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Toh SHY, Wan MJS, Kroneman LM, Nyein N, Wong JCM. Temperament and adolescent suicide attempts: a case-control study with multi-ethnic Asian adolescents. BMC Psychiatry 2023; 23:434. [PMID: 37322458 PMCID: PMC10267549 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-04914-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Suicide is the leading cause of death for adolescents in several parts of Asia, including Singapore. This study examines the relationship between temperament and youth suicide attempts in a sample of multi-ethnic Singaporean adolescents. METHODS A case-control design compared 60 adolescents (Mage = 16.40, SDage = 2.00) with a recent suicide attempt (i.e., past 6 months) with 58 adolescents (Mage = 16.00, SDage = 1.68) without any history of suicide attempts. Presence of suicide attempts was established using the semi-structured interviewer-administered Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale. Participants also completed self-report measures on temperament traits, psychiatric diagnoses, stressful life events, and perceived parental rejection in an interview-based format. RESULTS Psychiatric comorbidity, recent stressful life events, perceived parental rejection, and all five "difficult temperament" traits, were significantly overrepresented among adolescent cases relative to healthy controls. Adjusted logistic regression models revealed significant associations between suicide attempt, MDD comorbidity (OR: 10.7, 95% Cl: (2.24-51.39)), "negative mood" trait (OR: 1.12-1.18, 95% Cl: (1.00-1.27)), and the interaction term of "positive mood" and "high adaptability" traits (OR: 0.943 - 0.955, 95% Cl: (0.900 - 0.986)). Specifically, "positive mood" predicted lower likelihood of a suicide attempt when "adaptability" was high (OR: 0.335 - 0.342, 95% Cl: (0.186 - 0.500)) but not low (OR: 0.968 - 0.993, 95% Cl: (0.797 - 1.31)). CONCLUSION Temperament screening may be important to identify adolescents at higher or lower risk of suicide at an early stage. More longitudinal and neurobiological research converging on these temperament findings will be helpful in ascertaining temperament screening as an effective suicide prevention methodology for adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean H Y Toh
- NUS Mind-Science Centre, Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Queenstown, Singapore.
- Research Department, Intellect Pte Ltd, Tanjong Pagar, Singapore.
| | - Michelle J S Wan
- NUS Mind-Science Centre, Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Queenstown, Singapore
| | - Leoniek M Kroneman
- NUS Mind-Science Centre, Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Queenstown, Singapore
| | - N Nyein
- Department of Psychological Medicine, National University Health Systems, Queenstown, Singapore
| | - John C M Wong
- NUS Mind-Science Centre, Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Queenstown, Singapore
- Department of Psychological Medicine, National University Health Systems, Queenstown, Singapore
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2
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Saarinen A, Keltikangas-Järvinen L, Dobewall H, Cloninger CR, Ahola-Olli A, Lehtimäki T, Hutri-Kähönen N, Raitakari O, Rovio S, Ravaja N. Does social intolerance vary according to cognitive styles, genetic cognitive capacity, or education? Brain Behav 2022; 12:e2704. [PMID: 36047482 PMCID: PMC9480910 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low education, low cognitive abilities, and certain cognitive styles are suggested to predispose to social intolerance and prejudices. Evidence is, however, restricted by comparatively small samples, neglect of confounding variables and genetic factors, and a narrow focus on a single sort of prejudice. We investigated the relationships of education, polygenic cognitive potential, cognitive performance, and cognitive styles with social intolerance in adulthood over a 15-year follow-up. METHODS We used data from the prospective population-based Young Finns Study (n = 960-1679). Social intolerance was evaluated with the Social Intolerance Scale in 1997, 2001, and 2011; cognitive performance with the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery in 2011; cognitive styles in 1997; and socioeconomic factors in 1980 (childhood) and 2011 (adulthood); and polygenic cognitive potential was calculated based on genome-wide association studies. RESULTS We found that nonrational thinking, polygenic cognitive potential, cognitive performance, or socioeconomic factors were not related to social intolerance. Regarding cognitive styles, low flexibility (B = -0.759, p < .001), high perseverance (B = 1.245, p < .001), and low persistence (B = -0.329, p < .001) predicted higher social intolerance consistently in the analyses. DISCUSSION When developing prejudice-reduction interventions, it should be considered that educational level or cognitive performance may not be crucial for development of social intolerance. Adopting certain cognitive styles may play more important roles in development of social intolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aino Saarinen
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychology and Logopedics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Henrik Dobewall
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychology and Logopedics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Research Unit of Psychology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center, Tampere, Finland
| | | | - Ari Ahola-Olli
- Department of Internal Medicine, Satasairaala Central Hospital, Pori, Finland.,Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center, Tampere, Finland.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Nina Hutri-Kähönen
- Tampere Centre for Skills Training and Simulation, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Olli Raitakari
- Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.,Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Suvi Rovio
- Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.,Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Niklas Ravaja
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychology and Logopedics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Self-Reported Cognitive Functions Predict the Trajectory of Paranoid Ideation Over a 15-Year Prospective Follow-Up. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-020-10142-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
This study investigated whether self-reported cognitive functions (i.e. task orientation, distractibility, persistence, flexibility, and perseverance) predict the trajectory of paranoid ideation over a 15-year prospective follow-up in adulthood.
