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Al Bshabshe A, Alqahtani M, Amer KA, Al-Jahash NA, Thwab AS, Alshahrani FS, Saad Aldarani Alshahrani A, Asiri OA, Abughazalah FN, Khuzayyim AAA, Altumaihi F, Khawaji T, Algaide A, Almontasheri M. The Relationship of ABO and Rh Blood Group Types With Severe COVID-19 Disease Mortality in ICU Patients: Insights From a Single-Center Experience in Southern Saudi Arabia. Cureus 2023; 15:e50935. [PMID: 38249239 PMCID: PMC10800029 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.50935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The global COVID-19 pandemic has triggered an unprecedented public health crisis, emphasizing the need to understand factors influencing disease outcomes. This study explores the role of genetic variations in blood group antigens, particularly ABO and RhD, in shaping mortality rates among critically ill COVID-19 patients in the southern region of Saudi Arabia. Methods Utilizing a retrospective, noninterventional approach, we analyzed medical records of 594 COVID-19 patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) at Aseer Central Hospital from August 2020 to April 2021. The cohort, with a mean age of 60.5 years, consisted of a predominantly male population. Results The study encompassed a diverse age range of 18 to 103 years, with a mean age of 60.5 ± 17.3 years. Of the 594 patients, 398 (67%) were male, and only 5 (0.8%) had a history of smoking. Blood group distribution revealed 275 (48.4%) with O-, 189 (33.3%) with A+, and 51 (9%) with AB- types. Predominant chronic conditions included diabetes mellitus (35.5%). Tragically, 320 patients (54.6%) experienced mortality, with a 100% mortality rate for the B+ blood group and 92.9% for O- blood group. Conclusion This analysis establishes significant statistical links, underscoring the pivotal role of blood type, particularly the Rh factor, in influencing mortality risk among critically ill COVID-19 patients. These findings contribute valuable insights into risk stratification and personalized care for severe cases, emphasizing the importance of genetic considerations in understanding disease outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mushary Alqahtani
- Internal Medicine, Armed Forces Hospitals Southern Region, Khamis Mushait, SAU
| | - Khaled A Amer
- Medicine and Surgery, King Khalid University, Abha, SAU
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Turki Khawaji
- Intensive Care Unit, King Fahad General Hospital, Jeddah, SAU
| | - Ayman Algaide
- Intensive Care Unit, King Fahad General Hospital, Jeddah, SAU
| | - Moyed Almontasheri
- Internal Medicine, Armed Forces Hospitals Southern Region, Khamis Mushait, SAU
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2
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Abdulla SA, Elawamy HA, Mohamed NAE, Abduallah EH, Amshahar HAA, Abuzaeid NK, Eisa MAM, Osman MEM, Konozy EHE. Association of ABO blood types and clinical variables with COVID-19 infection severity in Libya. SAGE Open Med 2023; 11:20503121231187736. [PMID: 37489137 PMCID: PMC10363681 DOI: 10.1177/20503121231187736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The continuing COVID-19 pandemic is a coronavirus-related health emergency (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2). Inadequate efforts are still being made to address the illness situation in Libya, and this must change. To address these issues, we looked into the demography and trend of the disease as well as the potential risk factors for infection. Methods This study is a retrospective case-control study conducted online among 616 COVID-19 patients. The p0.05 value, odds ratios, and 95% confidence intervals were calculated and analyzed from the drawn data. Results Males were at high risk of COVID-19 than females (odds ratio = 1.3, 95% confidence interval: 1.042-1.622; p = 0.02). Anosmia and ageusia were more prominent in females. Patients with an "AB" blood group are significantly susceptible to infection. Adults (31 and above) are highly liable to infection. The univariate logistic regression analysis revealed that smoking is a risk factor for those above 60 years (odds ratio = 2.228, 95% confidence interval: 1.145-4.336; p = 0.018). Individuals with chronic diseases such as diabetes and/or hypertension are more prone to COVID-19 (odds ratio = 10.045, 95% confidence interval: 3.078-32.794; p = 0.000 and odds ratio = 11.508, 95% confidence interval: 3.930-33.695; p = 0.000, respectively). Conclusion This study provided for the first time the demographic data and the trend of COVID-19 infection in Libya, which will assist the stakeholders and governmental bodies in planning protection strategies against the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara A Abdulla
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Benghazi, Benghazi, Libya
| | | | - Negia AE Mohamed
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Benghazi, Benghazi, Libya
