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Graves RL, Whitaker J, Clay K. One Health: opportunities for Defence Engagement (Health). BMJ Mil Health 2024; 170:e20-e23. [PMID: 38897638 DOI: 10.1136/military-2024-002708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
The One Health concept continues to gain traction as a necessary approach to tackle emerging threats to human, animal and environmental health but has not yet been adopted within Defence Engagement (Health). The health of humans, animals and ecosystems are closely interlinked. The One Health concept recognises this interdependence and seeks to balance and optimise the health of all three through an integrated and unifying approach. With a focus on zoonoses, vectorborne disease, antimicrobial resistance and food safety it encourages collaboration, communication, coordination and capacity building. The UK has made commitments to the One Health approach in the Global Health and Security Agenda, and the Integrated Review. This article explores how the One Health approach could and should be adopted within Defence Engagement (Health) activity to offer the potential for high-impact, low-risk activity while facilitating long-term relationship building.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Graves
- Strategic Centre, British Army Land Forces Headquarters, Andover, UK
| | - J Whitaker
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Royal Free Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - K Clay
- Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK
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Hill R, Stentiford GD, Walker DI, Baker-Austin C, Ward G, Maskrey BH, van Aerle R, Verner-Jeffreys D, Peeler E, Bass D. Realising a global One Health disease surveillance approach: insights from wastewater and beyond. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5324. [PMID: 38909028 PMCID: PMC11193741 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49417-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024] Open
Abstract
One Health is a recognition of the shared environment inhabited by humans, animals and plants, and the impact of their interactions on the health of all organisms. The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the need for a framework of pathogen surveillance in a tractable One Health paradigm to allow timely detection and response to threats to human and animal health. We present case studies centered around the recent global approach to tackle antimicrobial resistance and the current interest in wastewater testing, with the concept of "one sample many analyses" to be further explored as the most appropriate means of initiating this endeavor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Hill
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, Dorset, UK
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Genomics Facility, Exeter, Devon, UK
| | - Grant D Stentiford
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, Dorset, UK
| | - David I Walker
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, Dorset, UK
| | - Craig Baker-Austin
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, Dorset, UK.
| | - Georgia Ward
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, Dorset, UK
| | - Benjamin H Maskrey
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, Dorset, UK
| | - Ronny van Aerle
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, Dorset, UK
| | | | - Edmund Peeler
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, Dorset, UK
| | - David Bass
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, Dorset, UK
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Krishnan BK, Balasubramanian G, Kumar PP. Leptospirosis in India: insights on circulating serovars, research lacunae and proposed strategies to control through one health approach. ONE HEALTH OUTLOOK 2024; 6:11. [PMID: 38849946 PMCID: PMC11161969 DOI: 10.1186/s42522-024-00098-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is one of the most neglected zoonotic infections of public health concern worldwide and a remerging infection in tropical countries such as India. The infection least explored disease and the epidemiological and other critical data are scarce for the disease rate reported and to control the infection. Leptospirosis as sapronosis is as underrated as the infection itself, and this article aims to explore the significance of this aspect of the disease. The research review aimed at the epidemiological understanding of the infection to control the negative impact of the disease. A mixed review and analysis were carried out to understand the knowledge published on the critical and understudied areas like epidemiology, transmission, diagnosis, treatment, and control of infection. A systematic analysis was carried out to extract information about the reported circulating strains, and research lacunae in India with the published data available in PubMed. The article elaborately discusses crucial inference areas of infection transmission and addresses lacunae in critically unacclaimed areas of infection to control the spread of infection using one health approach (OHA), and strategies to control leptospiral infection are proposed. The article also reviewed how and why Leptospirosis can be best studied and controlled by "One health approach" in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baby Karpagam Krishnan
- Department of Health Research (D.H.R.), ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology (ICMR-NIE), Indian Council of Medical Research, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, R-127, 2Nd Main Road, T.N.H.B. Layout, Ayapakkam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600 077, India.
| | - Ganesh Balasubramanian
- Department of Health Research (D.H.R.), ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology (ICMR-NIE), Indian Council of Medical Research, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, R-127, 2Nd Main Road, T.N.H.B. Layout, Ayapakkam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600 077, India
| | - Pesingi Pavan Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Rajiv Gandhi South Campus, Banaras Hindu University, Mirzapur, UP, 231001, India
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Miyani B, Li Y, Guzman HP, Briceno RK, Vieyra S, Hinojosa R, Xagoraraki I. Bioinformatics-based screening tool identifies a wide variety of human and zoonotic viruses in Trujillo-Peru wastewater. One Health 2024; 18:100756. [PMID: 38798735 PMCID: PMC11127556 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2024.100756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Peru was one of the most affected countries during the COVID-19 pandemic. Moreover, multiple other viral diseases (enteric, respiratory, bloodborne, and vector-borne) are endemic and rising. According to Peru's Ministry of Health, various health facilities in the country were reallocated for the COVID-19 pandemic, thereby leading to reduced action to curb other diseases. Many viral diseases in the area are under-reported and not recognized. The One Health approach, in addition to clinical testing, incorporates environmental surveillance for detection of infectious disease outbreaks. The purpose of this work is to use a screening tool that is based on molecular methods, high throughput sequencing and bioinformatics analysis of wastewater samples to identify virus-related diseases circulating in Trujillo-Peru. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the tool, we collected nine untreated wastewater samples from the Covicorti wastewater utility in Trujillo-Peru on October 22, 2022. High throughput metagenomic sequencing followed by bioinformatic analysis was used to assess the viral diversity of the samples. Our results revealed the presence of sequences associated with multiple human and zoonotic viruses including Orthopoxvirus, Hepatovirus, Rhadinovirus, Parechovirus, Mamastrovirus, Enterovirus, Varicellovirus, Norovirus, Kobuvirus, Bocaparvovirus, Simplexvirus, Spumavirus, Orthohepevirus, Cardiovirus, Molliscipoxvirus, Salivirus, Parapoxvirus, Gammaretrovirus, Alphavirus, Lymphocryptovirus, Erythroparvovirus, Sapovirus, Cosavirus, Deltaretrovirus, Roseolovirus, Flavivirus, Betacoronavirus, Rubivirus, Lentivirus, Betapolyomavirus, Rotavirus, Hepacivirus, Alphacoronavirus, Mastadenovirus, Cytomegalovirus and Alphapapillomavirus. For confirmation purposes, we tested the samples for the presence of selective viruses belonging to the genera detected above. PCR based molecular methods confirmed the presence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), monkeypox virus (MPXV), noroviruses GI and GII (NoVGI and NoVGII), and rotavirus A (RoA) in our samples. Furthermore, publicly available clinical data for selected viruses confirm our findings. Wastewater or other environmental media surveillance, combined with bioinformatics methods, has the potential to serve as a systematic screening tool for the identification of human or zoonotic viruses that may cause disease. The results of this method can guide further clinical surveillance efforts and allocation of resources. Incorporation of this bioinformatic-based screening tool by public health officials in Peru and other Latin American countries will help manage endemic and emerging diseases that could save human lives and resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brijen Miyani
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
| | - Yabing Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
| | - Heidy Peidro Guzman
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
| | - Ruben Kenny Briceno
- Institute for Global Health, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
| | - Sabrina Vieyra
- Institute for Global Health, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
| | - Rene Hinojosa
- Institute for Global Health, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
| | - Irene Xagoraraki
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
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Smith MF, Maqsood R, Sullins RA, Driver EM, Halden RU, Lim ES. Seasonality of respiratory, enteric, and urinary viruses revealed by wastewater genomic surveillance. mSphere 2024; 9:e0010524. [PMID: 38712930 PMCID: PMC11237574 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00105-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Wastewater surveillance can reveal population-level infectious disease burden and emergent public health threats can be reliably assessed through wastewater surveillance. While molecular methods for wastewater monitoring of microorganisms have traditionally relied on PCR-based approaches, next-generation sequencing (NGS) can provide deeper insights via genomic analyses of multiple diverse pathogens. We conducted a year-long sequencing surveillance of 1,408 composite wastewater samples collected from 12 neighborhood-level access points in the greater Tempe area, Arizona, USA, and show that variation in wastewater viruses is driven by seasonal time and location. The temporal dynamics of viruses in wastewater were influenced cyclically, with the most dissimilarity between samples 23 weeks apart (i.e., winter vs summer, spring vs fall). We identified diverse urinary and enteric viruses including polyomaviruses, astroviruses, and noroviruses, and showed that their genotypes/subtypes shifted across seasons. We show that while wastewater data of certain respiratory viruses like severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) strongly correlate with clinical case rates, laboratory-reported case incidences were discordant with surges of high viral load in wastewater for other viruses like human coronavirus 229E. These results demonstrate the utility of wastewater sequencing for informing decision-making in public health.IMPORTANCEWastewater surveillance can provide insights into the spread of pathogens in communities. Advances in next-generation sequencing (NGS) methodologies allow for more precise detection of viruses in wastewater. Long-term wastewater surveillance of viruses is an important tool for public health preparedness. This system can act as a public health observatory that gives real-time early warning for infectious disease outbreaks and improved response times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew F Smith
- Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Rabia Maqsood
- Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Regan A Sullins
- Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Erin M Driver
- Center for Environmental Health Engineering, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Rolf U Halden
- Center for Environmental Health Engineering, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Efrem S Lim
- Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore, Singapore
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Saingam P, Jain T, Woicik A, Li B, Candry P, Redcorn R, Wang S, Himmelfarb J, Bryan A, Winkler MKH, Gattuso M. Integrating socio-economic vulnerability factors improves neighborhood-scale wastewater-based epidemiology for public health applications. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 254:121415. [PMID: 38479175 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Wastewater Based Epidemiology (WBE) of COVID-19 is a low-cost, non-invasive, and inclusive early warning tool for disease spread. Previously studied WBE focused on sampling at wastewater treatment plant scale, limiting the level at which demographic and geographic variations in disease dynamics can be incorporated into the analysis of certain neighborhoods. This study demonstrates the integration of demographic mapping to improve the WBE of COVID-19 and associated post-COVID disease prediction (here kidney disease) at the neighborhood level using machine learning. WBE was conducted at six neighborhoods in Seattle during October 2020 - February 2022. Wastewater processing and RT-qPCR were performed to obtain SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentration. Census data, clinical data of COVID-19, as well as patient data of acute kidney injury (AKI) cases reported during the study period were collected and the distribution across the city was studied using Geographic Information System (GIS) mapping. Further, we analyzed the data set to better understand socioeconomic impacts on disease prevalence of COVID-19 and AKI per neighborhood. The heterogeneity of eleven demographic factors (such as education and age among others) was observed within neighborhoods across the city of Seattle. Dynamics of COVID-19 clinical cases and wastewater SARS-CoV-2 varied across neighborhood with different levels of demographics. Machine learning models trained with data from the earlier stages of the pandemic were able to predict both COVID-19 and AKI incidence in the later stages of the pandemic (Spearman correlation coefficient of 0·546 - 0·904), with the most predictive model trained on the combination of wastewater data and demographics. The integration of demographics strengthened machine learning models' capabilities to predict prevalence of COVID-19, and of AKI as a marker for post-COVID sequelae. Demographic-based WBE presents an effective tool to monitor and manage public health beyond COVID-19 at the neighborhood level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakit Saingam
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.
