1
|
Szychowski KA, Skóra B. Triclosan affects steroidogenesis in mouse primary astrocytes in vitro with engagement of Sirtuin 1 and 3. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2024; 243:106586. [PMID: 39013540 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2024.106586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) is a widely used antimicrobial, antifungal, and antiviral agent. To date, it has been reported that TCS can enter the human body and disrupt hormonal homeostasis. Therefore, the aim of our paper was to evaluate the impact of TCS on astrocytes, i.e. a crucial population of cells responsible for steroid hormone production. Our data showed that, in mouse primary astrocyte cultures, TCS can act as an endocrine disrupting chemical through destabilization of the production or secretion of progesterone (P4), testosterone (T), and estradiol (E2). TCS affects the mRNA expression of enzymes involved in neurosteroidogenesis, such as Cyp17a1, 17β-Hsd, and Cyp19a1. Our data showed that a partial PPARγ agonist (honokiol) prevented changes in Cyp17a1 mRNA expression caused by TCS. Similarly, honokiol inhibited TCS-stimulated P4 release. However, rosiglitazone (classic PPARγ agonist) or GW9662 (PPARγ antagonist) had a much stronger effect. Therefore, we believe that the changes observed in the P4, T, and E2 levels are a result of dysregulation of the activity of the aforementioned enzymes, whose expression can be affected by TCS through a Pparγ-dependent pathway. TCS was found to decrease the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and Sirtuin 3 protein levels, which may be the result of the activation of the these proteins. Since our study showed dysregulation of the production or secretion of neurosteroids in astrocytes, it can be concluded that TCS reaching the brain may contribute to the development of neurodegenerative diseases in which an abnormal amount of neurosteroids is observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Konrad A Szychowski
- Department of Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Medical College, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow, Sucharskiego 2, Rzeszow 35-225, Poland.
| | - Bartosz Skóra
- Department of Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Medical College, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow, Sucharskiego 2, Rzeszow 35-225, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wan X, Wang H, Qian Q, Yan J. MiR-133b as a crucial regulator of TCS-induced cardiotoxicity via activating β-adrenergic receptor signaling pathway in zebrafish embryos. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 334:122199. [PMID: 37467918 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
As a commonly used antibacterial agent in daily consumer products, triclosan (TCS) has attracted significant attention due to its potential environmental risks. In this study, we investigated the toxic effects of TCS exposure (1.4 μM) on heart development in zebrafish embryos. Our findings revealed that TCS exposure caused significant cardiac dysfunction, characterized by pericardial edema, malformations in the heart structure, and a slow heart rate. Additionally, TCS exposure induced oxidative damage and abnormal apoptosis in heart cells through the up-regulation of β-adrenergic receptor (β-AR) signaling pathway genes (adrb1, adrb2a, arrb2b), similar to the effects induced by β-AR agonists. Notably, the adverse effects of TCS exposure were alleviated by β-AR antagonists. Using high-throughput transcriptome miRNA sequencing and targeted miRNA screening, we focused on miR-133b, which targets adrb1 and was down-regulated by TCS exposure, as a potential contributor to TCS-induced cardiotoxicity. Inhibition of miR-133b produced similar toxic effects as TCS exposure, while overexpression of miR-133b down-regulated the β-AR signaling pathway and rescued heart defects caused by TCS. In summary, our findings provide new insights into the mechanisms underlying the cardiotoxic effects of TCS. We suggest that targeting the β-AR pathway and miR-133b may be effective strategies for pharmacotherapy in cardiotoxicity induced by environmental pollutants such as TCS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiancheng Wan
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Municipal Sewage Resource Utilization Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China
| | - Huili Wang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Municipal Sewage Resource Utilization Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China
| | - Qiuhui Qian
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Municipal Sewage Resource Utilization Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China
| | - Jin Yan
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Municipal Sewage Resource Utilization Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Huang L, Zhang W, Tong D, Lu L, Zhou W, Tian D, Liu G, Shi W. Triclosan and triclocarban weaken the olfactory capacity of goldfish by constraining odorant recognition, disrupting olfactory signal transduction, and disturbing olfactory information processing. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 233:119736. [PMID: 36801581 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Recently, increased production and consumption of disinfectants such as triclosan (TCS) and triclocarban (TCC) have led to massive pollution of the environment, which draws global concern over the potential risk to aquatic organisms. However, the olfactory toxicity of disinfectants in fish remains elusive to date. In the present study, the impact of TCS and TCC on the olfactory capacity of goldfish was assessed by neurophysiological and behavioral approaches. As shown by the reduced distribution shifts toward amino acid stimuli and hampered electro-olfactogram responses, our results demonstrated that TCS/TCC treatment would cause deterioration of the olfactory ability of goldfish. Our further analysis found that TCS/TCC exposure suppressed the expression of olfactory G protein-coupled receptors in the olfactory epithelium, restricted the transformation of odorant stimulation into electrical responses by disturbing the cAMP signaling pathway and ion transportation, and induced apoptosis and inflammation in the olfactory bulb. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that an environmentally realistic level of TCS/TCC would weaken the olfactory capacity of goldfish by constraining odorant recognition efficiency, disrupting olfactory signal generation and transduction, and disturbing olfactory information processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Huang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, P R China
| | - Weixia Zhang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, P R China
| | - Difei Tong
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, P R China
| | - Lingzheng Lu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, P R China
| | - Weishang Zhou
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, P R China
| | - Dandan Tian
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, P R China
| | - Guangxu Liu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, P R China
| | - Wei Shi
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, P R China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Milanović M, Đurić L, Milošević N, Milić N. Comprehensive insight into triclosan-from widespread occurrence to health outcomes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:25119-25140. [PMID: 34741734 PMCID: PMC8571676 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17273-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Humans are exposed to the variety of emerging environmental pollutant in everyday life. The special concern is paid to endocrine disrupting chemicals especially to triclosan which could interfere with normal hormonal functions. Triclosan could be found in numerous commercial products such as mouthwashes, toothpastes and disinfectants due to its antibacterial and antifungal effects. Considering the excessive use and disposal, wastewaters are recognized as the main source of triclosan in the aquatic environment. As a result of the incomplete removal, triclosan residues reach surface water and even groundwater. Triclosan has potential to accumulate in sediment and aquatic organisms. Therefore, the detectable concentrations of triclosan in various environmental and biological matrices emerged concerns about the potential toxicity. Triclosan impairs thyroid homeostasis and could be associated with neurodevelopment impairment, metabolic disorders, cardiotoxicity and the increased cancer risk. The growing resistance of the vast groups of bacteria, the evidenced toxicity on different aquatic organisms, its adverse health effects observed in vitro, in vivo as well as the available epidemiological studies suggest that further efforts to monitor triclosan toxicity at environmental levels are necessary. The safety precaution measures and full commitment to proper legislation in compliance with the environmental protection are needed in order to obtain triclosan good ecological status. This paper is an overview of the possible negative triclosan effects on human health. Sources of exposure to triclosan, methods and levels of detection in aquatic environment are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maja Milanović
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacy, Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | - Larisa Đurić
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacy, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Nataša Milošević
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacy, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Nataša Milić
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacy, Novi Sad, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pullaguri N, Umale A, Bhargava A. Neurotoxic mechanisms of triclosan: The antimicrobial agent emerging as a toxicant. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2023; 37:e23244. [PMID: 36353933 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Several scientific studies have suggested a link between increased exposure to pollutants and a rise in the number of neurodegenerative disorders of unknown origin. Notably, triclosan (an antimicrobial agent) is used in concentrations ranging from 0.3% to 1% in various consumer products. Recent studies have also highlighted triclosan as an emerging toxic pollutant due to its increasing global use. However, a definitive link is missing to associate the rising use of triclosan and the growing number of neurodegenerative disorders or neurotoxicity. In this article, we present systematic scientific evidence which are otherwise scattered to suggest that triclosan can indeed induce neurotoxic effects, especially in vertebrate organisms including humans. Mechanistically, triclosan affected important developmental and differentiation genes, structural genes, genes for signaling receptors and genes for neurotransmitter controlling enzymes. Triclosan-induced oxidative stress impacting cellular proteins and homeostasis which triggers apoptosis. Though the scientific evidence collated in this article unequivocally indicates that triclosan can cause neurotoxicity, further epidemiological studies may be needed to confirm the effects on humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Narasimha Pullaguri
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad (IITH), Kandi, Telangana, India
| | - Ashwini Umale
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad (IITH), Kandi, Telangana, India
| | - Anamika Bhargava
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad (IITH), Kandi, Telangana, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang Y, Song J, Wang X, Qian Q, Wang H. Study on the toxic-mechanism of triclosan chronic exposure to zebrafish (Danio rerio) based on gut-brain axis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 844:156936. [PMID: 35772538 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS), as a broad-spectrum bactericide, is extensively used in the fine chemical and textile industries. It is recognized as a new type of environmental endocrine disruptor with frequent detection and environmental pollution. However, the toxicity mechanism regarding neurodevelopment and neurobehavior remains unclear. This study is intended to explore the underlying toxic mechanism of TCS based on gut-brain axis. TCS-chronic exposure affected the development of zebrafish, induced feminization, obesity physical signs and abnormal organ index and caused neurobehavioral abnormalities by inhibiting both neurotransmitter acetylcholinesterase and dopamine activity, promoting brain neuron apoptosis and accelerating diencephalic lesions. Meanwhile, TCS-chronic exposure led to gut microbiota dysbiosis and decreased diversity, such as increased pathogenic bacteria and decreased probiotics in adult zebrafish gut, which caused many pathological damages, including partial shedding and ablation of intestinal villi, inflammatory infiltration, thinning of intestinal wall, and increased goblet cell in villus. Based on the communication between intestinal peripheral nerves and CNS, the above histopathological injuries and disorders were well underpinned and illustrated by the changes of biomarkers and the expression of related marker genes in the gut-brain axis. Additionally, short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), as the regulators of intestinal sympathetic nerve activation, are also secreting products of intestinal microflora and play a crucial role in regulating the balance of intestinal flora and protecting intestinal homeostasis. SCFA in low doses can effectively alleviate and rescue the toxic effects under TCS exposure, which evidenced that TCS exerted systemic toxic effects on the gut-brain axis by influencing the composition and diversity of gut flora in zebrafish, and fully demonstrated the interaction effect between intestine and brain. Hence, these findings contribute to the understanding, prevention, and diagnosis of endocrine disrupting diseases caused by environmental pollutants from the perspective of the gut-brain axis, and strengthening the early warning, management and control of TCS pollution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Municipal Sewage Resource Utilization Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Jie Song
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Municipal Sewage Resource Utilization Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Xuedong Wang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Municipal Sewage Resource Utilization Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Qiuhui Qian
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Municipal Sewage Resource Utilization Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China.