| | - Enas H Abduallah
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, University of Tobruk, Tobruk, Libya
| | - Habsa AA Amshahar
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Sirte University, Sirte, Libya
| | - Nadir K Abuzaeid
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory of Sciences, Omdurman Islamic University, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Mohamed AM Eisa
- Department of Physiology, Al Qunfudah Medical College, Umm Al Qura University, Al Qunfudah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Makarim Elfadil M Osman
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Glycoproteins, Biotechnology Park, Africa City of Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Emadeldin Hassan E Konozy
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Glycoproteins, Biotechnology Park, Africa City of Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
- Pharmaceutical Research and Development Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Karary University, Omdurman, Khartoum State, Sudan
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3
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Abuawwad MT, Taha MJJ, Abu-Ismail L, Alrubasy WA, Sameer SK, Abuawwad IT, Al-Bustanji Y, Nashwan AJ. Effects of ABO blood groups and RH-factor on COVID-19 transmission, course and outcome: A review. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 9:1045060. [PMID: 36714134 PMCID: PMC9878296 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.1045060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
ABO and Rh blood grouping systems are two of the non-modifiable risk factors that play an important role in the susceptibility, severity and outcomes of COVID-19 infection. This review explores these associations all over the world, in an attempt to conclude a clear idea for future reference in clinical practice. In the present review, a link has been drawn between blood groups and COVID-19 transmission, course and prognosis, as literature suggests that blood group O plays a protective role against the infection, while blood group A exhibits a higher risk of exacerbation. In contrast with Rh negative individuals, Rh positive individuals are prone to more severe infection and complications, despite the fact that the underlying mechanisms of this association remain understudied. Nevertheless, the connection remains subject to controversy; since some studies report doubts about it. Thus, this association requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad T. Abuawwad
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohammad J. J. Taha
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Luai Abu-Ismail
- Department of Ophthalmology, Islamic Hospital, Amman, Jordan
| | - Warda A. Alrubasy
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Shams Khalid Sameer
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim T. Abuawwad
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yaqeen Al-Bustanji
- Department of Clinical Medical, School of Medicine, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Abdulqadir J. Nashwan
- Department of Nursing, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar,*Correspondence: Abdulqadir J. Nashwan ✉
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4
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DAMAR ÇAKIRCA T, BAL T. Relationship between COVID-19 infection and ABO and Rh blood group systems. CUKUROVA MEDICAL JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.17826/cumj.1134928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine whether there is a relationship between COVID-19 infection and ABO and Rh blood groups.
Materials and Methods: 1360 patients with positive SARS-CoV-2 RNA test between April 2020 and March 2022 and 80219 healthy controls whose blood groups were determined before March 2020 were included in this study. Patients were classified according to disease severity as mild, moderate, severe and critical.
Results: Patient and control groups were matched in terms of age and gender using case-control matched method. 1360 patients and 1161 controls were included in the analysis. Of the patients, 42.1% (n=572) had mild, 41.5% (n=564) moderate, 13.8% (n=187) severe and 2.7% (n=37) critical course of infection. It was observed that patients with blood group A were 1.33 times more at risk (OR: 1.33, 95%Cl: 1.12-1.56) for the development of COVID-19 infection compared to patients with other blood groups. No relationship was found between ABO and Rh blood groups and severe-critical COVID-19 disease, need for intensive care and mortality. However, when patients are divided into two groups as mild and non-mild (moderate, severe, critical); the frequency of having O and B blood groups was found to be significantly higher in non-mild cases than in mild cases ( (53.3% and 46.7%), (64.5% and 35.5%, respectively).
