (2) involved in neuronal or astroglial fate, during neural differentiation of hiPSC. The tested cell populations included hiPSC-derived neural stem cells (NSC), early neural progenitors (eNP), and neural progenitors (NP). RNA-seq analysis showed the expression of PPARA, PPARD receptors and excluded PPARG in all tested populations. The expression of PPARGC1A encoding PGC-1α was dependent on the stage of differentiation: NSC, eNP, and NP differed significantly as compared to hiPSC. In addition, BZ-evoked upregulation of PPARGC1A, GFAP, S100B, and DCX genes coexist with downregulation of MAP2 gene only at the eNP stage of differentiation. In the second task, we investigated the cell sensitivity and mitochondrial biogenesis upon BZ treatment. BZ influenced the cell viability, ROS level, mitochondrial membrane potential, and total cell number in concentration- and stage of differentiation-dependent manner. Induction of mitochondrial biogenesis evoked by BZ determined by the changes in the level of SDHA and COX-1 protein, and mtDNA copy number, as well as the expression of NRF1, PPARGC1A, and TFAM genes, was detected only at NP stage for all tested markers. Thus, developmental stage-specific sensitivity to BZ of neurally differentiating hiPSC can be linked to mitochondrial biogenesis, while fate commitment decisions to PGC-1α (encoded by PPARGC1A) pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Augustyniak
- Stem Cell Bioengineering Unit, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Lenart
- Department of Neurochemistry, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Gaj
- Laboratory of Human Cancer Genetics, Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Krystian Jazdzewski
- Laboratory of Human Cancer Genetics, Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,Genomic Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Pawel Stepien
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.,Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Leonora Buzanska
- Stem Cell Bioengineering Unit, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
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18
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Gallelli CA, Calcagnini S, Romano A, Koczwara JB, de Ceglia M, Dante D, Villani R, Giudetti AM, Cassano T, Gaetani S. Modulation of the Oxidative Stress and Lipid Peroxidation by Endocannabinoids and Their Lipid Analogues. Antioxidants (Basel) 2018; 7:E93. [PMID: 30021985 PMCID: PMC6070960 DOI: 10.3390/antiox7070093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence supports the pivotal role played by oxidative stress in tissue injury development, thus resulting in several pathologies including cardiovascular, renal, neuropsychiatric, and neurodegenerative disorders, all characterized by an altered oxidative status. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and lipid peroxidation-derived reactive aldehydes including acrolein, malondialdehyde, and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, among others, are the main responsible for cellular and tissue damages occurring in redox-dependent processes. In this scenario, a link between the endocannabinoid system (ECS) and redox homeostasis impairment appears to be crucial. Anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol, the best characterized endocannabinoids, are able to modulate the activity of several antioxidant enzymes through targeting the cannabinoid receptors type 1 and 2 as well as additional receptors such as the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1, the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha, and the orphan G protein-coupled receptors 18 and 55. Moreover, the endocannabinoids lipid analogues N-acylethanolamines showed to protect cell damage and death from reactive aldehydes-induced oxidative stress by restoring the intracellular oxidants-antioxidants balance. In this review, we will provide a better understanding of the main mechanisms triggered by the cross-talk between the oxidative stress and the ECS, focusing also on the enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants as scavengers of reactive aldehydes and their toxic bioactive adducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Anna Gallelli
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Silvio Calcagnini
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Adele Romano
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Justyna Barbara Koczwara
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Marialuisa de Ceglia
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Donatella Dante
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Rosanna Villani
- C.U.R.E. University Centre for Liver Disease Research and Treatment, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Institute of Internal Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy.
| | - Anna Maria Giudetti
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Tommaso Cassano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Luigi Pinto, c/o Ospedali Riuniti, 71122 Foggia, Italy.
| | - Silvana Gaetani
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
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19
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D'Angelo M, Antonosante A, Castelli V, Catanesi M, Moorthy N, Iannotta D, Cimini A, Benedetti E. PPARs and Energy Metabolism Adaptation during Neurogenesis and Neuronal Maturation. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19071869. [PMID: 29949869 PMCID: PMC6073366 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19071869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARs) are a class of ligand-activated transcription factors, belonging to the superfamily of receptors for steroid and thyroid hormones, retinoids, and vitamin D. PPARs control the expression of several genes connected with carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, and it has been demonstrated that PPARs play important roles in determining neural stem cell (NSC) fate. Lipogenesis and aerobic glycolysis support the rapid proliferation during neurogenesis, and specific roles for PPARs in the control of different phases of neurogenesis have been demonstrated. Understanding the changes in metabolism during neuronal differentiation is important in the context of stem cell research, neurodegenerative diseases, and regenerative medicine. In this review, we will discuss pivotal evidence that supports the role of PPARs in energy metabolism alterations during neuronal maturation and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele D'Angelo
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Andrea Antonosante
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Vanessa Castelli
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Mariano Catanesi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - NandhaKumar Moorthy
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Dalila Iannotta
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Annamaria Cimini
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Elisabetta Benedetti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
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20
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study is to investigate the role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma isoform (PPARγ), in trigeminal neuropathic pain utilizing a novel mouse trigeminal inflammatory compression (TIC) injury model. RESULTS The study determined that the PPARγ nuclear receptor plays a significant role in trigeminal nociception transmission, evidenced by: 1) Intense PPARγ immunoreactivity is expressed 3 weeks after TIC nerve injury in the spinal trigeminal caudalis, the termination site of trigeminal nociceptive nerve fibers. 2) Systemic administration of a PPARγ agonist, pioglitazone (PIO), attenuates whisker pad mechanical allodynia at doses of 300 mg/kg i.p. and 600 mg/kg p.o. 3) Administration of a PPARγ antagonist, GW9662 (30 mg/kg i.p.), prior to providing the optimal dose of PIO (300 mg/kg i.p.) blocked the analgesic effect of PIO. DISCUSSION This is the first study localizing PPARγ immunoreactivity throughout the brainstem trigeminal sensory spinal nucleus (spV) and its increase three weeks after TIC nerve injury. This is also the first study to demonstrate that activation of PPARγ attenuates trigeminal hypersensitivity in the mouse TIC nerve injury model. The findings presented here suggest the possibility of utilizing the FDA approved diabetic treatment drug, PIO, as a new therapeutic that targets PPARγ for treatment of patients suffering from orofacial neuropathic pain.
