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Derbyshire MC, Newman TE, Thomas WJW, Batley J, Edwards D. The complex relationship between disease resistance and yield in crops. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024; 22:2612-2623. [PMID: 38743906 PMCID: PMC11331782 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
In plants, growth and defence are controlled by many molecular pathways that are antagonistic to one another. This results in a 'growth-defence trade-off', where plants temporarily reduce growth in response to pests or diseases. Due to this antagonism, genetic variants that improve resistance often reduce growth and vice versa. Therefore, in natural populations, the most disease resistant individuals are often the slowest growing. In crops, slow growth may translate into a yield penalty, but resistance is essential for protecting yield in the presence of disease. Therefore, plant breeders must balance these traits to ensure optimal yield potential and yield stability. In crops, both qualitative and quantitative disease resistance are often linked with genetic variants that cause yield penalties, but this is not always the case. Furthermore, both crop yield and disease resistance are complex traits influenced by many aspects of the plant's physiology, morphology and environment, and the relationship between the molecular growth-defence trade-off and disease resistance-yield antagonism is not well-understood. In this article, we highlight research from the last 2 years on the molecular mechanistic basis of the antagonism between defence and growth. We then discuss the interaction between disease resistance and crop yield from a breeding perspective, outlining the complexity and nuances of this relationship and where research can aid practical methods for simultaneous improvement of yield potential and disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark C. Derbyshire
- Centre for Crop and Disease ManagementCurtin UniversityPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Toby E. Newman
- Centre for Crop and Disease ManagementCurtin UniversityPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - William J. W. Thomas
- Centre for Applied Bioinformatics and School of Biological ScienceUniversity of Western AustraliaPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Jacqueline Batley
- Centre for Applied Bioinformatics and School of Biological ScienceUniversity of Western AustraliaPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - David Edwards
- Centre for Applied Bioinformatics and School of Biological ScienceUniversity of Western AustraliaPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
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2
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Mandal D, Datta S, Mitra S, Nag Chaudhuri R. ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE 3 promotes auxin signalling by regulating SHY2 expression to control primary root growth in response to dehydration stress. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:5111-5129. [PMID: 38770693 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Plants combat dehydration stress through different strategies including root architectural changes. Here we show that when exposed to varying levels of dehydration stress, primary root growth in Arabidopsis is modulated by regulating root meristem activity. Abscisic acid (ABA) in concert with auxin signalling adjust primary root growth according to stress levels. ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE 3 (ABI3), an ABA-responsive transcription factor, stands at the intersection of ABA and auxin signalling and fine-tunes primary root growth in response to dehydration stress. Under low ABA or dehydration stress, induction of ABI3 expression promotes auxin signalling by decreasing expression of SHY2, a negative regulator of auxin response. This further enhances the expression of auxin transporter gene PIN1 and cell cycle gene CYCB1;1, resulting in an increase in primary root meristem size and root length. Higher levels of dehydration stress or ABA repress ABI3 expression and promote ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE 5 (ABI5) expression. This elevates SHY2 expression, thereby impairing primary root meristem activity and retarding root growth. Notably, ABI5 can promote SHY2 expression only in the absence of ABI3. Such ABA concentration-dependent expression of ABI3 therefore functions as a regulatory sensor of dehydration stress levels and orchestrates primary root growth by coordinating its downstream regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drishti Mandal
- Department of Biotechnology, St Xavier's College, 30, Mother Teresa Sarani, Kolkata-700016, India
| | - Saptarshi Datta
- Department of Biotechnology, St Xavier's College, 30, Mother Teresa Sarani, Kolkata-700016, India
| | - Sicon Mitra
- Department of Biotechnology, St Xavier's College, 30, Mother Teresa Sarani, Kolkata-700016, India
| | - Ronita Nag Chaudhuri
- Department of Biotechnology, St Xavier's College, 30, Mother Teresa Sarani, Kolkata-700016, India
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3
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Ablazov A, Jamil M, Haider I, Wang JY, Melino V, Maghrebi M, Vigani G, Liew KX, Lin PY, Chen GTE, Kuijer HNJ, Berqdar L, Mazzarella T, Fiorilli V, Lanfranco L, Zheng X, Dai NC, Lai MH, Caroline Hsing YI, Tester M, Blilou I, Al-Babili S. Zaxinone Synthase overexpression modulates rice physiology and metabolism, enhancing nutrient uptake, growth and productivity. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024. [PMID: 38924092 DOI: 10.1111/pce.15016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
The rice Zaxinone Synthase (ZAS) gene encodes a carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase (CCD) that forms the apocarotenoid growth regulator zaxinone in vitro. Here, we generated and characterized constitutive ZAS-overexpressing rice lines, to better understand ZAS role in determining zaxinone content and regulating growth and architecture. ZAS overexpression enhanced endogenous zaxinone level, promoted root growth and increased the number of productive tillers, leading to about 30% higher grain yield per plant. Hormone analysis revealed a decrease in strigolactone (SL) content, which we confirmed by rescuing the high-tillering phenotype through application of a SL analogue. Metabolomics analysis revealed that ZAS overexpressing plants accumulate higher amounts of monosaccharide sugars, in line with transcriptome analysis. Moreover, transgenic plants showed higher carbon (C) assimilation rate and elevated root phosphate, nitrate and sulphate level, enhancing the tolerance towards low phosphate (Pi). Our study confirms ZAS as an important determinant of rice growth and architecture and shows that ZAS regulates hormone homoeostasis and a combination of physiological processes to promote growth and grain yield, which makes this gene an excellent candidate for sustainable crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdugaffor Ablazov
- Center for Desert Agriculture (CDA), Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- The BioActives Lab, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Jamil
- Center for Desert Agriculture (CDA), Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- The BioActives Lab, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Imran Haider
- Center for Desert Agriculture (CDA), Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- The BioActives Lab, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, Section of Plant Genetics and Breeding, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Jian You Wang
- Center for Desert Agriculture (CDA), Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- The BioActives Lab, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vanessa Melino
- Center for Desert Agriculture (CDA), Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- The Salt Lab, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Moez Maghrebi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Gianpiero Vigani
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Kit Xi Liew
- Center for Desert Agriculture (CDA), Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- The BioActives Lab, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pei-Yu Lin
- Center for Desert Agriculture (CDA), Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- The BioActives Lab, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Guan-Ting Erica Chen
- Center for Desert Agriculture (CDA), Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- The BioActives Lab, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hendrik N J Kuijer
- Center for Desert Agriculture (CDA), Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- The BioActives Lab, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lamis Berqdar
- Center for Desert Agriculture (CDA), Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- The BioActives Lab, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Teresa Mazzarella
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Valentina Fiorilli
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Luisa Lanfranco
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Xiongjie Zheng
- Center for Desert Agriculture (CDA), Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- The BioActives Lab, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nai-Chiang Dai
- Crop Science Division, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsin Lai
- Crop Science Division, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Taichung, Taiwan
| | | | - Mark Tester
- Center for Desert Agriculture (CDA), Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- The Salt Lab, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ikram Blilou
- Center for Desert Agriculture (CDA), Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- The Plant Cell and Developmental Biology, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salim Al-Babili
- Center for Desert Agriculture (CDA), Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- The BioActives Lab, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
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4
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Jan M, Muhammad S, Jin W, Zhong W, Zhang S, Lin Y, Zhou Y, Liu J, Liu H, Munir R, Yue Q, Afzal M, Wang G. Modulating root system architecture: cross-talk between auxin and phytohormones. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1343928. [PMID: 38390293 PMCID: PMC10881875 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1343928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Root architecture is an important agronomic trait that plays an essential role in water uptake, soil compactions, nutrient recycling, plant-microbe interactions, and hormone-mediated signaling pathways. Recently, significant advancements have been made in understanding how the complex interactions of phytohormones regulate the dynamic organization of root architecture in crops. Moreover, phytohormones, particularly auxin, act as internal regulators of root development in soil, starting from the early organogenesis to the formation of root hair (RH) through diverse signaling mechanisms. However, a considerable gap remains in understanding the hormonal cross-talk during various developmental stages of roots. This review examines the dynamic aspects of phytohormone signaling, cross-talk mechanisms, and the activation of transcription factors (TFs) throughout various developmental stages of the root life cycle. Understanding these developmental processes, together with hormonal signaling and molecular engineering in crops, can improve our knowledge of root development under various environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmood Jan
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation of Food and Medicinal Resources in Northern Region, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, China
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Sajid Muhammad
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weicai Jin
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Heyuan Division of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Heyuan, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenhao Zhong
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shaolong Zhang
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Heyuan Division of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Heyuan, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanjie Lin
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yueni Zhou
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinlong Liu
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Haifeng Liu
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Heyuan Division of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Heyuan, Guangdong, China
| | - Raheel Munir
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Yue
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation of Food and Medicinal Resources in Northern Region, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, China
| | - Muhammad Afzal
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation of Food and Medicinal Resources in Northern Region, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, China
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Guoping Wang
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Heyuan Division of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Heyuan, Guangdong, China
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5
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Samalova M, Melnikava A, Elsayad K, Peaucelle A, Gahurova E, Gumulec J, Spyroglou I, Zemlyanskaya EV, Ubogoeva EV, Balkova D, Demko M, Blavet N, Alexiou P, Benes V, Mouille G, Hejatko J. Hormone-regulated expansins: Expression, localization, and cell wall biomechanics in Arabidopsis root growth. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 194:209-228. [PMID: 37073485 PMCID: PMC10762514 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Expansins facilitate cell expansion by mediating pH-dependent cell wall (CW) loosening. However, the role of expansins in controlling CW biomechanical properties in specific tissues and organs remains elusive. We monitored hormonal responsiveness and spatial specificity of expression and localization of expansins predicted to be the direct targets of cytokinin signaling in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). We found EXPANSIN1 (EXPA1) homogenously distributed throughout the CW of columella/lateral root cap, while EXPA10 and EXPA14 localized predominantly at 3-cell boundaries in the epidermis/cortex in various root zones. EXPA15 revealed cell-type-specific combination of homogenous vs. 3-cell boundaries localization. By comparing Brillouin frequency shift and AFM-measured Young's modulus, we demonstrated Brillouin light scattering (BLS) as a tool suitable for non-invasive in vivo quantitative assessment of CW viscoelasticity. Using both BLS and AFM, we showed that EXPA1 overexpression upregulated CW stiffness in the root transition zone (TZ). The dexamethasone-controlled EXPA1 overexpression induced fast changes in the transcription of numerous CW-associated genes, including several EXPAs and XYLOGLUCAN:XYLOGLUCOSYL TRANSFERASEs (XTHs), and associated with rapid pectin methylesterification determined by in situ Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy in the root TZ. The EXPA1-induced CW remodeling is associated with the shortening of the root apical meristem, leading to root growth arrest. Based on our results, we propose that expansins control root growth by a delicate orchestration of CW biomechanical properties, possibly regulating both CW loosening and CW remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marketa Samalova