Conclusion: In our study, while A blood group was found to be at risk for the development of COVID-19 infection, no relationship was found between Rh blood groups and susceptibility to the disease. In addition, the rate of O and B blood groups was found to be higher in patients who did not have mild disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tayibe BAL
- MUSTAFA KEMAL ÜNİVERSİTESİ, TAYFUR ATA SÖKMEN TIP FAKÜLTESİ, DAHİLİ TIP BİLİMLERİ BÖLÜMÜ, ENFEKSİYON HASTALIKLARI ANABİLİM DALI
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5
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Balaouras G, Eusebi P, Kostoulas P. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of ABO blood group on the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271451. [PMID: 35901063 PMCID: PMC9333251 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We have been experiencing a global pandemic with baleful consequences for mankind, since the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was first identified in Wuhan of China, in December 2019. So far, several potential risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection have been identified. Among them, the role of ABO blood group polymorphisms has been studied with results that are still unclear. The aim of this study was to collect and meta-analyze available studies on the relationship between SARS-CoV-2 infection and different blood groups, as well as Rhesus state. We performed a systematic search on PubMed/MEDLINE and Scopus databases for published articles and preprints. Twenty-two studies, after the removal of duplicates, met the inclusion criteria for meta-analysis with ten of them also including information on Rhesus factor. The odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated for the extracted data. Random-effects models were used to obtain the overall pooled ORs. Publication bias and sensitivity analysis were also performed. Our results indicate that blood groups A, B and AB have a higher risk for COVID-19 infection compared to blood group O, which appears to have a protective effect: (i) A group vs O (OR = 1.29, 95% Confidence Interval: 1.15 to 1.44), (ii) B vs O (OR = 1.15, 95% CI 1.06 to 1.25), and (iii) AB vs. O (OR = 1.32, 95% CI 1.10 to 1.57). An association between Rhesus state and COVID-19 infection could not be established (Rh+ vs Rh- OR = 0.97, 95% CI 0.83 to 1.13).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paolo Eusebi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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6
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Janda A, Engel C, Remppis J, Enkel S, Peter A, Hörber S, Ganzenmueller T, Schober S, Weinstock C, Jacobsen EM, Fabricius D, Zernickel M, Stamminger T, Dietz A, Groß HJ, Bode SFN, Haddad ADM, Elling R, Stich M, Tönshoff B, Henneke P, Debatin KM, Franz AR, Renk H. Role of ABO Blood Group in SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Households. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:857965. [PMID: 35602077 PMCID: PMC9120758 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.857965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
An association between certain ABO/Rh blood groups and susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection has been proposed for adults, although this remains controversial. In children and adolescents, the relationship is unclear due to a lack of robust data. Here, we investigated the association of ABO/Rh blood groups and SARS-CoV-2 in a multi-center study comprising 163 households with 281 children and 355 adults and at least one SARS-CoV-2 seropositive individual as determined by three independent assays as a proxy for previous infection. In line with previous findings, we found a higher frequency of blood group A (+ 6%) and a lower frequency of blood group O (−6%) among the SARS-CoV-2 seropositive adults compared to the seronegative ones. This trend was not seen in children. In contrast, SARS-CoV-2 seropositive children had a significantly lower frequency of Rh-positive blood groups. ABO compatibility did not seem to play a role in SARS-CoV-2 transmission within the families. A correction for family clusters was performed and estimated fixed effects of the blood group on the risk of SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity and symptomatic infection were determined. Although we found a different distribution of blood groups in seropositive individuals compared to the reference population, the risk of SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity or symptomatic infection was not increased in children or in adults with blood group A or AB versus O or B. Increasing age was the only parameter positively correlating with the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection. In conclusion, specific ABO/Rh blood groups and ABO compatibility appear not to predispose for SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ales Janda
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Corinna Engel
- Center for Pediatric Clinical Studies, University Children's Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Sigrid Enkel
- Center for Clinical Transfusion Medicine Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Peter
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Hörber
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tina Ganzenmueller
- Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sarah Schober
- University Children's Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christof Weinstock
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.,Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics, Ulm, Germany.,Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Württemberg-Hessen, Ulm, Germany
| | - Eva-Maria Jacobsen
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Dorit Fabricius
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Maria Zernickel
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Andrea Dietz
- Institute of Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Hans-Jürgen Groß
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sebastian F N Bode