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21
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de la Monte SM. Insulin Resistance and Neurodegeneration: Progress Towards the Development of New Therapeutics for Alzheimer's Disease. Drugs 2017; 77:47-65. [PMID: 27988872 PMCID: PMC5575843 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-016-0674-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) should be regarded as a degenerative metabolic disease caused by brain insulin resistance and deficiency, and overlapping with the molecular, biochemical, pathophysiological, and metabolic dysfunctions in diabetes mellitus, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and metabolic syndrome. Although most of the diagnostic and therapeutic approaches over the past several decades have focused on amyloid-beta (Aβ42) and aberrantly phosphorylated tau, which could be caused by consequences of brain insulin resistance, the broader array of pathologies including white matter atrophy with loss of myelinated fibrils and leukoaraiosis, non-Aβ42 microvascular disease, dysregulated lipid metabolism, mitochondrial dysfunction, astrocytic gliosis, neuro-inflammation, and loss of synapses vis-à-vis growth of dystrophic neurites, is not readily accounted for by Aβ42 accumulations, but could be explained by dysregulated insulin/IGF-1 signaling with attendant impairments in signal transduction and gene expression. This review covers the diverse range of brain abnormalities in AD and discusses how insulins, incretins, and insulin sensitizers could be utilized to treat at different stages of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne M de la Monte
- Department of Neurology, Rhode Island Hospital, and the Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Pierre Galletti Research Building, 55 Claverick Street, Room 419, Providence, RI, 02903, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rhode Island Hospital, and the Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
- Department of Neuropathology, Rhode Island Hospital, and the Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Rhode Island Hospital, and the Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
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22
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Grabacka M, Pierzchalska M, Dean M, Reiss K. Regulation of Ketone Body Metabolism and the Role of PPARα. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17122093. [PMID: 27983603 PMCID: PMC5187893 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17122093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ketogenesis and ketolysis are central metabolic processes activated during the response to fasting. Ketogenesis is regulated in multiple stages, and a nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α (PPARα) is one of the key transcription factors taking part in this regulation. PPARα is an important element in the metabolic network, where it participates in signaling driven by the main nutrient sensors, such as AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), PPARγ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α), and mammalian (mechanistic) target of rapamycin (mTOR) and induces hormonal mediators, such as fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21). This work describes the regulation of ketogenesis and ketolysis in normal and malignant cells and briefly summarizes the positive effects of ketone bodies in various neuropathologic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Grabacka
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture, ul. Balicka 122, 30-149 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Malgorzata Pierzchalska
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture, ul. Balicka 122, 30-149 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Matthew Dean
- Neurological Cancer Research, Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1700 Tulane Ave, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
| | - Krzysztof Reiss
- Neurological Cancer Research, Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1700 Tulane Ave, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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23
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Toral M, Romero M, Pérez-Vizcaíno F, Duarte J, Jiménez R. Antihypertensive effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-β/δ activation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2016; 312:H189-H200. [PMID: 27881385 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00155.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are members of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily of ligand-activated transcription factors, which is composed of three members encoded by distinct genes: PPARα, PPARβ/δ, and PPARγ. The biological actions of PPARα and PPARγ and their potential as a cardiovascular therapeutic target have been extensively reviewed, whereas the biological actions of PPARβ/δ and its effectiveness as a therapeutic target in the treatment of hypertension remain less investigated. Preclinical studies suggest that pharmacological PPARβ/δ activation induces antihypertensive effects in direct [spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR), ANG II, and DOCA-salt] and indirect (dyslipemic and gestational) models of hypertension, associated with end-organ damage protection. This review summarizes mechanistic insights into the antihypertensive effects of PPARβ/δ activators, including molecular and functional mechanisms. Pharmacological PPARβ/δ activation induces genomic actions including the increase of regulators of G protein-coupled signaling (RGS), acute nongenomic vasodilator effects, as well as the ability to improve the endothelial dysfunction, reduce vascular inflammation, vasoconstrictor responses, and sympathetic outflow from central nervous system. Evidence from clinical trials is also examined. These preclinical and clinical outcomes of PPARβ/δ ligands may provide a basis for the development of therapies in combating hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Toral
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel Romero
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Pérez-Vizcaíno
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University Complutense of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid. Spain; and.,Ciber Enfermedades Respiratorias (Ciberes). Madrid. Spain
| | - Juan Duarte
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Rosario Jiménez
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; .,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
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24
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Di Giacomo E, Benedetti E, Cristiano L, Antonosante A, d'Angelo M, Fidoamore A, Barone D, Moreno S, Ippoliti R, Cerù MP, Giordano A, Cimini A. Roles of PPAR transcription factors in the energetic metabolic switch occurring during adult neurogenesis. Cell Cycle 2016; 16:59-72. [PMID: 27860527 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2016.1252881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PPARs are a class of ligand-activated transcription factors belonging to the superfamily of receptors for steroid and thyroid hormones, retinoids and vitamin D that control the expression of a large number of genes involved in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism and in the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation and death. The role of PPARs in the CNS has been primarily associated with lipid and glucose metabolism; however, these receptors are also implicated in neural cell differentiation and death, as well as neuronal maturation. Although it has been demonstrated that PPARs play important roles in determining NSCs fate, less is known about their function in regulating NSCs metabolism during differentiation. In order to identify the metabolic events, controlled by PPARs, occurring during neuronal precursor differentiation, the glucose and lipid metabolism was followed in a recognized model of neuronal differentiation in vitro, the SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell line. Moreover, PPARs distribution were also followed in situ in adult mouse brains. The concept of adult neurogenesis becomes relevant especially in view of those disorders in which a loss of neurons is described, such as Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, brain injuries and other neurological disorders. Elucidating the crucial steps in energetic metabolism and the involvement of PPARγ in NSC neuronal fate (lineage) may be useful for the future design of preventive and/or therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Di Giacomo
- a Department of Life , Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila , L'Aquila , Italy
| | - E Benedetti
- a Department of Life , Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila , L'Aquila , Italy
| | - L Cristiano
- a Department of Life , Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila , L'Aquila , Italy
| | - A Antonosante
- a Department of Life , Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila , L'Aquila , Italy
| | - M d'Angelo
- a Department of Life , Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila , L'Aquila , Italy
| | - A Fidoamore
- a Department of Life , Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila , L'Aquila , Italy
| | - D Barone
- b Oncology Research Center of Mercogliano (CROM), Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori "Fondazione Giovanni Pascale," IRCCS , Naples , Italy
| | - S Moreno
- c Department of Science-LIME , University Roma Tre , Rome , Italy
| | - R Ippoliti
- a Department of Life , Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila , L'Aquila , Italy
| | - M P Cerù
- a Department of Life , Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila , L'Aquila , Italy
| | - A Giordano
- d Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine and Center for Biotechnology, Temple University , Philadelphia , PA , USA.,e Department of Medicine , Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena , Siena , Italy
| | - A Cimini
- a Department of Life , Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila , L'Aquila , Italy.,d Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine and Center for Biotechnology, Temple University , Philadelphia , PA , USA.,f National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN), Gran Sasso National Laboratory (LNGS) , Assergi , Italy
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25
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A Flavonoid Compound Promotes Neuronal Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells via PPAR-β Modulating Mitochondrial Energy Metabolism. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157747. [PMID: 27315062 PMCID: PMC4912105 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Relatively little is known regarding mitochondrial metabolism in neuronal differentiation of embryonic stem (ES) cells. By using a small molecule, present research has investigated the pattern of cellular energy metabolism in neural progenitor cells derived from mouse ES cells. Flavonoid compound 4a faithfully facilitated ES cells to differentiate into neurons morphologically and functionally. The expression and localization of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) were examined in neural progenitor cells. PPAR-β expression showed robust upregulation compared to solvent control. Treatment with PPAR-β agonist L165041 alone or together with compound 4a significantly promoted neuronal differentiation, while antagonist GSK0660 blocked the neurogenesis-promoting effect of compound 4a. Consistently, knockdown of PPAR-β in ES cells abolished compound 4a-induced neuronal differentiation. Interestingly, we found that mitochondrial fusion protein Mfn2 was also abolished by sh-PPAR-β, resulting in abnormal mitochondrial Ca2+ ([Ca2+]M) transients as well as impaired mitochondrial bioenergetics. In conclusion, we demonstrated that by modulating mitochondrial energy metabolism through Mfn2 and mitochondrial Ca2+, PPAR-β took an important role in neuronal differentiation induced by flavonoid compound 4a.