| | - Tanisha Jain
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Addie Woicik
- Department of Computer Science & Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Pieter Candry
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Raymond Redcorn
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Sheng Wang
- Department of Computer Science & Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Jonathan Himmelfarb
- Kidney Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Center for Dialysis Innovation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Andrew Bryan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Mari K H Winkler
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Meghan Gattuso
- Seattle Public Utilities, Project Delivery and Engineering, 700 5th Ave, Seattle, WA 98104, United States
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Dlamini M, Msolo L, Ehi Ebomah K, Nontongana N, Ifeanyi Okoh A. A systematic review on the incidence of influenza viruses in wastewater matrices: Implications for public health. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0291900. [PMID: 38662758 PMCID: PMC11045120 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses pose a significant public health threat, necessitating comprehensive surveillance strategies to enhance early detection and preventive measures. This systematic review investigates the incidence of influenza viruses in wastewater matrices, aiming to elucidate the potential implications for public health. The study synthesizes existing literature, employing rigorous inclusion criteria to identify relevant studies conducted globally. The essence of the problem lies in the gaps of traditional surveillance methods, which often rely on clinical data and may underestimate the true prevalence of influenza within communities. Wastewater-based epidemiology offers a novel approach to supplementing these conventional methods, providing a broader and more representative assessment of viral circulation. This review systematically examines the methodologies employed in the selected studies, including virus concentration techniques and molecular detection methods, to establish a standardized framework for future research. Our findings reveal a consistent presence of influenza viruses in diverse wastewater matrices across different geographic locations and seasons. Recommendations for future research include the standardization of sampling protocols, improvement of virus concentration methods, and the integration of wastewater surveillance into existing public health frameworks. In conclusion, this systematic review contributes to the understanding of influenza dynamics in wastewater matrices, offering valuable insights for public health practitioners and policymakers. Implementation of wastewater surveillance alongside traditional methods can enhance the resilience of public health systems and better prepare communities for the challenges posed by influenza outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mbasa Dlamini
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
| | - Luyanda Msolo
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
| | - Kingsley Ehi Ebomah
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
| | - Nolonwabo Nontongana
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
| | - Anthony Ifeanyi Okoh
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
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Li Y, Miyani B, Faust RA, David RE, Xagoraraki I. A broad wastewater screening and clinical data surveillance for virus-related diseases in the metropolitan Detroit area in Michigan. Hum Genomics 2024; 18:14. [PMID: 38321488 PMCID: PMC10845806 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-024-00581-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Periodic bioinformatics-based screening of wastewater for assessing the diversity of potential human viral pathogens circulating in a given community may help to identify novel or potentially emerging infectious diseases. Any identified contigs related to novel or emerging viruses should be confirmed with targeted wastewater and clinical testing. RESULTS During the COVID-19 pandemic, untreated wastewater samples were collected for a 1-year period from the Great Lakes Water Authority Wastewater Treatment Facility in Detroit, MI, USA, and viral population diversity from both centralized interceptor sites and localized neighborhood sewersheds was investigated. Clinical cases of the diseases caused by human viruses were tabulated and compared with data from viral wastewater monitoring. In addition to Betacoronavirus, comparison using assembled contigs against a custom Swiss-Prot human virus database indicated the potential prevalence of other pathogenic virus genera, including: Orthopoxvirus, Rhadinovirus, Parapoxvirus, Varicellovirus, Hepatovirus, Simplexvirus, Bocaparvovirus, Molluscipoxvirus, Parechovirus, Roseolovirus, Lymphocryptovirus, Alphavirus, Spumavirus, Lentivirus, Deltaretrovirus, Enterovirus, Kobuvirus, Gammaretrovirus, Cardiovirus, Erythroparvovirus, Salivirus, Rubivirus, Orthohepevirus, Cytomegalovirus, Norovirus, and Mamastrovirus. Four nearly complete genomes were recovered from the Astrovirus, Enterovirus, Norovirus and Betapolyomavirus genera and viral species were identified. CONCLUSIONS The presented findings in wastewater samples are primarily at the genus level and can serve as a preliminary "screening" tool that may serve as indication to initiate further testing for the confirmation of the presence of species that may be associated with human disease. Integrating innovative environmental microbiology technologies like metagenomic sequencing with viral epidemiology offers a significant opportunity to improve the monitoring of, and predictive intelligence for, pathogenic viruses, using wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yabing Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, 1449 Engineering Research Ct, East Lansing, MI, 48823, USA
| | - Brijen Miyani
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, 1449 Engineering Research Ct, East Lansing, MI, 48823, USA
| | - Russell A Faust
- Oakland County Health Division, 1200 Telegraph Rd, Pontiac, MI, 48341, USA
| | - Randy E David
- School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48282, USA
| | - Irene Xagoraraki
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, 1449 Engineering Research Ct, East Lansing, MI, 48823, USA.
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Corrin T, Rabeenthira P, Young KM, Mathiyalagan G, Baumeister A, Pussegoda K, Waddell LA. A scoping review of human pathogens detected in untreated human wastewater and sludge. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2024; 22:436-449. [PMID: 38421635 PMCID: wh_2024_326 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2024.326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Wastewater monitoring is an approach to identify the presence or abundance of pathogens within a population. The objective of this scoping review (ScR) was to identify and characterize research on human pathogens and antimicrobial resistance detected in untreated human wastewater and sludge. A search was conducted up to March 2023 and standard ScR methodology was followed. This ScR included 1,722 articles, of which 56.5% were published after the emergence of COVID-19. Viruses and bacteria were commonly investigated, while research on protozoa, helminths, and fungi was infrequent. Articles prior to 2019 were dominated by research on pathogens transmitted through fecal-oral or waterborne pathways, whereas more recent articles have explored the detection of pathogens transmitted through other pathways such as respiratory and vector-borne. There was variation in sampling, samples, and sample processing across studies. The current evidence suggests that wastewater monitoring could be applied to a range of pathogens as a public health tool to detect an emerging pathogen and understand the burden and spread of disease to inform decision-making. Further development and refinement of the methods to identify and interpret wastewater signals for different prioritized pathogens are needed to develop standards on when, why, and how to monitor effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tricia Corrin
- Public Health Risk Sciences Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 370 Speedvale Avenue West, Guelph, Ontario N1H 7M7, Canada E-mail:
| | - Prakathesh Rabeenthira
- One Health Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 110 Stone Road, Guelph, Ontario N1G 3W4, Canada
| | - Kaitlin M Young
- Public Health Risk Sciences Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 370 Speedvale Avenue West, Guelph, Ontario N1H 7M7, Canada
| | - Gajuna Mathiyalagan
- One Health Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 110 Stone Road, Guelph, Ontario N1G 3W4, Canada
| | - Austyn Baumeister
- Public Health Risk Sciences Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 370 Speedvale Avenue West, Guelph, Ontario N1H 7M7, Canada
| | - Kusala Pussegoda
- Public Health Risk Sciences Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 370 Speedvale Avenue West, Guelph, Ontario N1H 7M7, Canada
| | - Lisa A Waddell
- Public Health Risk Sciences Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 370 Speedvale Avenue West, Guelph, Ontario N1H 7M7, Canada
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Li Y, Miyani B, Childs KL, Shiu SH, Xagoraraki I. Effect of wastewater collection and concentration methods on assessment of viral diversity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 908:168128. [PMID: 37918732 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring of potentially pathogenic human viruses in wastewater is of crucial importance to understand disease trends in communities, predict potential outbreaks, and boost preparedness and response by public health departments. High throughput metagenomic sequencing opens an opportunity to expand the capabilities of wastewater surveillance. However, there are major bottlenecks in the metagenomic enabled wastewater surveillance, including the complexities in selecting appropriate sampling and concentration/virus enrichment methods as well as in bioinformatic analysis of complex samples with low human virus concentrations. To evaluate the abilities of two commonly used sampling and concentration methods in virus identification, virus communities concentrated with Virus Adsorption-Elution (VIRADEL) and PolyEthylene Glycol (PEG) precipitation were compared for three interceptor sites. Results indicated that more viral reads were obtained by the VIRADEL concentration method, with 2.84 ± 0.57 % viral reads in the sample. For samples concentrated with PEG, the average proportion of viral reads in the sample was 0.63 ± 0.19 %. In all wastewater samples, bacteriophage affiliated with the families Siphoviridae, Myoviridae and Podoviridae were found to be the abundant populations. Comparison against a custom Swiss-Prot human virus database indicated that the relatively abundant human viruses (average proportions in human virus community greater than 1.00 %) in samples concentrated with the VIRADEL method were Orthopoxvirus, Rhadinovirus, Parapoxvirus, Varicellovirus, Hepatovirus, Simplexvirus, Molluscipoxvirus, Parechovirus, Lymphocryptovirus, and Spumavirus. In samples concentrated with the PEG method, fewer human viruses were found to be relatively abundant. These were Orthopoxvirus, Rhadinovirus, Varicellovirus, Simplexvirus, Molluscipoxvirus, Lymphocryptovirus, and Betacoronavirus. Contigs of Betacoronavirus, which contains severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), were identified in VIRADEL and PEG samples. Our study demonstrates the feasibility of using metagenomics in wastewater surveillance as a first screening tool and the need for selecting the appropriate virus concentration methods and optimizing bioinformatic approaches in analyzing metagenomic data of wastewater samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yabing Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, 1449 Engineering Research Ct, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Brijen Miyani
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, 1449 Engineering Research Ct, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Kevin L Childs
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Shin-Han Shiu
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States; Department of Energy (DOE) Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States; Department of Computational Mathematics, Science, and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Irene Xagoraraki
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, 1449 Engineering Research Ct, East Lansing, MI, United States.