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Anneke D M Haddad
- Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical Center Freiburg, Germany and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Roland Elling
- Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical Center Freiburg, Germany and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Institute for Immunodeficiency, Medical Center Freiburg, Germany and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Stich
- Department of Pediatrics I, University Children's Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Burkhard Tönshoff
- Department of Pediatrics I, University Children's Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philipp Henneke
- Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical Center Freiburg, Germany and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Institute for Immunodeficiency, Medical Center Freiburg, Germany and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Klaus-Michael Debatin
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Axel R Franz
- Center for Pediatric Clinical Studies, University Children's Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,University Children's Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hanna Renk
- University Children's Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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7
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Yan LD, Matuja SS, Pain KJ, McNairy ML, Etyang AO, Peck RN. Emerging Viral Infections, Hypertension, and Cardiovascular Disease in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Narrative Review. Hypertension 2022; 79:898-905. [PMID: 35272495 PMCID: PMC9010372 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.121.17949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) has the highest age-adjusted burden of hypertension and cardiovascular disease (CVD). SSA also experiences many viral infections due to unique environmental and societal factors. The purpose of this narrative review is to examine evidence around how hypertension, CVD, and emerging viral infections interact in SSA. METHODS In September 2021, we conducted a search in MEDLINE, Embase, and Scopus, limited to English language studies published since 1990, and found a total of 1169 articles. Forty-seven original studies were included, with 32 on COVID-19 and 15 on other emerging viruses. RESULTS Seven articles, including those with the largest sample size and most robust study design, found an association between preexisting hypertension or CVD and COVID-19 severity or death. Ten smaller studies found no association, and 17 did not calculate statistics to compare groups. Two studies assessed the impact of COVID-19 on incident CVD, with one finding an increase in stroke admissions. For other emerging viruses, 3 studies did not find an association between preexisting hypertension or CVD on West Nile and Lassa fever mortality. Twelve studies examined other emerging viral infections and incident CVD, with 4 finding no association and 8 not calculating statistics. CONCLUSIONS Growing evidence from COVID-19 suggests viruses, hypertension, and CVD interact on multiple levels in SSA, but research gaps remain especially for other emerging viral infections. SSA can and must play a leading role in the study and control of emerging viral infections, with expansion of research and public health infrastructure to address these interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily D Yan
- Center for Global Health and Division of General Internal Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sarah S Matuja
- Department of Medicine, Weill Bugando School of Medicine, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Kevin J Pain
- Samuel J. Wood Library and C. V. Starr Biomedical Information Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Margaret L McNairy
- Center for Global Health and Division of General Internal Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Robert N Peck
- Center for Global Health and Division of General Internal Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill Bugando School of Medicine, Mwanza, Tanzania
- Mwanza Interventions Trial Unit, Mwanza, Tanzania
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8
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Ghamdi FA, Naqvi S, Alabassi FA, Alhayyani S, Baig MR, Kumar V, Anwar F. Alterations in clinical characteristics of blood donors post COVID-19 recovery. Curr Pharm Des 2022; 28:981-992. [PMID: 35319357 DOI: 10.2174/1381612828666220322123225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Corona Virus Disease-19 (COVID-19), a current worldwide pandemic is a cuase of concern. Risk-adjusted differences in outcomes of the patients are not well characterized. Susceptibility to infection with respect to blood group, blood pressure, pulse rate, hemoglobin, age and BMI were analyzed. METHODS Blood donors, of all the ages and gender, who recovered from COVID-19 infection, were selected for the study Samples from Regional laboratory and the Central blood bank of Hafr al Batin, Saudi Arabia were collected. Out of 1508 healthy blood donor 134 had recovered from corona without any preexisting diseases. RESULTS Major donors were male (85.1%). 28% donors in age range of 26-35 years. O+(32.8%) were the highest donors. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure and pulse rate elevated significantly of age group 46-55 (p<0.05) and 56-65 (p<0.001). Systolic blood pressure in males (134.13 ± 9.57) was significantly higher (p<0.05) than those of females (129.35 ± 10.61). Donors with Rh+ significantly higher systolic (p<0.05) and pulse rate (p<0.05) as compared to Rh-. DISCUSSION O+ donors were highly susceptible. Blood pressure, pulse rate and Hb alter with age. Males exhibit higher variation in systolic blood pressure, with Rh+ factor playing a predominant role. Donors above 45-years of age and a high BMI have significantly elevated blood pressure and pulse. These results are challenging or contradictory from the results of Turkish and Chinese studies where blood group A+ was more predominantly affected by the SARS-CoV-2 with minimum infection rate on females and Rh- donors. CONCLUSION Factors like blood group V-2 treatment especially with the age group of 45 years and above.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahad Al Ghamdi