Methods
The participants came from the population-based Young Finns study (N = 1210‒1213). Paranoid ideation was assessed with the Paranoid Ideation Scale of the Symptom Checklist-90 Revised (SCL-90R) in 1997, 2001, 2007, and 2012. Self-reported cognitive functions were evaluated in 1997 with the Task orientation, Distractibility, Persistence, and Flexibility scales of the DOTS-R (the Revised Dimensions of Temperament Survey) and the Perseverance scale of the FCB-TI (the Formal Characteristics of Behaviour – Temperament Inventory). The data was analyzed using growth curve models that were adjusted for age, sex, and socioeconomic factors in childhood and adulthood.
Results
Low self-reported task orientation, low persistence, high distractibility, low flexibility, and high perseverance predicted higher level of paranoid ideation over the 15-year follow-up.
Conclusions
Self-reported cognitive functions seem to predict paranoid ideation over a long-term follow-up. Promoting cognitive functions in early interventions may have long-term protective influences against the development of paranoid ideation in non-clinical populations.
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4
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Brannigan R, Cannon M, Tanskanen A, Huttunen MO, Leacy FP, Clarke MC. Childhood temperament and its association with adult psychiatric disorders in a prospective cohort study. Schizophr Res 2020; 216:229-234. [PMID: 31813805 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2019.11.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood temperament and its component factors have previously been shown to be associated with depression and anxiety disorders in later life. Studies have also suggested possible links between childhood temperament and later psychosis. AIMS To investigate the association between childhood temperament and its individual component factors, measured at age 5, and later psychiatric disorders. METHOD Using a sample from a Finnish birth cohort (N = 1014), we used logistic regression models to examine associations between maternal reported childhood temperament at age 5, and later psychiatric diagnosis, ascertained through linkage with the Finnish Hospital Discharge Register (FHDR). RESULTS Individuals with a childhood temperament rated as difficult at age 5 had almost 5-times the odds of developing a psychotic disorder in adulthood compared to those with a temperament rated as average by their mothers (OR = 4.91, 95% CI = 1.51-15.91). The individual temperament factors of approach withdrawal, adaptability and quality of mood were each independently associated with later psychotic disorder while the factors of regularity and threshold were associated with increased risk for mood disorders. CONCLUSIONS This study reports association between early childhood temperament and risk for psychosis and suggests that early childhood temperament may be a good target for early intervention to reduce the risk of psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross Brannigan
- Department of Psychology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Mary Cannon
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Antti Tanskanen
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Mental Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matti O Huttunen
- Department of Mental Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Finbarr P Leacy
- Data Science Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mary C Clarke
- Department of Psychology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
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5
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The longitudinal relationship of alcohol problems and depressive symptoms and the impact of externalising symptoms: findings from the Belfast Youth Developmental Study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2019; 54:1231-1241. [PMID: 30903238 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-019-01696-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the present study was to contribute to the inconsistent literature on the comorbid relationship of alcohol problems and depressive symptoms from late adolescent to emerging adulthood by accounting for their trajectories and their conjoint relationship while controlling for the influence of externalising symptoms. METHODS We utilised data, from a longitudinal school cohort from Northern Ireland (Belfast Youth Developmental Study), over three time points where the participants were 16, 17 and 21 years of age. A total of 3118 participants were included, 1713 females and 1405 males. Second-order latent growth models were applied to examine growth trajectories. Parallel process growth models were used to assess whether growth trajectories of the symptoms were associated. Externalising symptoms were subsequently added as a covariate. RESULTS Alcohol problems among males significantly increased over time but decreased in females. Depressive symptoms initially increased then decreased in both genders. Results indicated associations of the alcohol problems and depression, both initially and with time. Accounting for externalising symptoms only somewhat diminished this effect in males but not in females. An increase of initial levels of depression was associated with a decrease in alcohol problems over time. This association was only true among females. After controlling for externalising symptoms, the relationship was no longer observed. CONCLUSIONS The present study provides further evidence of a significant relationship of alcohol problems and depression in adolescents and further supports a small literature indicating that depression may have protective effects of alcohol problems. Finally, the study shows the importance of accounting for externalising symptoms.