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Kappus-Kron H, Chatila DA, MacLachlan AM, Pulido N, Yang N, Larsen DA. Precision public health in schools enabled by wastewater surveillance: A case study of COVID-19 in an Upstate New York middle-high school campus during the 2021-2022 academic year. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 4:e0001803. [PMID: 38198477 PMCID: PMC10781135 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0001803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Wastewater surveillance provides a cost-effective and non-invasive way to gain an understanding of infectious disease transmission including for COVID-19. We analyzed wastewater samples from one school site in Jefferson County, New York during the 2021-2022 school year. We tested for SARS-CoV-2 RNA once weekly and compared those results with the clinical COVID-19 cases in the school. The amount of SARS-CoV-2 RNA correlated with the number of incident COVID-19 cases, with the best correlation being one day lead time between the wastewater sample and the number of COVID-19 cases. The sensitivity and positive predictive value of wastewater surveillance to correctly identify any COVID-19 cases up to 7 days after a wastewater sample collection ranged from 82-100% and 59-78% respectively, depending upon the amount of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the sample. The specificity and negative predictive value of wastewater surveillance to correctly identify when the school was without a case of COVID-19 ranged from 67-78% and 70-80%, respectively, depending upon the amount of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the sample. The lead time observed in this study suggests that transmission might occur within a school before SARS-CoV-2 is identified in wastewater. However, wastewater surveillance should still be considered as a potential means of understanding school-level COVID-19 trends and is a way to enable precision public health approaches tailored to the epidemiologic situation in an individual school.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley Kappus-Kron
- Center for Environmental Health, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, United States of America
- CDC Foundation, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Dana Ahmad Chatila
- Department of Public Health, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Nicole Pulido
- Department of Public Health, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
| | - Nan Yang
- Department of Public Health, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
| | - David A. Larsen
- Department of Public Health, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
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12
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Guo C, Wu JY. Pathogen Discovery in the Post-COVID Era. Pathogens 2024; 13:51. [PMID: 38251358 PMCID: PMC10821006 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13010051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Pathogen discovery plays a crucial role in the fields of infectious diseases, clinical microbiology, and public health. During the past four years, the global response to the COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the importance of early and accurate identification of novel pathogens for effective management and prevention of outbreaks. The post-COVID era has ushered in a new phase of infectious disease research, marked by accelerated advancements in pathogen discovery. This review encapsulates the recent innovations and paradigm shifts that have reshaped the landscape of pathogen discovery in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Primarily, we summarize the latest technology innovations, applications, and causation proving strategies that enable rapid and accurate pathogen discovery for both acute and historical infections. We also explored the significance and the latest trends and approaches being employed for effective implementation of pathogen discovery from various clinical and environmental samples. Furthermore, we emphasize the collaborative nature of the pandemic response, which has led to the establishment of global networks for pathogen discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Guo
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Jian-Yong Wu
- School of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830017, China
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13
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Goldberg Z, Linder AG, Miller LN, Sorrell EM. Wastewater Collection and Sequencing as a Proactive Approach to Utilizing Threat Agnostic Biological Defense. Health Secur 2024; 22:11-15. [PMID: 37856169 DOI: 10.1089/hs.2023.0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zev Goldberg
- Zev Goldberg, MSc, was a 2022-2023 Griffin Fellow; Elizabeth R. Griffin Program, Center for Global Health Science and Security, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
| | - Alexander G Linder
- Alexander G. Linder, MSc, is Junior Scientists; Elizabeth R. Griffin Program, Center for Global Health Science and Security, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
| | - Lauren N Miller
- Lauren N. Miller, MSc, is Junior Scientists; Elizabeth R. Griffin Program, Center for Global Health Science and Security, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
| | - Erin M Sorrell
- Erin M. Sorrell, PhD, MSc, is a Senior Scholar, Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security, and an Associate Professor, Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
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14
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Al-Eitan L, Haddad M, Mihyar A. Poxviruses from the Concept of One Health. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1451:21-33. [PMID: 38801569 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-57165-7_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
In the last 4 years, the world has experienced two pandemics of bat-borne viruses. Firstly, in 2019 the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic started and has been causing millions of deaths around the world. In 2022, a Monkeypox pandemic rose in various countries of the world. Those pandemics have witnessed movements and initiatives from healthcare and research institutions to establish a worldwide understanding to battle any future pandemics and biological threats. One Health concept is a modern, comprehensive, unifying ways to improve humans, animals, and ecosystems' health. This concept shows how much they are intertwined and related to one another, whether it is an environmental, or a pathological relation. This review aims to describe Poxviridae and its impact on the One Health concept, by studying the underlying causes of how poxviruses can affect the health of animals, humans, and environments. Reviewing the effect of disease transmission between animal to human, human to human, and animal to animal with pox viruses as a third party to achieve a total understanding of infection and viral transmission. Thus, contributing to enhance detection, diagnosis, research, and treatments regarding the application of One Health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laith Al-Eitan
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan.
| | - Mountaser Haddad
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Ahmad Mihyar
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
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15
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Marques Dos Santos M, Caixia L, Snyder SA. Evaluation of wastewater-based epidemiology of COVID-19 approaches in Singapore's 'closed-system' scenario: A long-term country-wide assessment. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 244:120406. [PMID: 37542765 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
With the COVID-19 pandemic the use of WBE to track diseases spread has rapidly evolved into a widely applied strategy worldwide. However, many of the current studies lack the necessary systematic approach and supporting quality of epidemiological data to fully evaluate the effectiveness and usefulness of such methods. Use of WBE in a very low disease prevalence setting and for long-term monitoring has yet to be validated and it is critical for its intended use as an early warning system. In this study we seek to evaluate the sensitivity of WBE approaches under low prevalence of disease and ability to provide early warning. Two monitoring scenarios were used: (i) city wide monitoring (population 5,700,000) and (ii) community/localized monitoring (population 24,000 to 240,000). Prediction of active cases by WBE using multiple linear regression shows that a multiplexed qPCR approach with three gene targets has a significant advantage over single-gene monitoring approaches, with R2 = 0.832 (RMSE 0.053) for an analysis using N, ORF1ab and S genes (R2 = 0.677 to 0.793 for single gene strategies). A predicted disease prevalence of 0.001% (1 in 100,000) for a city-wide monitoring was estimated by the multiplexed RT-qPCR approach and was corroborated by epidemiological data evidence in three 'waves'. Localized monitoring setting shows an estimated detectable disease prevalence of ∼0.002% (1 in 56,000) and is supported by the geospatial distribution of active cases and local population dynamics data. Data analysis also shows that this approach has a limitation in sensitivity, or hit rate, of 62.5 % and an associated high miss rate (false negative rate) of 37.5 % when compared to available epidemiological data. Nevertheless, our study shows that, with enough sampling resolution, WBE at a community level can achieve high precision and accuracies for case detection (96 % and 95 %, respectively) with low false omission rate (4.5 %) even at low disease prevalence levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricius Marques Dos Santos
- Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute (NEWRI), 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, #06-08, Singapore 637141
| | - Li Caixia
- Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute (NEWRI), 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, #06-08, Singapore 637141
| | - Shane Allen Snyder
- Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute (NEWRI), 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, #06-08, Singapore 637141; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore.
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16
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MacNeil KM, Dodge MJ, Evans AM, Tessier TM, Weinberg JB, Mymryk JS. Adenoviruses in medicine: innocuous pathogen, predator, or partner. Trends Mol Med 2023; 29:4-19. [PMID: 36336610 PMCID: PMC9742145 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2022.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The consequences of human adenovirus (HAdV) infections are generally mild. However, despite the perception that HAdVs are harmless, infections can cause severe disease in certain individuals, including newborns, the immunocompromised, and those with pre-existing conditions, including respiratory or cardiac disease. In addition, HAdV outbreaks remain relatively common events and the recent emergence of more pathogenic genomic variants of various genotypes has been well documented. Coupled with evidence of zoonotic transmission, interspecies recombination, and the lack of approved AdV antivirals or widely available vaccines, HAdVs remain a threat to public health. At the same time, the detailed understanding of AdV biology garnered over nearly 7 decades of study has made this group of viruses a molecular workhorse for vaccine and gene therapy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn M MacNeil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Mackenzie J Dodge
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Andris M Evans
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Tanner M Tessier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Jason B Weinberg
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Joe S Mymryk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; Department of Oncology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; London Regional Cancer Program, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada.
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17
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Birnbaum DP, Vilardi KJ, Anderson CL, Pinto AJ, Joshi NS. Simple Affinity-Based Method for Concentrating Viruses from Wastewater Using Engineered Curli Fibers. ACS ES&T WATER 2022; 2:1836-1843. [PMID: 36778666 PMCID: PMC9916486 DOI: 10.1021/acsestwater.1c00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater surveillance is a proven method for tracking community spread and prevalence of some infectious viral diseases. A primary concentration step is often used to enrich viral particles from wastewater prior to subsequent viral quantification and/or sequencing. Here, we present a simple procedure for concentrating viruses from wastewater using bacterial biofilm protein nanofibers known as curli fibers. Through simple genetic engineering, we produced curli fibers functionalized with single-domain antibodies (also known as nanobodies) specific for the coat protein of the model virus bacteriophage MS2. Using these modified fibers in a simple spin-down protocol, we demonstrated efficient concentration of MS2 in both phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and in the wastewater matrix. Additionally, we produced nanobody-functionalized curli fibers capable of binding the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, showing the versatility of the system. Our concentration protocol is simple to implement, can be performed quickly under ambient conditions, and requires only components produced through bacterial culture. We believe this technology represents an attractive alternative to existing concentration methods and warrants further research and optimization for field-relevant applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Birnbaum
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Katherine J Vilardi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Christopher L Anderson
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Ameet J Pinto
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Neel S Joshi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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18
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Zhao L, Zou Y, Li Y, Miyani B, Spooner M, Gentry Z, Jacobi S, David RE, Withington S, McFarlane S, Faust R, Sheets J, Kaye A, Broz J, Gosine A, Mobley P, Busch AWU, Norton J, Xagoraraki I. Five-week warning of COVID-19 peaks prior to the Omicron surge in Detroit, Michigan using wastewater surveillance. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 844:157040. [PMID: 35779714 PMCID: PMC9239917 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) is useful in predicting temporal fluctuations of COVID-19 incidence in communities and providing early warnings of pending outbreaks. To investigate the relationship between SARS-CoV-2 concentrations in wastewater and COVID-19 incidence in communities, a 12-month study between September 1, 2020, and August 31, 2021, prior to the Omicron surge, was conducted. 407 untreated wastewater samples were collected from the Great Lakes Water Authority (GLWA) in southeastern Michigan. N1 and N2 genes of SARS-CoV-2 were quantified using RT-ddPCR. Daily confirmed COVID-19 cases for the City of Detroit, and Wayne, Macomb, Oakland counties between September 1, 2020, and October 4, 2021, were collected from a public data source. The total concentrations of N1 and N2 genes ranged from 714.85 to 7145.98 gc/L and 820.47 to 6219.05 gc/L, respectively, which were strongly correlated with the 7-day moving average of total daily COVID-19 cases in the associated areas, after 5 weeks of the viral measurement. The results indicate a potential 5-week lag time of wastewater surveillance preceding COVID-19 incidence for the Detroit metropolitan area. Four statistical models were established to analyze the relationship between SARS-CoV-2 concentrations in wastewater and COVID-19 incidence in the study areas. Under a 5-week lag time scenario with both N1 and N2 genes, the autoregression model with seasonal patterns and vector autoregression model were more effective in predicting COVID-19 cases during the study period. To investigate the impact of flow parameters on the correlation, the original N1 and N2 gene concentrations were normalized by wastewater flow parameters. The statistical results indicated the optimum models were consistent for both normalized and non-normalized data. In addition, we discussed parameters that explain the observed lag time. Furthermore, we evaluated the impact of the omicron surge that followed, and the impact of different sampling methods on the estimation of lag time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, 1449 Engineering Research Ct, East Lansing, MI 48823, United States of America
| | - Yangyang Zou
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, 1449 Engineering Research Ct, East Lansing, MI 48823, United States of America
| | - Yabing Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, 1449 Engineering Research Ct, East Lansing, MI 48823, United States of America
| | - Brijen Miyani
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, 1449 Engineering Research Ct, East Lansing, MI 48823, United States of America
| | - Maddie Spooner
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, 1449 Engineering Research Ct, East Lansing, MI 48823, United States of America
| | - Zachary Gentry
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, 1449 Engineering Research Ct, East Lansing, MI 48823, United States of America
| | - Sydney Jacobi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, 1449 Engineering Research Ct, East Lansing, MI 48823, United States of America
| | - Randy E David
- Detroit Health Department, 100 Mack Ave, Detroit, MI 48201, United States of America
| | - Scott Withington
- Detroit Health Department, 100 Mack Ave, Detroit, MI 48201, United States of America
| | - Stacey McFarlane
- Macomb County Health Division, 43525 Elizabeth Rd, Mount Clemens, MI 48043, United States of America
| | - Russell Faust
- Oakland County Health Division, 1200 Telegraph Rd, Pontiac, MI 48341, United States of America
| | - Johnathon Sheets
- CDM-Smith, 535 Griswold St, Detroit, MI 48226, United States of America
| | - Andrew Kaye
- CDM-Smith, 535 Griswold St, Detroit, MI 48226, United States of America
| | - James Broz
- CDM-Smith, 535 Griswold St, Detroit, MI 48226, United States of America
| | - Anil Gosine
- Detroit Water and Sewerage Department, 735 Randolph Street building, Detroit, MI 48226, United States of America
| | - Palencia Mobley
- Detroit Water and Sewerage Department, 735 Randolph Street building, Detroit, MI 48226, United States of America
| | - Andrea W U Busch
- Great Lakes Water Authority, 735 Randolph, Detroit, MI 48226, United States of America
| | - John Norton
- Great Lakes Water Authority, 735 Randolph, Detroit, MI 48226, United States of America
| | - Irene Xagoraraki
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, 1449 Engineering Research Ct, East Lansing, MI 48823, United States of America.