- King Abdulaziz University, Department of Biochemistry, P.O. Box 80203 Jeddah 21589
| | - Salma Naqvi
- Gulf Medical University, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajman
| | - Fahad A Alabassi
- King Abdulaziz University, Department of Biochemistry, P.O. Box 80203 Jeddah 21589
| | - Sultan Alhayyani
- King Abdulaziz University, Department of Chemistry. College of Sciences & Arts, Rabigh
| | - Mirza Rafi Baig
- Dubai Pharmacy College, Department of Biochemistry; Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Pharmaceutical sciences, Allahabad
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Dubai Pharmacy College, Department of Biochemistry; Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Pharmaceutical sciences, Allahabad
| | - Firoz Anwar
- King Abdulaziz University, Department of Biochemistry, P.O. Box 80203 Jeddah 21589
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9
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Shokri P, Golmohammadi S, Noori M, Nejadghaderi SA, Carson-Chahhoud K, Safiri S. The relationship between blood groups and risk of infection with SARS-CoV-2 or development of severe outcomes: A review. Rev Med Virol 2022; 32:e2247. [PMID: 34997677 PMCID: PMC8209917 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) is considered a global catastrophe that has overwhelmed health care systems. Since initiation of the pandemic, identification of characteristics that might influence risk of infection and poor disease outcomes have been of paramount interest. Blood group phenotypes are genetically inherited characteristics whose association with certain infectious diseases have long been debated. The aim of this review is to identify whether a certain type of blood group may influence an individual’s susceptibility to SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and developing severe outcomes. Our review shows that blood group O protects individuals against SARS‐CoV‐2, whereas blood group A predisposes them to being infected. Although the association between blood groups and outcomes of COVID‐19 is not consistent, it is speculated that non‐O blood group carriers with COVID‐19 are at higher risk of developing severe outcomes in comparison to O blood group. The interaction between blood groups and SARS‐CoV‐2 infection is hypothesized to be as result of natural antibodies against blood group antigens that may act as a part of innate immune response to neutralize viral particles. Alternatively, blood group antigens could serve as additional receptors for the virus and individuals who are capable of expressing these antigens on epithelial cells, which are known as secretors, would then have a high propensity to be affected by SARS‐CoV‐2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pourya Shokri
- School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeid Golmohammadi
- School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Noori
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi
- School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Expert Group (SRMEG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Kristin Carson-Chahhoud
- Australian Centre for Precision Health, University of South Australia, South Australia, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Saeid Safiri
- Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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10
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Tietäväinen J, Laine O, Mäkelä S, Huhtala H, Pörsti I, Vaheri A, Mustonen J. ABO and Rhesus Blood Groups in Acute Puumala Hantavirus Infection. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112271. [PMID: 34835077 PMCID: PMC8621274 DOI: 10.3390/v13112271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Puumala hantavirus (PUUV) causes hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. We aimed to evaluate whether ABO and rhesus blood groups associate with the susceptibility or the severity of PUUV infection. We analyzed blood groups in 289 adult patients treated in Tampere University hospital due to PUUV infection during the years 1982–2017. Patients’ blood group distribution was compared to that of healthy, voluntary blood donors living in the Tampere University Hospital responsibility area (n = 21,833). The severity of PUUV infection, as judged by the severity of acute kidney injury (AKI), thrombocytopenia, inflammation, capillary leakage, and the length of hospital care, was analyzed across the groups. The ABO and rhesus blood group distributions did not differ between the patients and blood donors. Patients with non-O blood groups had lower systolic blood pressure compared to patients with blood group O, but there was no difference in other markers of capillary leakage or in the severity of AKI. Minor deviations in the number of platelets and leukocytes were detected between the O and non-O blood groups. To conclude, patients with blood group O may be less susceptible to hypotension, but otherwise blood groups have no major influences on disease susceptibility or severity during acute PUUV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Tietäväinen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33520 Tampere, Finland; (O.L.); (S.M.); (I.P.); (J.M.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tampere University Hospital, 33520 Tampere, Finland
- Correspondence:
| | - Outi Laine
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33520 Tampere, Finland; (O.L.); (S.M.); (I.P.); (J.M.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tampere University Hospital, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Satu Mäkelä
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33520 Tampere, Finland; (O.L.); (S.M.); (I.P.); (J.M.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tampere University Hospital, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Heini Huhtala