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Temperament and major depression: How does difficult temperament affect frequency, severity, and duration of major depressive episodes among offspring of parents with or without depression? J Affect Disord 2016; 200:82-8. [PMID: 27130957 PMCID: PMC4887342 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The current study examined the relationships between parental depression, offspring depression, and offspring temperament among 203 offspring of parents with or without depression. The specific aim was to investigate how parental depression and offspring difficult temperament affect frequency, severity, and duration of offspring major depressive episodes (MDEs). METHODS As part of an ongoing multigenerational study assessing familial transmission of depression, offspring were assessed over a 20-year study period. Offspring temperament was assessed at baseline using the Dimensions of Temperament Survey and diagnostic interviews were conducted at each of the four waves using best estimate procedures. RESULTS Difficult temperament predicted greater frequency of lifetime MDEs. Parental depression moderated the relationship between offspring difficult temperament and severity of MDEs, such that difficult temperament was associated with increased severity ratings among high-risk, but not low-risk offspring. Dimensional analysis revealed that lower rhythmicity and adaptability were associated with greater number of lifetime MDEs, higher inattention/distractibility was associated with shorter duration of MDEs, and greater activity was associated with decreased severity of MDEs. DISCUSSION Certain limitations must be noted, namely the self-report nature of temperament data and the relatively small sample size drawn from a clinical and predominantly Caucasian and Christian sample. Notwithstanding these limitations, our results suggest that the clinical presentation of major depression may reflect temperamental profiles and should be considered in diagnostic and treatment settings.
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Windle M, Wiesner M, Elliott MN, Wallander JL, Kanouse DE, Schuster MA. The Abbreviated Dimensions of Temperament Survey: Factor Structure and Construct Validity Across Three Racial/Ethnic Groups. J Pers Assess 2015; 97:515-24. [PMID: 25932505 PMCID: PMC4942113 DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2015.1034868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The factor structure, reliability, and construct validity of an abbreviated version of the Revised Dimensions of Temperament Survey (DOTS-R) were evaluated across Black, Hispanic, and White early adolescents. Primary caregivers reported on 5 dimensions of temperament for 4,701 children. Five temperament dimensions were identified via maximum likelihood exploratory factor analysis and were labeled flexibility, general activity level, positive mood, task orientation, and sleep rhythmicity. Multigroup mean and covariance structures analysis provided partial support for strong factorial invariance across these racial/ethnic groups. Mean level comparisons indicated that relative to Hispanics and Blacks, Whites had higher flexibility, greater sleep regularity, and lower activity. They also reported higher positive mood than Blacks. Blacks, relative to Hispanics, had higher flexibility and lower sleep regularity. Construct validity was supported as the 5 temperament dimensions were significantly correlated with externalizing problems and socioemotional competence. This abbreviated version of the DOTS-R could be used across racial/ethnic groups of early adolescents to assess significant dimensions of temperament risk that are associated with mental health and competent (healthy) functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Windle
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Emory University
| | - Margit Wiesner
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Houston
| | | | | | | | - Mark A. Schuster
- Division of General Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital/Harvard Medical School
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8
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Abstract
The current study tested the hypothesis that substance abuse has features of both an internalizing and externalizing disorder. A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of data from 1,177 adjudicated delinquents supported a three-factor model (negative emotionality, fearlessness, and disinhibition) over alternate one- and two- (internalizing and externalizing) factor models; a second CFA indicated that self-reported offending and substance abuse formed separate dimensions rather than a single dimension. Correlating several temperament/personality indicators with measures of substance misuse and offending revealed that substance misuse was significantly more aligned with the internalizing dimension (i.e., negative emotionality) and significantly less aligned with the fearlessness externalizing dimension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn D Walters
- Department of Criminal Justice, Kutztown University, Kutztown, Pennsylvania, USA
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9
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Richardson GA, Goldschmidt L, Larkby C, Day NL. Effects of prenatal cocaine exposure on child behavior and growth at 10 years of age. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2013; 40:1-8. [PMID: 23981277 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We examined physical growth and behavioral outcomes in 226 10-year-old children who were participants in a longitudinal study of prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE), while controlling for other factors that affect development. During the first trimester, 42% of the women used cocaine, with use declining across pregnancy. At the 10-year follow-up, the caregivers were 37years old, had 12.8years of education, and 50% were African American. First trimester cocaine exposure predicted decreased weight, height, and head circumference at 10years. First trimester cocaine use also predicted maternal ratings of less sociability on the EAS Temperament Survey and more withdrawn behavior problems on the Child Behavior Checklist, more anxious/depressed behaviors on the Teacher Report Form, and more self-reported depressive symptoms on the Children's Depression Inventory. In addition, exposure to violence mediated the effect of PCE on child and teacher reports of depressive symptoms, but not of maternal reports of sociability and withdrawn behaviors. These behaviors may be precursors of later psychiatric problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gale A Richardson