| | - Huili Wang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Municipal Sewage Resource Utilization Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Diao W, Qian Q, Sheng G, He A, Yan J, Dahlgren RA, Wang X, Wang H. Triclosan targets miR-144 abnormal expression to induce neurodevelopmental toxicity mediated by activating PKC/MAPK signaling pathway. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 431:128560. [PMID: 35245871 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Although the previous research confirmed that triclosan (TCS) induced an estrogen effect by acting on a novel G-protein coupled estrogen-membrane receptor (GPER), the underlying mechanisms by which downstream pathways induce neurotoxicity remain unclear after TCS activation of GPER. By employing a series of techniques (Illumina miRNA-seq, RT-qPCR, and artificial intervention of miRNA expression), we screened out four important miRNAs, whose target genes were directly/indirectly involved in neurodevelopment and neurobehavior. Especially, the miR-144 up-regulation caused vascular malformation and severely affected hair-cell development and lateral-line-neuromast formation, thereby causing abnormal motor behavior. After microinjecting 1-2-cell embryos, the similar phenotypic malformations as those induced by TCS were observed, including aberrant neuromast, cuticular-plate development and motor behavior. By KEGG pathway enrichment analysis, these target genes were demonstrated to be mainly related to the PKC/MAPK signaling pathway. When a PKC inhibitor was used to suppress the PKC/MAPK pathway, a substantial alleviation of TCS-induced neurotoxicity was observed. Therefore, TCS acts on GPER to activate the downstream PKC/MAPK signaling pathway, further up-regulating miR-144 expression and causing abnormal modulation of these nerve-related genes to trigger neurodevelopmental toxicity. These findings unravel the molecular mechanisms of TCS-induced neurodegenerative diseases, and offer theoretical guidance for TCS-pollution early warning and management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenqi Diao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, PR China; School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, PR China
| | - Qiuhui Qian
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, PR China
| | - Guangyao Sheng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, PR China
| | - Anfei He
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, PR China
| | - Jin Yan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, PR China
| | - Randy A Dahlgren
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Xuedong Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, PR China.
| | - Huili Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, PR China; School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Szychowski KA, Skóra B, Wójtowicz AK. Involvement of sirtuins (Sirt1 and Sirt3) and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) in the effects of triclosan (TCS) on production of neurosteroids in primary mouse cortical neurons cultures. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 184:105131. [PMID: 35715069 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2022.105131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have shown the presence of triclosan (TCS) in the brain due to its widespread use as an antibacterial ingredient. One of the confirmed mechanisms of its action is the interaction with the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). In nerve cells, sirtuins (Sirt1 and Sirt3) act as cellular sensors detecting energy availability and modulate metabolic processes. Moreover, it has been found that Sirt1 inhibits the activation of estrogen receptors, regulates the androgen receptor, and may interact with the AhR receptor. It is also known that Sirt3 stimulates the production of estradiol (E2) via the estradiol receptor β (Erβ). Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of TCS alone or in combination with synthetic flavonoids on the production of neurosteroids such as progesterone (P4), testosterone (T), and E2 in primary neural cortical neurons in vitro. The contribution of Sirt1 and Sirt3 as well as AhR to these TCS-induced effects was investigated as well. The results of the experiments showed that both short and long exposure of neurons to TCS increased the expression of the Sirt1 and Sirt3 proteins in response to AhR stimulation. After an initial increase in the production of all tested neurosteroids, TCS acting for a longer time lowered their levels in the cells. This suggests that TCS activating AhR as well as Sirt1 and Sirt3 in short time intervals stimulates the levels of P4, T, and E2 in neurons, and then the amount of neurosteroids decreases despite the activation of AhR and the increase in the expression of the Sirt1 and Sirt3 proteins. The use of both the AhR agonist and antagonist prevented changes in the expression of Sirt1, Sirt3, and AhR and the production of P4, T, and E2, which confirmed that this receptor is a key in the mechanism of the TCS action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Konrad A Szychowski
- Department of Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Medical College, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow, Sucharskiego 2, 35-225 Rzeszow, Poland.
| | - Bartosz Skóra
- Department of Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Medical College, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow, Sucharskiego 2, 35-225 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Anna K Wójtowicz
- Department of Nutrition, Animal Biotechnology and Fisheries, Faculty of Animal Sciences, University of Agriculture, Adama Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Szychowski KA, Skóra B, Bar M, Piechowiak T. Triclosan (TCS) affects the level of DNA methylation in the human oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC-15) cell line in a nontoxic concentration. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 149:112815. [PMID: 35286965 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The oral cancer is presumably caused by genetic factors and exposure to substances derived from cosmetics and disinfectants. Triclosan (TCS) is widely spread in many consumer products and oral care products. Since TCS can affect DNA methylation, which is one of the key mechanisms of gene expression that may lead to cancerogenesis, it is necessary to study this mechanism in oral cell carcinoma. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the impact of TCS on metabolic parameters, oxidative stress, gene expression, and DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation in the SCC-15 cell line. The experiments have shown TCS toxicity to SCC-15 cells only in the highest concentrations of 50 and 100 µM. TCS in a wide range of concentrations increases ROS production and caspase-3 activity. Our experiments have shown that TCS in the nontoxic concentrations of 10 µM exerts an impact on SOD2 mRNA expression and SOD activity in the SCC-15 cell line. Finally, our experiments have demonstrated that 6-h treatment with TCS decreases the mRNA expression of DNMT3A and DNMT3B. After 72-h exposure to TCS, an increased level of 5-methylcytosine and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine was observed in the SCC-15 cell line, but it was abolished by the NAC treatment. However, it is very likely that these results can be an effect of TET enzyme activity, especially in the case of the decrease in 5mC and the increase in 5hmC after the 48-h exposure to TCS, which was accompanied with a decrease in the mRNA expression of DNMT3A and DNMT3B.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Konrad A Szychowski
- Department of Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Medical College, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow, Sucharskiego 2, 35-225 Rzeszow, Poland.
| | - Bartosz Skóra
- Department of Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Medical College, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow, Sucharskiego 2, 35-225 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Monika Bar
- Department of Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Medical College, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow, Sucharskiego 2, 35-225 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Tomasz Piechowiak
- Department of Chemistry and Food Toxicology, Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, University of Rzeszow, Cwiklinskiej 1a, 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Katiyar P, Banerjee S, Nathani S, Roy P. Triclosan-induced neuroinflammation develops caspase-independent and TNF-α signaling pathway associated necroptosis in Neuro-2a cells. Curr Res Toxicol 2022; 3:100072. [PMID: 35633890 PMCID: PMC9130080 DOI: 10.1016/j.crtox.2022.100072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
|
11
|
Skóra B, Piechowiak T, Szychowski KA. Epidermal growth factor-labeled liposomes as a way to target the toxicity of silver nanoparticles into EGFR-overexpressing cancer cells in vitro. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 443:116009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.116009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
12
|
Liu F, Zhang Y, Wang F. Environmental relevant concentrations of triclosan affected developmental toxicity, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in zebrafish embryos. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2022; 37:848-857. [PMID: 34981884 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS), as a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent, is widely used in various pharmaceutical and personal care products. However, the details of ecological environmental health risks of TCS are not clear. In this study, zebrafish embryos/larval were exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of TCS to evaluate the developmental toxicity. Four-hour post-fertilization (hpf) zebrafish embryos were exposed to 0, 2, 10, 50, and 250 μg/L TCS until 96 h. The heart beats at 72 hpf were significantly increased in 2 μg/L TCS group, while significantly decreased in 250 μg/L TCS treated group compared with control. The results of acridine orange staining, terminal deoxynucleotide transferase-mediated UTPnick end labeling assay, and detection of mitochondrial membrane potential showed that 50 and 250 μg/L TCS resulted in apoptosis. Meanwhile, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and DNA damage were induced, but SOD activity was significantly decreased in 250 μg/L TCS treated group. In addition, SOD(Mn) and GPx gene mRNA expressions were significantly down-regulated in 50 and 250 μg/L TCS treated groups, while Casp3, Casp9, Puma, Casp8, Apaf1, and Bid genes in 250 μg/L TCS and Mdm2 gene in 50 μg/L treated groups were significantly up-regulated. P53 protein was significantly up-regulated in 250 μg/L TCS treated group. The overall results showed that TCS can cause oxidative stress and result in apoptosis via the involvement of ROS-p53-caspase-dependent apoptotic pathway in zebrafish embryos. The present findings suggest the potential mechanisms of TCS-induced developmental toxicity appears to be the generation of ROS and the consequent triggering of apoptosis genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Liu
- School of Biological Science, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Biological Science, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, China
| | - Fan Wang
- School of Biological Science, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Environmentally Relevant Concentrations of Triclosan Induce Cyto-Genotoxicity and Biochemical Alterations in the Hatchlings of Labeo rohita. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app112110478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Xenobiotic Triclosan (TCS) is of great concern because of its existence in a variety of personal, household and healthcare products and continuous discharge in water worldwide. Excessive use of TCS-containing sanitizers and antiseptic products during the COVID-19 pandemic further increased its content in aquatic ecosystems. The present study deals with the cyto-genotoxic effects and biochemical alterations in the hatchlings of Labeo rohita on exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of TCS. Three-days-old hatchlings were exposed to tap water, acetone (solvent control) and 4 environmentally relevant concentrations (6.3, 12.6, 25.2 and 60 µg/L) of TCS for 14 days and kept for a recovery period of 10 days. The significant concentration-dependent decline in cell viability but increase in micronucleated cells, nucleo-cellular abnormalities (NCAs) and DNA damage parameters like tail length, tail moment, olive tail moment and percent of tail DNA after exposure persisted till the end of recovery period. Glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, total protein, albumin, total bilirubin, uric acid and urea (except for an increase at 60 µg/L) showed significant (p ≤ 0.05) concentration-dependent decrease after 14 days of exposure. The same trend (except for triglycerides, albumin and total bilirubin) continued till 10 days post exposure. In comparison to control, transaminases (alanine and aspartate aminotransferases) increased (p ≤ 0.05) after exposure as well as the recovery period, while a decline in alkaline phosphatase after exposure was followed by a significant increase during the recovery period. The results show that the environmentally relevant concentrations of TCS cause deleterious effects on the hatchlings of L. rohita.