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, 33250 Tampere, Finland;
| | - Ilkka Pörsti
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33520 Tampere, Finland; (O.L.); (S.M.); (I.P.); (J.M.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tampere University Hospital, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Antti Vaheri
- Department of Virology, Medicum, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Jukka Mustonen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33520 Tampere, Finland; (O.L.); (S.M.); (I.P.); (J.M.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tampere University Hospital, 33520 Tampere, Finland
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11
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Ayatollahi AA, Aghcheli B, Amini A, Nikbakht H, Ghassemzadehpirsala P, Behboudi E, Rajabi A, Tahamtan A. Association between blood groups and COVID-19 outcome in Iranian patients. Future Virol 2021; 16:10.2217/fvl-2021-0090. [PMID: 34589135 PMCID: PMC8462120 DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2021-0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aim: Many factors have been speculated to explain the COVID-19 complex clinical phenotype. Due to the inconsistent data published on blood groups and COVID-19, we conducted a study on Iranian patients to further assess this association. Materials & methods: This retrospective study was conducted on data collected from confirmed COVID-19 hospitalized patients during March and December 2020 in a referral hospital for COVID-19, 5 Azar Hospital, Gorgan, north of Iran. A total of 1554 confirmed COVID-19 cases were enrolled in the study with blood group (ABO and Rh), demographic, and clinical data available. Results: Of 1554 patients, 1267 and 287 cases had recovered and deceased (due to COVID-19) outcomes, respectively. Most of the cases had O+ (29.6%), the least number had AB- (0.5%), and most of the deceased cases had O+ blood types (31.4%). Logistic regression analysis revealed that groups A- and B- had higher and groups B+, AB+, O+ and O- had lower odds of death than the A+ group. Conclusion: This study indicates that blood types may be related to the clinical outcome of COVID-19. Further studies with a large cohort for multiple people are required to validate this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Asghar Ayatollahi
- Laboratory Sciences Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, 4934174513, Iran
| | - Bahman Aghcheli
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, 4934174515, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Amini
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, 4934174516, Iran
| | - Hasan Nikbakht
- Faculty of Medical, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, 4934174515, Iran
| | | | - Emad Behboudi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, 4934174515, Iran
| | - Abdolhalim Rajabi
- Biostatistics & Epidemiology Department, Faculty of Health, Environmental Health Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, 4934174518, Iran
| | - Alireza Tahamtan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, 4934174515, Iran
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, 4934174510, Iran
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12
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SARS-CoV-2 and Plasmodium falciparum are probably adopting Analogous strategy to invade erythrocytes. J Infect Public Health 2021; 14:883-885. [PMID: 34118739 PMCID: PMC8189613 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2021.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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13
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Njoga EO, Zakariya YF, Jaja IF, Okoli CE, Mshelbwala PP. Global epidemiology of coronavirus disease 2019 and lessons for effective control of this and future pandemics. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ONE HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.14202/ijoh.2021.78-87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Barely 1 year after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) was first reported in China, the virus has infected approximately 120 million people, caused around 3 million deaths, and adversely affected the global economy. Despite stringent measures to flatten the epidemiologic curve of the pandemic, there have been spikes and waves of the infection in many countries, particularly in the American, European, and Asian continents. This review critically evaluated the global epidemiology of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) to provide advice on other possible ways of managing the disease as various COVID-19 vaccines are being rolled out. To effectively control this and possible future epidemics/pandemics, there is a need to maintain a healthy balance between saving lives and livelihoods in the implementation of lockdowns. Unwarranted human exposures to animals, particularly pangolins, civet cats, bats, dromedary camels, and other wildlife known to be reservoirs and intermediate hosts of coronaviruses should be prevented. All the identified strains of SARS-CoV-2, including the highly infectious UK and South African variants, should be incorporated in COVID-19 vaccine production; to widen the protection spectrum. Some of the COVID-19 vaccines require primary inoculation, booster vaccination after 2-4 weeks and annual revaccination for adequate immunization against SARS-CoV-2. Survivors of COVID-19 may require only a single vaccine dozing and annual revaccination thereafter. Adoption of One Health approach and the development of globally coordinated active surveillance systems against emerging and reemerging zoonotic viruses are imperative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Okechukwu Njoga
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria
| | - Yusuf Feyisara Zakariya
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Ishmael Festus Jaja