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States.
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10
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Beesdo-Baum K, Knappe S, Fehm L, Höfler M, Lieb R, Hofmann SG, Wittchen HU. The natural course of social anxiety disorder among adolescents and young adults. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2012; 126:411-25. [PMID: 22632172 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2012.01886.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the natural course of social anxiety disorder (SAD) in the community and to explore predictors for adverse long-term outcomes. METHOD A community sample of N = 3021 subjects aged 14-24 was followed-up over 10 years using the DSM-IV/M-CIDI. Persistence of SAD is based on a composite score reflecting the proportion of years affected since onset. Diagnostic stability is the proportion of SAD subjects still affected at follow-up. RESULTS SAD reveals considerable persistence with more than half of the years observed since onset spent with symptoms. 56.7% of SAD cases revealed stability with at least symptomatic expressions at follow-up; 15.5% met SAD threshold criteria again. 15.1% were completely remitted (no SAD symptoms and no other mental disorders during follow-up). Several clinical features (early onset, generalized subtype, more anxiety cognitions, severe avoidance and impairment, co-occurring panic) and vulnerability characteristics (parental SAD and depression, behavioural inhibition, harm avoidance) predicted higher SAD persistence and - less impressively - diagnostic stability. CONCLUSION A persistent course with a considerable degree of fluctuations in symptom severity is characteristic for SAD. Both consistently meeting full threshold diagnostic criteria and complete remissions are rare. Vulnerability and clinical severity indicators predict poor prognosis and might be helpful markers for intervention needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Beesdo-Baum
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universitaet Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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11
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Feinstein EC, Richter L, Foster SE. Addressing the critical health problem of adolescent substance use through health care, research, and public policy. J Adolesc Health 2012; 50:431-6. [PMID: 22525104 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2011.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The use of addictive substances-tobacco, alcohol, and other drugs-during adolescence interferes with brain development and increases the risk of serious health and mental health conditions, including addiction. Yet, adolescents live in a culture in which family, social, community, and media influences regularly bombard them with pro-substance use messages, creating an environment in which substance use is considered an expected behavior, rather than a considerable health risk. To prevent the significant harm that falls to teens and young adults because of substance use, The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University (CASA Columbia) undertook a study to explore how adolescent brain development relates to the risk of substance use and addiction; the cultural influences that create an environment in which substance use is considered normative behavior; individual factors that make some teens more disposed to substance use and addiction; and evidence-based prevention and treatment strategies for addressing this problem. The recently published report Adolescent Substance Use: America's #1 Public Health Problem concludes that risky substance use is a major public health problem that can be ameliorated through evidence-based public health measures, including education about the disease and its risk factors, screenings, and clinical interventions, and that addiction can be treated and managed effectively within routine health care practice and specialty care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily C Feinstein
- The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University, New York, NY 10017–6706, USA
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12
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Expectation and temperament moderate amygdala and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex responses to fear faces. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2011; 11:13-21. [PMID: 21264642 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-010-0007-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A chronic tendency to avoid novelty is often the result of a temperamental bias called inhibited temperament, and is associated with increased risk for anxiety disorders. Neuroimaging studies have demonstrated that an inhibited temperament is associated with increased amygdalar blood-oxygenation-level-dependent (BOLD) response to unfamiliar faces that were not expected; however, the effects of variations in expectancy remain unknown. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we studied BOLD response to infrequently encountered fear faces that were either expected or not expected in 42 adults with an inhibited or an uninhibited temperament. Individuals with an inhibited temperament had greater amygdala, but less dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), BOLD response when the stimuli were expected. In contrast, those with an uninhibited temperament had a smaller amygdala but larger dorsal anterior cingulate cortex BOLD response when expecting to see fear faces. These findings demonstrate temperament differences in expectancy effects and provide preliminary evidence for the dACC as a neural substrate mediating differences in inhibited temperament. Enhanced amygdala sensitivity coupled with weak inhibitory control from the dACC may form a neural circuit mediating behaviors characteristic of inhibited temperament and risk for anxiety disorders.