Collapse
|
14
|
Wang D, Wang X, Huang H, Wang H. Triclosan regulates alternative splicing events of nerve-related genes through RNA-binding protein CELF2 to induce zebrafish neurotoxicity. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 413:125414. [PMID: 33621777 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we demonstrated that triclosan (TCS) induced neurotoxicity mediated by pre-mRNA alternative splicing (AS). TCS exposure resulted in a series of phenotypic malformations, abnormal locomotor behavior, circadian rhythm disorder and inhibited AChE activity. High throughput mRNA sequencing revealed that TCS regulated the AS events of nerve-related genes. Meanwhile, abnormal expression was observed in marker genes related to nerve cell migration, axon guidance and myelination. The expression of mitochondrial apoptosis activator bcl2l11 was significantly increased under TCS exposure. Interestingly, CELF2 as one of the important RNA-binding proteins was closely related to the AS events, and its mRNA and protein expression levels were significantly increased in zebrafish brain under acute or chronic TCS exposure. Functional knock-down and over-expression of celf2 confirmed that TCS led to nervous system injury and developmental defects through the CELF2-mediated AS events of genes (mbpa, mef2d, u2af2b and matn3b). Histopathological injury, phenotypic malformation, abnormal locomotor behavior and changes in neuromarkers all confirmed the biological functions of CELF2 in zebrafish brain. These findings demonstrate that TCS might regulate some of the AS events of nerve-related genes through upregulating the expression of CELF2. Thus, CELF2 may serve as a target for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of contaminant-induced neurological diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danting Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Xuedong Wang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Municipal Sewage Resource Utilization Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Haishan Huang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
| | - Huili Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Szychowski KA, Skóra B, Wójtowicz AK. Triclosan affects the expression of nitric oxide synthases (NOSs), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) in mouse neocortical neurons in vitro. Toxicol In Vitro 2021; 73:105143. [PMID: 33722737 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2021.105143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) is a well-known compound that can be found in disinfectants, personal care products. There is one publication concerning the involvement of PPARγ in the mechanism of action of TCS. It is known that activation of PPARγ regulates the expression of the NF-κB mediated inflammation by acting on nitric oxide synthase (NOS) genes. However, there are no studies demonstrating a relationship between the effects of TCS on the PPARγ signaling pathway, changes in NF-κB expression, and NOS isoform synthesis. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of TCS on the expression of PPARγ, NF-κB, nNOS, iNOS, and eNOS in mouse neocortical neurons. In addition, the effects of co-administration of synthetic alpha-naphthoflavone (αNF) or beta-naphthoflavone (βNF) flavonoids and triclosan were investigated. Our results show that TCS alters PPARγ, NF-κB, iNOS, and eNOS expression in mouse neurons in vitro. After 48 h of exposure, TCS increased PPARγ expression and decreased NF-κB expression. Moreover, under the influence of TCS, the expression of iNOS was increased and at the same time the expression of nNOS was decreased, which was probably caused by high levels of ROS. The experiments have shown that both αNF and βNF are able to modulate the effects of TCS in primary cultures of mouse cortical neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Konrad A Szychowski
- Department of Biotechnology and Cell Biology, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow, Sucharskiego 2, 35-225 Rzeszow, Poland.
| | - Bartosz Skóra
- Department of Biotechnology and Cell Biology, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow, Sucharskiego 2, 35-225 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Anna K Wójtowicz
- Department of Nutrition, Animal Biotechnology and Fisheries, Faculty of Animal Sciences, University of Agriculture, Adama Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Szychowski KA, Rybczyńska-Tkaczyk K, Gmiński J, Wójtowicz AK. The interference of alpha- and beta-naphthoflavone with triclosan effects on viability, apoptosis and reactive oxygen species production in mouse neocortical neurons. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 168:104638. [PMID: 32711772 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2020.104638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) is commonly used worldwide in a range of personal care and sanitizing products. A number of studies have revealed the presence of TCS in human tissues. It has recently been shown that TCS can interact with AhR in mouse neurons and the one of its effects is the stimulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Reactive oxygen species perform a wide spectrum of functions in neuronal cells, where they are generated as by-products of cellular metabolism. Therefore the aim of the study was to investigate effects of two synthetic naphthoflavones, the beta-naphthoflavone (βNF) and alpha-naphthoflavone (αNF), well known agonist and antagonist of AhR on TCS-stimulated cytotoxicity, apoptosis and ROS production in mouse primary cortical neurons in vitro cultures. The results showed that both agonist (βNF) and antagonist (αNF) of AhR enhanced the LDH release and caspase-3 activity stimulated by TCS. Interestingly, both naphthoflavones decreased the TCS-stimulated ROS production, however, they showed no scavenging properties as revealed by ABTS•+ and DPPH• methods. What's more, both βNF as well as αNF inhibited the activity of xanthine oxidase (XO) stimulated by TCS. Thus, we can assume that αNF or βNF act in a competitive way over TCS and inhibit its effect on antioxidant enzyme activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Konrad A Szychowski
- Department of Lifestyle Disorders and Regenerative Medicine, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow, Sucharskiego 2, Rzeszow 35-225, Poland.
| | - Kamila Rybczyńska-Tkaczyk
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, University of Life Sciences, Leszczyńskiego 7, 20-069 Lublin, Poland
| | - Jan Gmiński
- Department of Lifestyle Disorders and Regenerative Medicine, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow, Sucharskiego 2, Rzeszow 35-225, Poland
| | - Anna K Wójtowicz
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Biotechnology, and Fisheries, Agricultural University of Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Álvarez-Herrera C, Maisanaba S, Repetto G. Investigation of mechanisms of toxicity and exclusion by transporters of the preservatives triclosan and propylparaben using batteries of Schizosaccharomyces pombe strains. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 183:108983. [PMID: 31810592 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) and propylparaben (PPB) are antimicrobials widely used. They present many similarities in their applications and also in their human and environmental health risks. In order to investigate the mechanisms of toxic action and the efflux pumps involved in their detoxication, we used a strategy with batteries of Schizosaccharomyces pombe yeast strains, either defective in cell signalling, in detoxification pumps, or in cell surveillance mechanisms. Yeast were exposed up to 20 h in solid medium or in liquid medium in 96-well plates. The mechanisms of action investigated were spindle defects (mph1), stress (pmk1), DNA interference (rad3) or diverse effects (MDR-sup). The efflux pumps investigated were Bfr1, Pmd1, Mfs1 and Caf5 or the Pap1 transcription factor. Here we show that TCS was 75 times more toxic than PPB in the wild type fission yeast. More oxidative stress and less protection by exclusion pumps were observed for TCS than for PPB. The cytotoxicity produced by TCS decreased from bfr1>mfs1>pmd1 > pap1 and caf5A deficient strains. In contrast, cytotoxic concentrations of PPB caused only a mild stress. The protection provided for PPB by the transporters was more marked than for TCS, decreasing from Pmd1, Caf5, Mfs1 and Bfr1. Furthermore, microtubule and DNA interferences were revealed for PPB, according to the cytotoxicity of mph1 and rad3 defective cells, respectively. As both compounds present complex adverse effects at concentrations close to exposure, and their combination clearly causes a strong potentiation, more exhaustive controls and regulations in their use should be considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara Maisanaba
- Area of Toxicology, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013, Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Guillermo Repetto
- Area of Toxicology, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013, Sevilla, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Elastin-derived peptide VGVAPG affects the proliferation of mouse cortical astrocytes with the involvement of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (Ahr), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (Pparγ), and elastin-binding protein (EBP). Cytokine 2019; 126:154930. [PMID: 31760184 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2019.154930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
During aging and ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, elastin molecules are degraded and elastin-derived peptides are released into the brain microenvironment. Val-Gly-Val-Ala-Pro-Gly (VGVAPG) is a repeating hexapeptide in the elastin molecule. It is well documented that the peptide sequence binds with high affinity to elastin-binding protein (EBP) located on the cell surface, thereby transducing a molecular signal into the cell. The aim of our study was to investigate whether EBP, aryl hydrocarbon receptor (Ahr), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (Pparγ) are involved in VGVAPG-stimulated proliferation. Primary astrocytes were maintained in DMEM/F12 medium without phenol red, supplemented with 10 or 1% charcoal/dextran-treated fetal bovine serum (FBS). The cells were exposed to increasing concentrations of VGVAPG peptide, and resazurin reduction was measured. In addition, Glb1, Pparγ, and Ahr genes were silenced. After 48 h of exposure to 10 nM and 1 µM of VGVAPG peptide, the level of estradiol (E2) and the expression of Ki67 and S100B proteins were measured. The results showed that at a wide range of concentrations, VGVAPG peptide increased the metabolism of astrocytes depending on the concentration of FBS. After silencing of Glb1, Pparγ, and Ahr genes, VGVAPG peptide did not affect the cell metabolism which suggests the involvement of all the mentioned receptors in its mechanism of action. Interestingly, in the low-FBS medium, the silencing of Glb1 gene did not result in complete inhibition of VGVAPG-stimulated proliferation. On the other hand, in the medium with 10% FBS VGVAPG increased Ki67 expression after Pparγ silencing, whereas in the medium with 1% FBS VGVAPG decreased Ki67 expression. Following the application of Ahr siRNA, VGVAPG peptide decreased the production of E2 and increased the expression of Ki67 and S100B proteins.