- Department of Livestock and Pasture Science, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa
| | - Chinwe Elizabeth Okoli
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Philip Paul Mshelbwala
- Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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14
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Zhang Y, Garner R, Salehi S, La Rocca M, Duncan D. Association between ABO blood types and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), genetic associations, and underlying molecular mechanisms: a literature review of 23 studies. Ann Hematol 2021; 100:1123-1132. [PMID: 33686492 PMCID: PMC7939543 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-021-04489-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
An association of various blood types and the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has been found in a number of publications. The aim of this literature review is to summarize key findings related to ABO blood types and COVID-19 infection rate, symptom presentation, and outcome. Summarized findings include associations between ABO blood type and higher infection susceptibility, intubation duration, and severe outcomes, including death. The literature suggests that blood type O may serve as a protective factor, as individuals with blood type O are found COVID-19 positive at far lower rates. This could suggest that blood type O individuals are less susceptible to infection, or that they are asymptomatic at higher rates and therefore do not seek out testing. We also discuss genetic associations and potential molecular mechanisms that drive the relationship between blood type and COVID-19. Studies have found a strong association between a locus on a specific gene cluster on chromosome three (chr3p21.31) and outcome severity, such as respiratory failure. Cellular models have suggested an explanation for blood type modulation of infection, evidencing that spike protein/Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)-dependent adhesion to ACE2-expressing cell lines was specifically inhibited by monoclonal or natural human anti-A antibodies, so individuals with non-A blood types, specifically O, or B blood types, which produce anti-A antibodies, may be less susceptible to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection due to the inhibitory effects of anti-A antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Zhang
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, 2025 Zonal Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA
| | - Rachael Garner
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, 2025 Zonal Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA
| | - Sana Salehi
- Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, 1500 San Pablo St., Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA
| | - Marianna La Rocca
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, 2025 Zonal Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA
| | - Dominique Duncan
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, 2025 Zonal Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA
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15
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Saify K, Alborz MS, Saadat M. Susceptibility to the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is associated with ABO and Rh blood groups: a case-control study from Afghanistan. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMAN GENETICS 2021; 22:1. [PMID: 38624675 PMCID: PMC7781646 DOI: 10.1186/s43042-020-00124-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background There are preliminary studies about the association between COVID-19 and ABO phenotypes and the results are controversial. There are only two studies which investigated the association of Rh blood groups in addition to ABO with COVID-19; however, in the statistical analysis ABO and Rh blood groups have been considered separately. Therefore, the present case-control study was performed to determine the association of COVID-19 with ABO blood groups considering the Rh blood groups simultaneously. The study was conducted in Kunduz COVID-19 treatment specific center, Spin-Zar Hospital (Kunduz Province, North East Afghanistan). A total of 301 confirmed COVID-19 cases and 1039 healthy blood donors as control group were included in the study. Results The Rh- phenotype strongly increased the risk of COVID-19 (OR = 2.97, 95% CI 1.86-3.89, P < 0.001). Although blood group A increased the risk of developing COVID-19, the association did not reach statistical significance. In analysis of the combination phenotypes, the A- blood group remarkably increased the risk of COVID-19 (OR = 7.24, 95% CI 3.62-14.4, P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis revealed that the interaction of Rh and ABO is significant (P < 0.013). Conclusion These findings indicate that susceptibility to COVID-19 is strongly associated with A- blood group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khyber Saify
- Department of Biology, College of Education Sciences, Kunduz University, Kunduz, Afghanistan
| | - Mohammad Sarwar Alborz
- Department of Nutrition, College of Medical Sciences Kabul, Abu Ali Ibne-Sina Medical Science University, Kabul, Afghanistan
| | - Mostafa Saadat
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, 71467-13565 Iran
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16