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26
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Warden A, Truitt J, Merriman M, Ponomareva O, Jameson K, Ferguson LB, Mayfield RD, Harris RA. Localization of PPAR isotypes in the adult mouse and human brain. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27618. [PMID: 27283430 PMCID: PMC4901333 DOI: 10.1038/srep27618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are nuclear hormone receptors that act as ligand-activated transcription factors. PPAR agonists have well-documented anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective roles in the central nervous system. Recent evidence suggests that PPAR agonists are attractive therapeutic agents for treating neurodegenerative diseases as well as addiction. However, the distribution of PPAR mRNA and protein in brain regions associated with these conditions (i.e. prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, amygdala, ventral tegmental area) is not well defined. Moreover, the cell type specificity of PPARs in mouse and human brain tissue has yet to be investigated. We utilized quantitative PCR and double immunofluorescence microscopy to determine that both PPAR mRNA and protein are expressed ubiquitously throughout the adult mouse brain. We found that PPARs have unique cell type specificities that are consistent between species. PPARα was the only isotype to colocalize with all cell types in both adult mouse and adult human brain tissue. Overall, we observed a strong neuronal signature, which raises the possibility that PPAR agonists may be targeting neurons rather than glia to produce neuroprotection. Our results fill critical gaps in PPAR distribution and define novel cell type specificity profiles in the adult mouse and human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Warden
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States.,The Institute for Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States
| | - Jay Truitt
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States
| | - Morgan Merriman
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States
| | - Olga Ponomareva
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States
| | - Kelly Jameson
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States
| | - Laura B Ferguson
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States.,The Institute for Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States
| | - R Dayne Mayfield
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States
| | - R Adron Harris
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States
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27
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Chang GQ, Karatayev O, Lukatskaya O, Leibowitz SF. Prenatal fat exposure and hypothalamic PPAR β/δ: Possible relationship to increased neurogenesis of orexigenic peptide neurons. Peptides 2016; 79:16-26. [PMID: 27002387 PMCID: PMC4872302 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Gestational exposure to a fat-rich diet, while elevating maternal circulating fatty acids, increases in the offspring's hypothalamus and amygdala the proliferation and density of neurons that express neuropeptides known to stimulate consummatory behavior. To understand the relationship between these phenomena, this study examined in the brain of postnatal offspring (day 15) the effect of prenatal fat exposure on the transcription factor, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) β/δ, which is sensitive to fatty acids, and the relationship of PPAR β/δ to the orexigenic neuropeptides, orexin, melanin-concentrating hormone, and enkephalin. Prenatal exposure to a fat-rich diet compared to low-fat chow increased the density of cells immunoreactive for PPAR β/δ in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), perifornical lateral hypothalamus (PFLH), and central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA), but not the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus or basolateral amygdaloid nucleus. It also increased co-labeling of PPAR β/δ with the cell proliferation marker, BrdU, or neuronal marker, NeuN, and the triple labeling of PPAR β/δ with BrdU plus NeuN, indicating an increase in proliferation and density of new PPAR β/δ neurons. Prenatal fat exposure stimulated the double-labeling of PPAR β/δ with orexin or melanin-concentrating hormone in the PFLH and enkephalin in the PVN and CeA and also triple-labeling of PPAR β/δ with BrdU and these neuropeptides, indicating that dietary fat increases the genesis of PPAR β/δ neurons that produce these peptides. These findings demonstrate a close anatomical relationship between PPAR β/δ and the increased proliferation and density of peptide-expressing neurons in the hypothalamus and amygdala of fat-exposed offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- G-Q Chang
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - O Karatayev
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - O Lukatskaya
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - S F Leibowitz
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
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28
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Benedetti E, Di Loreto S, D'Angelo B, Cristiano L, d'Angelo M, Antonosante A, Fidoamore A, Golini R, Cinque B, Cifone MG, Ippoliti R, Giordano A, Cimini A. The PPARβ/δ Agonist GW0742 Induces Early Neuronal Maturation of Cortical Post-Mitotic Neurons: Role of PPARβ/δ in Neuronal Maturation. J Cell Physiol 2016. [PMID: 26206209 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidences support that signaling lipids participate in synaptic plasticity and cell survival, and that the lipid signaling is closely associated with neuronal differentiation, learning, and memory and with pathologic events, such as epilepsy and Alzheimer's disease. The Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPAR) are strongly involved in the fatty acid cell signaling, as many of the natural lypophylic compounds are PPAR ligands. We have previously shown that PPARβ/δ is the main isotype present in cortical neuron primary cultures and that during neuronal maturation, PPARβ/δ is gradually increased and activated. To get more insight into the molecular mechanism by which PPARβ/δ may be involved in neuronal maturation processes, in this work a specific PPARβ/δ agonist, GW0742 was used administered alone or in association with a specific PPARβ/δ antagonist, the GSK0660, and the parameters involved in neuronal differentiation and maturation were assayed. The data obtained demonstrated the strong involvement of PPARβ/δ in neuronal maturation, triggering the agonist an anticipation of neuronal differentiation, and the antagonist abolishing the observed effects. These effects appear to be mediated by the activation of BDNF pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Benedetti
- Department of Life Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Silvia Di Loreto
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT)-CNR, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Barbara D'Angelo
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine and Center for Biotechnology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Loredana Cristiano
- Department of Life Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Michele d'Angelo
- Department of Life Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Andrea Antonosante
- Department of Life Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Alessia Fidoamore
- Department of Life Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Raffaella Golini
- Department of Life Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Benedetta Cinque
- Department of Life Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Cifone
- Department of Life Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Ippoliti
- Department of Life Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Antonio Giordano
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine and Center for Biotechnology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Annamaria Cimini
- Department of Life Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy.,Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine and Center for Biotechnology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN), Gran Sasso National Laboratory (LNGS), Assergi, Italy
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29
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Iglesias J, Morales L, Barreto GE. Metabolic and Inflammatory Adaptation of Reactive Astrocytes: Role of PPARs. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:2518-2538. [PMID: 26984740 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9833-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Astrocyte-mediated inflammation is associated with degenerative pathologies such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases and multiple sclerosis. The acute inflammation and morphological and metabolic changes that astrocytes develop after the insult are known as reactive astroglia or astrogliosis that is an important response to protect and repair the lesion. Astrocytes optimize their metabolism to produce lactate, glutamate, and ketone bodies in order to provide energy to the neurons that are deprived of nutrients upon insult. Firstly, we review the basis of inflammation and morphological changes of the different cell population implicated in reactive gliosis. Next, we discuss the more active metabolic pathways in healthy astrocytes and explain the metabolic response of astrocytes to the insult in different pathologies and which metabolic alterations generate complications in these diseases. We emphasize the role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors isotypes in the inflammatory and metabolic adaptation of astrogliosis developed in ischemia or neurodegenerative diseases. Based on results reported in astrocytes and other cells, we resume and hypothesize the effect of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) activation with ligands on different metabolic pathways in order to supply energy to the neurons. The activation of selective PPAR isotype activity may serve as an input to better understand the role played by these receptors on the metabolic and inflammatory compensation of astrogliosis and might represent an opportunity to develop new therapeutic strategies against traumatic brain injuries and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Iglesias
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, DC, Colombia.
| | - Ludis Morales
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, DC, Colombia
| | - George E Barreto
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, DC, Colombia
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru
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30
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Heras-Sandoval D, Pedraza-Chaverri J, Pérez-Rojas JM. Role of docosahexaenoic acid in the modulation of glial cells in Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:61. [PMID: 26965310 PMCID: PMC4787218 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0525-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an omega-3 (ω-3) long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFA) relevant for brain function. It has largely been explored as a potential candidate to treat Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Clinical evidence favors a role for DHA in the improvement of cognition in very early stages of the AD. In response to stress or damage, DHA generates oxygenated derivatives called docosanoids that can activate the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ). In conjunction with activated retinoid X receptors (RXR), PPARγ modulates inflammation, cell survival, and lipid metabolism. As an early event in AD, inflammation is associated with an excess of amyloid β peptide (Aβ) that contributes to neural insult. Glial cells are recognized to be actively involved during AD, and their dysfunction is associated with the early appearance of this pathology. These cells give support to neurons, remove amyloid β peptides from the brain, and modulate inflammation. Since DHA can modulate glial cell activity, the present work reviews the evidence about this modulation as well as the effect of docosanoids on neuroinflammation and in some AD models. The evidence supports PPARγ as a preferred target for gene modulation. The effective use of DHA and/or its derivatives in a subgroup of people at risk of developing AD is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Heras-Sandoval
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, México, DF, México.,Laboratorio de Farmacología, Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan), Av. San Fernando #22, Tlalpan 14080, Apartado Postal 22026, México, DF, México
| | - José Pedraza-Chaverri
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, México, DF, México
| | - Jazmin M Pérez-Rojas
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan), Av. San Fernando #22, Tlalpan 14080, Apartado Postal 22026, México, DF, México.