Collapse
|
19
|
Li X, An J, Li H, Qiu X, Wei Y, Shang Y. The methyl-triclosan induced caspase-dependent mitochondrial apoptosis in HepG2 cells mediated through oxidative stress. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 182:109391. [PMID: 31272020 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Methyl-triclosan (MTCS) is a dominant transformation product of triclosan (TCS), which has been widely used as an effective antimicrobial ingredient with increasing concentrations in the environment. MTCS shows higher persistence in environment than its parent chemical TCS. The toxic effects of MTCS and toxicological mechanism are not well understood up to now. This study investigated the cytotoxic effects of MTCS in HepG2 cells in terms of cell viability, apoptosis induction, ROS production, GSH/GSSG levels, Mitochondrial Membrane Potential (MMP) reduction, LDH release, glucose uptake and ATP production. Moreover, the related gene transcripts were measured with RT-qPCR assay. Cytotoxic experiments in HepG2 cells revealed that MTCS exposure at micromol per liter levels had toxic effects as evidenced by decreased cell survival, elevated cell apoptosis, reduced MMP and increased LDH release. These toxic effects were associated with increased ROS production and reduced GSH/GSSG ratio. Meanwhile, elevated glucose uptake and ATP production indicated that MTCS induced membrane damages resulted not from a typical mitochondrial uncoupler, but from oxidative stress. Analysis of gene transcripts showed that MTCS exposure induced mRNA expressions alterations associated with oxidative stress response, energy production, cell cycle regulation and cell apoptosis. In general, the caspase-dependent mitochondrial apoptosis pathway might play a role in MTCS induced cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Jing An
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Hui Li
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Xinghua Qiu
- BIC-ESAT and SKL-ESPC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yongjie Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Yu Shang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Li SJ, Chen P, Peres TV, Villahoz BF, Zhang Z, Miah MR, Aschner M. Triclosan induces PC12 cells injury is accompanied by inhibition of AKT/mTOR and activation of p38 pathway. Neurotoxicology 2019; 74:221-229. [PMID: 31381933 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2019.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) has been widely used as a disinfectant and antiseptic in multiple consumer and healthcare products due to its clinical effectiveness against various bacteria, fungi and protozoa. Recently, several studies have reported the adverse effects of TCS on various nerve cells, arousing concerns about its potential neurotoxicity. The present study aimed to investigate the neurotoxicity of TCS in rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells. After differentiation, the stabilized PC12 cells were treated with 1, 10, 50 μM TCS for 12 h. At the end of the treatment, the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), protein expression of apoptotic-related genes, AMPK-AKT/mTOR, as well as p38 in PC12 cells were determined. The concentrations were chosen based on the results of cell viability and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) assays in response to TCS treatment (ranging from 0.001 to 100 μM) for varied time periods. The results showed that TCS is cytotoxic to PC12 cells, causing decreased cell viability accompanied by increased LDH release. TCS treatment at 10 and 50 μM for 12 h increased the mRNA and protein expression of the pro-apoptotic gene Bax, while Bcl-2 levels remained unchanged. Moreover, an increase in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was found in TCS-treated PC12 cells at the concentrations of 1 and 10 μM. Pretreatment with 100 μM N-acetyl cysteine (NAC- ROS scavenger) for 1 h normalized the ROS generations in TCS-treated PC12 cells. Additionally, the suppression of the phosphorylation of Akt and mTOR was observed in TCS-treated PC12 cells at 10 and 50 μM for 12 h, concomitant with the activation of p38 MAPK pathway at 50 μM TCS. However, there were no effects of TCS on the phosphorylation of AMPK in these cells. Taken together, these results suggest that TCS may cause adverse effects and oxidative stress in PC12 cells accompanied by inhibition of Akt/mTOR and activation of p38.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Jun Li
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Pan Chen
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY10461,United States
| | - Tanara Vieira Peres
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, 88040900, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Ferrer Villahoz
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY10461,United States
| | - Ziyan Zhang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY10461,United States
| | - Mahfuzur R Miah
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY10461,United States; Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, United States
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY10461,United States; Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Neurobehavioral toxicity of triclosan in mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 130:154-160. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
|
22
|
Jackson-Browne MS, Papandonatos GD, Chen A, Yolton K, Lanphear BP, Braun JM. Early-life triclosan exposure and parent-reported behavior problems in 8-year-old children. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 128:446-456. [PMID: 30712883 PMCID: PMC6526084 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triclosan exposure may decrease circulating thyroxine levels or cause neuron apoptosis, which in turn may adversely affect neurodevelopment. However, few studies have examined the association of early life triclosan exposure with child behavior. OBJECTIVE To quantify the association between early-life triclosan exposure and child behavior at age 8-years in 202 mother-child pairs from the HOME study (Cincinnati, OH; enrolled: 2003-2006). METHODS We quantified urinary triclosan concentrations up to 3 times in mothers (16-weeks, 26-weeks, and delivery) and up to 6 times in children (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 8 years). Parents rated children's problem behaviors at age 8-years using the Behavioral Assessment System for Children-2 (BASC-2). Adjusting for covariates and accounting for exposure measurement error, we estimated changes in behavior problem scores per 10-fold increase in mean gestational and childhood triclosan concentrations. In addition, we estimated sex-specific associations. RESULTS Child sex modified the association of gestational and childhood triclosan with several BASC-2 scales (sex × triclosan p-values < 0.2). In boys, increasing gestational triclosan was associated with higher behavioral symptom index (β: 4.5; 95% CI: 1.0, 8.1), externalizing problems (β: 5.0; 95% CI: 1.2, 9.0), attention problem (β: 6.6; 95% CI: 2.4, 11), hyperactivity (β: 6.4; 95% CI: 2.1, 11), and somatization (β: 3.8; 95% CI: 0.3, 7.3) scores. In contrast, triclosan-BASC-2 associations in girls were generally null and not statistically significant. We observed similar patterns of associations between childhood triclosan and these same behavioral scores; however, their magnitude decreased substantially after adjusting for gestational triclosan and associations were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION In this cohort, increasing gestational and childhood urinary triclosan concentrations were associated with higher behavior problem scores in 8-year old boys, but not girls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - George D Papandonatos
- Department of Biostatistics, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States of America
| | - Aimin Chen
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Kimberly Yolton
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Bruce P Lanphear
- British Columbia Children's Hospital and the Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Joseph M Braun
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Zheng X, Yan Z, Liu P, Fan J, Wang S, Wang P, Zhang T. Research Progress on Toxic Effects and Water Quality Criteria of Triclosan. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2019; 102:731-740. [PMID: 30949737 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-019-02603-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) is an effective broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent that is widely used in personal care products. It has been detected in different environmental media, and poses high potential ecological risk. In this article, we carried out a literature review of recent studies on the toxic effects of TCS from different aspects at the molecular, cell, tissue, organ, and individual level. TCS can exhibit acute toxicity to aquatic organisms, affect the normal expression and physiological function of enzymes and genes, and produce cytotoxicity. Many studies have demonstrated that TCS exerts significant endocrine-disrupting effects on organisms, interfering the normal physiological functions of the reproductive, thyroid, and nervous systems via related signaling pathways. Moreover, we reported current research on the water quality criteria of TCS and discuss possible future research directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenguang Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, People's Republic of China.
| | - Peiyuan Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Juntao Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianxu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Triclosan: An Update on Biochemical and Molecular Mechanisms. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:1607304. [PMID: 31191794 PMCID: PMC6525925 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1607304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) is a synthetic, chlorinated phenolic antimicrobial agent commonly used in commercial and healthcare products. Items made with TCS include soaps, deodorants, shampoos, cosmetics, textiles, plastics, surgical sutures, and prosthetics. A wealth of information obtained from in vitro and in vivo studies has demonstrated the therapeutic effects of TCS, particularly against inflammatory skin conditions. Nevertheless, extensive investigations on the molecular aspects of TCS action have identified numerous adversaries associated with the disinfectant including oxidative injury and influence of physiological lifespan and longevity. This review presents a summary of the biochemical alterations pertaining to TCS exposure, with special emphasis on the diverse molecular pathways responsive to TCS that have been elucidated during the present decade.