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El-Shitany NA, El-Hamamsy M, Alahmadi AA, Eid BG, Neamatallah T, Almukadi HS, Arab RA, Faddladdeen KA, Al-Sulami KA, Bahshwan SM, Ali SS, Harakeh S, Badr-Eldin SM. The Impact of ABO Blood Grouping on COVID-19 Vulnerability and Seriousness: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Controlled Study among the Arab Community. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:E276. [PMID: 33401440 PMCID: PMC7795413 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18010276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Studies have noted that some ABO blood types are more susceptible to COVID-19 virus infection. This study aimed to further confirm the relationship between different blood groups on the vulnerability, symptoms, cure period, and severity among COVID-19 recovered patients. Subjects and Methods: This cross-sectional study approached the participants from the Arab community via social media (mainly Facebook and WhatsApp). The data were collected through two Google Form questionnaires, one for COVID-19 recovered patients (COVID-19 group, n = 726), and the other for the healthy people (Control group, n = 707). Results: The subjects with blood group O were the least likely to be infected with the COVID-19 virus, while those with blood group A were not likely to be the most susceptible. There were significant differences among different ABO blood groups regarding the distribution of oxygen saturation percentage, myalgia, and recovery time after COVID-19 infection (p < 0.01, 0.01, and 0.05, respectively). The blood group A showed the highest percentage of patients who experienced an oxygen saturation range of 90-100%, whereas the blood group O showed the highest percentage of patients who experienced an oxygen saturation range of 70-80%. The blood group A showed the lowest percentage of patients who required artificial respiration, whereas the blood group O showed the highest percentage of patients who required artificial respiration. The blood group B showed the lowest percentage of patients who experienced myalgia and exhibited the lowest percentage of patients who needed 3 weeks or more to recover. Conclusion: The people of blood group O may be the least likely to be infected with COVID-19, however, they may be the more in need of treatment in hospital and artificial respiration compared to the other blood groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagla A. El-Shitany
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (B.G.E.); (T.N.); (H.S.A.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Manal El-Hamamsy
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Ahlam A. Alahmadi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.A.); (K.A.F.)
| | - Basma G. Eid
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (B.G.E.); (T.N.); (H.S.A.)
| | - Thikryat Neamatallah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (B.G.E.); (T.N.); (H.S.A.)
| | - Haifa S. Almukadi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (B.G.E.); (T.N.); (H.S.A.)
| | - Rana A. Arab
- Medicine Program, Ibn Sina National Faculty for Medical Studies, Jeddah 22421, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Khadija A. Faddladdeen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.A.); (K.A.F.)
| | - Khayria A. Al-Sulami
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Arts in Al-Makhwah, Al-Baha University, Al-Baha 65511, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Safia M. Bahshwan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Al-Baha University, Al-Baha 65511, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Soad S. Ali
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt;
| | - Steve Harakeh
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, Yousef Abdullatif Jameel Chair of Prophetic Medicine Application, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Shaimaa M. Badr-Eldin
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
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17
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Iesa M, Osman M, Hassan M, Dirar A, Abuzeid N, Mancuso J, Pandey R, Mohammed A, Borad M, Babiker H, Konozy E. SARS-CoV-2 and Plasmodium falciparum common immunodominant regions may explain low COVID-19 incidence in the malaria-endemic belt. New Microbes New Infect 2020; 38:100817. [PMID: 33230417 PMCID: PMC7674012 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2020.100817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused significant morbidity and mortality and new cases are on the rise globally, yet malaria-endemic areas report statistically significant lower incidences. We identified potential shared targets for an immune response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) by immune determinants' shared identities with P. falciparum using the Immune Epitope Database and Analysis Resource Immune 9.0 browser tool. Probable cross-reactivity is suggested through HLA-A∗02:01 and subsequent CD8+ T-cell activation. The apparent immunodominant epitope conservation between SARS-CoV-2 (N and open reading frame (ORF) 1ab) and P. falciparum thrombospondin-related anonymous protein (TRAP) may underlie the low COVID-19 incidence in the malaria-endemic zone by providing immunity against virus infection to those previously infected with Plasmodium. Additionally, we hypothesize that the shared epitopes which lie within antigens that aid in the establishment of the P. falciparum erythrocyte invasion may be an alternative route for SARS-CoV-2 via the erythrocyte CD147 receptor, although this remains to be proven.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.A.M. Iesa
- Department of Physiology, Al Qunfudah Medical College, Umm Al Qura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
| | - M.E.M. Osman
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - M.A. Hassan
- Department of Translation Bioinformatics, DetaVax Biotech, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - A.I.A. Dirar
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto City, Japan
| | - N. Abuzeid
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory of Sciences, Omdurman University, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - J.J. Mancuso
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - R. Pandey
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - A.A. Mohammed
- Biotechnology Department, Africa City of Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - M.J. Borad
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - H.M. Babiker
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of Arizona Cancer Center, AZ, USA
| | - E.H.E. Konozy
- Biotechnology Department, Africa City of Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
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