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19
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Quantification of infectious Human mastadenovirus in environmental matrices using PMAxx-qPCR. Braz J Microbiol 2022; 53:1465-1471. [PMID: 35666431 PMCID: PMC9168632 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-022-00775-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular methodologies providing data on viral concentration and infectivity have been successfully used in environmental virology, supporting quantitative risk assessment studies. The present study aimed to assess human mastadenovirus (HAdV) intact particles using a derivative of propidium monoazide associated with qPCR (PMAxx-qPCR) in aquatic matrices. Initially, different concentrations of PMAxx were evaluated to establish an optimal protocol for treating different naturally contaminated matrices, using 10 min incubation in the dark at 200 rpm at room temperature and 15 min of photoactivation in the PMA-Lite™ LED photolysis device. There was no significant reduction in the quantification of infectious HAdV with increasing concentration of PMAxx used (20 μM, 50 μM, and 100 μM), except for sewage samples. In this matrix, a reduction of 5.01 log of genomic copies (GC)/L was observed from the concentration of 50 μM and revealed 100% HAdV particles with damaged capsids. On the other hand, the mean reduction of 0.51 log in stool samples using the same concentration mentioned above demonstrated 83% of damaged particles eliminated in the stool. Following, 50 μM PMAxx-qPCR protocol revealed a log reduction of 0.91, 0.67, and 1.05 in other samples of raw sewage, brackish, and seawater where HAdV concentration reached 1.47 × 104, 6.81 × 102, and 2.33 × 102 GC/L, respectively. Fifty micrometers of PMAxx protocol helped screen intact viruses from different matrices, including sea and brackish water.
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20
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Azli B, Razak MN, Omar AR, Mohd Zain NA, Abdul Razak F, Nurulfiza I. Metagenomics Insights Into the Microbial Diversity and Microbiome Network Analysis on the Heterogeneity of Influent to Effluent Water. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:779196. [PMID: 35495647 PMCID: PMC9048743 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.779196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sanitizing the water sources of local communities is important to control the spread of microbial resistance genes, especially those for water-borne illnesses. The activities of antibiotic resistance gene (ARG)-host pathogens pose a threat to public health, and it has been estimated that the infection will lead up to 10 million deaths globally by the year 2050. Hence, in this study, we aim to analyze the efficiency of our municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) process in producing pathogen-free water by investigating the microbial composition between influent and effluent water sites. Shotgun metagenomics sequencing using the Illumina platform was performed on the influent and effluent samples of six different WWTP sites located in Johore, Malaysia. After raw data pre-processing, the non-redundant contigs library was then aligned against BLASTP for taxonomy profiling and the Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistance Database for ARG annotation. Interestingly, the alpha-diversity result reported that effluent site samples showed higher abundance and diverse heterogeneity compared to the influent site. The principal component analysis (PCA) and non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) plots also suggested that effluent sites showed high variation in the genetic material due to loosely clustered sample plots, as compared to the tightly clustered influent samples. This study has successfully identified the top three abundant phyla in influent-Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes-and effluent-Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes-water. Despite the overlap within the top three abundant phyla in influent and effluent sites (Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes), the ARG composition heat map and drug class phenotype plot bar exhibits a general trend of a downward shift, showing the efficiency of WWTP in reducing opportunistic pathogens. Overall, it was demonstrated that our municipal WWTP efficiently eliminated pathogenic microbes from the influent water before its total discharge to the environment, though not with the total elimination of microorganisms. This metagenomics study allowed for an examination of our water source and showed the potential interaction of species and ARGs residing in the influent and effluent environment. Both microbial profile structure and co-occurrence network analysis provide integrated understanding regarding the diversity of microorganisms and interactions for future advanced water sanitation treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahiyah Azli
- Laboratory of Vaccines and Biomolecules, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Nasharudin Razak
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Rahman Omar
- Laboratory of Vaccines and Biomolecules, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia
| | - Nor Azimah Mohd Zain
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Malaysia.,Research Institute for Sustainable Environment, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Malaysia
| | - Fatimah Abdul Razak
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - I Nurulfiza
- Laboratory of Vaccines and Biomolecules, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia
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21
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Huang Y, Zhou N, Zhang S, Yi Y, Han Y, Liu M, Han Y, Shi N, Yang L, Wang Q, Cui T, Jin H. Norovirus detection in wastewater and its correlation with human gastroenteritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:22829-22842. [PMID: 35048346 PMCID: PMC8769679 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-18202-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Norovirus (NoV) is a major cause of sporadic cases and outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis (AGE), thereby imposing threat to health globally. It is unclear how quantitation of wastewater NoV reflects the incidence of human AGE infections; therefore, we conducted this systematic review and meta-analysis of published NoV wastewater surveillance studies. A literature search was performed, and all studies on NoV wastewater surveillance were identified. Quantitative results were evaluated. The results showed that the overall detection rate of NoV in wastewater was 82.10% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 74.22-89.92%); NoV concentration was statistically significant in terms of season (P < 0.001), with higher concentration in spring and winter. There were positive correlations between NoV GII concentration in wastewater and GII AGE cases (rs = 0.51, 95% CI: 0.18-0.74, I2 = 0%), total AGE cases (rs = 0.40, 95% CI: 0.15-0.61, I2 = 23%) and NoV outbreaks (rs = 0.47, 95% CI: 0.30-0.62, I2 = 0%). Results of cross-correlation analysis of partial data indicated that variations in GII concentration were consistent with or ahead of those in the number of AGE cases. The diversity of NoV genotypes in wastewater was elucidated, and the dominant strains in wastewater showed a consistent temporal distribution with those responsible for human AGE. Our study demonstrated the potential association of NoV detected in wastewater with AGE infections, and further studies are needed to confirm this conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Huang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Nan Zhou
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Shihan Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Youqin Yi
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Ying Han
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Minqi Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yue Han
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Naiyang Shi
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Liuqing Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Tingting Cui
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Hui Jin
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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22
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Friedman SR, Jordan AE, Perlman DC, Nikolopoulos GK, Mateu-Gelabert P. Emerging Zoonotic Infections, Social Processes and Their Measurement and Enhanced Surveillance to Improve Zoonotic Epidemic Responses: A "Big Events" Perspective. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19020995. [PMID: 35055817 PMCID: PMC8776232 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19020995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Zoonotic epidemics and pandemics have become frequent. From HIV/AIDS through COVID-19, they demonstrate that pandemics are social processes as well as health occurrences. The roots of these pandemics lie in changes in the socioeconomic interface between humanity and non-human host species that facilitate interspecies transmission. The degree to which zoonoses spread has been increased by the greater speed and extent of modern transportation and trade. Pre-existing sociopolitical and economic structures and conflicts in societies also affect pathogen propagation. As an epidemic develops, it can itself become a social and political factor, and change and interact with pre-existing sociobehavioral norms and institutional structures. This paper uses a "Big Events" approach to frame these processes. Based on this framework, we discuss how social readiness surveys implemented both before and during an outbreak might help public health predict how overall systems might react to an epidemic and/or to disease control measures, and thus might inform interventions to mitigate potential adverse outcomes or possibly preventing outbreaks from developing into epidemics. We conclude by considering what "pathways measures", in addition to those we and others have already developed, might usefully be developed and validated to assist outbreak and epidemic disease responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel R. Friedman
- Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Center for Drug Use and HIV/HCV Research, New York, NY 10003, USA; (A.E.J.); (D.C.P.); (P.M.-G.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Ashly E. Jordan
- Center for Drug Use and HIV/HCV Research, New York, NY 10003, USA; (A.E.J.); (D.C.P.); (P.M.-G.)
| | - David C. Perlman
- Center for Drug Use and HIV/HCV Research, New York, NY 10003, USA; (A.E.J.); (D.C.P.); (P.M.-G.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | | | - Pedro Mateu-Gelabert
- Center for Drug Use and HIV/HCV Research, New York, NY 10003, USA; (A.E.J.); (D.C.P.); (P.M.-G.)
- Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, City University of New York, New York, NY 10027, USA
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23
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24
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Ou Y, Cao S, Zhang J, Dong W, Yang Z, Yu Z. Droplet microfluidics on analysis of pathogenic microbes for wastewater-based epidemiology. Trends Analyt Chem 2021; 143:116333. [PMID: 34720276 PMCID: PMC8547957 DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diseases caused by pathogenic microbes have posed a major health issue for the public, such as the ongoing COVID-19 global pandemic. In recent years, wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) is emerging as an effective and unbiased method for monitoring public health. Despite its increasing importance, the advancement of WBE requires more competent and streamlined analytical platforms. Herein we discuss the interactions between WBE and droplet microfluidics, focusing on the analysis of pathogens in droplets, which is hard to be tackled by traditional analytical tools. We highlight research works from three aspects, namely, quantitation of pathogen biomarkers in droplets, single-cell analysis in droplets, and living cell biosensors in droplets, as well as providing future perspectives on the synergy between WBE and droplet microfluidics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangteng Ou
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu South Road, Nanjing, 211816, PR China.,Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Shixiang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu South Road, Nanjing, 211816, PR China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu South Road, Nanjing, 211816, PR China
| | - Weiliang Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu South Road, Nanjing, 211816, PR China
| | - Zhugen Yang
- School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Cranfield, MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Ziyi Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu South Road, Nanjing, 211816, PR China
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25
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Girón-Navarro R, Linares-Hernández I, Castillo-Suárez LA. The impact of coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) in water: potential risks. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:52651-52674. [PMID: 34453253 PMCID: PMC8397333 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16024-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes research data on SARS-CoV-2 in water environments. A literature survey was conducted using the electronic databases Science Direct, Scopus, and Springer. This complete research included and discussed relevant studies that involve the (1) introduction, (2) definition and features of coronavirus, (2.1) structure and classification, (3) effects on public health, (4) transmission, (5) detection methods, (6) impact of COVID-19 on the water sector (drinking water, cycle water, surface water, wastewater), (6.5) wastewater treatment, and (7) future trends. The results show contamination of clean water sources, and community drinking water is vulnerable. Additionally, there is evidence that sputum, feces, and urine contain SARS-CoV-2, which can maintain its viability in sewage and the urban-rural water cycle to move towards seawater or freshwater; thus, the risk associated with contracting COVID-19 from contact with untreated water or inadequately treated wastewater is high. Moreover, viral loads have been detected in surface water, although the risk is lower for countries that efficiently treat their wastewater. Further investigation is immediately required to determine the persistence and mobility of SARS-CoV-2 in polluted water and sewage as well as the possible potential of disease transmission via drinking water. Conventional wastewater treatment systems have been shown to be effective in removing the virus, which plays an important role in pandemic control. Monitoring of this virus in water is extremely important as it can provide information on the prevalence and distribution of the COVID-19 pandemic in different communities as well as possible infection dynamics to prevent future outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Girón-Navarro
- Instituto Interamericano de Tecnología y Ciencias del Agua (IITCA), Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Km 14.5 carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco, C.P, 50200, Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Ivonne Linares-Hernández
- Instituto Interamericano de Tecnología y Ciencias del Agua (IITCA), Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Km 14.5 carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco, C.P, 50200, Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico.
| | - Luis Antonio Castillo-Suárez
- Instituto Interamericano de Tecnología y Ciencias del Agua (IITCA), Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Km 14.5 carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco, C.P, 50200, Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico.