Collapse
|
25
|
NADPH oxidase 2-mediated NLRP1 inflammasome activation involves in neuronal senescence in hippocampal neurons in vitro. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 69:60-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
26
|
Wójtowicz AK, Sitarz-Głownia AM, Szczęsna M, Szychowski KA. The Action of Di-(2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate (DEHP) in Mouse Cerebral Cells Involves an Impairment in Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR) Signaling. Neurotox Res 2019; 35:183-195. [PMID: 30120713 PMCID: PMC6313375 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-018-9946-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is used as a plasticizer in various plastic compounds, such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and products including baby toys, packaging films and sheets, medical tubing, and blood storage bags. Epidemiological data suggest that phthalates increase the risk of the nervous system disorders; however, the impact of DEHP on the brain cells and the mechanisms of its action have not been clarified. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of DEHP on production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), as well as Cyp1a1 and Cyp1b1 mRNA and protein expression in primary mouse cortical neurons and glial cells in the in vitro mono-cultures. Our experiments showed that DEHP stimulated ROS production in both types of mouse neocortical cells. Moreover, the results strongly support involvement of the AhR/Cyp1A1 signaling pathway in the action of DEHP in neurons and glial cells. However, the effects of DEHP acting on the AhR signaling pathways in these two types of neocortical cells were different. In neurons, AhR mRNA expression did not change, but AhR protein expression decreased in response to DEHP. A similar trend was observed for Cyp1a1 and Cyp1b1 mRNA and protein expression. Failure to induce Cyp1a1 in neurons was confirmed by EROD assay. In primary glial cells, a decrease in AhR protein level was accompanied by a decrease in AhR mRNA expression. In glial cells, mRNA and protein expression of Cyp1a1 as well as Cyp1a1-related EROD activity were significantly increased. As for Cyp1b1, both in neurons and glial cells Cyp1b1 mRNA expression did not significantly change, whereas Cyp1b1 protein level were decreased. We postulate that developmental exposure to DEHP which dysregulates AhR/Cyp1a1 may disrupt defense processes in brain neocortical cells that could increase their susceptibility to environmental toxins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Wójtowicz
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Animal Sciences Faculty, University of Agriculture, Redzina 1B, 30-248, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka M Sitarz-Głownia
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Animal Sciences Faculty, University of Agriculture, Redzina 1B, 30-248, Krakow, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Szczęsna
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Animal Sciences Faculty, University of Agriculture, Redzina 1B, 30-248, Krakow, Poland
| | - Konrad A Szychowski
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Opole, kard. B. Kominka 6a, 45-032, Opole, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Szychowski KA, Binduga UE, Rybczyńska-Tkaczyk K, Leja ML, Gmiński J. Cytotoxic effects of two extracts from garlic ( Allium sativum L.) cultivars on the human squamous carcinoma cell line SCC-15. Saudi J Biol Sci 2018; 25:1703-1712. [PMID: 30591788 PMCID: PMC6303145 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 07/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Garlic (Allium sativum L., Alliaceae) has acquired a reputation as a therapeutic agent and herbal remedy to prevent and treat several pathologies. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of two Allium sativum L. cultivars, Harnaś and Morado, on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, viability and apoptotic process in human squamous carcinoma cell line SCC-15. The experiments were conducted on SCC-15 cell line exposed to increasing concentrations of garlic extracts of 0.062, 0.125, 0.250, 0.500 and 1.000 mg/mL. After the experiments, ROS formation, caspase-3 activity and neutral red uptake were measured in the cells, and in a collected medium lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release was measured. The Spanish cultivar Morado has demonstrated higher potential to stimulate ROS production in SCC-15 cells after a short time period (6 h) than the Polish cultivar Harnaś. However, the Polish cultivar Harnaś manifested more prolonged potential to stimulate ROS production in SCC-15 cells. Both studied garlic extracts induced cytotoxicity on SCC-15 cell line which was probably ROS-dependent. We also determined that in SCC-15 cells high concentrations of studied extracts did not cause activation of caspase-3 which suggested caspase-independent or necrotic cell death.
Collapse
Key Words
- Allium sativum
- Apoptosis
- Caspase, cysteine-aspartic acid protease
- Cytotoxicity
- DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide
- DPPH•, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- Garlic
- H2DCFDA, 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate
- LDH, lactate dehydrogenase
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- ROS
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SCC-15
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Konrad A. Szychowski
- Department of Public Health, Dietetics and Lifestyle Disorders, Faculty of Medicine, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow, Sucharskiego 2, Rzeszow 35-225, Poland
| | - Urszula E. Binduga
- Department of Public Health, Dietetics and Lifestyle Disorders, Faculty of Medicine, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow, Sucharskiego 2, Rzeszow 35-225, Poland
| | - Kamila Rybczyńska-Tkaczyk
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Laboratory of Mycology, University of Life Sciences, Leszczyńskiego 7, Lublin 20-069, Poland
| | - Marcin L. Leja
- Department of Public Health, Dietetics and Lifestyle Disorders, Faculty of Medicine, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow, Sucharskiego 2, Rzeszow 35-225, Poland
| | - Jan Gmiński
- Department of Public Health, Dietetics and Lifestyle Disorders, Faculty of Medicine, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow, Sucharskiego 2, Rzeszow 35-225, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Arias-Cavieres A, More J, Vicente JM, Adasme T, Hidalgo J, Valdés JL, Humeres A, Valdés-Undurraga I, Sánchez G, Hidalgo C, Barrientos G. Triclosan Impairs Hippocampal Synaptic Plasticity and Spatial Memory in Male Rats. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:429. [PMID: 30534053 PMCID: PMC6275195 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Triclosan, a widely used industrial and household agent, is present as an antiseptic ingredient in numerous products of everyday use, such as toothpaste, cosmetics, kitchenware, and toys. Previous studies have shown that human brain and animal tissues contain triclosan, which has been found also as a contaminant of water and soil. Triclosan disrupts heart and skeletal muscle Ca2+ signaling, damages liver function, alters gut microbiota, causes colonic inflammation, and promotes apoptosis in cultured neocortical neurons and neural stem cells. Information, however, on the possible effects of triclosan on the function of the hippocampus, a key brain region for spatial learning and memory, is lacking. Here, we report that triclosan addition at low concentrations to hippocampal slices from male rats inhibited long-term potentiation but did not affect basal synaptic transmission or paired-pulse facilitation and modified the content or phosphorylation levels of synaptic plasticity-related proteins. Additionally, incubation of primary hippocampal cultures with triclosan prevented both the dendritic spine remodeling induced by brain-derived neurotrophic factor and the emergence of spontaneous oscillatory Ca2+ signals. Furthermore, intra-hippocampal injection of triclosan significantly disrupted rat navigation in the Oasis maze spatial memory task, an indication that triclosan impairs hippocampus-dependent spatial memory performance. Based on these combined results, we conclude that triclosan exerts highly damaging effects on hippocampal neuronal function in vitro and impairs spatial memory processes in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jamileth More
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Tatiana Adasme
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Centro Integrativo de Biología y Química Aplicada, Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge Hidalgo
- Physiology and Biophysics Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - José Luis Valdés
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis Humeres
- Department of Morphofunction, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Gina Sánchez
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Pathophysiology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- CEMC, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cecilia Hidalgo
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Physiology and Biophysics Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- CEMC, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Genaro Barrientos
- Physiology and Biophysics Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- CEMC, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Impact of Elastin-Derived Peptide VGVAPG on Matrix Metalloprotease-2 and -9 and the Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1, -2, -3 and -4 mRNA Expression in Mouse Cortical Glial Cells In Vitro. Neurotox Res 2018; 35:100-110. [PMID: 30062663 PMCID: PMC6313372 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-018-9935-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Degradation products of elastin, i.e. elastin-derived peptides (EDPs), are involved in various physiological and pathological processes. EDPs are detectable in cerebrospinal fluid in healthy people and in patients after ischemic stroke. However, to date, no studies concerning the role of EDP in the nervous system were conducted. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) play important roles during the repair phases of cerebral ischemia, particularly during angiogenesis and reestablishment of cerebral blood flow. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the impact of the specific elastin-derived peptide VGVAPG on Mmp-2, -9 and Timp-1, -2, -3 and -4 mRNA expression in mouse cortical glial cells in vitro. Primary glial cells were maintained in DMEM/F12 without phenol red supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and the cells were exposed to 50 nM, 1 and 50 μM of the VGVAPG peptide. After 3 and 6 h of exposition to the peptide, expression of Mmp-2, -9 and Timp-1, -2, -3 and -4 mRNA was measured. Moreover, siRNA gene knockdown, cytotoxicity and apoptosis measurement were included in our experiments, which showed that VGVAPG in a wide range of concentrations exhibited neither proapoptotic nor cytotoxic properties in mouse glial cells in vitro. The peptides enhanced mRNA expression of Timp-2 and Timp-3 genes in an elastin-binding protein (EBP)-dependent manner. However, changes in mRNA expression of Mmp-2, Mmp-9 and Timp-4 were partially EBP-dependent. The decrease in mRNA expression of Timp-1 was EBP-independent. However, further studies underlying the VGVAPG peptide’s mechanism of action in the nervous system are necessary.