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13
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Blackford JU, Avery SN, Cowan RL, Shelton RC, Zald DH. Sustained amygdala response to both novel and newly familiar faces characterizes inhibited temperament. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2010; 6:621-9. [PMID: 20660534 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsq073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous theories have proposed that the amygdala is hyper-responsive to novel stimuli in persons with an inhibited temperament-a biologically based predisposition to respond to novelty with wariness or avoidance behavior. In the current study, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to assess amygdala blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) response when viewing novel or recently familiarized faces in persons with an extreme inhibited or uninhibited temperament. In persons with an inhibited temperament, the amygdala showed increased BOLD response when viewing both novel and recently familiarized faces. In contrast, in persons with an uninhibited temperament, BOLD response in the amygdala was increased only when viewing novel faces. These findings suggest that inhibited temperament is characterized not by a simple exaggerated response to novel faces, but rather by a sustained increase in amygdala response to faces even after the faces have become familiarized. In individuals with an inhibited temperament, this sustained response may be related to the wariness of social situations that persists beyond initial exposure.
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Dellava JE, Thornton LM, Hamer RM, Strober M, Plotnicov K, Klump KL, Brandt H, Crawford S, Fichter MM, Halmi KA, Jones I, Johnson C, Kaplan AS, LaVia M, Mitchell J, Rotondo A, Treasure J, Woodside DB, Berrettini WH, Kaye WH, Bulik CM. Childhood anxiety associated with low BMI in women with anorexia nervosa. Behav Res Ther 2010; 48:60-7. [PMID: 19822312 PMCID: PMC2812624 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2009.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2009] [Revised: 09/20/2009] [Accepted: 09/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Extremely low body mass index (BMI) values are associated with increased risk for death and poor long-term prognosis in individuals with anorexia nervosa (AN). The present study explores childhood personality characteristics that could be associated with the ability to attain an extremely low BMI. METHODS Participants were 326 women from the Genetics of Anorexia Nervosa (GAN) Study who completed the Structured Interview for Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimic Syndromes and whose mother completed the Child Behavioral Checklist and/or Revised Dimensions of Temperament Survey. RESULTS Children who were described as having greater fear or anxiety by their mothers attained lower BMIs during AN (p < 0.02). Path analysis in the GAN and a validation sample, Price Foundation Anorexia Nervosa Trios Study, confirmed the relation between early childhood anxiety, caloric restriction, qualitative food item restriction, excessive exercise, and low BMI. Path analysis also confirmed a relation between childhood anxiety and caloric restriction, which mediated the relation between childhood anxiety and low BMI in the GAN sample only. CONCLUSION Fearful or anxious behavior as a child was associated with the attainment of low BMI in AN and childhood anxiety was associated with caloric restriction. Measures of anxiety and factors associated with anxiety-proneness in childhood may index children at risk for restrictive behaviors and extremely low BMIs in AN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocilyn E. Dellava
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 101 Manning Drive, CB #7160, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7160, United States of America
| | - Laura M. Thornton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 101 Manning Drive, CB #7160, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7160, United States of America
| | - Robert M. Hamer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 101 Manning Drive, CB #7160, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7160, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 336 Medical School Wing B, The University of North Carolina Chapel Hill 27599, United States of America
| | - Michael Strober
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Katherine Plotnicov
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, WWPH 3112 Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, United States of America
| | - Kelly L. Klump
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, 107B Psychology Building, East Lansing, MI 48824-1116, United States of America
| | - Harry Brandt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 6501 North Charles Street, Towson, MD 21285, United States of America
| | - Steve Crawford
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 6501 North Charles Street, Towson, MD 21285, United States of America
| | - Manfred M. Fichter
- Roseneck Hospital for Behavioral Medicine, Prien, Germany and Department of Psychiatry, University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Katherine A. Halmi
- New York Presbyterian Hospital-Westchester Division, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 21 Bloomingdale Rd., White Plains, New York, United States of America
| | - Ian Jones