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31
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Cimini A, Ardini M, Gentile R, Giansanti F, Benedetti E, Cristiano L, Fidoamore A, Scotti S, Panella G, Angelucci F, Ippoliti R. A peroxiredoxin-based proteinaceous scaffold for the growth and differentiation of neuronal cells and tumour stem cells in the absence of prodifferentiation agents. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2016; 11:2462-2470. [PMID: 29737636 DOI: 10.1002/term.2144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The use of nanoscale materials in the design of scaffolds for CNS tissue is increasing, due to their ability to promote cell adhesion, to mimic an extracellular matrix microenvironment and to interact with neuronal membranes. In this framework, one of the major challenges when using undifferentiated neural cells is how to control the differentiation process. Here we report the characterization of a scaffold based on the self-assembled nanotubes of a mutant of the protein peroxiredoxin (from Schistosoma mansoni or Bos taurus), which allows the growth and differentiation of a model neuronal cell line (SHSY5Y). The results obtained demonstrate that SHSY5Y cells grow without any sign of toxicity and develop a neuronal phenotype, as shown by the expression of neuronal differentiation markers, without the use of any differentiation supplement, even in the presence of serum. The prodifferentiation effect is demonstrated to be dependent on the formation of the protein nanotube, since a wild-type (WT) form of the peroxiredoxin from Schistosoma mansoni does not induce any differentiation. The protein scaffold was also able to induce the spread of glioblastoma cancer stem cells growing in neurospheres and allowing the acquisition of a neuron-like morphology, as well as of immature rat cortical neurons. This protein used here as coating agent may be suggested for the development of scaffolds for tissue regeneration or anti-tumour devices. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Cimini
- Department of Life Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.,Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine and Center for Biotechnology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN), Gran Sasso National Laboratory (LNGS), Assergi, Italy
| | - Matteo Ardini
- Department of Life Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Roberta Gentile
- Department of Life Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Francesco Giansanti
- Department of Life Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Benedetti
- Department of Life Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Loredana Cristiano
- Department of Life Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Alessia Fidoamore
- Department of Life Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Stefano Scotti
- Department of Life Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Gloria Panella
- Department of Life Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Francesco Angelucci
- Department of Life Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Ippoliti
- Department of Life Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
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Ostadhadi S, Nikoui V, Haj-Mirzaian A, Kordjazy N, Dehpour AR. The role of PPAR-gamma receptor in pruritus. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 762:322-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Saha L, Bhandari S, Bhatia A, Banerjee D, Chakrabarti A. Anti-kindling Effect of Bezafibrate, a Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptors Alpha Agonist, in Pentylenetetrazole Induced Kindling Seizure Model. J Epilepsy Res 2014; 4:45-54. [PMID: 25625088 PMCID: PMC4295053 DOI: 10.14581/jer.14011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose: Studies in the animals suggested that Peroxisome proliferators activated receptors (PPARs) may be involved in seizure control and selective agonists of PPAR α or PPAR γ raise seizure thresholds. The present study was contemplated with the aim of evaluating the anti kindling effects and the mechanism of bezafibrate, a Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors α (PPAR-α) agonist in pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) induced kindling model of seizures in rats. Methods: In a PTZ kindled Wistar rat model, different doses of bezafibrate (100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg) were administered intraperitoneally 30 minutes before the PTZ injection. The PTZ injection was given on alternate day till the animal became fully kindled or till 10 weeks. The parameters measured were the latency to develop kindling and incidence of kindling, histopathological study of hippocampus, hippocampal lipid peroxidation studies, serum neuron specific enolase, and hippocampal DNA fragmentation study. Results: In this study, bezafibrate significantly reduced the incidence of kindling in PTZ treated rats and exhibited a marked prolongation in the latencies to seizures. In the present study bezafibrate decreased the thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance i.e. Malondialdehyde levels, increased the reduced glutathione levels, catalase and superoxide dismutase activity in the brain. This added to its additional neuroprotective effects. Bezafibrate also reduced the neuronal damage and apoptosis in hippocampal area of the brain. Therefore bezafibrate exerted anticonvulsant properties in PTZ induced kindling model in rats. Conclusions: These findings may provide insights into the understanding of the mechanism of bezafibrate as an anti kindling agent and could offer a useful support to the basic antiepileptic therapy in preventing the development of PTZ induced seizures, suggesting its potential for therapeutic applications in temporal lobe epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lekha Saha
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Sector 12, Chandigarh
| | - Swati Bhandari
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Sector 12, Chandigarh
| | - Alka Bhatia
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute Of Medical Education & Research, Sector 12, Chandigarh, India
| | - Dibyajyoti Banerjee
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute Of Medical Education & Research, Sector 12, Chandigarh, India
| | - Amitava Chakrabarti
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Sector 12, Chandigarh
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Martinez AA, Morgese MG, Pisanu A, Macheda T, Paquette MA, Seillier A, Cassano T, Carta AR, Giuffrida A. Activation of PPAR gamma receptors reduces levodopa-induced dyskinesias in 6-OHDA-lesioned rats. Neurobiol Dis 2014; 74:295-304. [PMID: 25486547 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-term administration of l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (levodopa), the mainstay treatment for Parkinson's disease (PD), is accompanied by fluctuations in its duration of action and motor complications (dyskinesia) that dramatically affect the quality of life of patients. Levodopa-induced dyskinesias (LID) can be modeled in rats with unilateral 6-OHDA lesions via chronic administration of levodopa, which causes increasingly severe axial, limb, and orofacial abnormal involuntary movements (AIMs) over time. In previous studies, we showed that the direct activation of CB1 cannabinoid receptors alleviated rat AIMs. Interestingly, elevation of the endocannabinoid anandamide by URB597 (URB), an inhibitor of endocannabinoid catabolism, produced an anti-dyskinetic response that was only partially mediated via CB1 receptors and required the concomitant blockade of transient receptor potential vanilloid type-1 (TRPV1) channels by capsazepine (CPZ) (Morgese et al., 2007). In this study, we showed that the stimulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR), a family of transcription factors activated by anandamide, contributes to the anti-dyskinetic effects of URB+CPZ, and that the direct activation of the PPARγ subtype by rosiglitazone (RGZ) alleviates levodopa-induced AIMs in 6-OHDA rats. AIM reduction was associated with an attenuation of levodopa-induced increase of dynorphin, zif-268, and of ERK phosphorylation in the denervated striatum. RGZ treatment did not decrease striatal levodopa and dopamine bioavailability, nor did it affect levodopa anti-parkinsonian activity. Collectively, these data indicate that PPARγ may represent a new pharmacological target for the treatment of LID.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Martinez
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - M G Morgese
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Viale Luigi Pinto 1, Foggia 71100, Italy
| | - A Pisanu
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
| | - T Macheda
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - M A Paquette
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - A Seillier
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - T Cassano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Viale Luigi Pinto 1, Foggia 71100, Italy
| | - A R Carta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | - A Giuffrida
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
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Litwa E, Rzemieniec J, Wnuk A, Lason W, Krzeptowski W, Kajta M. Apoptotic and neurotoxic actions of 4-para-nonylphenol are accompanied by activation of retinoid X receptor and impairment of classical estrogen receptor signaling. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 144 Pt B:334-47. [PMID: 25092517 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
4-para-Nonylphenol (NP) is a non-ionic surfactant that has widespread and uncontrolled distribution in the environment. Little is known, however, about its actions on neuronal cells during critical developmental periods. This study aimed to investigate the mechanisms underlying the apoptotic and toxic actions of NP on mouse embryonic neuronal cells and the possible interactions of NP with estrogen receptor (ER)- and retinoid X receptor (RXR)-mediated intracellular signaling. Treatment of mouse hippocampal neuronal cell cultures with NP (5 and 10μM) induced apoptotic and neurotoxic effects. The 2 and 7 day-old mouse hippocampal cultures were vulnerable to 5 and 10μM NP, whereas 12 day-old cultures responded only to the highest concentration of NP, thus suggesting an age-dependent action of the chemical on neuronal cells. The use of specific inhibitors did not support the involvement of calpains in NP-induced apoptosis, but indicated caspase-8- and caspase-9-dependent effects of NP. Specific ER antagonists MPP and PHTPP potentiated the NP-induced loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and increase in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release whereas, ER agonists PPT and DPN inhibited these effects. RXR antagonist HX531 diminished the NP-evoked loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, the activity of caspase-3 and LDH release. In addition, exposure to NP inhibited ERα- and ERβ-specific immunofluorescence but stimulated RXR-specific immunolabeling in mouse hippocampal cells. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that the apoptotic and toxic actions of NP on neuronal cells in early development is accompanied by an impairment of ER- and stimulation of RXR-mediated signaling pathways. Taking into account NP-induced alterations in mRNA expression levels of particular types of RXRs, we suggest that NP affected mainly RXRα and RXRβ, but not RXRγ signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Litwa
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna Street, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - J Rzemieniec
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna Street, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - A Wnuk
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna Street, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - W Lason
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna Street, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - W Krzeptowski
- Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Confocal Microscopy Laboratory, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, 9 Gronostajowa Street, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - M Kajta
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna Street, 31-343 Krakow, Poland.