Collapse
|
30
|
Liu WR, Yang YY, Liu YS, Zhao JL, Zhang QQ, Yao L, Zhang M, Jiang YX, Wei XD, Ying GG. Biocides in the river system of a highly urbanized region: A systematic investigation involving runoff input. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 624:1023-1030. [PMID: 29929219 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of 19 biocides in the aquatic environments (including runoffs) of a highly urbanized region, and then analyze the sources and ecological risks of target biocides in the river system. The investigated results showed that 19 target biocides were universally detected in surface water (17), sediment (19) and rainfall runoff (18). The tributaries of the river system were seriously contaminated by the biocides compared to the main stream. The prominent biocides in the riverine environment were methylparaben, climbazole and N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET) for surface water, climbazole, triclosan and triclocarban for sediment, and DEET and carbendazim for rainfall runoff. The biocides source analysis based on the mass contribution suggested that domestic wastewater was a dominant input source for most biocides in the riverine environment, while rainfall runoff was another crucial input source for some biocides, especially for DEET and carbendazim. The ecological risk assessment revealed that some high levels biocides (e.g. clotrimazole, carbendazim, and triclosan) could pose potential ecological risks to aquatic organisms. Therefore, it is essential that some efficient measures should be taken to reduce the input of biocides to river system from different sources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wang-Rong Liu
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection of PRC, Guangzhou 510655, China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - You-Sheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; The Environmental Research Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jian-Liang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; The Environmental Research Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Qian-Qian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; The Environmental Research Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Li Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yu-Xia Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Guang-Guo Ying
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; The Environmental Research Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Jackson-Browne MS, Papandonatos GD, Chen A, Calafat AM, Yolton K, Lanphear BP, Braun JM. Identifying Vulnerable Periods of Neurotoxicity to Triclosan Exposure in Children. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2018; 126:057001. [PMID: 29727133 PMCID: PMC6072011 DOI: 10.1289/ehp2777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to triclosan, an endocrine disrupting chemical, may affect thyroid hormone homeostasis and adversely affect neurodevelopment. OBJECTIVE Using a longitudinal pregnancy and birth cohort, we investigated associations between triclosan exposures during different time windows, and cognitive test scores at 8 y of age in 198 children from the HOME Study. METHODS We quantified triclosan in urine samples from mother-child pairs up to nine times between the second trimester of gestation and 8 y of age. The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-IV [i.e., Full-Scale Intelligence Quotient (IQ)] assessment was administered to HOME Study children at 8 y of age. We estimated covariate-adjusted triclosan-IQ associations at each visit. We also tested whether associations between triclosan concentrations and cognitive test scores varied among exposure at different time periods. RESULTS Full-Scale IQ was not significantly associated with urinary triclosan concentrations during gestation or childhood but was significantly associated with a 10-fold increase in maternal urinary triclosan concentration at delivery [-4.5 points (95% CI: -7.0, -2.0)]. Perceptual Reasoning Index (PRI) scores were significantly decreased in association with urinary triclosan concentrations at delivery and at 2 y of age. Associations between repeated triclosan concentrations and cognitive test scores significantly varied among exposure at different time periods for Full-Scale IQ, PRI, Verbal Comprehension Index, and Working Memory (triclosan-visit interaction p≤0.04). CONCLUSION Urinary triclosan concentrations at delivery, but not during mid to late pregnancy and childhood, were associated with significantly lower children's cognitive test scores at 8 y of age in this cohort of U.S. children. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP2777.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aimin Chen
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Antonia M Calafat
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kimberly Yolton
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Bruce P Lanphear
- British Columbia Children's Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Joseph M Braun
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Etzel T, Muckle G, Arbuckle TE, Fraser WD, Ouellet E, Séguin JR, Lanphear B, Braun JM. Prenatal urinary triclosan concentrations and child neurobehavior. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 114:152-159. [PMID: 29501853 PMCID: PMC5899958 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to triclosan, an antimicrobial chemical, is ubiquitous among pregnant women and may reduce thyroid hormone levels that are important for fetal neurodevelopment. Few studies have examined the association between prenatal triclosan exposure and children's neurobehavior. OBJECTIVE We investigated the relationship of prenatal urinary triclosan concentrations with children's behavior and cognitive abilities at age three years in a prospective pregnancy and birth cohort in Canada. METHODS We measured triclosan in urine samples collected at ~12 weeks of gestation in 794 Canadian women enrolled in a prospective pregnancy and birth cohort study (MIREC) from 2008 to 2011. Around age 3 years, we assessed children's cognitive abilities using the Wechsler Primary and Preschool Scale of Intelligence-III (WPPSI-III), and two scales of the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Preschool (BRIEF-P). Parents reported children's problem and reciprocal social behaviors using the Behavior Assessment System for Children-2 (BASC-2) and Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2), respectively. RESULTS After adjusting for confounders using multivariable linear regression, triclosan was not associated with most of the 30 examined neurobehavioral scales. Each 10-fold increase in triclosan was associated with better WPPSI-III picture completion scores (β: 0.2; 95% CI: 0,0.5) and BASC-2 externalizing (β: -0.5; 95% CI: -1.1, 0) and hyperactivity (β: -0.6; 95% CI: -1.2, -0.1) scores, suggesting less externalizing and hyperactive behaviors. Child sex did not modify these associations. CONCLUSIONS In this cohort, urinary triclosan concentrations measured once in early pregnancy were not associated with most assessed aspects of neurobehavior and weakly associated with a few others, but not in the hypothesized direction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Etzel
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, 121 South Main Street, Providence, RI 02920, USA.
| | - Gina Muckle
- School of Psychology, Laval University, 1050, Chemin Sainte-Foy, Local JS1-26, Québec G1S 4L8, Canada.
| | - Tye E Arbuckle
- Population Studies Division, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, 101 Tunney's Pasture Driveway, AL 0201A, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada.
| | - William D Fraser
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Mother and Child University Hospital Center, 3207 Chemin de la Côte-Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, QC H3T, Canada; Centre for Research of CHUS, University of Sherbrooke, 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada.
| | - Emmanuel Ouellet
- Quebec CHU Research Center, 11 Côte du Palais, Ville de Québec, QC G1R 2J6, Canada.
| | - Jean R Séguin
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Mother and Child University Hospital Center, 3207 Chemin de la Côte-Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, QC H3T, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, 2900 Edouard Montpetit Blvd, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada.
| | - Bruce Lanphear
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada.
| | - Joseph M Braun
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, 121 South Main Street, Providence, RI 02920, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Kim J, Oh H, Ryu B, Kim U, Lee JM, Jung CR, Kim CY, Park JH. Triclosan affects axon formation in the neural development stages of zebrafish embryos (Danio rerio). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 236:304-312. [PMID: 29414352 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.12.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) is an organic compound with a wide range of antibiotic activity and has been widely used in items ranging from hygiene products to cosmetics; however, recent studies suggest that it has several adverse effects. In particular, TCS can be passed to both fetus and infants, and while some evidence suggests in vitro neurotoxicity, there are currently few studies concerning the mechanisms of TCS-induced developmental neurotoxicity. Therefore, this study aimed to clarify the effect of TCS on neural development using zebrafish models, by analyzing the morphological changes, the alterations observed in fluorescence using HuC-GFP and Olig2-dsRED transgenic zebrafish models, and neurodevelopmental gene expression. TCS exposure decreased the body length, head size, and eye size in a concentration-dependent manner in zebrafish embryos. It increased apoptosis in the central nervous system (CNS) and particularly affected the structure of the CNS, resulting in decreased synaptic density and shortened axon length. In addition, it significantly up-regulated the expression of genes related to axon extension and synapse formation such as α1-Tubulin and Gap43, while decreasing Gfap and Mbp related to axon guidance, myelination and maintenance. Collectively, these changes indicate that exposure to TCS during neurodevelopment, especially during axonogenesis, is toxic. This is the first study to demonstrate the toxicity of TCS during neurogenesis, and suggests a possible mechanism underlying the neurotoxic effects of TCS in developing vertebrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Kim
- Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hanseul Oh
- Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Bokyeong Ryu
- Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ukjin Kim
- Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji Min Lee
- Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Cho-Rok Jung
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - C-Yoon Kim
- Stem Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Jae-Hak Park
- Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Triclosan-Evoked Neurotoxicity Involves NMDAR Subunits with the Specific Role of GluN2A in Caspase-3-Dependent Apoptosis. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:1-12. [PMID: 29675573 PMCID: PMC6334736 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1083-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) is an antimicrobial agent that is used extensively in personal care and in sanitising products. A number of studies have shown the presence of TCS in different human tissues such as blood, adipose tissue, the liver, brain as well as in breast milk and urine. N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are glutamate-gated ion channels that are widely expressed in the central nervous system and which play key roles in excitatory synaptic transmission. There is, however, no data on the involvement of NMDAR subunits in the apoptotic and neurotoxic effects of TCS. Our experiments are the first to show that TCS used at environmentally relevant concentrations evoked NMDA-dependent effects in neocortical neurons in primary cultures, as MK-801, an uncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist, reduced the levels of TCS-induced ROS production as well as caspase-3 activity and LDH release. TCS caused a decrease in protein expression of all the studied NMDA receptor subunits (GluN1, GluN2A, GluN2B) that were measured at 3, 6 and 24 h post-treatment. However, at 48 h of the experiment, the level of the GluN1 subunit returned to the control level, and the levels of the other subunits showed a tendency to increase. In TCS-treated neocortical cells, protein profiles of NMDAR subunits measured up to 24 h were similar to mRNA expression of GluN1 and GluN2A, but not to GluN2B mRNA. In this study, cells transiently transfected with GluN1, GluN2A or GluN2B siRNA exhibited reduced levels of LDH release, which suggests the involvement of all of the studied NMDAR subunits in the neurotoxic action of TCS. According to our data, GluN1 and GluN2A were mainly responsible for neuronal cell death as evidenced by neutral red uptake, whereas GluN2A was involved in TCS-induced caspase-3-dependent apoptosis. We suggest that TCS-evoked apoptosis and neurotoxicity could be related to transient degradation of NMDAR subunits in mouse neurons. Furthermore, recycling of NMDAR subunits in response to TCS is possible. Because transfections with specific siRNA did not completely abolish the effects of TCS as compared to cells transfected with negative siRNA in this study, other NMDAR-independent mechanisms of TCS action are also possible.
Collapse
|
35
|
Triclosan Lacks Anti-Estrogenic Effects in Zebrafish Cells but Modulates Estrogen Response in Zebrafish Embryos. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19041175. [PMID: 29649157 PMCID: PMC5979399 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS), an antimicrobial agent widely found in the aquatic environment, is suspected to act as an endocrine disrupting compound, however mechanistic information is lacking in regards to aquatic species. This study assessed the ability of TCS to interfere with estrogen receptor (ER) transcriptional activity, in zebrafish-specific in vitro and in vivo reporter gene assays. We report that TCS exhibits a lack of either agonistic or antagonistic effects on a panel of ER-expressing zebrafish (ZELH-zfERα and -zfERβ) and human (MELN) cell lines. At the organism level, TCS at concentrations of up to 0.3 µM had no effect on ER-regulated brain aromatase gene expression in transgenic cyp19a1b-GFP zebrafish embryos. At a concentration of 1 µM, TCS interfered with the E2 response in an ambivalent manner by potentializing a low E2 response (0.625 nM), but decreasing a high E2 response (10 nM). Altogether, our study suggests that while modulation of ER-regulated genes by TCS may occur in zebrafish, it does so irrespective of a direct binding and activation of zfERs.