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Birmingham, B15 2QZ, Birmingham, England
| | - Craig Johnson
- Laureate Psychiatric Clinic and Hospital, 6655 S. Yale Avenue, Tulsa, OK 74136, United States of America
| | - Allan S. Kaplan
- Department of Psychiatry, The Toronto Hospital, College Wing 1-311, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maria LaVia
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 101 Manning Drive, CB #7160, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7160, United States of America
| | - James Mitchell
- Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, 120 8St. S., Fargo, ND 58102, United States of America
| | - Alessandro Rotondo
- Department of Psychiatry, Pharmacology and Biotechnologies, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno, 6, Pisa, PI 56126, Italy
| | - Janet Treasure
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College, De Crespigny Park, SE5 8AF, London, United Kingdom
| | - D. Blake Woodside
- Department of Psychiatry, The Toronto Hospital, College Wing 1-311, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wade H. Berrettini
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, Room 2206 125 S. 31st Street Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States of America
| | - Walter H. Kaye
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive # 0985 La Jolla, CA 92093-0985, United States of America
| | - Cynthia M. Bulik
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 101 Manning Drive, CB #7160, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7160, United States of America
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB #7160, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7160, United States of America
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15
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Abstract
A brief theoretical and methodological overview is given of the person-oriented and the variable-oriented approach, how these are commonly used in longitudinal research, and what one should take into consideration before choosing either approach. An empirical research example is also given where the association was studied between, on the one hand, attention control – activity level in early adolescence and, on the other hand, persistent versus adolescence-limited criminality. Key topics discussed include properties that variables must have to be suitable for the study of individual pattern development, the problem-method match, and prediction versus understanding.
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16
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Mouttapa M, Weiss JW, Hermann M. Is image everything? The role of self-image in the relationship between family functioning and substance use among Hispanic adolescents. Subst Use Misuse 2009; 44:702-21. [PMID: 19308865 DOI: 10.1080/10826080802486830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This cross-sectional self-report study examined (1) whether family functioning (Family Functioning in Adolescence Questionnaire, FFAQ) and self-image (Piers-Harris Children's Self-Concept Scale) have independent associations with smoking and alcohol use and (2) whether self-image mediates the relationship between family functioning, smoking, and alcohol use among 1,598 Hispanic males and females in grades 7 through 12 in Los Angeles County, California, in 2001. The findings supported the main effects and, to some degree, the mediational effects that were hypothesized. Limitations and implications for this study are discussed, and directions for future research are suggested. This study was funded by the California Tobacco Related Disease Research Program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Mouttapa
- California State University-Fullerton, 800 N. State College Blvd., Fullerton, CA 92834, USA.
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17
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Given the substantial continuity of personality and axis I psychopathology from childhood to adult life, the present review explores whether and how recent research findings support the notion that personality disorders have their developmental precipitants in childhood. Potential childhood personality disorder antecedents will be reviewed from different research areas to enhance an insight into the genesis of a major set of adult psychiatric disorders with profound impact on the daily life. RECENT FINDINGS There exists increasing evidence that personality disorders have their origins in early years of life at the observable symptomatic, biological, and genetic levels. A clear need for prospective (behavior genetic) studies, however, exists that will ultimately verify how and when childhood personality disorder features turn into adult maladaptive trait patterns. It is further suggested that these designs require a comprehensive taxonomy for the description of personality disorder antecedents in a developmentally appropriate way. SUMMARY The call for a developmental perspective on adult personality disorders in recent debates on the construction of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, has created new avenues for an integrative longitudinal perspective on personality disorders and should stimulate child psychiatrists to consider the significance of emerging personality disorder symptoms at a young age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara De Clercq
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Belgium.
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