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Carta AR, Simuni T. Thiazolidinediones under preclinical and early clinical development for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2014; 24:219-27. [PMID: 25227476 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2015.963195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Current treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) is limited to symptomatic dopaminergic therapy, while no interventions have been shown to slow down disease progression. AREAS COVERED The following article highlights a group of PPAR-γ agonists called thiazolidinediones (TZDs), which are currently being tested for a putative disease-modifying benefit in PD, using pioglitazone as a prototypic compound. PPAR-γ is highly expressed in neurons of the substantia nigra and CNS immune cells. Preclinical data in rodent and primate support an effect of TZDs in preventing and/or arresting neurodegeneration and development of motor symptoms. Although no data on the neuroprotective effect of TZDs is currently available, a clinical trial is ongoing where the primary objective is to assess pioglitazone's impact on the progression of PD. The trial is also evaluating the drug's safety concerns. EXPERT OPINION The efficacy data from clinical trials must be carefully weighed against the safety concerns. However, given the solid preclinical data, and since the safety data are not yet fully conclusive and limited to the diabetic population, PPAR-γ research in PD can continue with caution. Ideally, drug discovery and development efforts will lead to the identification of new compounds with reduced risk of peripheral side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna R Carta
- University of Cagliari, Department of Biomedical Sciences , via Ospedale 72, 09124, Cagliari , Italy +39 0706758662 ; +39 0706758665 ;
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Lee MY, Lee YJ, Kim YH, Lee SH, Park JH, Kim MO, Suh HN, Ryu JM, Yun SP, Jang MW, Han HJ. Role of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor (PPAR)δ in Embryonic Stem Cell Proliferation. Int J Stem Cells 2014; 2:28-34. [PMID: 24855517 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc.2009.2.1.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2009] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are ligand-activated transcription factors that belong to the nuclear receptor family. It is well known that PPARs function as regulators of lipid and lipoprotein metabolism and glucose homeostasis, as well as influence cellular proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. However, the role of the PPARs with regard to embryonic stem (ES) cells remains unknown. We will review the function of the PPARδ, one of the three PPAR isoforms, α, δ (also called β/δ), and γ, in ES cells and its role in embryo development. In addition, pluripotent mouse ES cells can be expanded in large numbers in vitro due to the process of symmetrical self-renewal. Here we describe how PPARδ sustains ES cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Young Lee
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Biotherapy Human Resources Center (BK21), College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Yu Jin Lee
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Biotherapy Human Resources Center (BK21), College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Yun Hee Kim
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Biotherapy Human Resources Center (BK21), College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Sang Hun Lee
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Biotherapy Human Resources Center (BK21), College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jae Hong Park
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Biotherapy Human Resources Center (BK21), College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Mi Ok Kim
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Biotherapy Human Resources Center (BK21), College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Han Na Suh
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Biotherapy Human Resources Center (BK21), College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jung Min Ryu
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Biotherapy Human Resources Center (BK21), College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Seung Pil Yun
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Biotherapy Human Resources Center (BK21), College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Min Woo Jang
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Biotherapy Human Resources Center (BK21), College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Ho Jae Han
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Biotherapy Human Resources Center (BK21), College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
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Borges GR, Morgan DA, Ketsawatsomkron P, Mickle AD, Thompson AP, Cassell MD, Mohapatra DP, Rahmouni K, Sigmund CD. Interference with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ in vascular smooth muscle causes baroreflex impairment and autonomic dysfunction. Hypertension 2014; 64:590-6. [PMID: 24914194 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.114.03553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
S-P467L mice expressing dominant negative peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ selectively in vascular smooth muscle exhibit impaired vasodilation, augmented vasoconstriction, hypertension, and tachycardia. We hypothesized that tachycardia in S-P467L mice is a result of baroreflex dysfunction. S-P467L mice displayed increased sympathetic traffic to the heart and decreased baroreflex gain and effectiveness. Carotid arteries exhibited inward remodeling but no changes in distensibility or stress/strain. Aortic depressor nerve activity in response to increased arterial pressure was blunted in S-P467L mice. However, the arterial pressure and heart rate responses to aortic depressor nerve stimulation were unaltered in S-P467L mice, suggesting that the central and efferent limbs of the baroreflex arc remain intact. There was no transgene expression in nodose ganglion and no change in expression of the acid-sensing ion channel-2 or -3 in nodose ganglion. There was a trend toward decreased expression of transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 receptor mRNA in nodose ganglion, but no difference in the immunochemical staining of transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 receptor in the termination area of the left aortic depressor nerve in S-P467L mice. Although there was no difference in the maximal calcium response to capsaicin in cultured nodose neurons from S-P467L mice, there was decreased desensitization of transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 receptor channels. In conclusion, S-P467L mice exhibit baroreflex dysfunction because of a defect in the afferent limb of the baroreflex arc caused by impaired vascular function, altered vascular structure, or compromised neurovascular coupling. These findings implicate vascular smooth muscle peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ as a critical determinant of neurovascular signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulianna R Borges
- From the Department of Pharmacology (G.R.B., D.A.M., P.K., A.D.M., D.P.M., K.R., C.D.S.), Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (A.P.T., M.D.C.), and Center on the Functional Genomics of Hypertension (K.R., C.D.S.), Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City
| | - Donald A Morgan
- From the Department of Pharmacology (G.R.B., D.A.M., P.K., A.D.M., D.P.M., K.R., C.D.S.), Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (A.P.T., M.D.C.), and Center on the Functional Genomics of Hypertension (K.R., C.D.S.), Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City
| | - Pimonrat Ketsawatsomkron
- From the Department of Pharmacology (G.R.B., D.A.M., P.K., A.D.M., D.P.M., K.R., C.D.S.), Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (A.P.T., M.D.C.), and Center on the Functional Genomics of Hypertension (K.R., C.D.S.), Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City
| | - Aaron D Mickle
- From the Department of Pharmacology (G.R.B., D.A.M., P.K., A.D.M., D.P.M., K.R., C.D.S.), Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (A.P.T., M.D.C.), and Center on the Functional Genomics of Hypertension (K.R., C.D.S.), Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City
| | - Anthony P Thompson
- From the Department of Pharmacology (G.R.B., D.A.M., P.K., A.D.M., D.P.M., K.R., C.D.S.), Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (A.P.T., M.D.C.), and Center on the Functional Genomics of Hypertension (K.R., C.D.S.), Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City
| | - Martin D Cassell
- From the Department of Pharmacology (G.R.B., D.A.M., P.K., A.D.M., D.P.M., K.R., C.D.S.), Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (A.P.T., M.D.C.), and Center on the Functional Genomics of Hypertension (K.R., C.D.S.), Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City
| | - Durga P Mohapatra
- From the Department of Pharmacology (G.R.B., D.A.M., P.K., A.D.M., D.P.M., K.R., C.D.S.), Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (A.P.T., M.D.C.), and Center on the Functional Genomics of Hypertension (K.R., C.D.S.), Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City
| | - Kamal Rahmouni
- From the Department of Pharmacology (G.R.B., D.A.M., P.K., A.D.M., D.P.M., K.R., C.D.S.), Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (A.P.T., M.D.C.), and Center on the Functional Genomics of Hypertension (K.R., C.D.S.), Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City
| | - Curt D Sigmund
- From the Department of Pharmacology (G.R.B., D.A.M., P.K., A.D.M., D.P.M., K.R., C.D.S.), Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (A.P.T., M.D.C.), and Center on the Functional Genomics of Hypertension (K.R., C.D.S.), Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City.