- CEITEC – Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Alesia Melnikava
- CEITEC – Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Kareem Elsayad
- Division of Anatomy, Centre for Anatomy & Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | | | - Evelina Gahurova
- CEITEC – Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jaromir Gumulec
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Ioannis Spyroglou
- CEITEC – Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Elena V Zemlyanskaya
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630073, Russia
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Elena V Ubogoeva
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Darina Balkova
- CEITEC – Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Demko
- CEITEC – Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Nicolas Blavet
- CEITEC – Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Panagiotis Alexiou
- CEITEC – Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Benes
- Genomics Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg 69117, Germany
| | | | - Jan Hejatko
- CEITEC – Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
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6
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Sowders JM, Tanaka K. A histochemical reporter system to study extracellular ATP response in plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1183335. [PMID: 37332691 PMCID: PMC10272726 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1183335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
When cells experience acute mechanical distress, they release ATP from their cellular compartment into the surrounding microenvironment. This extracellular ATP (eATP) can then act as a danger signal-signaling cellular damage. In plants, cells adjacent to damage detect rising eATP concentrations through the cell-surface receptor kinase, P2K1. Following eATP perception, P2K1 initiates a signaling cascade mobilizing plant defense. Recent transcriptome analysis revealed a profile of eATP-induced genes sharing pathogen- and wound-response hallmarks-consistent with a working model for eATP as a defense-mobilizing danger signal. To build on the transcriptional footprint and broaden our understanding of dynamic eATP signaling responses in plants, we aimed to i) generate a visual toolkit for eATP-inducible marker genes using a β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter system and ii) evaluate the spatiotemporal response of these genes to eATP in plant tissues. Here, we demonstrate that the promoter activities of five genes, ATPR1, ATPR2, TAT3, WRKY46, and CNGC19, were highly sensitive to eATP in the primary root meristem and elongation zones with maximal responses at 2 h after treatment. These results suggest the primary root tip as a hub to study eATP-signaling activity and provide a proof-of-concept toward using these reporters to further dissect eATP and damage signaling in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel M. Sowders
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agricultural, Human, and Natural Resource Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
- Molecular Plant Sciences Program, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Kiwamu Tanaka
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agricultural, Human, and Natural Resource Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
- Molecular Plant Sciences Program, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
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7
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Mandal D, Datta S, Raveendar G, Mondal PK, Nag Chaudhuri R. RAV1 mediates cytokinin signaling for regulating primary root growth in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 113:106-126. [PMID: 36423224 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Root growth dynamics is an outcome of complex hormonal crosstalk. The primary root meristem size, for example, is determined by antagonizing actions of cytokinin and auxin. Here we show that RAV1, a member of the AP2/ERF family of transcription factors, mediates cytokinin signaling in roots to regulate meristem size. The rav1 mutants have prominently longer primary roots, with a meristem that is significantly enlarged and contains higher cell numbers, compared with wild-type. The mutant phenotype could be restored on exogenous cytokinin application or by inhibiting auxin transport. At the transcript level, primary cytokinin-responsive genes like ARR1, ARR12 were significantly downregulated in the mutant root, indicating impaired cytokinin signaling. In concurrence, cytokinin induced regulation of SHY2, an Aux/IAA gene, and auxin efflux carrier PIN1 was hindered in rav1, leading to altered auxin transport and distribution. This effectively altered root meristem size in the mutant. Notably, CRF1, another member of the AP2/ERF family implicated in cytokinin signaling, is transcriptionally repressed by RAV1 to promote cytokinin response in roots. Further associating RAV1 with cytokinin signaling, our results demonstrate that cytokinin upregulates RAV1 expression through ARR1, during post-embryonic root development. Regulation of RAV1 expression is a part of secondary cytokinin response that eventually represses CRF1 to augment cytokinin signaling. To conclude, RAV1 functions in a branch pathway downstream to ARR1 that regulates CRF1 expression to enhance cytokinin action during primary root development in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drishti Mandal
- Department of Biotechnology, St Xavier's College, 30, Mother Teresa Sarani, Kolkata, 700016, India
| | - Saptarshi Datta
- Department of Biotechnology, St Xavier's College, 30, Mother Teresa Sarani, Kolkata, 700016, India
| | - Giridhar Raveendar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Surjyamukhi Road, Amingaon, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Pranab Kumar Mondal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Surjyamukhi Road, Amingaon, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Ronita Nag Chaudhuri
- Department of Biotechnology, St Xavier's College, 30, Mother Teresa Sarani, Kolkata, 700016, India
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8
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Numata T, Sugita K, Ahamed Rahman A, Rahman A. Actin isovariant ACT7 controls root meristem development in Arabidopsis through modulating auxin and ethylene responses. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:6255-6271. [PMID: 35749807 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The meristem is the most functionally dynamic part in a plant. The shaping of the meristem requires constant cell division and elongation, which are influenced by hormones and the cytoskeletal component, actin. Although the roles of hormones in modulating meristem development have been extensively studied, the role of actin in this process is still elusive. Using the single and double mutants of the vegetative class actin, we demonstrate that actin isovariant ACT7 plays an important role in root meristem development. In the absence of ACT7, but not ACT8 and ACT2, depolymerization of actin was observed. Consistently, the act7 mutant showed reduced cell division, cell elongation, and meristem length. Intracellular distribution and trafficking of auxin transport proteins in the actin mutants revealed that ACT7 specifically functions in the root meristem to facilitate the trafficking of auxin efflux carriers PIN1 and PIN2, and consequently the transport of auxin. Compared with act7, the act7act8 double mutant exhibited slightly enhanced phenotypic response and altered intracellular trafficking. The altered distribution of auxin in act7 and act7act8 affects the response of the roots to ethylene, but not to cytokinin. Collectively, our results suggest that ACT7-dependent auxin-ethylene response plays a key role in controlling Arabidopsis root meristem development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Numata
- Department of Plant Bio Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Kenji Sugita
- Department of Plant Bio Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Arifa Ahamed Rahman
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Abidur Rahman
- Department of Plant Bio Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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9
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Wu Y, Wang L, Ansah EO, Peng W, Zhang W, Li P, An G, Xiong F. The sucrose transport regulator OsDOF11 mediates cytokinin degradation during rice development. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 189:1083-1094. [PMID: 35294037 PMCID: PMC9157086 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthetic tissues are dynamic structures whose homeostasis depends on the coordination of two antagonistic processes: self-maintenance and supporting sink tissues. The balance of these processes determines plant development, which might be mediated by cytokinin. However, little is known about the link between sucrose transport signaling and cytokinin. Rice (Oryza sativa) DNA BINDING WITH ONE FINGER11 (OsDOF11) is a transcription factor that mediates sucrose transport by inducing the expression of sucrose transporter genes. Here, we found that OsDOF11 loss-of-function mutants showed a semi-dwarf phenotype with a smaller cell length due to increased cytokinin content in source tissues. RNA sequencing and reverse transcription quantitative PCR analyses revealed that genes involved in cytokinin signaling and metabolism were affected in osdof11 mutants. Yeast one-hybrid, dual-luciferase reporter, and chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments showed that OsDOF11 directly binds to the promoter regions of O. sativa CYTOKININ OXIDASE/DEHYDROGENASE4 (OsCKX4). Moreover, mutation of osckx4 in the osdof11 osckx4 double mutant rescued the semi-dwarf phenotype of the osdof11 mutant. Interestingly, exogenous application of kinetin promoted OsDOF11 expression earlier than OsCKX4, and overexpression of O. sativa VIN3-LIKE 2 caused an increase in active cytokinin levels and induced OsDOF11 transcript levels. Taken together, our results suggest a model in which both a sucrose transport regulator (OsDOF11) and cytokinin via OsCKX4 establish a feedback loop to maintain dynamic tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture &Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Leilei Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture &Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Ebenezer Ottopah Ansah
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture &Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Wangmenghan Peng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture &Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Weiyang Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture &Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Peng Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, China
| | - Gynheung An
- Crop Biotech Institute and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea
| | - Fei Xiong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture &Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
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10
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Rojas B, Suárez-Vega F, Saez-Aguayo S, Olmedo P, Zepeda B, Delgado-Rioseco J, Defilippi BG, Pedreschi R, Meneses C, Pérez-Donoso AG, Campos-Vargas R. Pre-Anthesis Cytokinin Applications Increase Table Grape Berry Firmness by Modulating Cell Wall Polysaccharides. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10122642. [PMID: 34961114 PMCID: PMC8708260 DOI: 10.3390/plants10122642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The use of plant growth regulators (PGRs) is widespread in commercial table grape vineyards. The synthetic cytokinin CPPU is a PGR that is extensively used to obtain higher quality grapes. However, the effect of CPPU on berry firmness is not clear. The current study investigated the effects of pre-anthesis applications (BBCH15 and BBCH55 stages) of CPPU on 'Thompson Seedless' berry firmness at harvest through a combination of cytological, morphological, and biochemical analyses. Ovaries in CPPU-treated plants presented morphological changes related to cell division and cell wall modification at the anthesis stage (BBCH65). Moreover, immunofluorescence analysis with monoclonal antibodies 2F4 and LM15 against pectin and xyloglucan demonstrated that CPPU treatment resulted in cell wall modifications at anthesis. These early changes have major repercussions regarding the hemicellulose and pectin cell wall composition of mature fruits, and are associated with increased calcium content and a higher berry firmness at harvest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Rojas
- Centro de Estudios Postcosecha, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8831314, Chile; (B.R.); (P.O.)
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8370186, Chile; (S.S.-A.); (J.D.-R.); (C.M.)
| | - Felipe Suárez-Vega
- Departamento de Fruticultura y Enología, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile;
| | - Susana Saez-Aguayo
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8370186, Chile; (S.S.-A.); (J.D.-R.); (C.M.)
| | - Patricio Olmedo
- Centro de Estudios Postcosecha, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8831314, Chile; (B.R.); (P.O.)
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8370186, Chile; (S.S.-A.); (J.D.-R.); (C.M.)
| | - Baltasar Zepeda
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Joaquín Delgado-Rioseco
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8370186, Chile; (S.S.-A.); (J.D.-R.); (C.M.)
| | - Bruno G. Defilippi
- INIA La Platina, Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Santiago 8831314, Chile;
| | - Romina Pedreschi
- Escuela de Agronomía, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas y de los Alimentos, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Quillota 2260000, Chile;
| | - Claudio Meneses
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8370186, Chile; (S.S.-A.); (J.D.-R.); (C.M.)
| | - Alonso G. Pérez-Donoso
- Departamento de Fruticultura y Enología, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile;
| | - Reinaldo Campos-Vargas
- Centro de Estudios Postcosecha, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8831314, Chile; (B.R.); (P.O.)