Collapse
|
36
|
Belosludtsev KN, Belosludtseva NV, Tenkov KS, Penkov NV, Agafonov AV, Pavlik LL, Yashin VA, Samartsev VN, Dubinin MV. Study of the mechanism of permeabilization of lecithin liposomes and rat liver mitochondria by the antimicrobial drug triclosan. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2018; 1860:264-271. [PMID: 28939382 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2017.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
37
|
Rybczyńska-Tkaczyk K, Święciło A, Szychowski KA, Korniłłowicz-Kowalska T. Comparative study of eco- and cytotoxicity during biotransformation of anthraquinone dye Alizarin Blue Black B in optimized cultures of microscopic fungi. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 147:776-787. [PMID: 28946118 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to select optimal conditions (C and N sources, initial pH and temperature) for biodecolorization of 0.03% anthraquinone dye Alizarin Blue Black B (ABBB) by microscopic fungi: Haematonectria haematococca BwIII43, K37 and Trichoderma harzianum BsIII33. The phenolic compounds, phytotoxicity (Lepidium sativum L.), biotoxicity (Microtox), cytotoxicity and yeast viability assay were performed to determine the extent of ABBB detoxification. Biodecolorization and detoxification of 0.03% ABBB in H. haematococca BwIII43 and T. harzianum BsIII33 cultures was correlated with extracellular oxidoreductases activity. In turn, secondary products, toxic to human fibroblasts and respiring sod1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells, were formed in H. haematococca K37 strain cultures, despite efficient decolorization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Rybczyńska-Tkaczyk
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Laboratory of Mycology, The University of Life Sciences, Leszczyńskiego Street 7, Lublin 20-069, Poland.
| | - Agata Święciło
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, The University of Life Sciences, Leszczyńskiego Street 7, Lublin 20-069, Poland
| | - Konrad A Szychowski
- Department of Public Health, Dietetics and Lifestyle Disorders, Faculty of Medicine, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow, Sucharskiego 2, 35-225 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Teresa Korniłłowicz-Kowalska
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Laboratory of Mycology, The University of Life Sciences, Leszczyńskiego Street 7, Lublin 20-069, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Fournier K, Baumont E, Glorennec P, Bonvallot N. Relative toxicity for indoor semi volatile organic compounds based on neuronal death. Toxicol Lett 2017; 279:33-42. [PMID: 28709981 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.07.875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Semi Volatile Organic Compounds (SVOCs) are contaminants commonly found in dwellings as a result of their use as plasticizers, flame retardants, or pesticides in building materials and consumer products. Many SVOCs are suspected of being neurotoxic, based on mammal experimentation (impairment of locomotor activity, spatial learning/memory or behavioral changes), raising the question of cumulative risk assessment. The aim of this work is to estimate the relative toxicity of such SVOCs, based on neuronal death. METHOD SVOCs fulfilling the following conditions were included: detection frequency >10% in dwellings, availability of data on effects or mechanism of action for neurotoxicity, and availability of dose-response relationships based on cell viability assays as a proxy of neuronal death. Benchmark concentration values (BMC) were estimated using a Hill model, and compared to assess relative toxicity. RESULTS Of the 58 SVOCs selected, 28 were suspected of being neurotoxic in mammals, and 21 have been documented as inducing a decrease in cell viability in vitro. 13 have at least one dose-response relationship that can be used to derive a BMC based on a 10% fall in neuronal viability. Based on this in vitro endpoint, PCB-153 appeared to be the most toxic compound, having the lowest BMC10 (0.072μM) and diazinon the least toxic compound, having the highest BMC10 (94.35μM). We showed that experimental designs (in particular choice of cell lines) had a significant influence on BMC calculation. CONCLUSION For the first time, the relative in vitro toxicity of 13 indoor contaminants belonging to different chemical families has been assessed on the basis of neuronal cell viability. Lack of comparable toxicity datasets limits the number of SVOCs that can be included. More standardized protocols in terms of cell lines, species and exposure duration should be developed with a view to cumulative risk assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Fournier
- EHESP School of Public Health, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; INSERM UMR1085 IRSET (Research Institute in Environmental and Occupational Health), Rennes, France.
| | - Emmanuel Baumont
- EHESP School of Public Health, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; INSERM UMR1085 IRSET (Research Institute in Environmental and Occupational Health), Rennes, France.
| | - Philippe Glorennec
- EHESP School of Public Health, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; INSERM UMR1085 IRSET (Research Institute in Environmental and Occupational Health), Rennes, France.
| | - Nathalie Bonvallot
- EHESP School of Public Health, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; INSERM UMR1085 IRSET (Research Institute in Environmental and Occupational Health), Rennes, France.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Chen J, Li Z, Hatcher JT, Chen QH, Chen L, Wurster RD, Chan SL, Cheng Z. Deletion of TRPC6 Attenuates NMDA Receptor-Mediated Ca 2+ Entry and Ca 2+-Induced Neurotoxicity Following Cerebral Ischemia and Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:138. [PMID: 28400714 PMCID: PMC5368256 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient receptor potential canonical 6 (TRPC6) channels are permeable to Na+ and Ca2+ and are widely expressed in the brain. In this study, the role of TRPC6 was investigated following ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) and oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). We found that TRPC6 expression was increased in wild-type (WT) mice cortical neurons following I/R and in primary neurons with OGD, and that deletion of TRPC6 reduced the I/R-induced brain infarct in mice and the OGD- /neurotoxin-induced neuronal death. Using live-cell imaging to examine intracellular Ca2+ levels ([Ca2+]i), we found that OGD induced a significant higher increase in glutamate-evoked Ca2+ influx compared to untreated control and such an increase was reduced by TRPC6 deletion. Enhancement of TRPC6 expression using AdCMV-TRPC6-GFP infection in WT neurons increased [Ca2+]i in response to glutamate application compared to AdCMV-GFP control. Inhibition of N-methyl-d-aspartic acid receptor (NMDAR) with MK801 decreased TRPC6-dependent increase of [Ca2+]i in TRPC6 infected cells, indicating that such a Ca2+ influx was NMDAR dependent. Furthermore, TRPC6-dependent Ca2+ influx was blunted by blockade of Na+ entry in TRPC6 infected cells. Finally, OGD-enhanced Ca2+ influx was reduced, but not completely blocked, in the presence of voltage-dependent Na+ channel blocker tetrodotoxin (TTX) and dl-α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) blocker CNQX. Altogether, we concluded that I/R-induced brain damage was, in part, due to upregulation of TRPC6 in cortical neurons. We postulate that overexpression of TRPC6 following I/R may induce neuronal death partially through TRPC6-dependent Na+ entry which activated NMDAR, thus leading to a damaging Ca2+ overload. These findings may provide a potential target for future intervention in stroke-induced brain damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Chen
- Division of Neuroscience, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Zhaozhong Li
- Division of Neuroscience, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Jeffery T Hatcher
- Division of Neuroscience, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Qing-Hui Chen
- Department of Kinesiology and Integrative Physiology, Michigan Technological University Houghton, MI, USA
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Central Hospital of Tianjin Tianjin, China
| | - Robert D Wurster
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Sic L Chan
- Division of Neuroscience, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Zixi Cheng
- Division of Neuroscience, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central FloridaOrlando, FL, USA; Division of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Sciences, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central FloridaOrlando, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Ruszkiewicz JA, Li S, Rodriguez MB, Aschner M. Is Triclosan a neurotoxic agent? JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2017; 20:104-117. [PMID: 28339349 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2017.1281181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) is an antibacterial agent that has been used in many products since 1960s. Given its broad usage as an antiseptic TCS is present ubiquitously in the environment. Trace levels of TCS continue to be detected in many organisms, and it has been shown to be particularly toxic to aquatic species. The mechanisms underlying TCS-mediated toxicity include hormone dyshomeostasis, induction of oxidative stress, apoptosis and inflammation. Although TCS has been considered to be non-toxic to mammals, the adverse effects of continuous, long-term and low concentration exposure remain unknown. Epidemiological studies revealed that levels of TCS in human tissues, urine, plasma and breast milk correlate with the usage of this antimicrobial. This led to concerns regarding TCS safety and potential toxicity in humans, with special emphasis on early development. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recently issued a directive banning the use of TCS in consumer soaps, justifying the move attributed to data gaps on its effectiveness and safety, indicating the need for more studies addressing this chemical-mediated effects on various tissues including the central nervous system (CNS). The aim of this review was to (1) summarize the current findings on the neurotoxic effects of TCS and given the paucity of data, to (2) broaden the discussion to other effects of TCS, which might plausibly be related to neuronal functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna A Ruszkiewicz
- a Department of Molecular Pharmacology , Albert Einstein College of Medicine , Bronx , NY , United States
| | - Shaojun Li
- b Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health , Guangxi Medical University , Guangxi , China
| | - Maliya B Rodriguez
- a Department of Molecular Pharmacology , Albert Einstein College of Medicine , Bronx , NY , United States
| | - Michael Aschner
- a Department of Molecular Pharmacology , Albert Einstein College of Medicine , Bronx , NY , United States
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Szychowski KA, Leja ML, Kaminskyy DV, Binduga UE, Pinyazhko OR, Lesyk RB, Gmiński J. Study of novel anticancer 4-thiazolidinone derivatives. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 262:46-56. [PMID: 27965178 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
4-Thiazolidinones are a known class of prospective drug-like molecules, especially in the design of new anticancer agents. Two of the most prominent subtypes of these compounds are 5-ene-2-amino(amino)-4-thiazolidinones and thiopyrano[2,3-d]thiazoles. The latter are considered to be cyclic mimetics of biologically active 5-ene-4-thiazolidinones with similar pharmacological profiles. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of 4-thiazolidinone-based compounds on cytotoxicity, the apoptotic process, and metabolism in the human squamous carcinoma (SCC-15) cell line. The SCC-15 cells were cultured in phenol red-free DMEM/F12 medium supplemented with 10% FBS, hydrocortisone, and exposed to rising concentrations (1 nM-100 μM) of the studied compounds for 6, 24 and 48 h. Afterwards, reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, cell viability, caspase-3 activity, and cell metabolism were measured. The obtained results showed that all of the studied compounds in a wide range of concentrations (1 nM-100 μM) increased DCF fluorescence which suggests a stimulation of ROS production. Nevertheless, these new compounds showed cytotoxic and proapoptotic properties only at high (10-100 μM) concentrations. Our studies are the first to be carried out on these compounds and require further investigation to clarify the mechanism of action of their anticancer potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Konrad A Szychowski
- Department of Public Health, Dietetics and Lifestyle Disorders, Faculty of Medicine, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow, Sucharskiego 2, 35-225 Rzeszow, Poland.