- Consejo Mexiquense de Ciencia y Tecnología - COMECYT, Diagonal Alfredo del Mazo 198 y 103, Guadalupe y Club Jardín, C.P. 50010, Toluca de Lerdo, Estado de México, México.
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26
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MUNTEANU C, TEOIBAS-SERBAN D, IORDACHE L, BALAUREA M, BLENDEA CD. Water intake meets the Water from inside the human body – physiological, cultural, and health perspectives - Synthetic and Systematic literature review. BALNEO AND PRM RESEARCH JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.12680/balneo.2021.439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. The average adult human body of 70 kilograms consists in about 67.85% water distributed evenly to an average of 70 % in all major organs of the body: skin, muscles, brain, spinal cord, liver, heart, lungs, spleen, kidneys, pancreas and gastro-intestinal tract. A smaller percentage is found in the bones (30%), teeth (5%) and fat tissue (50%).
Objective. This review article attempts to present different perspectives on the physiological properties of water in the human body. We describe from the ancient Chinese medicine theory about water being one of the 5 elements of nature and its harmonious interrelation with the other elements in order to balance the human body, to the successful experiments of researchers which demonstrated waters’ capability to change its molecular structure based on feelings, intentions and energy it was exposed to. We briefly describe the role of water for the human body and what effects can the lack of it have, especially dehydration with all the phases of severity. Also, we present the health benefits of drinking water and which type of water is best to consume. We shorty review the different types of natural mineral waters in Romania and the importance of the Romanian researches for balneology and how the waters cand be administrated in crenotherapy for different types of pathologies.
Methods. To elaborate our systematic review, we have searched for relevant open access articles and review articles in ISI Web of Science, published from January 2017 until August 2021. The terms used were water AND health in the title. Articles were excluded in the second phase if they did not reach the relevance citation criterion. The eligible articles were analyzed in detail regarding water importance for human health.
Results. Our search identified, first, 548 articles. After applying a PEDro like selection filter and, we selected 93 articles with a minimum of 8 points on our PEDro like filtering scale (good, very good, and excellent articles with a minimum of 5 citations per year). Detailed analysis of the 93 selected articles has conducted us to the elimination of 33 of them as being on a different subject than that of our article. To the 60 full articles retained for this systematic and synthetic article, we have added 10 articles found through a separate Google search, as being considered of high relevance for our subject and necessary to be included.
Conclusions. Water is essential for the entire planet and also indispensable for the survival of the human body.
Keywords: water intake, water balance, body water, water molecular structure, dehydration, crenotherapy
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantin MUNTEANU
- 1 University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa, 16 University Street, Iasi, Romania
| | | | - Liviu IORDACHE
- Clinical Emergency Regional Hospital Ilfov, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Corneliu-Dan BLENDEA
- Clinical Emergency Regional Hospital Ilfov, Bucharest, Romania 5. “Titu Maiorescu” University, Faculty of Medicine, Bucharest, Romania
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27
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Mousazadeh M, Ashoori R, Paital B, Kabdaşlı I, Frontistis Z, Hashemi M, Sandoval MA, Sherchan S, Das K, Emamjomeh MM. Wastewater Based Epidemiology Perspective as a Faster Protocol for Detecting Coronavirus RNA in Human Populations: A Review with Specific Reference to SARS-CoV-2 Virus. Pathogens 2021; 10:1008. [PMID: 34451472 PMCID: PMC8401392 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10081008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) has a long history of identifying a variety of viruses from poliovirus to coronaviruses, including novel Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The presence and detection of SARS-CoV-2 in human feces and its passage into the water bodies are significant public health challenges. Hence, the hot issue of WBE of SARS-CoV-2 in the coronavirus respiratory disease (COVID-19) pandemic is a matter of utmost importance (e.g., SARS-CoV-1). The present review discusses the background, state of the art, actual status, and prospects of WBE, as well as the detection and quantification protocols of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater. The SARS-CoV-2 detection studies have been performed in different water matrixes such as influent and effluent of wastewater treatment plants, suburban pumping stations, hospital wastewater, and sewer networks around the globe except for Antarctica. The findings revealed that all WBE studies were in accordance with clinical and epidemiological data, which correlates the presence of SARS-CoV-2 ribonucleic acid (RNA) with the number of new daily positive cases officially reported. This last was confirmed via Reverse Transcriptase-quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR) testing which unfortunately is not suitable for real-time surveillance. In addition, WBE concept may act as a faster protocol to alert the public health authorities to take administrative orders (possible re-emerging infections) due to the impracticality of testing all citizens in a short time with limited diagnostic facilities. A comprehensive and integrated review covering all steps starting from sampling to molecular detection of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater has been made to guide for the development well-defined and reliable protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Mousazadeh
- Student Research Committee, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran;
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Razieh Ashoori
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran;
| | - Biswaranjan Paital
- Redox Regulation Laboratory, College of Basic Science and Humanities, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar 751003, India;
| | - Işık Kabdaşlı
- Environmental Engineering Department, Civil Engineering Faculty, Ayazağa Campus, İstanbul Technical University, İstanbul 34469, Turkey;
| | - Zacharias Frontistis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Western Macedonia, 50132 Kozani, Greece;
| | - Marjan Hashemi
- Environmental and Occupational Hazards Control Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran;
| | - Miguel A. Sandoval
- Laboratorio de Electroquímica Medio Ambiental LEQMA, Departamento de Química de los Materiales, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile USACH, Casilla 40, Correo 33, Santiago 9170022, Chile;
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato 36050, Mexico
| | - Samendra Sherchan
- School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 7011, USA;
| | - Kabita Das
- Department of Philosophy, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar 751004, India;
| | - Mohammad Mahdi Emamjomeh
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
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28
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Velavan TP, Pallerla SR, Johne R, Todt D, Steinmann E, Schemmerer M, Wenzel JJ, Hofmann J, Shih JWK, Wedemeyer H, Bock CT. Hepatitis E: An update on One Health and clinical medicine. Liver Int 2021; 41:1462-1473. [PMID: 33960603 DOI: 10.1111/liv.14912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The hepatitis E virus (HEV) is one of the main causes of acute hepatitis and the de facto global burden is underestimated. HEV-related clinical complications are often undetected and are not considered in the differential diagnosis. Convincing findings from studies suggest that HEV is clinically relevant not only in developing countries but also in industrialized countries. Eight HEV genotypes (HEV-1 to HEV-8) with different human and animal hosts and other HEV-related viruses are in circulation. Transmission routes vary by genotype and location, with large waterborne outbreaks in developing countries and zoonotic food-borne infections in developed countries. An acute infection can be aggravated in pregnant women, organ transplant recipients, patients with pre-existing liver disease and immunosuppressed patients. HEV during pregnancy affects the fetus and newborn with an increased risk of vertical transmission, preterm and stillbirth, neonatal jaundice and miscarriage. Hepatitis E is associated with extrahepatic manifestations that include neurological disorders such as neuralgic amyotrophy, Guillain-Barré syndrome and encephalitis, renal injury and haematological disorders. The risk of transfusion-transmitted HEV is increasingly recognized in Western countries where the risk may be because of a zoonosis. RNA testing of blood components is essential to determine the risk of transfusion-transmitted HEV. There are currently no approved drugs or vaccines for HEV infections. This review focuses on updating the latest developments in zoonoses, screening and diagnostics, drugs in use and under development, and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thirumalaisamy P Velavan
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Vietnamese-German Center for Medical Research, VG-CARE, Hanoi, Vietnam.,Faculty of Medicine, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam
| | - Srinivas R Pallerla
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Vietnamese-German Center for Medical Research, VG-CARE, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Reimar Johne
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Todt
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,European Virus Bioinformatics Center (EVBC), Jena, Germany
| | - Eike Steinmann
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Mathias Schemmerer
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, National Consultant Laboratory for HAV and HEV, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen J Wenzel
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, National Consultant Laboratory for HAV and HEV, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Hofmann
- Institute of Virology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Labor Berlin-Charité-Vivantes GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Heiner Wedemeyer
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Partner Hannover-Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Claus-Thomas Bock
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Division of Viral Gastroenteritis and Hepatitis Pathogens and Enteroviruses, Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
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29
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Scalize PS, Gabriel EFM, Lima FS, Arruda PN, Lopes HTL, Paula Reis Y, Carneiro LC, Bezerra NR, Fiaccadori FS, Baumann LRF. Physicochemical, microbiological quality, and risk assessment of water consumed by a quilombola community in midwestern Brazil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:35941-35957. [PMID: 33682056 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13146-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The quality of the water consumed by a given community is related to its quality of life. In this sense, this study aimed to evaluate, from the perspective of health risk, the physical, chemical, and microbiological quality of drinking water, in a quilombola community, and the qualitative aspects intrinsic to its use and storage. For this, water samples, collected at the exits of the collective water supply system and from eight cisterns that store rainwater, used for human consumption, were analyzed. The samples were subjected to physical, chemical, and microbiological analysis, including adenovirus (HAdV) and enterovirus (EV). The probability of an individual acquiring infection through water consumption was determined by quantitative microbiological risk analysis using HAdV and Escherichia coli (EC) as reference pathogens. The results showed that the water in the deep tubular well had 270.8 mg/L of total hardness, leading to the rejection of its consumption by ingestion. Alternativity, the people in the community consume rainwater stored in cisterns. For this type of water, the presence of heterotrophic bacteria was found in 75%, total coliform was present in 100%, and Enterococci were detected in 25%. Furthermore, EC was present in 25%, EV in 50%, and HAdV in 100% of the samples. The probability of annual infection with HAdV and EC was, in the worst situation, 100% and 1.3%, respectively. Regarding the qualitative and quantitative aspects, there was a significant positive correlation between the absence of EC and the withdrawal of water from the cistern using a pump and the opposite when the withdrawal was carried out using a bucket or hose. Based on the results found, it is important to carry out actions aimed at improving water quality and, consequently, the quality of life of people living in the study community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Sérgio Scalize
- Escola de Engenharia Civil e Ambiental, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, 74605-220, Brazil
| | | | - Fernando Santos Lima
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, 74605-050, Brazil
| | - Poliana Nascimento Arruda
- Escola de Engenharia Civil e Ambiental, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, 74605-220, Brazil
| | - Hítalo Tobias Lôbo Lopes
- Escola de Engenharia Civil e Ambiental, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, 74605-220, Brazil
| | - Ysabella Paula Reis
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Goiás - Campus Goiânia, Goiânia, GO, 74055-110, Brazil
| | - Lilian Carla Carneiro
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, 74605-050, Brazil
| | - Nolan Ribeiro Bezerra
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Goiás - Campus Goiânia, Goiânia, GO, 74055-110, Brazil
| | - Fabíola Souza Fiaccadori
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, 74605-050, Brazil
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30
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Ji B, Zhao Y, Esteve-Núñez A, Liu R, Yang Y, Nzihou A, Tai Y, Wei T, Shen C, Yang Y, Ren B, Wang X, Wang Y. Where do we stand to oversee the coronaviruses in aqueous and aerosol environment? Characteristics of transmission and possible curb strategies. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL (LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND : 1996) 2021; 413:127522. [PMID: 33132743 PMCID: PMC7590645 DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2020.127522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
By 17 October 2020, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has caused confirmed infection of more than 39,000,000 people in 217 countries and territories globally and still continues to grow. As environmental professionals, understanding how SARS-CoV-2 can be transmitted via water and air environment is a concern. We have to be ready for focusing our attention to the prompt diagnosis and potential infection control procedures of the virus in integrated water and air system. This paper reviews the state-of-the-art information from available sources of published papers, newsletters and large number of scientific websites aimed to provide a comprehensive profile on the transmission characteristics of the coronaviruses in water, sludge, and air environment, especially the water and wastewater treatment systems. The review also focused on proposing the possible curb strategies to monitor and eventually cut off the coronaviruses under the authors' knowledge and understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Ji
- Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Water Resources and Hydroelectric Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-Hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, PR China
| | - Yaqian Zhao
- Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Water Resources and Hydroelectric Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-Hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, PR China
- Dooge Centre for Water Resources Research, School of Civil Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | | | - Ranbin Liu
- Sino-Dutch R&D Centre for Future Wastewater Treatment Technologies/Beijing Advanced Innovation Center of Future Urban Design, Beijing University of Civil Engineering & Architecture, Beijing 100044, PR China
| | - Yang Yang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
- Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Ange Nzihou
- Université de Toulouse, IMT Mines Albi, RAPSODEE CNRS, UMR-5302, Jarlard, Albi 81013 Cedex 09, France
| | - Yiping Tai
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
- Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Ting Wei
- Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Water Resources and Hydroelectric Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, PR China
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cheng Shen
- Dooge Centre for Water Resources Research, School of Civil Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- School of Environment and Natural Resources, Zhejiang University Sci. & Technol./Zhejiang Prov, Key Lab. of Recycling & Ecotreatment Waste, Hangzhou 310023, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Yan Yang
- Dooge Centre for Water Resources Research, School of Civil Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Baimimng Ren
- Dooge Centre for Water Resources Research, School of Civil Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- Université de Toulouse, IMT Mines Albi, RAPSODEE CNRS, UMR-5302, Jarlard, Albi 81013 Cedex 09, France
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710061, PR China
| | - Xingxing Wang
- Xi'an Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi 'an 710021, PR China
| | - Ya'e Wang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China
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31
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Panchal D, Prakash O, Bobde P, Pal S. SARS-CoV-2: sewage surveillance as an early warning system and challenges in developing countries. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:22221-22240. [PMID: 33733417 PMCID: PMC7968922 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13170-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Transmission of novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) in humans happens either through airway exposure to respiratory droplets from an infected patient or by touching the virus contaminated surface or objects (fomites). Presence of SARS-CoV-2 in human feces and its passage to sewage system is an emerging concern for public health. Pieces of evidence of the occurrence of viral RNA in feces and municipal wastewater (sewage) systems have not only warned reinforcing the treatment facilities but also suggest that these systems can be monitored to get epidemiological data for checking trend of COVID-19 infection in the community. This review summarizes the occurrence and persistence of novel coronavirus in sewage with an emphasis on the possible water environment contamination. Monitoring of novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) via sewage-based epidemiology could deliver promising information regarding rate of infection providing a valid and complementary tool for tracking and diagnosing COVID-19 across communities. Tracking the sewage systems could act as an early warning tool for alerting the public health authorities for necessary actions. Given the impracticality of testing every citizen with limited diagnostic resources, it is imperative that sewage-based epidemiology can be tested as an early warning system. The need for the development of robust sampling strategies and subsequent detection methodologies and challenges for developing countries are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Panchal
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
- Wastewater Technology Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, 440020, India
| | - Om Prakash
- Wastewater Technology Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, 440020, India
| | - Prakash Bobde
- Wastewater Technology Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, 440020, India
- Department of Research & Development, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248007, India
| | - Sukdeb Pal
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
- Wastewater Technology Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, 440020, India.
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Anand U, Adelodun B, Pivato A, Suresh S, Indari O, Jakhmola S, Jha HC, Jha PK, Tripathi V, Di Maria F. A review of the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater and airborne particulates and its use for virus spreading surveillance. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 196:110929. [PMID: 33640498 PMCID: PMC7906514 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.110929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
According to the WHO, on October 16, 2020, the spreading of the SARS-CoV-2, responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, reached 235 countries and territories, and resulting in more than 39 million confirmed cases and 1.09 million deaths globally. Monitoring of the virus outbreak is one of the main activities pursued to limiting the number of infected people and decreasing the number of deaths that have caused high pressure on the health care, social, and economic systems of different countries. Wastewater based epidemiology (WBE), already adopted for the surveillance of life style and health conditions of communities, shows interesting features for the monitoring of the COVID-19 diffusion. Together with wastewater, the analysis of airborne particles has been recently suggested as another useful tool for detecting the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in given areas. The present review reports the status of research currently performed concerning the monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 spreading by WBE and airborne particles. The former have been more investigated, whereas the latter is still at a very early stage, with a limited number of very recent studies. Nevertheless, the main results highlights in both cases necessitate more research activity for better understating and defining the biomarkers and the related sampling and analysis procedures to be used for this important aim.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uttpal Anand
- Department of Life Sciences, National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel
| | - Bashir Adelodun
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, University of Ilorin, PMB 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria; Department of Agricultural Civil Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Alberto Pivato
- DICEA - Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 9, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - S Suresh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, 462 003, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Omkar Indari
- Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, 453552, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Shweta Jakhmola
- Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, 453552, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Hem Chandra Jha
- Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, 453552, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Pawan Kumar Jha
- Centre for Environmental Studies, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, 211002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vijay Tripathi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Engineering, Jacob Institute of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj, 211007, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Francesco Di Maria
- LAR(5) Laboratory - Dipartimento di Ingegneria - University of Perugia, via G. Duranti 93, 06125, Perugia, Italy.
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Keshaviah A, Hu XC, Henry M. Developing a Flexible National Wastewater Surveillance System for COVID-19 and Beyond. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2021; 129:45002. [PMID: 33877858 PMCID: PMC8057681 DOI: 10.1289/ehp8572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wastewater testing offers a cost-effective strategy for measuring population disease prevalence and health behaviors. For COVID-19, wastewater surveillance addresses testing gaps and provides an early warning for outbreaks. As U.S. federal agencies build a National Wastewater Surveillance System around the pandemic, thinking through ways to develop flexible frameworks for wastewater sampling, testing, and reporting can avoid unnecessary system overhauls for future infectious disease, chronic disease, and drug epidemics. OBJECTIVES We discuss ways to transform a historically academic exercise into a tool for epidemic response. We generalize lessons learned by a global network of wastewater researchers around validation and implementation for COVID-19 and opioids while also drawing on our experience with wastewater-based epidemiology in the United States. DISCUSSION Sustainable wastewater surveillance requires coordination between health and safety officials, utilities, labs, and researchers. Adapting sampling frequency, type, and location to threat level, community vulnerability, biomarker properties, and decisions that wastewater data will inform can increase the practical value of the data. Marketplace instabilities, coupled with a fragmented testing landscape due to specialization, may require officials to engage multiple labs to test for known and unknown threats. Government funding can stabilize the market, balancing commercial pressures with public good, and incentivize data sharing. When reporting results, standardizing metrics and contextualizing wastewater data with health resource data can provide insights into a community's vulnerability and identify strategies to prevent health care systems from being overwhelmed. If wastewater data will inform policy decisions for an entire community, comparing characteristics of the wastewater treatment plant's service population to those of the larger community can help determine whether the wastewater data are generalizable. Ethical protocols may be needed to protect privacy and avoid stigmatization. With data-driven approaches to sample collection, analysis, and interpretation, officials can use wastewater surveillance for adaptive resource allocation, pandemic management, and program evaluation. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP8572.
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Maal-Bared R, Brisolara K, Munakata N, Bibby K, Gerba C, Sobsey M, Schaefer S, Swift J, Gary L, Sherchan S, Babatola A, Bastian R, Olabode L, Reimers R, Rubin A. Implications of SARS-CoV-2 on current and future operation and management of wastewater systems. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2021; 93:502-515. [PMID: 32866312 DOI: 10.1002/wer.1446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
While researchers have acknowledged the potential role of environmental scientists, engineers, and industrial hygienists during this pandemic, the role of the water utility professional is often overlooked. The wastewater sector is critical to public health protection and employs collection and treatment system workers who perform tasks with high potential for exposures to biological agents. While various technical guidances and reports have initially provided direction to the water sector, the rapidly growing body of research publications necessitates the constant review of these papers and data synthesis. This paper presents the latest findings and highlights their implications from a water and wastewater utility operation and management perspective. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Extrapolation from SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV, as well as other surrogates, has helped predicting SARS-CoV-2 behavior and risk management. Data from treated wastewater effluent suggest that current processes are sufficient for SARS-CoV-2 control. Scientific evidence supports the possibility of fecal-oral transmission for SARS-CoV-2. Limited evidence supports the potential survival of infective SARS-CoV-2 on surfaces and in aerosols and the efficacy of control measures at reducing transmission. Protective practices and PPE can protect workers from SARS-CoV-2 and other pathogens found in wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kari Brisolara
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Naoko Munakata
- Supervising Engineer at the Los Angeles County Sanitation Districts, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kyle Bibby
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Charles Gerba
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Mark Sobsey
- Distinguished Professor of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Lee Gary
- Tulane University and Instructor with the Basic Academy at the FEMA/Emergency Management Institute, Emmitsburg, MD, USA
| | - Samendra Sherchan
- Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Akin Babatola
- Laboratory and Environmental Compliance Manager, Santa Cruz, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Lola Olabode
- School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | | | - Albert Rubin
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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Assessing Environmental Factors within the One Health Approach. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 57:medicina57030240. [PMID: 33807528 PMCID: PMC7999754 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57030240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background: One Health is a comprehensive and multisectoral approach to assess and examine the health of animals, humans and the environment. However, while the One Health approach gains increasing momentum, its practical application meets hindrances. This paper investigates the environmental pillar of the One Health approach, using two case studies to highlight the integration of environmental considerations. The first case study pertains to the Danish monitoring and surveillance programme for antimicrobial resistance, DANMAP. The second case illustrates the occurrence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in milk in dairy-producing ruminants in Italian regions. Method: A scientific literature search was conducted in PubMed and Web of Science to locate articles informing the two cases. Grey literature was gathered to describe the cases as well as their contexts. Results: 19 articles and 10 reports were reviewed and informed the two cases. The cases show how the environmental component influences the apparent impacts for human and animal health. The DANMAP highlights the two approaches One Health and farm to fork. The literature provides information on the comprehensiveness of the DANMAP, but highlights some shortcomings in terms of environmental considerations. The AFM1 case, the milk metabolite of the carcinogenic mycotoxin aflatoxin B1, shows that dairy products are heavily impacted by changes of the climate as well as by economic drivers. Conclusions: The two cases show that environmental conditions directly influence the onset and diffusion of hazardous factors. Climate change, treatment of soils, water and standards in slaughterhouses as well as farms can have a great impact on the health of animals, humans and the environment. Hence, it is important to include environmental considerations, for example, via engaging environmental experts and sharing data. Further case studies will help to better define the roles of environment in One Health scenarios.