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Gelé P, Vingtdeux V, Potey C, Drobecq H, Ghestem A, Melnyk P, Buée L, Sergeant N, Bordet R. Recovery of brain biomarkers following peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonist neuroprotective treatment before ischemic stroke. Proteome Sci 2014; 12:24. [PMID: 24944524 PMCID: PMC4061923 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5956-12-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Lipid lowering agent such as agonists of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) are suggested as neuroprotective agents and may protect from the sequelae of brain ischemic stroke. Although the demonstration is not clearly established in human, the underlying molecular mechanism may be of interest for future therapeutic purposes. To this end, we have used our well established rodent model of ischemia-reperfusion pre-treated or not with fenofibrate or atorvastatin and performed a differential proteomics analyses of the brain and analysed the protein markers which levels returned to “normal” following pre-treatments with PPARα agonists. Results In order to identify potential therapeutic targets positively modulated by pre-treatment with the PPARα agonists, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis proteome profiles between control, ischemia-reperfusion and pre-treated or not, were compared. The polypeptide which expression was altered following ischemia – reperfusion but whose levels remain unchanged after pre-treatment were characterized by mass spectrometry and further investigated by Western-blotting and immunohistochemistry. A series of 28 polypeptides were characterized among which the protein disulfide isomerase reduction – a protein instrumental to the unfolded protein response system - was shown to be reduced following PPARα agonists treatment while it was strongly increased in ischemia-reperfusion. Conclusions Pre-treatment with PPARα agonist or atorvastatin show potential neuroprotective effects by inhibiting the PDI overexpression in conjunction with the preservation of other neuronal markers, several of which are associated with the regulation of protein homeostasis, signal transduction and maintenance of synaptic plasticity. This proteomic study therefore suggests that neuroprotective effect of PPARα agonists supposes the preservation of the expression of several proteins essential for the maintenance of protein homeostasis not necessarily directly linked to PPARα known-regulated targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Gelé
- Clinical Investigation center, IMPRT, University of Lille II, Cardiologic Hospital, Lille, France ; Inserm UMR 837, JPARC, Place de Verdun, Lille 59045, France ; PRES University Lille Nord de France, University of Lille II, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, Institute of Predictive Medicine and Therapeutic Research, Lille IFR114, France ; EA1046 - Department de Pharmacology - University of Lille 2, University Hospital Centre Place de Verdun, Lille, France
| | - Valérie Vingtdeux
- Inserm UMR 837, JPARC, Place de Verdun, Lille 59045, France ; PRES University Lille Nord de France, University of Lille II, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, Institute of Predictive Medicine and Therapeutic Research, Lille IFR114, France
| | - Camille Potey
- EA1046 - Department de Pharmacology - University of Lille 2, University Hospital Centre Place de Verdun, Lille, France
| | - Hervé Drobecq
- PRES University Lille Nord de France, University of Lille II, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, Institute of Predictive Medicine and Therapeutic Research, Lille IFR114, France ; UMR 8161 CNRS, Biomolecules and Micro-nanotechnologies laboratory - University of Lille 2 - University of Lille 1 - Pasteur Institute of Lille, Lille, France
| | | | - Patricia Melnyk
- PRES University Lille Nord de France, University of Lille II, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, Institute of Predictive Medicine and Therapeutic Research, Lille IFR114, France ; UMR 8161 CNRS, Biomolecules and Micro-nanotechnologies laboratory - University of Lille 2 - University of Lille 1 - Pasteur Institute of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Luc Buée
- Inserm UMR 837, JPARC, Place de Verdun, Lille 59045, France ; PRES University Lille Nord de France, University of Lille II, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, Institute of Predictive Medicine and Therapeutic Research, Lille IFR114, France
| | - Nicolas Sergeant
- Inserm UMR 837, JPARC, Place de Verdun, Lille 59045, France ; PRES University Lille Nord de France, University of Lille II, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, Institute of Predictive Medicine and Therapeutic Research, Lille IFR114, France
| | - Régis Bordet
- EA1046 - Department de Pharmacology - University of Lille 2, University Hospital Centre Place de Verdun, Lille, France
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Bystrowska B, Smaga I, Frankowska M, Filip M. Changes in endocannabinoid and N-acylethanolamine levels in rat brain structures following cocaine self-administration and extinction training. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2014; 50:1-10. [PMID: 24334211 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical investigations have demonstrated that drugs of abuse alter the levels of lipid-based signalling molecules, including endocannabinoids (eCBs) and N-acylethanolamines (NAEs), in the rodent brain. In addition, several drugs targeting eCBs and/or NAEs are implicated in reward and/or seeking behaviours related to the stimulation of dopamine systems in the brain. In our study, the brain levels of eCBs (anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG)) and NAEs (oleoylethanolamide (OEA) and palmitoylethanolamide (PEA)) were analyzed via an LC-MS/MS method in selected brain structures of rats during cocaine self-administration and after extinction training according to the "yoked" control procedure. Repeated (14days) cocaine (0.5mg/kg/infusion) self-administration and yoked drug delivery resulted in a significant decrease (ca. 52%) in AEA levels in the cerebellum, whereas levels of 2-AG increased in the frontal cortex, the hippocampus and the cerebellum and decreased in the hippocampus and the dorsal striatum. In addition, we detected increases (>150%) in the levels of OEA and PEA in the limbic areas in both cocaine treated groups, as well as an increase in the tissue levels of OEA in the dorsal striatum in only the yoked cocaine group and increases in the tissue levels of PEA in the dorsal striatum (both cocaine groups) and the nucleus accumbens (yoked cocaine group only). Compared to the yoked saline control group, extinction training (10days) resulted in a potent reduction in AEA levels in the frontal cortex, the hippocampus and the nucleus accumbens and in 2-AG levels in the hippocampus, the dorsal striatum and the cerebellum. The decreases in the limbic and subcortical areas were more apparent for rats that self-administered cocaine. Following extinction, there was a region-specific change in the levels of NAEs in rats previously injected with cocaine; a potent increase (ca. 100%) in the levels of OEA and PEA was detected in the prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus, whilst a drop was noted in the striatal areas versus yoked saline yoked animals. Our findings support the previous pharmacological evidence that the eCB system and NAEs are involved in reinforcement and extinction of positively reinforced behaviours and that these lipid-derived molecules may represent promising targets for the development of new treatments for drug addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Bystrowska
- Department of Toxicology, Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9, PL 30-688 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Irena Smaga
- Department of Toxicology, Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9, PL 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Frankowska
- Laboratory of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, PL 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Filip
- Department of Toxicology, Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9, PL 30-688 Kraków, Poland; Laboratory of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, PL 31-343 Kraków, Poland