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11
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Bertolotti G, Scintu D, Dello Ioio R. A small cog in a large wheel: crucial role of miRNAs in root apical meristem patterning. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:6755-6767. [PMID: 34350947 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In both animal and plants, establishment of body axes is fundamental for proper organ development. Plant roots show two main developmental axes: the proximo-distal axis, which spans from the hypocotyl-root junction to the root tip; and the radial axis, which traverses from the vascular tissue to the epidermis. Root axes are determined in the root meristem. The root meristem occupies the tip of the root and contains self-renewing stem cells, which continuously produce new root cells. An intricate network of signalling pathways regulates meristem function and patterning to ensure proper root development and growth. In the last decade, miRNAs, 20-21 nucleotide-long molecules with morphogenetic activity, emerged as central regulators of root cell patterning. Their activity intersects with master regulators of meristematic activity, including phytohormones. In this review, we discuss the latest findings about the activity of miRNAs and their interaction with other molecular networks in the formation of root meristem axes. Furthermore, we describe how these small molecules allow root growth to adapt to changes in the environment, while maintaining the correct patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Bertolotti
- University of Rome 'La Sapienza', Department of Biology and Biotechnology, 'Charles Darwin', Via dei Sardi 70, Rome, Italy
| | - Daria Scintu
- University of Rome 'La Sapienza', Department of Biology and Biotechnology, 'Charles Darwin', Via dei Sardi 70, Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaele Dello Ioio
- University of Rome 'La Sapienza', Department of Biology and Biotechnology, 'Charles Darwin', Via dei Sardi 70, Rome, Italy
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12
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Neogy A, Singh Z, Mushahary KKK, Yadav SR. Dynamic cytokinin signaling and function of auxin in cytokinin responsive domains during rice crown root development. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2021; 40:1367-1375. [PMID: 33047229 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-020-02618-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We reveal the onset and dynamic tissue-specific cytokinin signaling domains and functional importance of auxin in the auxin-cytokinin interaction domains in shaping root architecture in the economically important rice plant. Plant hormones such as auxin and cytokinin are central regulators of root organogenesis. Typical in the grass species, the root system in rice is primarily composed of post-embryonic adventitious/crown roots (ARs/CRs). Antagonistic auxin-cytokinin activities mutually balance each other to ensure proper root development. Cytokinin has been shown to inhibit crown root initiation in rice; albeit, the responsive domains remain elusive during the initiation and outgrowth of crown root primordia (CRP). Here, we show the cytokinin response domains during various stages of CRP development. RNA-RNA in situ hybridization and protein immunohistochemistry studies of the reporter gene expressed under the cytokinin responsive synthetic promoter revealed detailed spatio-temporal cytokinin signaling domains in the developing CRP. Furthermore, rice lines genetically depleted for endogenous auxin in the cytokinin responsive domains provided insight into the functional importance of auxin signaling during crown root development. Thus, our study demonstrates the onset and dynamic tissue-specific cytokinin response and functional significance of auxin-cytokinin interaction during root architecture formation in rice, a model grass species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananya Neogy
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
| | - Zeenu Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
| | | | - Shri Ram Yadav
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India.
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13
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Ding T, Zhang F, Wang J, Wang F, Liu J, Xie C, Hu Y, Shani E, Kong X, Ding Z, Tian H. Cell-type action specificity of auxin on Arabidopsis root growth. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 106:928-941. [PMID: 33609310 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The plant hormone auxin plays a critical role in root growth and development; however, the contributions or specific roles of cell-type auxin signals in root growth and development are not well understood. Here, we mapped tissue and cell types that are important for auxin-mediated root growth and development by manipulating the local response and synthesis of auxin. Repressing auxin signaling in the epidermis, cortex, endodermis, pericycle or stele strongly inhibited root growth, with the largest effect observed in the endodermis. Enhancing auxin signaling in the epidermis, cortex, endodermis, pericycle or stele also caused reduced root growth, albeit to a lesser extent. Moreover, we established that root growth was inhibited by enhancement of auxin synthesis in specific cell types of the epidermis, cortex and endodermis, whereas increased auxin synthesis in the pericycle and stele had only minor effects on root growth. Our study thus establishes an association between cellular identity and cell type-specific auxin signaling that guides root growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Ding
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Junxia Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Fengxia Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Jiajia Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Chuantian Xie
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Yangjie Hu
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Eilon Shani
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Xiangpei Kong
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Zhaojun Ding
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Huiyu Tian
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
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14
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Zluhan-Martínez E, López-Ruíz BA, García-Gómez ML, García-Ponce B, de la Paz Sánchez M, Álvarez-Buylla ER, Garay-Arroyo A. Integrative Roles of Phytohormones on Cell Proliferation, Elongation and Differentiation in the Arabidopsis thaliana Primary Root. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:659155. [PMID: 33981325 PMCID: PMC8107238 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.659155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The growth of multicellular organisms relies on cell proliferation, elongation and differentiation that are tightly regulated throughout development by internal and external stimuli. The plasticity of a growth response largely depends on the capacity of the organism to adjust the ratio between cell proliferation and cell differentiation. The primary root of Arabidopsis thaliana offers many advantages toward understanding growth homeostasis as root cells are continuously produced and move from cell proliferation to elongation and differentiation that are processes spatially separated and could be studied along the longitudinal axis. Hormones fine tune plant growth responses and a huge amount of information has been recently generated on the role of these compounds in Arabidopsis primary root development. In this review, we summarized the participation of nine hormones in the regulation of the different zones and domains of the Arabidopsis primary root. In some cases, we found synergism between hormones that function either positively or negatively in proliferation, elongation or differentiation. Intriguingly, there are other cases where the interaction between hormones exhibits unexpected results. Future analysis on the molecular mechanisms underlying crosstalk hormone action in specific zones and domains will unravel their coordination over PR development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estephania Zluhan-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Brenda Anabel López-Ruíz
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Mónica L. García-Gómez
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Berenice García-Ponce
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - María de la Paz Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Elena R. Álvarez-Buylla
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Adriana Garay-Arroyo
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Adriana Garay-Arroyo,
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15
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Jose J, Roy Choudhury S. Heterotrimeric G-proteins mediated hormonal responses in plants. Cell Signal 2020; 76:109799. [PMID: 33011291 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Phytohormones not only orchestrate intrinsic developmental programs from germination to senescence but also regulate environmental inputs through complex signalling pathways. Despite building an own signalling network, hormones mutually contribute several signalling systems, which are also essential for plant growth and development, defense, and responses to abiotic stresses. One of such important signalling cascades is G-proteins, which act as critical regulators of a wide range of fundamental cellular processes by transducing receptor signals to the intracellular environment. G proteins are composed of α, β, and γ subunits, and the molecular switching between active and inactive conformation of Gα controls the signalling cycle. The active GTP bound Gα and freed Gβγ have both independent and tightly coordinated roles in the regulation of effector molecules, thereby modulating multiple responses, including hormonal responses. Therefore, an interplay of hormones with G-proteins fine-tunes multiple biological processes of plants; however, their molecular mechanisms are largely unknown. Functional characterization of hormone biosynthesis, perception, and signalling components, as well as identification of few effector molecules of G-proteins and their interaction networks, reduces the complexity of the hormonal signalling networks related to G-proteins. In this review, we highlight a valuable insight into the mechanisms of how the G-protein signalling cascades connect with hormonal responses to regulate increased developmental flexibility as well as remarkable plasticity of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jismon Jose
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh 517507, India
| | - Swarup Roy Choudhury
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh 517507, India.
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16
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Chen R, Xu N, Yu B, Wu Q, Li X, Wang G, Huang J. The WUSCHEL-related homeobox transcription factor OsWOX4 controls the primary root elongation by activating OsAUX1 in rice. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 298:110575. [PMID: 32771139 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Primary root is the basic component of root system and plays a key role in early seedling growth and survival in rice. However, the molecular mechanism of primary root elongation still needs to be well understood. Here, we showed that OsWOX4, a WUSCHEL-related homeobox (WOX) transcription factor, was involved in the primary root elongation in rice. Silencing of OsWOX4 by RNA interference (RNAi) greatly increased the primary root length, whereas its overexpression reduced primary root elongation significantly. Moreover, the size of meristem zone and epidermal cell length of mature zone in RNAi root tips were drastically enhanced, while they were reduced markedly in overexpression lines, in comparison with that of wild type. Further analysis showed that the accumulation of free IAA was slightly increased in RNAi roots, but drastically reduced in plants overexpressing OsWOX4. The expression of genes responsible for auxin biosynthesis and transport was also changed in OsWOX4 transgenic lines. Transient transcriptional activation and electrophoretic mobility shift assays showed that OsWOX4 directly regulated the transcription of OsAUX1 through binding to its promoter region. Collectively, our results indicated that OsWOX4 played a crucial role in the primary root elongation by regulating auxin transport, suggesting its importance in rice root system architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, PR China
| | - Ning Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, PR China
| | - Bo Yu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, PR China
| | - Qi Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, PR China
| | - Xingxing Li
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, PR China
| | - Gang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, PR China
| | - Junli Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, PR China.