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Dhama K, Patel SK, Yatoo MI, Tiwari R, Sharun K, Dhama J, Natesan S, Malik YS, Singh KP, Harapan H. SARS-CoV-2 existence in sewage and wastewater: A global public health concern? JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 280:111825. [PMID: 33360553 PMCID: PMC7728433 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 pandemic has spread across the globe and affected millions of individuals as of the efficient virus transmission potential mediated via multiple virus shedding routes. The presence of SARS-CoV-2 in the stool samples and its prolonged shedding in environmental compartments like sewage and wastewater signifies a potential threat adding to the transmission cycle of this novel virus. The potential role played by the asymptomatic COVID-19 patients in transmitting the disease via the fecal-oral route is now under investigation. Hence, in the present scenario, wastewater-based epidemiology, and sewage surveillance may provide valuable insights into the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 among the human population and could serve as a sensitive surveillance system and a crucial early warning tool. Further studies are required to determine the survival of SARS-CoV-2 in the environment, transmissibility through wastewater, and the potential to infect humans via the fecal-oral route. Appropriate frameworks with regards to evaluation and analysis of SARS-CoV-2 will help implement appropriate intervention strategies and necessary sanitation practices to ensure virus free clean water supply to have a check on the further spread of this pandemic virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Shailesh Kumar Patel
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mohd Iqbal Yatoo
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Complex, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Shuhama, Alusteng Srinagar, Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar, 190006, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Uttar Pradesh Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, 281001, India
| | - Khan Sharun
- Division of Surgery, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Senthilkumar Natesan
- Indian Institute of Public Health Gandhinagar, Lekawada, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382042, India
| | - Yashpal Singh Malik
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India; College of Animal Biotechnology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Science University, Ludhiana, 141004, Punjab, India.
| | - Karam Pal Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Harapan Harapan
- Medical Research Unit, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia; Tropical Disease Centre, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia; Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
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37
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Trottier J, Darques R, Ait Mouheb N, Partiot E, Bakhache W, Deffieu MS, Gaudin R. Post-lockdown detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the wastewater of Montpellier, France. One Health 2020. [PMID: 32835069 DOI: 10.1101/2020.07.08.20148882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic can be monitored through the detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in sewage. Here, we measured the amount of SARS-CoV-2 RNA at the inflow point of the main waste water treatment plant (WWTP) of Montpellier, France. We collected samples 4 days before the end of lockdown and up to 70 days post-lockdown. We detected increased amounts of SARS-CoV-2 RNA at the WWTP from mid-June on, whereas the number of new COVID-19 cases in the area started increasing a couple of weeks later. Future epidemiologic investigations shall explain such asynchronous finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Trottier
- CNRS, ART-Dev, Site Saint-Charles, Rue du Professeur Henri Serre, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Regis Darques
- CNRS, ART-Dev, Site Saint-Charles, Rue du Professeur Henri Serre, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Nassim Ait Mouheb
- Université de Montpellier, 163 Rue Auguste Broussonnet, 34090 Montpellier, France
- INRAE, UMR G-eau, 361 Rue Jean-François Breton, 34196 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Emma Partiot
- Université de Montpellier, 163 Rue Auguste Broussonnet, 34090 Montpellier, France
- CNRS, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - William Bakhache
- CNRS, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Maika S Deffieu
- Université de Montpellier, 163 Rue Auguste Broussonnet, 34090 Montpellier, France
- CNRS, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Raphael Gaudin
- Université de Montpellier, 163 Rue Auguste Broussonnet, 34090 Montpellier, France
- CNRS, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France
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38
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Trottier J, Darques R, Ait Mouheb N, Partiot E, Bakhache W, Deffieu MS, Gaudin R. Post-lockdown detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the wastewater of Montpellier, France. One Health 2020; 10:100157. [PMID: 32835069 PMCID: PMC7415170 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2020.100157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic can be monitored through the detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in sewage. Here, we measured the amount of SARS-CoV-2 RNA at the inflow point of the main waste water treatment plant (WWTP) of Montpellier, France. We collected samples 4 days before the end of lockdown and up to 70 days post-lockdown. We detected increased amounts of SARS-CoV-2 RNA at the WWTP from mid-June on, whereas the number of new COVID-19 cases in the area started increasing a couple of weeks later. Future epidemiologic investigations shall explain such asynchronous finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Trottier
- CNRS, ART-Dev, Site Saint-Charles, Rue du Professeur Henri Serre, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Regis Darques
- CNRS, ART-Dev, Site Saint-Charles, Rue du Professeur Henri Serre, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Nassim Ait Mouheb
- Université de Montpellier, 163 Rue Auguste Broussonnet, 34090 Montpellier, France
- INRAE, UMR G-eau, 361 Rue Jean-François Breton, 34196 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Emma Partiot
- Université de Montpellier, 163 Rue Auguste Broussonnet, 34090 Montpellier, France
- CNRS, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - William Bakhache
- CNRS, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Maika S. Deffieu
- Université de Montpellier, 163 Rue Auguste Broussonnet, 34090 Montpellier, France
- CNRS, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Raphael Gaudin
- Université de Montpellier, 163 Rue Auguste Broussonnet, 34090 Montpellier, France
- CNRS, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France
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Polo D, Quintela-Baluja M, Corbishley A, Jones DL, Singer AC, Graham DW, Romalde JL. Making waves: Wastewater-based epidemiology for COVID-19 - approaches and challenges for surveillance and prediction. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 186:116404. [PMID: 32942178 PMCID: PMC7480445 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The presence of SARS-CoV-2 in the feces of infected patients and wastewater has drawn attention, not only to the possibility of fecal-oral transmission but also to the use of wastewater as an epidemiological tool. The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted problems in evaluating the epidemiological scope of the disease using classical surveillance approaches, due to a lack of diagnostic capacity, and their application to only a small proportion of the population. As in previous pandemics, statistics, particularly the proportion of the population infected, are believed to be widely underestimated. Furthermore, analysis of only clinical samples cannot predict outbreaks in a timely manner or easily capture asymptomatic carriers. Threfore, community-scale surveillance, including wastewater-based epidemiology, can bridge the broader community and the clinic, becoming a valuable indirect epidemiological prediction tool for SARS-CoV-2 and other pandemic viruses. This article summarizes current knowledge and discusses the critical factors for implementing wastewater-based epidemiology of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Polo
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, CIBUS-Facultade de Bioloxía & Institute CRETUS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain.
| | - Marcos Quintela-Baluja
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Corbishley
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Davey L Jones
- Environment Centre Wales, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, United Kingdom; UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Andrew C Singer
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology. Wallingford, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BB, United Kingdom
| | - David W Graham
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Jesús L Romalde
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, CIBUS-Facultade de Bioloxía & Institute CRETUS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain.
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Miyani B, McCall C, Xagoraraki I. High abundance of human herpesvirus 8 in wastewater from a large urban area. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 130:1402-1411. [PMID: 33058412 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study assesses the diversity and abundance of Human Herpesviruses (HHVs) in the influent of an urban wastewater treatment plant using shotgun sequencing, metagenomic analysis and qPCR. METHODS AND RESULTS Influent wastewater samples were collected from the three interceptors that serve the City of Detroit and Wayne, Macomb and Oakland counties between November 2017 to February 2018. The samples were subjected to a series of processes to concentrate viruses which were further sequenced and amplified using qPCR. All nine types of HHV were detected in wastewater. Human Herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), known as Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus, which is only prevalent in 5-10% of USA population, was found to be the most abundant followed by HHV-3 or Varicella-zoster virus. CONCLUSIONS The high abundance of HHV-8 in the Detroit metropolitan area may be attributed to the HIV-AIDS outbreak that was ongoing in Detroit during the sampling period. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The approach described in this paper can be used to establish a baseline of viruses secreted by the community as a whole. Sudden changes in the baseline would identify changes in community health and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Miyani
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - C McCall
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - I Xagoraraki
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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41
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McCall C, Wu H, Miyani B, Xagoraraki I. Identification of multiple potential viral diseases in a large urban center using wastewater surveillance. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 184:116160. [PMID: 32738707 PMCID: PMC7342010 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Viruses are linked to a multitude of human illnesses and can disseminate widely in urbanized environments causing global adverse impacts on communities and healthcare infrastructures. Wastewater-based epidemiology was employed using metagenomics and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays to identify enteric and non-enteric viruses collected from a large urban area for potential public health monitoring and outbreak analysis. Untreated wastewater samples were collected from November 2017 to February 2018 (n = 54) to evaluate the diversity of human viral pathogens in collected samples. Viruses were classified into virus types based on primary transmission routes and reviewed against viral associated diseases reported in the catchment area. Metagenomics detected the presence of viral pathogens that cause clinically significant diseases reported within the study area during the sampling year. Detected viruses belong to the Adenoviridae, Astroviridae, Caliciviridae, Coronaviridae, Flaviviridae, Hepeviridae, Herpesviridae, Matonaviridae, Papillomaviridae, Parvoviridae, Picornaviridae, Poxviridae, Retroviridae, and Togaviridae families. Furthermore, concentrations of adenovirus, norovirus GII, sapovirus, hepatitis A virus, human herpesvirus 6, and human herpesvirus 8 were measured in wastewater samples and compared to metagenomic findings to confirm detected viral genus. Hepatitis A virus obtained the greatest average viral load (1.86 × 107 genome copies/L) in wastewater samples compared to other viruses quantified using qPCR with a 100% detection rate in metagenomic samples. Average concentration of sapovirus (1.36 × 106 genome copies/L) was significantly greater than norovirus GII (2.94 × 104 genome copies/L) indicating a higher burden within the study area. Findings obtained from this study aid in evaluating the utility of wastewater-based epidemiology for identification and routine monitoring of various viruses in large communities. This methodology has the potential to improve public health responses to large scale outbreaks and viral pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille McCall
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48823, USA
| | - Huiyun Wu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48823, USA
| | - Brijen Miyani
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48823, USA
| | - Irene Xagoraraki
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48823, USA.