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Wojtowicz AK, Szychowski KA, Kajta M. PPAR-γ agonist GW1929 but not antagonist GW9662 reduces TBBPA-induced neurotoxicity in primary neocortical cells. Neurotox Res 2013; 25:311-22. [PMID: 24132472 PMCID: PMC3936120 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-013-9434-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 09/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Tetrabromobisphenol A (2,2-bis(4-hydroxy-3,5-dibromophenyl)propane; TBBPA) is a widely used brominated flame retardant. TBBPA induces neuronal damage, but the mechanism by which this occurs is largely unknown. We studied the possible involvement of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) in TBBPA-induced apoptosis and toxicity in mouse primary neuronal cell cultures. TBBPA enhanced both, caspase-3 activity and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release in neocortical cells after 6 and 24 h of exposition. These data were supported at the cellular level with Hoechst 33342 staining. Immunoblot analyses showed that, compared with control cells, 10 μM TBBPA decreased the expression of PPAR-γ protein in neocortical neurons after 1-24 h of exposure. Co-treatment with TBBPA and GW1929 inhibited the TBBPA-induced caspase-3 activity, apoptotic body formation, and LDH release as well as TBBPA-induced decrease in PPAR-γ protein expression. Thus, our data support neuroprotective potential of PPAR-γ agonists. The PPAR-γ antagonist GW9662 prevented the TBBPA-induced decrease in PPAR-γ protein level, but it potentiated TBBPA-induced apoptotic and neurotoxic effects, which suggest that the mechanism of TBBPA action in neuronal cells is not only PPAR-γ-dependent. Therefore, further studies of the mechanism of TBBPA action in the nervous system are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Wojtowicz
- Laboratory of Genomics and Biotechnology, Animal Sciences Faculty, University of Agriculture, Redzina 1B, 30-248, Krakow, Poland,
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Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)β/δ, a possible nexus of PPARα- and PPARγ-dependent molecular pathways in neurodegenerative diseases: Review and novel hypotheses. Neurochem Int 2013; 63:322-30. [PMID: 23811400 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2013.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2012] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARα, -β/δ and -γ) are lipid-activated transcription factors. Synthetic PPARα and PPARγ ligands have neuroprotective properties. Recently, PPARβ/δ activation emerged as the focus of a novel approach for the treatment of a wide range of neurodegenerative diseases. To fill the gap of knowledge about the role of PPARβ/δ in brain, new hypotheses about PPARβ/δ involvement in neuropathological processes are requested. In this paper, we describe a novel hypothesis, claiming the existence of tight interactions between the three PPAR isotypes, which we designate the "PPAR triad". We propose that PPARβ/δ has a central control of the PPAR triad. The majority of studies analyze the regulation only by one of the PPAR isotypes. A few reports describe the mutual regulation of expression levels of all three PPAR isotypes by PPAR agonists. Analysis of these studies where pairwise interactions of PPARs were described allows us to support the existence of the PPAR triad with central role for PPARβ/δ. In the present review, we propose the hypothesis that in a wide range of brain disorders, PPARβ/δ plays a central role between PPARα and PPARγ. Finally, we prove the advantages of the PPAR triad concept by describing hypotheses of PPARβ/δ involvement in the regulation of myelination, glutamate-induced neurotoxicity, and signaling pathways of reactive oxygen species/NO/Ca(2+).
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Puligheddu M, Pillolla G, Melis M, Lecca S, Marrosu F, De Montis MG, Scheggi S, Carta G, Murru E, Aroni S, Muntoni AL, Pistis M. PPAR-alpha agonists as novel antiepileptic drugs: preclinical findings. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64541. [PMID: 23724059 PMCID: PMC3664607 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are involved in seizure mechanisms. Hence, nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy was the first idiopathic epilepsy linked with specific mutations in α4 or β2 nAChR subunit genes. These mutations confer gain of function to nAChRs by increasing sensitivity toward acetylcholine. Consistently, nicotine elicits seizures through nAChRs and mimics the excessive nAChR activation observed in animal models of the disease. Treatments aimed at reducing nicotinic inputs are sought as therapies for epilepsies where these receptors contribute to neuronal excitation and synchronization. Previous studies demonstrated that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors-α (PPARα), nuclear receptor transcription factors, suppress nicotine-induced behavioral and electrophysiological effects by modulating nAChRs containing β2 subunits. On these bases, we tested whether PPARα agonists were protective against nicotine-induced seizures. To this aim we utilized behavioral and electroencephalographic (EEG) experiments in C57BL/J6 mice and in vitro patch clamp recordings from mice and rats. Convulsive doses of nicotine evoked severe seizures and bursts of spike-waves discharges in ∼100% of mice. A single dose of the synthetic PPARα agonist WY14643 (WY, 80 mg/kg, i.p.) or chronic administration of fenofibrate, clinically available for lipid metabolism disorders, in the diet (0.2%) for 14 days significantly reduced or abolished behavioral and EEG expressions of nicotine-induced seizures. Acute WY effects were reverted by the PPARα antagonist MK886 (3 mg/kg, i.p.). Since neocortical networks are crucial in the generation of ictal activity and synchrony, we performed patch clamp recordings of spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents (sIPSCs) from frontal cortex layer II/III pyramidal neurons. We found that both acute and chronic treatment with PPARα agonists abolished nicotine-induced sIPSC increases. PPARα within the CNS are key regulators of neuronal activity through modulation of nAChRs. These effects might be therapeutically exploited for idiopathic or genetically determined forms of epilepsy where nAChRs play a major role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Puligheddu
- Department of Public Health, Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Giuliano Pillolla
- Department of Public Health, Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Miriam Melis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
- C.N.R. Neuroscience Institute, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Salvatore Lecca
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Francesco Marrosu
- Department of Public Health, Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | | | - Simona Scheggi
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Gianfranca Carta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Murru
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Sonia Aroni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | | | - Marco Pistis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
- C.N.R. Neuroscience Institute, Cagliari, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Curcumin Protects Neuron against Cerebral Ischemia-Induced Inflammation through Improving PPAR-Gamma Function. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:470975. [PMID: 23762140 PMCID: PMC3670515 DOI: 10.1155/2013/470975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia is the most common cerebrovascular disease worldwide. Recent studies have demonstrated that curcumin had beneficial effect to attenuate cerebral ischemic injury. However, it is unclear how curcumin protects against cerebral ischemic injury. In the present study, using rat middle cerebral artery occlusion model, we found that curcumin was a potent PPARγ agonist in that it upregulated PPARγ expression and PPARγ-PPRE binding activity. Administration of curcumin markedly decreased the infarct volume, improved neurological deficits, and reduced neuronal damage of rats. In addition, curcumin suppressed neuroinflammatory response by decreasing inflammatory mediators, such as IL-1β, TNF-α, PGE2, NO, COX-2, and iNOS induced by cerebral ischemia of rats. Furthermore, curcumin suppressed IκB degradation that was caused by cerebral ischemia. The present data also showed that PPARγ interacted with NF-κB-p65 and thus inhibited NF-κB activation. All the above protective effects of curcumin on cerebral ischemic injury were markedly attenuated by GW9662, an inhibitor of PPARγ. Our results as described above suggested that PPARγ induced by curcumin may play a critical role in protecting against brain injury through suppression of inflammatory response. It also highlights the potential of curcumin as a therapeutic agent against cerebral ischemia.