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17
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Root stem cells: how to establish and maintain the eternal youth. RENDICONTI LINCEI. SCIENZE FISICHE E NATURALI 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12210-020-00893-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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18
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Rauschendorfer J, Yordanov Y, Dobrev P, Vankova R, Sykes R, Külheim C, Busov V. Overexpression of a developing xylem cDNA library in transgenic poplar generates high mutation rate specific to wood formation. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2020; 18:1434-1443. [PMID: 31799778 PMCID: PMC7207001 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We investigated feasibility of the Full-length complementary DNA OvereXpression (FOX) system as a mutagenesis approach in poplar, using developing xylem tissue. The main goal was to assess the overall mutation rate and if the system will increase instances of mutants affected in traits linked to the xylem tissue. Indeed, we found a high mutation rate of 17.7%, whereas 80% of all mutants were significantly affected in cellulose, lignin and/or hemicellulose. Cell wall biosynthesis is a major process occurring during xylem development. Enrichment of mutants affected in cell wall composition suggests that the tissue source for the FOX library influenced the occurrence of mutants affected in a trait linked to this tissue. Additionally, we found that FLcDNAs from mutants affected in cell wall composition were homologous to genes known to be involved in cell wall biosynthesis and most recovered FLcDNAs corresponded to genes whose native expression was highest in xylem. We characterized in detail a mutant line with increased diameter. The phenotype was caused by a poplar homolog of LONELY GUY 1 (LOG1), which encodes an enzyme in cytokinin biosynthesis and significantly increased xylem proliferation. The causative role of LOG1 in the observed phenotype was further reaffirmed by elevated cytokinin concentration in the mutant and recapitulation overexpression experiment wherein multiple independent lines phenocopied the original FOX mutant. Our experiments show that the FOX approach can be efficiently used for gene discovery and molecular interrogation of traits specific to woody perennial growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Rauschendorfer
- College of Forest Resources and Environmental ScienceMichigan Technological UniversityHoughtonMIUSA
| | - Yordan Yordanov
- Department of BiologyEastern Illinois UniversityCharlestonILUSA
| | - Petre Dobrev
- Institute of Experimental BotanyCzech Academy of SciencesPragueCzech Republic
| | - Radomira Vankova
- Institute of Experimental BotanyCzech Academy of SciencesPragueCzech Republic
| | - Robert Sykes
- Nuclear Materials ScienceLos Alamos National LaboratoryLos AlamosNMUSA
| | - Carsten Külheim
- College of Forest Resources and Environmental ScienceMichigan Technological UniversityHoughtonMIUSA
| | - Victor Busov
- College of Forest Resources and Environmental ScienceMichigan Technological UniversityHoughtonMIUSA
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19
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Sun X, Chen F, Yuan L, Mi G. The physiological mechanism underlying root elongation in response to nitrogen deficiency in crop plants. PLANTA 2020; 251:84. [PMID: 32189077 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03376-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In response to low nitrogen stress, multiple hormones together with nitric oxide signaling pathways work synergistically and antagonistically in crop root elongation. Changing root morphology allows plants to adapt to soil nutrient availability. Nitrogen is the most important essential nutrient for plant growth. An important adaptive strategy for crops responding to nitrogen deficiency is root elongation, thereby accessing increased soil space and nitrogen resources. Multiple signaling pathways are involved in this regulatory network, working together to fine-tune root elongation in response to soil nitrogen availability. Based on existing research, we propose a model to explain how different signaling pathways interact to regulate root elongation in response to low nitrogen stress. In response to a low shoot nitrogen status signal, auxin transport from the shoot to the root increases. High auxin levels in the root tip stimulate the production of nitric oxide, which promotes the synthesis of strigolactones to accelerate cell division. In this process, cytokinin, ethylene, and abscisic acid play an antagonistic role, while brassinosteroids and auxin play a synergistic role in regulating root elongation. Further study is required to identify the QTLs, genes, and favorable alleles which control the root elongation response to low nitrogen stress in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xichao Sun
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Fanjun Chen
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lixing Yuan
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Guohua Mi
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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20
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Zdarska M, Cuyacot AR, Tarr PT, Yamoune A, Szmitkowska A, Hrdinová V, Gelová Z, Meyerowitz EM, Hejátko J. ETR1 Integrates Response to Ethylene and Cytokinins into a Single Multistep Phosphorelay Pathway to Control Root Growth. MOLECULAR PLANT 2019; 12:1338-1352. [PMID: 31176773 PMCID: PMC8040967 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2019.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinins and ethylene control plant development via sensors from the histidine kinase (HK) family. However, downstream signaling pathways for the key phytohormones are distinct. Here we report that not only cytokinin but also ethylene is able to control root apical meristem (RAM) size through activation of the multistep phosphorelay (MSP) pathway. We found that both cytokinin and ethylene-dependent RAM shortening requires ethylene binding to ETR1 and the HK activity of ETR1. The receiver domain of ETR1 interacts with MSP signaling intermediates acting downstream of cytokinin receptors, further substantiating the role of ETR1 in MSP signaling. We revealed that both cytokinin and ethylene induce the MSP in similar and distinct cell types with ETR1-mediated ethylene signaling controlling MSP output specifically in the root transition zone. We identified members of the MSP pathway specific and common to both hormones and showed that ETR1-regulated ARR3 controls RAM size. ETR1-mediated MSP spatially differs from canonical CTR1/EIN2/EIN3 ethylene signaling and is independent of EIN2, indicating that both pathways can be spatially and functionally separated. Furthermore, we demonstrated that canonical ethylene signaling controls MSP responsiveness to cytokinin specifically in the root transition zone, presumably via regulation of ARR10, one of the positive regulators of MSP signaling in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marketa Zdarska
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Plants, Central European Institute of Technology and National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University, CETEC-MU, Kamenice 5/A2, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Division of Biology and Biological Engineering 156-29, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
| | - Abigail Rubiato Cuyacot
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Plants, Central European Institute of Technology and National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University, CETEC-MU, Kamenice 5/A2, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Paul T Tarr
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Division of Biology and Biological Engineering 156-29, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Amel Yamoune
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Plants, Central European Institute of Technology and National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University, CETEC-MU, Kamenice 5/A2, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Agnieszka Szmitkowska
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Plants, Central European Institute of Technology and National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University, CETEC-MU, Kamenice 5/A2, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vendula Hrdinová
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Plants, Central European Institute of Technology and National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University, CETEC-MU, Kamenice 5/A2, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Gelová
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Plants, Central European Institute of Technology and National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University, CETEC-MU, Kamenice 5/A2, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Elliot M Meyerowitz
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Division of Biology and Biological Engineering 156-29, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Jan Hejátko
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Plants, Central European Institute of Technology and National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University, CETEC-MU, Kamenice 5/A2, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
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21
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Neogy A, Garg T, Kumar A, Dwivedi AK, Singh H, Singh U, Singh Z, Prasad K, Jain M, Yadav SR. Genome-Wide Transcript Profiling Reveals an Auxin-Responsive Transcription Factor, OsAP2/ERF-40, Promoting Rice Adventitious Root Development. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 60:2343-2355. [PMID: 31318417 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Unlike dicots, the robust root system in grass species largely originates from stem base during postembryonic development. The mechanisms by which plant hormone signaling pathways control the architecture of adventitious root remain largely unknown. Here, we studied the modulations in global genes activity in developing rice adventitious root by genome-wide RNA sequencing in response to external auxin and cytokinin signaling cues. We further analyzed spatiotemporal regulations of key developmental regulators emerged from our global transcriptome analysis. Interestingly, some of the key cell fate determinants such as homeodomain transcription factor (TF), OsHOX12, no apical meristem protein, OsNAC39, APETALA2/ethylene response factor, OsAP2/ERF-40 and WUSCHEL-related homeobox, OsWOX6.1 and OsWOX6.2, specifically expressed in adventitious root primordia. Functional analysis of one of these regulators, an auxin-induced TF containing AP2/ERF domain, OsAP2/ERF-40, demonstrates its sufficiency to confer the adventitious root fate. The ability to trigger the root developmental program is largely attributed to OsAP2/ERF-40-mediated dose-dependent transcriptional activation of genes that can facilitate generating effective auxin response, and OsERF3-OsWOX11-OsRR2 pathway. Our studies reveal gene regulatory network operating in response to hormone signaling pathways and identify a novel TF regulating adventitious root developmental program, a key agronomically important quantitative trait, upstream of OsERF3-OsWOX11-OsRR2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananya Neogy
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Tushar Garg
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Anil Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Anuj K Dwivedi
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Harshita Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Urminder Singh
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Zeenu Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Kalika Prasad
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Mukesh Jain
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Shri Ram Yadav
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
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22
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Di Mambro R, Sabatini S, Dello Ioio R. Patterning the Axes: A Lesson from the Root. PLANTS 2018; 8:plants8010008. [PMID: 30602700 PMCID: PMC6358898 DOI: 10.3390/plants8010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
How the body plan is established and maintained in multicellular organisms is a central question in developmental biology. Thanks to its simple and symmetric structure, the root represents a powerful tool to study the molecular mechanisms underlying the establishment and maintenance of developmental axes. Plant roots show two main axes along which cells pass through different developmental stages and acquire different fates: the root proximodistal axis spans longitudinally from the hypocotyl junction (proximal) to the root tip (distal), whereas the radial axis spans transversely from the vasculature tissue (centre) to the epidermis (outer). Both axes are generated by stereotypical divisions occurring during embryogenesis and are maintained post-embryonically. Here, we review the latest scientific advances on how the correct formation of root proximodistal and radial axes is achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Di Mambro
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, via L. Ghini, 13-56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Sabrina Sabatini
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Model Systems, Università di Roma "Sapienza", via dei Sardi, 70-00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Raffaele Dello Ioio
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Model Systems, Università di Roma "Sapienza", via dei Sardi, 70-00185 Rome, Italy.
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23
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Li L, He X, Zhao F, Zhu C, Zeng H. WUS and PIN1-related genes undergo dynamic expressional change during organ regeneration in response to wounding in Zoysia japonica. Mol Biol Rep 2018; 45:1733-1744. [PMID: 30155591 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-018-4317-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Zoysia japonica is a grass specie used for golf courses and stadium lawns because of its eminent organ regeneration ability after cutting. However, the molecular mechanisms of the organ regeneration remain elusive. In plants, the shoot apical meristem (SAM) plays a critical role in organ regeneration process. Studies on shoot apical meristem (SAM) in Arabidopsis revealed PIN-FORMED 1 (PIN1) and WUSCHEL (WUS) as crucial components regulating the maintenance and proliferation of SAM via modulating the phytohormones auxin (IAA) and cytokinin (CTK), respectively. In this study, transcriptome analysis of the early wounding stage of Z. japonica cultivar "Zenith" was performed, and global expression pattern of genes related to the PIN1 and WUS network was analyzed. According to the Gene Ontology (GO) database classification, genes related to cell proliferation were identified in differentially expressed unigenes (DEGs) with dramatic changes. Meanwhile, there were 18 IAA and CTK-related GO terms. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database classification showed that "plant hormone signal transduction" was gradually become the most abundant enrichment pathways within 6 h. Twenty-four Z. japonica genes with homology to Arabidopsis genes that are involved in PIN1 and WUS network were examined for expression. Among them, 21 genes showed dynamic changes whereas three genes did not. Those results suggesting that the key genes involved in the regeneration exhibited difference in both plants. Finally, we proposed a simple molecular mechanism of the Z. japonica organ regeneration regulated by PIN1 and WUS after wounding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linkun Li
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Xusheng He
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Fangdong Zhao
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Zhu
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Huiming Zeng
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.