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Mao K, Zhang K, Du W, Ali W, Feng X, Zhang H. The potential of wastewater-based epidemiology as surveillance and early warning of infectious disease outbreaks. CURRENT OPINION IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & HEALTH 2020; 17:1-7. [PMID: 32395676 PMCID: PMC7212976 DOI: 10.1016/j.coesh.2020.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Infectious diseases caused by pathogens have become one of the main threats to public health. Efficient monitoring of infectious disease transmission is critical to prevent and manage infectious disease epidemics. Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) is an efficient approach with great potential for early warning of infectious disease transmission and outbreaks. By analyzing infectious disease biomarkers in wastewater taken from wastewater collection points, the transmission of infectious diseases in certain areas can be comprehensively monitored in near real time. This short review presents WBE as a surveillance and early warning system for infectious disease outbreaks regarding pathogens with pandemic potential. We also discuss the challenges and perspective of WBE in infectious disease surveillance and early warning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550081, PR China
| | - Kuankuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550081, PR China
| | - Wei Du
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Waqar Ali
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550081, PR China
| | - Xinbin Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550081, PR China
| | - Hua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550081, PR China
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de Senerpont Domis LN, Teurlincx S. Changing human-ecosystem interactions during COVID-19 pandemic: reflections from an urban aquatic ecology perspective. CURRENT OPINION IN ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY 2020; 46:32-34. [PMID: 33101550 PMCID: PMC7566790 DOI: 10.1016/j.cosust.2020.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisette N de Senerpont Domis
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Droevendaalsesteeg 10, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Aquatic Ecology and Water quality Management, Wageningen University, The Netherlands
| | - Sven Teurlincx
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Droevendaalsesteeg 10, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Mao K, Zhang K, Du W, Ali W, Feng X, Zhang H. The potential of wastewater-based epidemiology as surveillance and early warning of infectious disease outbreaks. CURRENT OPINION IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & HEALTH 2020; 17:1-7. [PMID: 32395676 DOI: 10.1016/jcoesh.2020.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Infectious diseases caused by pathogens have become one of the main threats to public health. Efficient monitoring of infectious disease transmission is critical to prevent and manage infectious disease epidemics. Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) is an efficient approach with great potential for early warning of infectious disease transmission and outbreaks. By analyzing infectious disease biomarkers in wastewater taken from wastewater collection points, the transmission of infectious diseases in certain areas can be comprehensively monitored in near real time. This short review presents WBE as a surveillance and early warning system for infectious disease outbreaks regarding pathogens with pandemic potential. We also discuss the challenges and perspective of WBE in infectious disease surveillance and early warning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550081, PR China
| | - Kuankuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550081, PR China
| | - Wei Du
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Waqar Ali
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550081, PR China
| | - Xinbin Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550081, PR China
| | - Hua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550081, PR China
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Municipal Wastewater Surveillance Revealed a High Community Disease Burden of a Rarely Reported and Possibly Subclinical Salmonella enterica Serovar Derby Strain. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:AEM.00814-20. [PMID: 32591375 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00814-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical surveillance of enteric pathogens like Salmonella is integral to track outbreaks and endemic disease trends. However, clinic-centered disease monitoring biases toward detection of severe cases and underestimates the incidence of self-limiting gastroenteritis and asymptomatic strains. Monitoring pathogen loads and diversity in municipal wastewater (MW) can provide insight into asymptomatic or subclinical infections which are not reflected in clinical cases. Subclinical infection patterns may explain the unusual observation from a year-long sampling campaign in Hawaii: Salmonella enterica serovar Derby was the most abundant pulsotype in MW but was detected infrequently in clinics over the sampling period. Using whole-genome sequencing data of Salmonella isolates from MW and public databases, we demonstrate that the Derby serovar has lower virulence potential than other clinical serovars, particularly based on its reduced profile of genes linked with immune evasion and symptom production, suggesting its potential as a subclinical salmonellosis agent. Furthermore, MW had high abundance of a rare Derby sequence type (ST), ST-72 (rather than the more common ST-40). ST-72 isolates had higher frequencies of fimbrial adherence genes than ST-40 isolates; these are key virulence factors involved in colonization and persistence of infections. However, ST-72 isolates lack the Derby-specific Salmonella pathogenicity island 23 (SPI-23), which invokes host immune responses. In combination, ST-72's genetic features may lead to appreciable infection rates without obvious symptom production, allowing for subclinical persistence in the community. This study demonstrated wastewater's capability to provide community infectious disease information-such as background infection rates of subclinical enteric illness-which is otherwise inaccessible through clinical approaches.IMPORTANCE Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) has been conventionally used to analyze community health via the detection of chemicals, such as legal and illicit drugs; however, municipal wastewater contains microbiological determinants of health and disease as well, including enteric pathogens. Here, we demonstrate that WBE can be used to examine subclinical community salmonellosis patterns. Derby was the most abundant Salmonella serovar detected in Hawaii wastewater over a year-long sampling study, with few corresponding clinical cases. Comparative genomics analyses indicate that the normally rare strain of S Derby found in wastewater has a unique combination of genes which allow it to persist as a subclinical infection without producing symptoms of severe gastroenteritis. This study shows that WBE can be used to explore trends in community infectious disease patterns which may not be reflected in clinical monitoring, shedding light on overall enteric disease burden and rates of asymptomatic cases.
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Miagostovich MP, Rocha MS, Dos Reis FB, Sampaio MS, de Saldanha da Gama Gracie Carrijo R, Malta FC, Rodrigues J, Genuino A, Ribeiro da Silva Assis M, Fumian TM, Barrocas PRG. Gastroenteric Viruses Detection in a Drinking Water Distribution-to-Consumption System in a Low-Income Community in Rio de Janeiro. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2020; 12:130-136. [PMID: 32152895 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-020-09423-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The availability of drinking water is one of the main determinants of quality of life, disease prevention and the promotion of health. Viruses are important agents of waterborne diseases and have been described as important markers of human faecal contamination. This study aimed to investigate viruses' presence as an indicator of drinking water quality in low-income communities in the Manguinhos area, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Three hundred and four drinking water samples (2L/each) were collected along the drinking water distribution-to-consumption pathway in households, as well as healthcare and school units. Water samples were collected both directly from the water supply prior to distribution and after storage in tanks and filtration units. Using qPCR, viruses were detected 50 times in 45 water samples (15%), 19 of these being human adenovirus, 17 rotavirus A and 14 norovirus GII. Viral loads recovered ranged from 5E+10 to 8.7E+106 genome copies/Liter. Co-detection was observed in five household water samples and there was no difference regarding virus detection across sampling sites. Precarious and inadequate environmental conditions characterized by the lack of local infrastructure regarding basic sanitation and waste collection in the territory, as well as negligent hygiene habits, could explain viral detection in drinking water in regions with a water supply system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marize Pereira Miagostovich
- Laboratório de Virologia Comparada e Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21045-900, Brazil.
| | - Mônica Simões Rocha
- Laboratório de Virologia Comparada e Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21045-900, Brazil.
| | - Fabiane Bertoni Dos Reis
- Departamento de Saneamento e Saúde Ambiental, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sérgio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21045-900, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Santos Sampaio
- Departamento de Saneamento e Saúde Ambiental, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sérgio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21045-900, Brazil
| | | | - Fabio Correia Malta
- Laboratório de Virologia Comparada e Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21045-900, Brazil
| | - Janaína Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Virologia Comparada e Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21045-900, Brazil
| | - Amanda Genuino
- Laboratório de Virologia Comparada e Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21045-900, Brazil
| | - Matheus Ribeiro da Silva Assis
- Laboratório de Virologia Comparada e Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21045-900, Brazil
| | - Tulio Machado Fumian
- Laboratório de Virologia Comparada e Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21045-900, Brazil
| | - Paulo Rubens Guimarães Barrocas
- Departamento de Saneamento e Saúde Ambiental, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sérgio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21045-900, Brazil
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Sims N, Kasprzyk-Hordern B. Future perspectives of wastewater-based epidemiology: Monitoring infectious disease spread and resistance to the community level. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 139:105689. [PMID: 32283358 PMCID: PMC7128895 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 312] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Infectious diseases are acknowledged as one of the most critical threats to global public health today. Climate change, unprecedented population growth with accelerated rates of antimicrobial resistance, have resulted in both the emergence of novel pathogenic organisms and the re-emergence of infections that were once controlled. The consequences have led to an increased vulnerability to infectious diseases globally. The ability to rapidly monitor the spread of diseases is key for prevention, intervention and control, however several limitations exist for current surveillance systems and the capacity to cope with the rapid population growth and environmental changes. Wastewater-Based Epidemiology (WBE) is a new epidemiology tool that has potential to act as a complementary approach for current infectious disease surveillance systems and an early warning system for disease outbreaks. WBE postulates that through the analysis of population pooled wastewater, infectious disease and resistance spread, the emergence of new disease outbreak to the community level can be monitored comprehensively and in real-time. This manuscript provides critical overview of current infectious disease surveillance status, as well as it introduces WBE and its recent advancements. It also provides recommendations for further development required for WBE application as an effective tool for infectious disease surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Sims
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK; Centre for Doctoral Training in Sustainable Chemical Technologies, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Barbara Kasprzyk-Hordern
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK; Centre for Doctoral Training in Sustainable Chemical Technologies, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
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Khamrin P, Kumthip K, Thongprachum A, Sirilert S, Malasao R, Okitsu S, Hayakawa S, Ushijima H, Maneekarn N. Genetic diversity of norovirus genogroup I, II, IV and sapovirus in environmental water in Thailand. J Infect Public Health 2020; 13:1481-1489. [PMID: 32493670 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2020.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enteric caliciviruses, including noroviruses (NoVs) and sapoviruses (SaVs) are the most significant pathogens associated with waterborne and foodborne outbreaks of nonbacterial acute gastroenteritis in humans worldwide. METHODS In this study, 126 environmental water samples collected from 6 different sources in Chiang Mai, Thailand from November 2016 to July 2018 were examined for the presence of genogroups I, II, IV (GI, GII, GIV) NoVs and SaVs by using RT-nested PCR assays, genome sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis, RESULTS: Forty out of 126 (31.7%) water samples were positive for one or more caliciviruses throughout the years of study with high prevalence in winter. Among 126 tested specimens, 34 (27.0%), 30 (23.8%), 3 (2.4%), and 2 (1.6%) were positive for NoV GI, GII, GIV, and SaV, respectively. For NoV GI, 6 different genotypes were identified with the most predominant of GI.1 genotype (17 strains). In addition, 6 different genotypes of GII were detected with high prevalence of GII.17 (12 strains) and GII.2 (11 strains). It was interesting to note that our study reported the detection of NoV GIV for the first time in water samples in Thailand, and all were GIV.1 genotype. For SaV detection, only 2 water samples were positive for SaV GI. CONCLUSIONS The data revealed heterogeneity and highly dynamic distribution of NoV GI, GII, GIV, and SaV in environmental water in Chiang Mai, Thailand, during the study period of 2016-2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pattara Khamrin
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Emerging and Re-emerging Diarrheal Viruses, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Kattareeya Kumthip
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Emerging and Re-emerging Diarrheal Viruses, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Aksara Thongprachum
- Center of Excellence in Emerging and Re-emerging Diarrheal Viruses, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Faculty of Public Health, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Sirinart Sirilert
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Rungnapa Malasao
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Shoko Okitsu
- Department of Developmental Medical Sciences, School of International Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 1130033, Japan; Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 1738610, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hayakawa
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 1738610, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ushijima
- Department of Developmental Medical Sciences, School of International Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 1130033, Japan; Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 1738610, Japan
| | - Niwat Maneekarn
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Emerging and Re-emerging Diarrheal Viruses, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
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O'Brien E, Xagoraraki I. Understanding temporal and spatial variations of viral disease in the US: The need for a one-health-based data collection and analysis approach. One Health 2019; 8:100105. [PMID: 31709295 PMCID: PMC6831848 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2019.100105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral diseases exhibit spatial and temporal variation, and there are many factors that can affect their occurrence. The identification of these factors is critical in the efforts to predict and lessen viral disease burden. Because viral infection is able to spread to humans from the environment, animals, and other humans, the One-Health framework can be used to investigate the critical pathways through which viruses are transported and transmitted. A holistic approach, incorporating publicly available clinical data for human, livestock, and wildlife disease occurrence, together with environmental data reported in federal and state databases such as parameters related to land use, environmental quality, and weather, can enhance the understanding of variations in disease patterns, leading to the design and implementation of surveillance systems. An example analysis approach is presented for Michigan, United States, which is a state with large urban centers as well as a sizeable rural and agricultural population. Analysis of publicly available data from 2017 indicates that gastrointestinal (GI) and influenza-associated illnesses in Michigan may have been related with agricultural land use to a higher extent than with developed land use during that year. Meanwhile, hepatitis A virus appears to be most closely related with developed land use in dense population areas. GI illnesses may be related to precipitation, and this relationship is strongest in the springtime, although GI illnesses are most common in the winter months. Integration of human-related clinical data, animal disease data, and environmental data can ultimately be used for prioritization of the most critical locations and times for viral outbreaks in both urban and rural environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Irene Xagoraraki
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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