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Chiang MC, Cheng YC, Lin KH, Yen CH. PPARγ regulates the mitochondrial dysfunction in human neural stem cells with tumor necrosis factor alpha. Neuroscience 2012; 229:118-29. [PMID: 23153990 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) belongs to a family of ligand-activated transcription factors, and its ligands are known to control many physiological and pathological conditions. The hypothesis of our study was that the PPARγ agonist (rosiglitazone) could mediate tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) related to the regulation of human neural stem cells (hNSCs), by which TNFα possibly fulfills important roles in neuronal impairment. The results show that PPARγ mediates the cell viability of hNSCs via the downregulation of the activity of caspase 3, indicating that this rescue effect of PPARγ could improve the reduced levels of two mitochondrial regulators, adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) in the hNSCs with TNFα. The stimulation of mitochondrial function by PPARγ was associated with activation of the PPAR coactivator1 alpha (PGC1α) pathway by up-regulation of oxidative defense and mitochondrial systems. The above protective effects appeared to be exerted by a direct activation of the rosiglitazone, because it protected hNSCs from TNFα-evoked oxidative stress and mitochondrial deficiency. Here we show that the rosiglitazone protects hNSCs against Aβ-induced apoptosis and promotes cell survival. These findings extend our understanding of the central role of PPARγ in TNFα-related neuronal impairment, which probably increases risks of neurodegenerative diseases. The anti-inflammatory effects of PPARγ in the hNSCs with TNFα, and the involved mechanisms were also characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-C Chiang
- Department of Life Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan.
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Salehi-Sadaghiani M, Javadi-Paydar M, Gharedaghi MH, Zandieh A, Heydarpour P, Yousefzadeh-Fard Y, Dehpour AR. NMDA receptor involvement in antidepressant-like effect of pioglitazone in the forced swimming test in mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2012; 223:345-55. [PMID: 22547332 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-012-2722-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Previously, we showed that pioglitazone exerts its antidepressant-like effect through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma receptors and demonstrated the possible involvement of calcium-dependent nitric oxide synthase inhibitors. Based upon the in vitro results, pioglitazone reduces N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-mediated calcium currents in hippocampal neurons. OBJECTIVE In this study, we evaluated the involvement of the NMDA receptor (NMDAR) on the antidepressant-like effect of pioglitazone in the forced swimming test (FST) in mice. METHOD After the assessment of locomotor activity in the open-field test, mice were forced to swim individually and the immobility time of the last 4 min was evaluated. Pioglitazone was administered orally with doses of 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg 4 h before FST. To assess the involvement of NMDARs in the possible antidepressant-like effect of pioglitazone, a selective glutamate receptor agonist, NMDA (75 mg/kg, intraperitoneally [i.p.] or 20 ng/mouse, intracerebroventricularly [i.c.v.]), was administered before pioglitazone (20 mg/kg). To further determine a possible role of NMDARs in this effect, a noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA, MK-801 (0.05 mg/kg, i.p. or 100 ng/mouse, i.c.v.), was coadministered with pioglitazone (10 mg/kg) 4 h prior to FST. RESULTS Pioglitazone (20 mg/kg) administered 4 h prior to FST significantly reduced the immobility time. Coadministration of the noneffective doses of pioglitazone and MK-801 revealed an antidepressant-like effect in FST. Moreover, NMDA significantly reversed the antidepressant-like effect of pioglitazone administered 4 h prior to FST. CONCLUSION The antidepressant-like effect of pioglitazone in the FST is mediated partly through NMDAR signaling. This study provides a new approach for the treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Salehi-Sadaghiani
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 13145-784, Tehran, Iran
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Modulating Microglia Activity with PPAR-γ Agonists: A Promising Therapy for Parkinson’s Disease? Neurotox Res 2012; 23:112-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-012-9342-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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New insights on endocannabinoid transmission in psychomotor disorders. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2012; 38:51-8. [PMID: 22521335 PMCID: PMC3389227 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Revised: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The endocannabinoids are lipid signaling molecules that bind to cannabinoid CB(1) and CB(2) receptors and other metabotropic and ionotropic receptors. Anandamide and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol, the two best-characterized examples, are released on demand in a stimulus-dependent manner by cleavage of membrane phospholipid precursors. Together with their receptors and metabolic enzymes, the endocannabinoids play a key role in modulating neurotransmission and synaptic plasticity in the basal ganglia and other brain areas involved in the control of motor functions and motivational aspects of behavior. This mini-review provides an update on the contribution of the endocannabinoid system to the regulation of psychomotor behaviors and its possible involvement in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia.
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Cimini A, D’Angelo B, Das S, Gentile R, Benedetti E, Singh V, Monaco AM, Santucci S, Seal S. Antibody-conjugated PEGylated cerium oxide nanoparticles for specific targeting of Aβ aggregates modulate neuronal survival pathways. Acta Biomater 2012; 8:2056-67. [PMID: 22343002 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2012.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Revised: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been found to be associated with the progression of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Lou Gehrig's, etc. In the recent years, cerium oxide nanoparticles (CNPs) have been studied as potent antioxidant agents able to exert neuroprotective effects. This work reports polyethylene glycol (PEG)-coated and antibody-conjugated CNPs for the selective delivering to Aβ aggregates, and the protective effect against oxidative stress/Aβ-mediated neurodegeneration. In this study PEG-coated and anti-Aβ antibody-conjugated antioxidant nanoparticles (Aβ-CNPs-PEG) were developed, and their effects on neuronal survival and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling pathway were examined. Aβ-CNPs-PEG specifically targets the Aβ aggregates, and concomitant rescue of neuronal survival better than Aβ-CNPs, by modulating the BDNF signaling pathway. This proof of concept work may allow in the future, once validated in vivo, for the selective delivery of CNPs only to affected brain areas.
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Gray E, Ginty M, Kemp K, Scolding N, Wilkins A. The PPAR-γ agonist pioglitazone protects cortical neurons from inflammatory mediators via improvement in peroxisomal function. J Neuroinflammation 2012; 9:63. [PMID: 22480361 PMCID: PMC3368767 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammation is known to play a pivotal role in mediating neuronal damage and axonal injury in a variety of neurodegenerative disorders. Among the range of inflammatory mediators, nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide are potent neurotoxic agents. Recent evidence has suggested that oligodendrocyte peroxisomes may play an important role in protecting neurons from inflammatory damage. Methods To assess the influence of peroxisomal activation on nitric oxide mediated neurotoxicity, we investigated the effects of the peroxisomal proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) gamma agonist, pioglitazone in primary cortical neurons that were either exposed to a nitric oxide donor or co-cultured with activated microglia. Results Pioglitazone protected neurons and axons against both nitric-oxide donor-induced and microglia-derived nitric oxide-induced toxicity. Moreover, cortical neurons treated with this compound showed a significant increase in the protein and gene expression of PPAR-gamma, which was associated with a concomitant increase in the enzymatic activity of catalase. In addition, the protection of neurons and axons against hydrogen peroxide-induced toxicity afforded by pioglitazone appeared to be dependent on catalase. Conclusions Collectively, these observations provide evidence that modulation of PPAR-gamma activity and peroxisomal function by pioglitazone attenuates both NO and hydrogen peroxide-mediated neuronal and axonal damage suggesting a new therapeutic approach to protect against neurodegenerative changes associated with neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Gray
- Multiple Sclerosis and Stem Cell Group, Burden Centre, Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Frenchay Hospital, University of Bristol, Bristol BS16 1JB, UK.
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