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24
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Pacifici E, Di Mambro R, Dello Ioio R, Costantino P, Sabatini S. Acidic cell elongation drives cell differentiation in the Arabidopsis root. EMBO J 2018; 37:embj.201899134. [PMID: 30012836 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201899134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In multicellular systems, the control of cell size is fundamental in regulating the development and growth of the different organs and of the whole organism. In most systems, major changes in cell size can be observed during differentiation processes where cells change their volume to adapt their shape to their final function. How relevant changes in cell volume are in driving the differentiation program is a long-standing fundamental question in developmental biology. In the Arabidopsis root meristem, characteristic changes in the size of the distal meristematic cells identify cells that initiated the differentiation program. Here, we show that changes in cell size are essential for the initial steps of cell differentiation and that these changes depend on the concomitant activation by the plant hormone cytokinin of the EXPAs proteins and the AHA1 and AHA2 proton pumps. These findings identify a growth module that builds on a synergy between cytokinin-dependent pH modification and wall remodeling to drive differentiation through the mechanical control of cell walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Pacifici
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Model Systems, Università di Roma La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Raffaele Dello Ioio
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Model Systems, Università di Roma La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Costantino
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Model Systems, Università di Roma La Sapienza, Rome, Italy.,Istituto di Biologia e Medicina Molecolari, CNR, Rome, Italy
| | - Sabrina Sabatini
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Model Systems, Università di Roma La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
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25
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Poza-Viejo L, Abreu I, González-García MP, Allauca P, Bonilla I, Bolaños L, Reguera M. Boron deficiency inhibits root growth by controlling meristem activity under cytokinin regulation. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 270:176-189. [PMID: 29576071 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Significant advances have been made in the last years trying to identify regulatory pathways that control plant responses to boron (B) deficiency. Still, there is a lack of a deep understanding of how they act regulating growth and development under B limiting conditions. Here, we analyzed the impact of B deficit on cell division leading to root apical meristem (RAM) disorganization. Our results reveal that inhibition of cell proliferation under the regulatory control of cytokinins (CKs) is an early event contributing to root growth arrest under B deficiency. An early recovery of QC46:GUS expression after transferring B-deficient seedlings to control conditions revealed a role of B in the maintenance of QC identity whose loss under deficiency occurred at later stages of the stress. Additionally, the D-type cyclin CYCD3 overexpressor and triple mutant cycd3;1-3 were used to evaluate the effect on mitosis inhibition at the G1-S boundary. Overall, this study supports the hypothesis that meristem activity is inhibited by B deficiency at early stages of the stress as it does cell elongation. Likewise, distinct regulatory mechanisms seem to take place depending on the severity of the stress. The results presented here are key to better understand early signaling responses under B deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Poza-Viejo
- Departament of Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, c/Darwin 2, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Present address: Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo UPM, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isidro Abreu
- Departament of Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, c/Darwin 2, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Present address: Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo UPM, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Paúl Allauca
- Departament of Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, c/Darwin 2, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ildefonso Bonilla
- Departament of Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, c/Darwin 2, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Bolaños
- Departament of Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, c/Darwin 2, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Reguera
- Departament of Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, c/Darwin 2, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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26
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Kundu A, DasGupta M. Silencing of Putative Cytokinin Receptor Histidine Kinase1 Inhibits Both Inception and Differentiation of Root Nodules in Arachis hypogaea. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2018; 31:187-199. [PMID: 28876173 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-06-17-0144-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Rhizobia-legume interaction activates the SYM pathway that recruits cytokinin signaling for induction of nodule primordia in the cortex. In Arachis hypogaea, bradyrhizobia invade through natural cracks developed in the lateral root base and are directly endocytosed in the cortical cells to generate the nodule primordia. To unravel the role of cytokinin signaling in A. hypogaea, RNA-interference (RNAi) of cytokinin receptor histidine-kinase1 (AhHK1) was done. AhHK1-RNAi downregulated the expression of type-A response regulators such as AhRR5 and AhRR3 along with several symbiotic genes, indicating that both cytokinin signaling and the SYM pathway were affected. Accordingly, there was a drastic downregulation of nodulation in AhHK1-RNAi roots and the nodules that developed were ineffective. These nodules were densely packed, with infected cells having a higher nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio and distinctively high mitotic index, where the rod-shaped rhizobia failed to differentiate into bacteroids within spherical symbiosomes. In accordance with the proliferating state, expression of a mitotic-cyclin AhCycB2.1 was higher in AhHK1-RNAi nodules, whereas expression of a retinoblastoma-related (AhRBR) nodule that restrains proliferation was lower. Also, higher expression of the meristem maintenance factor WUSCHEL-RELATED HOMEOBOX5 correlated with the undifferentiated state of AhHK1-RNAi nodules. Our results suggest that AhHK1-mediated cytokinin signaling is important for both inception and differentiation during nodule development in A. hypogaea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anindya Kundu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, Kolkata 700019, India
| | - Maitrayee DasGupta
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, Kolkata 700019, India
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27
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Tognetti VB, Bielach A, Hrtyan M. Redox regulation at the site of primary growth: auxin, cytokinin and ROS crosstalk. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:2586-2605. [PMID: 28708264 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
To maintain the activity of meristems is an absolute requirement for plant growth and development, and the role of the plant hormones auxin and cytokinin in apical meristem function is well established. Only little attention has been given, however, to the function of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) gradient along meristematic tissues and its interplay with hormonal regulatory networks. The interdependency between auxin-related, cytokinin-related and ROS-related circuits controls primary growth and development while modulating plant morphology in response to detrimental environmental factors. Because ROS interaction with redox-active compounds significantly affects the cellular redox gradient, the latter constitutes an interface for crosstalk between hormone and ROS signalling pathways. This review focuses on the mechanisms underlying ROS-dependent interactions with redox and hormonal components in shoot and root apical meristems which are crucial for meristems maintenance when plants are exposed to environmental hardships. We also emphasize the importance of cell type and the subcellular compartmentalization of ROS and redox networks to obtain a holistic understanding of how apical meristems adapt to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanesa B Tognetti
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Agnieszka Bielach
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Mónika Hrtyan
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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28
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Cui Y, Wang M, Zhou H, Li M, Huang L, Yin X, Zhao G, Lin F, Xia X, Xu G. OsSGL, a Novel DUF1645 Domain-Containing Protein, Confers Enhanced Drought Tolerance in Transgenic Rice and Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:2001. [PMID: 28083013 PMCID: PMC5186801 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.02001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Drought is a major environmental factor that limits plant growth and crop productivity. Genetic engineering is an effective approach to improve drought tolerance in various crops, including rice (Oryza sativa). Functional characterization of relevant genes is a prerequisite when identifying candidates for such improvements. We investigated OsSGL (Oryza sativa Stress tolerance and Grain Length), a novel DUF1645 domain-containing protein from rice. OsSGL was up-regulated by multiple stresses and localized to the nucleus. Transgenic plants over-expressing or hetero-expressing OsSGL conferred significantly improved drought tolerance in transgenic rice and Arabidopsis thaliana, respectively. The overexpressing plants accumulated higher levels of proline and soluble sugars but lower malondialdehyde (MDA) contents under osmotic stress. Our RNA-sequencing data demonstrated that several stress-responsive genes were significantly altered in transgenic rice plants. We unexpectedly observed that those overexpressing rice plants also had extensive root systems, perhaps due to the altered transcript levels of auxin- and cytokinin-associated genes. These results suggest that the mechanism by which OsSGL confers enhanced drought tolerance is due to the modulated expression of stress-responsive genes, higher accumulations of osmolytes, and enlarged root systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanchun Cui
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of SciencesChangsha, China
| | - Manling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of SciencesChangsha, China
| | - Huina Zhou
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of China National Tobacco CorporationZhengzhou, China
| | - Mingjuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of SciencesChangsha, China
| | - Lifang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of SciencesChangsha, China
| | - Xuming Yin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of SciencesChangsha, China
| | - Guoqiang Zhao
- Postdoctoral Research Stations of Basic Medical Science, Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou, China
| | - Fucheng Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Biotechnology Institute, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Xinjie Xia
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of SciencesChangsha, China
| | - Guoyun Xu
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of China National Tobacco CorporationZhengzhou, China
- Postdoctoral Research Stations of Basic Medical Science, Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou, China
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29
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Deinum EE, Kohlen W, Geurts R. Quantitative modelling of legume root nodule primordium induction by a diffusive signal of epidermal origin that inhibits auxin efflux. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 16:254. [PMID: 27846795 PMCID: PMC5109694 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0935-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rhizobium nitrogen fixation in legumes takes place in specialized organs called root nodules. The initiation of these symbiotic organs has two important components. First, symbiotic rhizobium bacteria are recognized at the epidermis through specific bacterially secreted lipo-chitooligosaccharides (LCOs). Second, signaling processes culminate in the formation of a local auxin maximum marking the site of cell divisions. Both processes are spatially separated. This separation is most pronounced in legumes forming indeterminate nodules, such as model organism Medicago truncatula, in which the nodule primordium is formed from pericycle to most inner cortical cell layers. RESULTS We used computer simulations of a simplified root of a legume that can form indeterminate nodules. A diffusive signal that inhibits auxin transport is produced in the epidermis, the site of rhizobium contact. In our model, all cells have the same response characteristics to the diffusive signal. Nevertheless, we observed the fastest and strongest auxin accumulation in the pericycle and inner cortex. The location of these auxin maxima correlates with the first dividing cells of future nodule primordia in M. truncatula. The model also predicts a transient reduction of the vascular auxin concentration rootward of the induction site as is experimentally observed. We use our model to investigate how competition for the vascular auxin source could contribute to the regulation of nodule number and spacing. CONCLUSION Our simulations show that the diffusive signal may invoke the strongest auxin accumulation response in the inner root layers, although the signal itself is strongest close to its production site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva E. Deinum
- Mathematical and Statistical methods group, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1PB, Wageningen, 6708 the Netherlands
- FOM institute AMOLF, Science Park 104XG, Amsterdam, 1098 the Netherlands
| | - Wouter Kohlen
- Laboratory for Molecular Biology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen, 6708 PB the Netherlands
| | - René Geurts
- Laboratory for Molecular Biology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen, 6708 PB the Netherlands
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30
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Zürcher E, Müller B. Cytokinin Synthesis, Signaling, and Function--Advances and New Insights. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 324:1-38. [PMID: 27017005 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The plant hormones referred to as cytokinins are chemical signals that control numerous developmental processes throughout the plant life cycle, including gametogenesis, root meristem specification, vascular development, shoot and root growth, meristem homeostasis, senescence, and more. In addition, they mediate responses to environmental cues such as light, stress, and nutrient conditions. The core mechanistics of cytokinin metabolism and signaling have been elucidated, but more layers of regulation, additional functions, and interactions with other signals are continuously discovered and described. In this chapter, we recapitulate the highlights of over 100 years of cytokinin research covering its isolation, the elucidation of phosphorelay signaling, and how cytokinin functions in various developmental contexts including its interaction with other pathways. Additionally, given cytokinin's paracrine signaling mechanism, we postulate that cellular exporters for cytokinins exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Zürcher
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich Zurich, Switzerland
| | - B Müller
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich Zurich, Switzerland.