| | - Marcin L Leja
- Department of Public Health, Dietetics and Lifestyle Disorders, Faculty of Medicine, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow, Sucharskiego 2, 35-225 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Danylo V Kaminskyy
- Department of Pharmaceutical, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Pekarska 69, Lviv 79010, Ukraine
| | - Urszula E Binduga
- Department of Public Health, Dietetics and Lifestyle Disorders, Faculty of Medicine, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow, Sucharskiego 2, 35-225 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Oleh R Pinyazhko
- Department of Pharmacology, Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Pekarska 69, Lviv 79010, Ukraine
| | - Roman B Lesyk
- Department of Pharmaceutical, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Pekarska 69, Lviv 79010, Ukraine
| | - Jan Gmiński
- Department of Public Health, Dietetics and Lifestyle Disorders, Faculty of Medicine, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow, Sucharskiego 2, 35-225 Rzeszow, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Szychowski KA, Wnuk A, Kajta M, Wójtowicz AK. Triclosan activates aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-dependent apoptosis and affects Cyp1a1 and Cyp1b1 expression in mouse neocortical neurons. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 151:106-114. [PMID: 27474938 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) is an antimicrobial agent that is used extensively in personal care and in sanitizing products, such as soaps, toothpastes, and hair products. A number of studies have revealed the presence of TCS in human tissues, such as fat, liver and brain, in addition to blood and breast milk. The aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of TCS on AhR and Cyp1a1/Cyp1b1 signaling in mouse neocortical neurons in primary cultures. In addition to the use of selective ligands and siRNAs, expression levels of mRNA and proteins as well as caspase-3 activity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release have been measured. We also studied the involvement of the AhR in TCS-induced LDH release and caspase-3 activation as well as the effect of TCS on ROS generation. Cultures of neocortical neurons were prepared from Swiss mouse embryos on day 15/16 of gestation. The cells were cultured in phenol red-free Neurobasal medium with B27 and glutamine, and the neurons were exposed to 1 and 10µM TCS. Our experiments showed that the expression of AhR and Cyp1a1 mRNA decreased in cells exposed to 10µM TCS for 3 or 6h. In the case of Cyp1b1, mRNA expression remained unchanged compared with the control group following 3h of exposure to TCS, but after 6h, the mRNA expression of Cyp1b1 was decreased. Our results confirmed that the AhR is involved in the TCS mechanism of action, and our data demonstrated that after the cells were transfected with AhR siRNA, the cytotoxic and pro-apoptotic properties of TCS were decreased. The decrease in Cyp1a1 mRNA and protein expression levels accompanied by a decrease in its activity. The stimulation of Cyp1a1 activity produced by the application of an AhR agonist (βNF) was attenuated by TCS, whereas the addition of AhR antagonist (αNF) reversed the inhibitory effects of TCS. In our experiments, TCS diminished Cyp1b1 mRNA and enhanced its protein expression. In case of Cyp1a1 we observed paradoxical effect of TCS action, which caused the decrease in activity and protein expression of Cyp1a1 and the increase in protein level of AhR. Therefore, we determined the effects of TCS on the production of ROS. Our results revealed that TCS increased the production of ROS and that this effect of TCS was reversed by 10µM N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), the ROS scavenger. To confirm an involvement of ROS in TCS-induced neurotoxicity we measured AhR, Cyp1a1, and Cyp1b1 mRNA expression levels in cells co-treated with TCS and NAC. In the presence of NAC, TCS enhanced mRNA expression of the cytochromes and AhR at 3 and 6h, respectively. We postulate that TCS exhibits primary and secondary effects. The primary effects such as impairment of Cyp1a1 signaling are mediated by TCS-induced ROS production, whereas secondary effects of TCS are due to transcriptional activity of AhR and estrogenic properties of TCS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Konrad A Szychowski
- Department of Public Health, Dietetics and Lifestyle Disorders, Faculty of Medicine, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow, Sucharskiego 2, 35-225 Rzeszow, Poland; Department of Animal Biotechnology, Animal Sciences Faculty, University of Agriculture, Redzina 1B, 30-248 Krakow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Wnuk
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Kajta
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna K Wójtowicz
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Animal Sciences Faculty, University of Agriculture, Redzina 1B, 30-248 Krakow, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Dibutyl Phthalate (DBP)-Induced Apoptosis and Neurotoxicity are Mediated via the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR) but not by Estrogen Receptor Alpha (ERα), Estrogen Receptor Beta (ERβ), or Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma (PPARγ) in Mouse Cortical Neurons. Neurotox Res 2016; 31:77-89. [PMID: 27581038 PMCID: PMC5209414 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-016-9665-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Dibutyl phthalate (di-n-butyl phthalate, DBP) is one of the most commonly used phthalate esters. DBP is widely used as a plasticizer in a variety of household industries and consumer products. Because phthalates are not chemically bound to products, they can easily leak out to enter the environment. DBP can pass through the placental and blood–brain barriers due to its chemical structure, but little is known about its mechanism of action in neuronal cells. This study demonstrated the toxic and apoptotic effects of DBP in mouse neocortical neurons in primary cultures. DBP stimulated caspase-3 and LDH activities as well as ROS formation in a concentration (10 nM–100 µM) and time-dependent (3–48 h) manner. DBP induced ROS formation at nanomolar concentrations, while it activated caspase-3 and LDH activities at micromolar concentrations. The biochemical effects of DBP were accompanied by decreased cell viability and induction of apoptotic bodies. Exposure to DBP reduced Erα and Pparγ mRNA expression levels, which were inversely correlated with protein expression of the receptors. Treatment with DBP enhanced Ahr mRNA expression, which was reflected by the increased AhR protein level observed at 3 h after exposure. ERα, ERβ, and PPARγ antagonists stimulated DBP-induced caspase-3 and LDH activities. AhR silencing demonstrated that DBP-induced apoptosis and neurotoxicity are mediated by AhR, which is consistent with the results from DBP-induced enhancement of AhR mRNA and protein expression. Our study showed that AhR is involved in DBP-induced apoptosis and neurotoxicity, while the ERs and PPARγ signaling pathways are impaired by the phthalate.
Collapse
|
44
|
Bal-Price A, Lein PJ, Keil KP, Sethi S, Shafer T, Barenys M, Fritsche E, Sachana M, Meek MEB. Developing and applying the adverse outcome pathway concept for understanding and predicting neurotoxicity. Neurotoxicology 2016; 59:240-255. [PMID: 27212452 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2016.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) concept has recently been proposed to support a paradigm shift in regulatory toxicology testing and risk assessment. This concept is similar to the Mode of Action (MOA), in that it describes a sequence of measurable key events triggered by a molecular initiating event in which a stressor interacts with a biological target. The resulting cascade of key events includes molecular, cellular, structural and functional changes in biological systems, resulting in a measurable adverse outcome. Thereby, an AOP ideally provides information relevant to chemical structure-activity relationships as a basis for predicting effects of structurally similar compounds. AOPs could potentially also form the basis for qualitative and quantitative predictive modeling of the human adverse outcome resulting from molecular initiating or other key events for which higher-throughput testing methods are available or can be developed. A variety of cellular and molecular processes are known to be critical for normal function of the central (CNS) and peripheral nervous systems (PNS). Because of the biological and functional complexity of the CNS and PNS, it has been challenging to establish causative links and quantitative relationships between key events that comprise the pathways leading from chemical exposure to an adverse outcome in the nervous system. Following introduction of the principles of MOA and AOPs, examples of potential or putative adverse outcome pathways specific for developmental or adult neurotoxicity are summarized and aspects of their assessment considered. Their possible application in developing mechanistically informed Integrated Approaches to Testing and Assessment (IATA) is also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bal-Price
- European Commission Joint Research Centre, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, Ispra, Italy.
| | - Pamela J Lein
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Kimberly P Keil
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Sunjay Sethi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Timothy Shafer
- Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, RTP, USA
| | - Marta Barenys
- IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ellen Fritsche
- IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Magdalini Sachana
- European Commission Joint Research Centre, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, Ispra, Italy
| | - M E Bette Meek
- McLaughlin Centre for Risk Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Park BK, Gonzales ELT, Yang SM, Bang M, Choi CS, Shin CY. Effects of Triclosan on Neural Stem Cell Viability and Survival. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2016; 24:99-107. [PMID: 26759708 PMCID: PMC4703359 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2015.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Triclosan is an antimicrobial or sanitizing agent used in personal care and household products such as toothpaste, soaps, mouthwashes and kitchen utensils. There are increasing evidence of the potentially harmful effects of triclosan in many systemic and cellular processes of the body. In this study, we investigated the effects of triclosan in the survivability of cultured rat neural stem cells (NSCs). Cortical cells from embryonic day 14 rat embryos were isolated and cultured in vitro. After stabilizing the culture, triclosan was introduced to the cells with concentrations ranging from 1 μM to 50 μM and in varied time periods. Thereafter, cell viability parameters were measured using MTT assay and PI staining. TCS decreased the cell viability of treated NSC in a concentration-dependent manner along with increased expressions of apoptotic markers, cleaved caspase-3 and Bax, while reduced expression of Bcl2. To explore the mechanisms underlying the effects of TCS in NSC, we measured the activation of MAPKs and intracellular ROS. TCS at 50 μM induced the activations of both p38 and JNK, which may adversely affect cell survival. In contrast, the activities of ERK, Akt and PI3K, which are positively correlated with cell survival, were inhibited. Moreover, TCS at this concentration augmented the ROS generation in treated NSC and depleted the glutathione activity. Taken together, these results suggest that TCS can induce neurodegenerative effects in developing rat brains through mechanisms involving ROS activation and apoptosis initiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Kyung Park
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, and Neuroscience Research Center, SMART-IABS and KU Open Innovation Center, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Edson Luck T Gonzales
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, and Neuroscience Research Center, SMART-IABS and KU Open Innovation Center, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Min Yang
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, and Neuroscience Research Center, SMART-IABS and KU Open Innovation Center, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Minji Bang
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, and Neuroscience Research Center, SMART-IABS and KU Open Innovation Center, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Soon Choi
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, and Neuroscience Research Center, SMART-IABS and KU Open Innovation Center, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Young Shin
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, and Neuroscience Research Center, SMART-IABS and KU Open Innovation Center, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|