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31
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van Zeijl A, Liu W, Xiao TT, Kohlen W, Yang WC, Bisseling T, Geurts R. The strigolactone biosynthesis gene DWARF27 is co-opted in rhizobium symbiosis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 15:260. [PMID: 26503135 PMCID: PMC4624177 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-015-0651-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Strigolactones are a class of plant hormones whose biosynthesis is activated in response to phosphate starvation. This involves several enzymes, including the carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases 7 (CCD7) and CCD8 and the carotenoid isomerase DWARF27 (D27). D27 expression is known to be responsive to phosphate starvation. In Medicago truncatula and rice (Oryza sativa) this transcriptional response requires the GRAS-type proteins NSP1 and NSP2; both proteins are essential for rhizobium induced root nodule formation in legumes. In line with this, we questioned whether MtNSP1-MtNSP2 dependent MtD27 regulation is co-opted in rhizobium symbiosis. RESULTS We provide evidence that MtD27 is involved in strigolactone biosynthesis in M. truncatula roots upon phosphate stress. Spatiotemporal expression studies revealed that this gene is also highly expressed in nodule primordia and subsequently becomes restricted to the meristem and distal infection zone of a mature nodules. A similar expression pattern was found for MtCCD7 and MtCCD8. Rhizobium lipo-chitooligosaccharide (LCO) application experiments revealed that of these genes MtD27 is most responsive in an MtNSP1 and MtNSP2 dependent manner. Symbiotic expression of MtD27 requires components of the symbiosis signaling pathway; including MtDMI1, MtDMI2, MtDMI3/MtCCaMK and in part MtERN1. This in contrast to MtD27 expression upon phosphate starvation, which only requires MtNSP1 and MtNSP2. CONCLUSION Our data show that the phosphate-starvation responsive strigolactone biosynthesis gene MtD27 is also rapidly induced by rhizobium LCO signals in an MtNSP1 and MtNSP2-dependent manner. Additionally, we show that MtD27 is co-expressed with MtCCD7 and MtCCD8 in nodule primordia and in the infection zone of mature nodules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjan van Zeijl
- Department of Plant Science, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Plant Science, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Ting Ting Xiao
- Department of Plant Science, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Wouter Kohlen
- Department of Plant Science, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Wei-Cai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Ton Bisseling
- Department of Plant Science, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - René Geurts
- Department of Plant Science, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Jégu T, Domenichini S, Blein T, Ariel F, Christ A, Kim SK, Crespi M, Boutet-Mercey S, Mouille G, Bourge M, Hirt H, Bergounioux C, Raynaud C, Benhamed M. A SWI/SNF Chromatin Remodelling Protein Controls Cytokinin Production through the Regulation of Chromatin Architecture. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138276. [PMID: 26457678 PMCID: PMC4601769 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromatin architecture determines transcriptional accessibility to DNA and consequently gene expression levels in response to developmental and environmental stimuli. Recently, chromatin remodelers such as SWI/SNF complexes have been recognized as key regulators of chromatin architecture. To gain insight into the function of these complexes during root development, we have analyzed Arabidopsis knock-down lines for one sub-unit of SWI/SNF complexes: BAF60. Here, we show that BAF60 is a positive regulator of root development and cell cycle progression in the root meristem via its ability to down-regulate cytokinin production. By opposing both the deposition of active histone marks and the formation of a chromatin regulatory loop, BAF60 negatively regulates two crucial target genes for cytokinin biosynthesis (IPT3 and IPT7) and one cell cycle inhibitor (KRP7). Our results demonstrate that SWI/SNF complexes containing BAF60 are key factors governing the equilibrium between formation and dissociation of a chromatin loop controlling phytohormone production and cell cycle progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teddy Jégu
- Institut de Biologie des Plantes, UMR8618 CNRS-Université Paris-Sud XI, Saclay Plant Sciences, Orsay, France
| | - Séverine Domenichini
- Institut de Biologie des Plantes, UMR8618 CNRS-Université Paris-Sud XI, Saclay Plant Sciences, Orsay, France
| | - Thomas Blein
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, UPR2355 CNRS, Saclay Plant Sciences, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Federico Ariel
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, UPR2355 CNRS, Saclay Plant Sciences, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Aurélie Christ
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, UPR2355 CNRS, Saclay Plant Sciences, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Soon-Kap Kim
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology KAUST, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Martin Crespi
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, UPR2355 CNRS, Saclay Plant Sciences, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - Grégory Mouille
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318 INRA/AgroParisTech, Versailles, France
| | - Mickaël Bourge
- Pôle de Biologie Cellulaire, Imagif, Centre de Recherche de Gif, CNRS, IFR87, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Heribert Hirt
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology KAUST, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Catherine Bergounioux
- Institut de Biologie des Plantes, UMR8618 CNRS-Université Paris-Sud XI, Saclay Plant Sciences, Orsay, France
| | - Cécile Raynaud
- Institut de Biologie des Plantes, UMR8618 CNRS-Université Paris-Sud XI, Saclay Plant Sciences, Orsay, France
| | - Moussa Benhamed
- Institut de Biologie des Plantes, UMR8618 CNRS-Université Paris-Sud XI, Saclay Plant Sciences, Orsay, France
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology KAUST, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- * E-mail:
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Sojikul P, Saithong T, Kalapanulak S, Pisuttinusart N, Limsirichaikul S, Tanaka M, Utsumi Y, Sakurai T, Seki M, Narangajavana J. Genome-wide analysis reveals phytohormone action during cassava storage root initiation. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 88:531-43. [PMID: 26118659 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-015-0340-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Development of storage roots is a process associated with a phase change from cell division and elongation to radial growth and accumulation of massive amounts of reserve substances such as starch. Knowledge of the regulation of cassava storage root formation has accumulated over time; however, gene regulation during the initiation and early stage of storage root development is still poorly understood. In this study, transcription profiling of fibrous, intermediate and storage roots at eight weeks old were investigated using a 60-mer-oligo microarray. Transcription and gene expression were found to be the key regulating processes during the transition stage from fibrous to intermediate roots, while homeostasis and signal transduction influenced regulation from intermediate roots to storage roots. Clustering analysis of significant genes and transcription factors (TF) indicated that a number of phytohormone-related TF were differentially expressed; therefore, phytohormone-related genes were assembled into a network of correlative nodes. We propose a model showing the relationship between KNOX1 and phytohormones during storage root initiation. Exogeneous treatment of phytohormones N (6) -benzylaminopurine and 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid were used to induce the storage root initiation stage and to investigate expression patterns of the genes involved in storage root initiation. The results support the hypothesis that phytohormones are acting in concert to regulate the onset of cassava storage root development. Moreover, MeAGL20 is a factor that might play an important role at the onset of storage root initiation when the root tip becomes swollen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punchapat Sojikul
- Department of Biotechnology, Center for Cassava Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand,
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Identification and expression dynamics of three WUSCHEL related homeobox 13 (WOX13) genes in peanut. Dev Genes Evol 2015; 225:221-33. [PMID: 26115849 DOI: 10.1007/s00427-015-0506-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
WUSCHEL-related homeobox (WOX) genes play key roles in plant stem cell maintenance and development. WOX genes showed specific expression patterns which are important for their functions. WOX13 subfamily genes as the ancestor genes of this family were less studied in the past. In this study, we cloned three Arachis hypogaea (peanut) WOX13 (AhWOX13) subfamily genes from peanut: WOX13A and WOX13B1, 2. WOX13B1 encoded a same protein as WOX13B2, and there were only two-base difference between these two genes. Differential expression patterns were observed for these three AhWOX13 subfamily genes in different tissues and developmental stages. Phylogenic trees analysis showed that these AhWOX13 subfamily genes were the most conserved WOX genes and belonged to the ancient clade of WOX family. This was also supported by the conserved motif analysis. Selective pressure analysis showed that the WOX family genes mainly underwent weak purifying selection (ω = 0.58097), while many positive mutations accumulated during the evolution history. Under the purifying selection, gene duplication event and loss of duplicated gene play important roles in the expansion and evolution of WOX family.
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Hinsch J, Vrabka J, Oeser B, Novák O, Galuszka P, Tudzynski P. De novo biosynthesis of cytokinins in the biotrophic fungus Claviceps purpurea. Environ Microbiol 2015; 17:2935-51. [PMID: 25753486 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Disease symptoms of some phytopathogenic fungi are associated with changes in cytokinin (CK) levels. Here, we show that the CK profile of ergot-infected rye plants is also altered, although no pronounced changes occur in the expression of the host plant's CK biosynthesis genes. Instead, we demonstrate a clearly different mechanism: we report on the first fungal de novo CK biosynthesis genes, prove their functions and constitute a biosynthetic pathway. The ergot fungus Claviceps purpurea produces substantial quantities of CKs in culture and, like plants, expresses enzymes containing the isopentenyltransferase and lonely guy domains necessary for de novo isopentenyladenine production. Uniquely, two of these domains are combined in one bifunctional enzyme, CpIPT-LOG, depicting a novel and potent mechanism for CK production. The fungus also forms trans-zeatin, a reaction catalysed by a CK-specific cytochrome P450 monooxygenase, which is encoded by cpp450 forming a small cluster with cpipt-log. Deletion of cpipt-log and cpp450 did not affect virulence of the fungus, but Δcpp450 mutants exhibit a hyper-sporulating phenotype, implying that CKs are environmental factors influencing fungal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Hinsch
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Westfälische Wilhelms-University Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Münster, Germany
| | - Josef Vrabka
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Šlechtitelů 11, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Birgitt Oeser
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Westfälische Wilhelms-University Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Münster, Germany
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Šlechtitelů 11, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Galuszka
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Šlechtitelů 11, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Paul Tudzynski
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Westfälische Wilhelms-University Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Münster, Germany
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Sebastian J, Ryu KH, Zhou J, Tarkowská D, Tarkowski P, Cho YH, Yoo SD, Kim ES, Lee JY. PHABULOSA controls the quiescent center-independent root meristem activities in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1004973. [PMID: 25730098 PMCID: PMC4346583 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant growth depends on stem cell niches in meristems. In the root apical meristem, the quiescent center (QC) cells form a niche together with the surrounding stem cells. Stem cells produce daughter cells that are displaced into a transit-amplifying (TA) domain of the root meristem. TA cells divide several times to provide cells for growth. SHORTROOT (SHR) and SCARECROW (SCR) are key regulators of the stem cell niche. Cytokinin controls TA cell activities in a dose-dependent manner. Although the regulatory programs in each compartment of the root meristem have been identified, it is still unclear how they coordinate one another. Here, we investigate how PHABULOSA (PHB), under the posttranscriptional control of SHR and SCR, regulates TA cell activities. The root meristem and growth defects in shr or scr mutants were significantly recovered in the shr phb or scr phb double mutant, respectively. This rescue in root growth occurs in the absence of a QC. Conversely, when the modified PHB, which is highly resistant to microRNA, was expressed throughout the stele of the wild-type root meristem, root growth became very similar to that observed in the shr; however, the identity of the QC was unaffected. Interestingly, a moderate increase in PHB resulted in a root meristem phenotype similar to that observed following the application of high levels of cytokinin. Our protoplast assay and transgenic approach using ARR10 suggest that the depletion of TA cells by high PHB in the stele occurs via the repression of B-ARR activities. This regulatory mechanism seems to help to maintain the cytokinin homeostasis in the meristem. Taken together, our study suggests that PHB can dynamically regulate TA cell activities in a QC-independent manner, and that the SHR-PHB pathway enables a robust root growth system by coordinating the stem cell niche and TA domain. Plant roots are programmed to grow continuously into the soil, searching for nutrients and water. The iterative process of cell division, elongation, and differentiation contributes to root growth. The quiescent center (QC) is known to maintain the root meristem, and thus ensure root growth. In this study, we report a novel aspect of root growth regulation controlled independently of the QC by PHABULOSA (PHB). In shr mutant plants, PHB, which in the meristem is actively restricted to the central region of the stele by SHORTROOT (SHR) via miR165/6, suppresses root meristem activity leading to root growth arrest. A high concentration of PHB in the stele does this by modulating B-ARR activity through a QC-independent pathway. Accordingly, we observed a significant recovery of root meristem activity and growth in the shr phb double mutant, while the QC remained absent. However, the presence of QC may be required to sustain continuous root growth. On the basis of our results, we propose that SHR maintains root growth via two separate pathways: by modulating PHB levels in the root stele, and by maintaining the QC identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Sebastian
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Kook Hui Ryu
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jing Zhou
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Danuše Tarkowská
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacky University and Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Tarkowski
- Department of Protein Biochemistry and Proteomics, Centre of the Region Hana for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic,
| | - Young-Hee Cho
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Dong Yoo
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun-Sol Kim
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji-Young Lee
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
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37
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Meldau S, Woldemariam MG, Fatangare A, Svatos A, Galis I. Using 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose ([18F]FDG) to study carbon allocation in plants after herbivore attack. BMC Res Notes 2015; 8:45. [PMID: 25888779 PMCID: PMC4341241 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-015-0989-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although leaf herbivory-induced changes in allocation of recently assimilated carbon between the shoot and below-ground tissues have been described in several species, it is still unclear which part of the root system is affected by resource allocation changes and which signalling pathways are involved. We investigated carbon partitioning in root tissues following wounding and simulated leaf herbivory in young Nicotiana attenuata plants. RESULTS Using 2-deoxy-2-[(18)F]fluoro-D-glucose ([(18)F]FDG), which was incorporated into disaccharides in planta, we found that simulated herbivory reduced carbon partitioning specifically to the root tips in wild type plants. In jasmonate (JA) signalling-deficient COI1 plants, the wound-induced allocation of [(18)F]FDG to the roots was decreased, while more [(18)F]FDG was transported to young leaves, demonstrating an important role of the JA pathway in regulating the wound-induced carbon partitioning between shoots and roots. CONCLUSIONS Our data highlight the use of [(18)F]FDG to study stress-induced carbon allocation responses in plants and indicate an important role of the JA pathway in regulating wound-induced shoot to root signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Meldau
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str.8, 07745, Jena, Germany.
- German Centre for integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Deutscher Platz 5, 04107, Leipzig, Germany.
- Present address: KWS SAAT AG, Molecular Physiology, R&D, RD-ME-MP, Grimsehlstrasse 31, D-37555, Einbeck, Germany.
| | - Melkamu G Woldemariam
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str.8, 07745, Jena, Germany.
- Present address: Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, 14853, NY, USA.
| | - Amol Fatangare
- Mass Spectrometry Research Group, Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str.8, 07745, Jena, Germany.
| | - Ales Svatos
- Mass Spectrometry Research Group, Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str.8, 07745, Jena, Germany.
| | - Ivan Galis
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str.8, 07745, Jena, Germany.
- Present address: Okayama University, Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Chuo 2-20-1, 710-0046, Kurashiki, Japan.
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Arabidopsis ROCK1 transports UDP-GlcNAc/UDP-GalNAc and regulates ER protein quality control and cytokinin activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 112:291-6. [PMID: 25535363 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1419050112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The formation of glycoconjugates depends on nucleotide sugars, which serve as donor substrates for glycosyltransferases in the lumen of Golgi vesicles and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Import of nucleotide sugars from the cytosol is an important prerequisite for these reactions and is mediated by nucleotide sugar transporters. Here, we report the identification of REPRESSOR OF CYTOKININ DEFICIENCY 1 (ROCK1, At5g65000) as an ER-localized facilitator of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) and UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine (UDP-GalNAc) transport in Arabidopsis thaliana. Mutant alleles of ROCK1 suppress phenotypes inferred by a reduced concentration of the plant hormone cytokinin. This suppression is caused by the loss of activity of cytokinin-degrading enzymes, cytokinin oxidases/dehydrogenases (CKXs). Cytokinin plays an essential role in regulating shoot apical meristem (SAM) activity and shoot architecture. We show that rock1 enhances SAM activity and organ formation rate, demonstrating an important role of ROCK1 in regulating the cytokinin signal in the meristematic cells through modulating activity of CKX proteins. Intriguingly, genetic and molecular analysis indicated that N-glycosylation of CKX1 was not affected by the lack of ROCK1-mediated supply of UDP-GlcNAc. In contrast, we show that CKX1 stability is regulated in a proteasome-dependent manner and that ROCK1 regulates the CKX1 level. The increased unfolded protein response in rock1 plants and suppression of phenotypes caused by the defective brassinosteroid receptor bri1-9 strongly suggest that the ROCK1 activity is an important part of the ER quality control system, which determines the fate of aberrant proteins in the secretory pathway.
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Köllmer I, Novák O, Strnad M, Schmülling T, Werner T. Overexpression of the cytosolic cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase (CKX7) from Arabidopsis causes specific changes in root growth and xylem differentiation. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 78:359-71. [PMID: 24528491 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Degradation of the plant hormone cytokinin is catalyzed by cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase (CKX) enzymes. The Arabidopsis thaliana genome encodes seven CKX proteins which differ in subcellular localization and substrate specificity. Here we analyze the CKX7 gene, which to the best of our knowledge has not yet been studied. pCKX7:GUS expression was detected in the vasculature, the transmitting tissue and the mature embryo sac. A CKX7-GFP fusion protein localized to the cytosol, which is unique among all CKX family members. 35S:CKX7-expressing plants developed short, early terminating primary roots with smaller apical meristems, contrasting with plants overexpressing other CKX genes. The vascular bundles of 35S:CKX7 primary roots contained only protoxylem elements, thus resembling the wol mutant of the CRE1/AHK4 receptor gene. We show that CRE1/AHK4 activity is required to establish the CKX7 overexpression phenotype. Several cytokinin metabolites, in particular cis-zeatin (cZ) and N-glucoside cytokinins, were depleted stronger in 35S:CKX7 plants compared with plants overexpressing other CKX genes. Interestingly, enhanced protoxylem formation together with reduced primary root growth was also found in the cZ-deficient tRNA isopentenyltransferase mutant ipt2,9. However, different cytokinins were similarly efficient in suppressing 35S:CKX7 and ipt2,9 vascular phenotypes. Therefore, we hypothesize that the pool of cytosolic cytokinins is particularly relevant in the root procambium where it mediates the differentiation of vascular tissues through CRE1/AHK4. Taken together, the distinct consequences of CKX7 overexpression indicate that the cellular compartmentalization of cytokinin degradation and substrate preference of CKX isoforms are relevant parameters that define the activities of the hormone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ireen Köllmer
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences (DCPS), Freie Universität Berlin, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 6, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
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Zhang X, Min JH, Huang P, Chung JS, Lee KH, Kim CS. AtSKIP functions as a mediator between cytokinin and light signaling pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2014; 33:401-409. [PMID: 24258244 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-013-1540-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2013] [Revised: 11/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE AtSKIP participated in cytokinin-regulated leaf initiation. Putative phosphorylated AtSKIP (AtSKIP (DD) ) displayed the opposite function in the leaf development from AtSKIP transgenic seedlings. ABSTRACT AtSKIP, as a multiple protein, is involved in many physiological processes, such as flowering, cell cycle regulator, photomorphogenesis and stress tolerance. However, the mechanism of AtSKIP in these processes is unclear. Here, we identify one gene, AtSKIP, which is associated with cytokinin-regulated leaf growth process in Arabidopsis. The expression of AtSKIP was regulated by cytokinin. Leaf development in AtSKIP overproduced seedlings was independent of light, but promoted by cytokinin, and phosphorylation of AtSKIP (AtSKIP(DD)) partially interfered with AtSKIP function as a positive regulator in cytokinin signaling, indicative of true leaf formation, and the defects of AtSKIP(DD) in the true leaf formation could be recovered to some extent by the addition of cytokinin. Moreover, different cytokinin-responsive gene Authentic Response Regulator 7 (ARR7) promoter-GUS activity further proved that expression of AtSKIP or AtSKIP(DD) altered endogenous cytokinin signaling in plants. Together, these data indicate that AtSKIP participates in cytokinin-regulated promotion of leaf growth in photomorphogenesis, and that phosphorylation interferes with AtSKIP normal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Zhang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, 14 Sheng li Road, Urumqi, 830046, China
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Kurepa J, Li Y, Perry SE, Smalle JA. Ectopic expression of the phosphomimic mutant version of Arabidopsis response regulator 1 promotes a constitutive cytokinin response phenotype. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:28. [PMID: 24423196 PMCID: PMC3907372 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-14-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytokinins control numerous plant developmental processes, including meristem formation and activity, nutrient distribution, senescence timing and responses to both the abiotic and biotic environments. Cytokinin signaling leads to the activation of type-B response regulators (RRBs), Myb-like transcription factors that are activated by the phosphorylation of a conserved aspartate residue in their response receiver domain. Consistent with this, overexpression of RRBs does not substantially alter plant development, but instead leads to cytokinin hypersensitivity. RESULTS Here we present comparative analysis of plants overexpressing Arabidopsis RRB 1 (ARR1) or a phosphomimic ARR1D94E mutant in which the conserved aspartate-94 (D94) is replaced by the phosphomimic residue glutamate (E). The D94E substitution causes a 100-fold increase in response activation and instigates developmental and physiological changes that characterize wild-type plants treated with cytokinins or transgenic plants with increased cytokinin content. CONCLUSION The current model of cytokinin signaling emphasizes the essential role of conserved aspartate residue phosphorylation of RRBs in promoting cytokinin responses. Our comparative analyses of developmental and physiological traits of ARR1 and ARR1D94E overexpressing plants revealed that the ARR1D94E protein is indeed a constitutive and wide-spectrum cytokinin response activator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmina Kurepa
- Plant Physiology, Biochemistry, Molecular Biology Program, Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, 1401 University Drive, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Yan Li
- The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Plant Physiology, Biochemistry, Molecular Biology Program, Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, 1401 University Drive, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Sharyn E Perry
- Plant Physiology, Biochemistry, Molecular Biology Program, Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, 1401 University Drive, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Jan A Smalle
- Plant Physiology, Biochemistry, Molecular Biology Program, Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, 1401 University Drive, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
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Kurepa J, Li Y, Smalle JA. Reversion of the Arabidopsis rpn12a-1 exon-trap mutation by an intragenic suppressor that weakens the chimeric 5' splice site. F1000Res 2013; 2:60. [PMID: 24358894 PMCID: PMC3829128 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.2-60.v2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: In the
Arabidopsis 26S proteasome mutant
rpn12a-1, an exon-trap T-DNA is inserted 531 base pairs downstream of the
RPN12a STOP codon. We have previously shown that this insertion activates a STOP codon-associated latent 5' splice site that competes with the polyadenylation signal during processing of the pre-mRNA. As a result of this dual input from splicing and polyadenylation in the
rpn12a-1 mutant, two
RPN12a transcripts are produced and they encode the wild-type RPN12a and a chimeric RPN12a-NPTII protein. Both proteins form complexes with other proteasome subunits leading to the formation of wild-type and mutant proteasome versions. The net result of this heterogeneity of proteasome particles is a reduction of total cellular proteasome activity. One of the consequences of reduced proteasomal activity is decreased sensitivity to the major plant hormone cytokinin. Methods: We performed ethyl methanesulfonate mutagenesis of
rpn12a-1 and isolated revertants with wild-type cytokinin sensitivity. Results: We describe the isolation and analyses of suppressor of
rpn12a-1 (
sor1). The
sor1 mutation is intragenic and located at the fifth position of the chimeric intron. This mutation weakens the activated 5' splice site associated with the STOP codon and tilts the processing of the
RPN12a mRNA back towards polyadenylation. Conclusions: These results validate our earlier interpretation of the unusual nature of the
rpn12a-1 mutation. Furthermore, the data show that optimal 26S proteasome activity requires RPN12a accumulation beyond a critical threshold. Finally, this finding reinforces our previous conclusion that proteasome function is critical for the cytokinin-dependent regulation of plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmina Kurepa
- Plant Physiology, Biochemistry, Molecular Biology Program, Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Kentucky, 40546, USA
| | - Yan Li
- Plant Physiology, Biochemistry, Molecular Biology Program, Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Kentucky, 40546, USA
| | - Jan A Smalle
- Plant Physiology, Biochemistry, Molecular Biology Program, Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Kentucky, 40546, USA
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Jung JKH, McCouch S. Getting to the roots of it: Genetic and hormonal control of root architecture. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:186. [PMID: 23785372 PMCID: PMC3685011 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Root system architecture (RSA) - the spatial configuration of a root system - is an important developmental and agronomic trait, with implications for overall plant architecture, growth rate and yield, abiotic stress resistance, nutrient uptake, and developmental plasticity in response to environmental changes. Root architecture is modulated by intrinsic, hormone-mediated pathways, intersecting with pathways that perceive and respond to external, environmental signals. The recent development of several non-invasive 2D and 3D root imaging systems has enhanced our ability to accurately observe and quantify architectural traits on complex whole-root systems. Coupled with the powerful marker-based genotyping and sequencing platforms currently available, these root phenotyping technologies lend themselves to large-scale genome-wide association studies, and can speed the identification and characterization of the genes and pathways involved in root system development. This capability provides the foundation for examining the contribution of root architectural traits to the performance of crop varieties in diverse environments. This review focuses on our current understanding of the genes and pathways involved in determining RSA in response to both intrinsic and extrinsic (environmental) response pathways, and provides a brief overview of the latest root system phenotyping technologies and their potential impact on elucidating the genetic control of root development in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susan McCouch
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Cornell UniversityIthaca, NY, USA
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Milhinhos A, Miguel CM. Hormone interactions in xylem development: a matter of signals. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2013; 32:867-83. [PMID: 23532297 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-013-1420-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2012] [Revised: 03/03/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Xylem provides long-distance transport of water and nutrients as well as structural support in plants. The development of the xylem tissues is modulated by several internal signals. In the last decades, the bloom of genetic and genomic tools has led to increased understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the function of the traditional plant hormones in xylem specification and differentiation. Critical functions have been assigned to novel signaling molecules, such as thermospermine. These signals do not function independently, but interact in a manner we are only now beginning to understand. We review the current knowledge of hormone signaling pathways and their crosstalk in cambial cell initiation and maintenance, and in xylem specification and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Milhinhos
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal.
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Hill K, Mathews DE, Kim HJ, Street IH, Wildes SL, Chiang YH, Mason MG, Alonso JM, Ecker JR, Kieber JJ, Schaller GE. Functional characterization of type-B response regulators in the Arabidopsis cytokinin response. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 162:212-24. [PMID: 23482873 PMCID: PMC3641203 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.208736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/10/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinins play critical roles in plant growth and development, with the transcriptional response to cytokinin being mediated by the type-B response regulators. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), type-B response regulators (ARABIDOPSIS RESPONSE REGULATORS [ARRs]) form three subfamilies based on phylogenic analysis, with subfamily 1 having seven members and subfamilies 2 and 3 each having two members. Cytokinin responses are predominantly mediated by subfamily 1 members, with cytokinin-mediated effects on root growth and root meristem size correlating with type-B ARR expression levels. To determine which type-B ARRs can functionally substitute for the subfamily 1 members ARR1 or ARR12, we expressed different type-B ARRs from the ARR1 promoter and assayed their ability to rescue arr1 arr12 double mutant phenotypes. ARR1, as well as a subset of other subfamily 1 type-B ARRs, restore the cytokinin sensitivity to arr1 arr12. Expression of ARR10 from the ARR1 promoter results in cytokinin hypersensitivity and enhances shoot regeneration from callus tissue, correlating with enhanced stability of the ARR10 protein compared with the ARR1 protein. Examination of transfer DNA insertion mutants in subfamilies 2 and 3 revealed little effect on several well-characterized cytokinin responses. However, a member of subfamily 2, ARR21, restores cytokinin sensitivity to arr1 arr12 roots when expressed from the ARR1 promoter, indicating functional conservation of this divergent family member. Our results indicate that the type-B ARRs have diverged in function, such that some, but not all, can complement the arr1 arr12 mutant. In addition, our results indicate that type-B ARR expression profiles in the plant, along with posttranscriptional regulation, play significant roles in modulating their contribution to cytokinin signaling.
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Bhargava A, Clabaugh I, To JP, Maxwell BB, Chiang YH, Schaller GE, Loraine A, Kieber JJ. Identification of cytokinin-responsive genes using microarray meta-analysis and RNA-Seq in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 162:272-94. [PMID: 23524861 PMCID: PMC3641208 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.217026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinins are N(6)-substituted adenine derivatives that play diverse roles in plant growth and development. We sought to define a robust set of genes regulated by cytokinin as well as to query the response of genes not represented on microarrays. To this end, we performed a meta-analysis of microarray data from a variety of cytokinin-treated samples and used RNA-seq to examine cytokinin-regulated gene expression in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Microarray meta-analysis using 13 microarray experiments combined with empirically defined filtering criteria identified a set of 226 genes differentially regulated by cytokinin, a subset of which has previously been validated by other methods. RNA-seq validated about 73% of the up-regulated genes identified by this meta-analysis. In silico promoter analysis indicated an overrepresentation of type-B Arabidopsis response regulator binding elements, consistent with the role of type-B Arabidopsis response regulators as primary mediators of cytokinin-responsive gene expression. RNA-seq analysis identified 73 cytokinin-regulated genes that were not represented on the ATH1 microarray. Representative genes were verified using quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and NanoString analysis. Analysis of the genes identified reveals a substantial effect of cytokinin on genes encoding proteins involved in secondary metabolism, particularly those acting in flavonoid and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, as well as in the regulation of redox state of the cell, particularly a set of glutaredoxin genes. Novel splicing events were found in members of some gene families that are known to play a role in cytokinin signaling or metabolism. The genes identified in this analysis represent a robust set of cytokinin-responsive genes that are useful in the analysis of cytokinin function in plants.
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Yoshida S, Saiga S, Weijers D. Auxin regulation of embryonic root formation. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 54:325-32. [PMID: 23220820 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcs170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The plant hormone auxin was initially identified as the bioactive substance that induces roots in plant tissue culture. In the past decades, mechanisms for auxin action, including its transport and response, have been described in detail. However, a molecular and cellular description of its role in root initiation is far from complete. In this review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of auxin-dependent embryonic root formation. During this process, a root meristem is initiated in a precise and predictable position, and at a stage when the organism consists of relatively few cells. Recent studies have revealed mechanisms for local control of auxin transport, for cellular differences in auxin response components and cell type-specific chromatin regulation. The recent identification of biologically relevant target genes for auxin regulation during embryonic root initiation now also allows dissection of auxin-activated cellular processes. Finally, we discuss the potential for hormonal cross-regulation in embryonic root formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saiko Yoshida
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenlaan 3, 6703 HA Wageningen, The Netherlands
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48
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Kurepa J, Li Y, Smalle JA. Proteasome-dependent proteolysis has a critical role in fine-tuning the feedback inhibition of cytokinin signaling. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2013; 8:e23474. [PMID: 23333959 PMCID: PMC3676517 DOI: 10.4161/psb.23474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitin/26S proteasome-dependent proteolysis of response regulators is a critical element of many plant hormone signaling pathways. We have recently shown that cytokinin signaling requires the AXR1 component of the related to ubiquitin (RUB) protein modification pathway to promote the proteasome-dependent degradation of the cytokinin response inhibitor ARR5. Here, we show that ARR5 also accumulates in the 26S proteasome mutant rpn12a-1, and leads to a marked resistance to cytokinins. Collectively, these results suggest that proteasome-dependent proteolysis of feedback inhibitors such as ARR5 is essential for the maintenance of optimal responsivity and plasticity in cytokinin signaling.
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Jung JKH, McCouch S. Getting to the roots of it: Genetic and hormonal control of root architecture. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013. [PMID: 23785372 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Root system architecture (RSA) - the spatial configuration of a root system - is an important developmental and agronomic trait, with implications for overall plant architecture, growth rate and yield, abiotic stress resistance, nutrient uptake, and developmental plasticity in response to environmental changes. Root architecture is modulated by intrinsic, hormone-mediated pathways, intersecting with pathways that perceive and respond to external, environmental signals. The recent development of several non-invasive 2D and 3D root imaging systems has enhanced our ability to accurately observe and quantify architectural traits on complex whole-root systems. Coupled with the powerful marker-based genotyping and sequencing platforms currently available, these root phenotyping technologies lend themselves to large-scale genome-wide association studies, and can speed the identification and characterization of the genes and pathways involved in root system development. This capability provides the foundation for examining the contribution of root architectural traits to the performance of crop varieties in diverse environments. This review focuses on our current understanding of the genes and pathways involved in determining RSA in response to both intrinsic and extrinsic (environmental) response pathways, and provides a brief overview of the latest root system phenotyping technologies and their potential impact on elucidating the genetic control of root development in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janelle K H Jung
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Cornell University Ithaca, NY, USA
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50
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Abstract
The growth hormone auxin regulates essentially all aspects of plant developmental processes under optimum condition. However, as a sessile organism, plants encounter both optimal and non-optimal conditions during their life cycle. Various biotic and abiotic stresses affect the growth and development of plants. Although several phytohormones, such as salicylic acid, jasmonate and ethylene, have been shown to play central roles in regulating the plant development under biotic stresses, the knowledge of the role of hormones, particularly auxin, in abiotic stresses is limiting. Among the abiotic stresses, cold stress is one of the major stress in limiting the plant development and crop productivity. This review focuses on the role of auxin in developmental regulation of plants under cold stress. The emerging trend from the recent experiments suggest that cold stress induced change in the plant growth and development is tightly linked to the intracellular auxin gradient, which is regulated by the polar deployment and intracellular trafficking of auxin carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abidur Rahman
- Cryobiofrontier Research Center, Iwate University, Ueda 020-8550, Japan.
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