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Chen S, Ning R, Jiang W, Zhou S, Yu Q, Gan H. Causal linkage between angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and risk of lung cancer: a bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization study. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 11:1419612. [PMID: 39040892 PMCID: PMC11260785 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1419612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Observational studies suggest a connection between ACE2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2) and lung cancer. However, it's not apparent if confounding variables are interfering with the link. Therefore, we aimed to define the relationships between ACE2 and the risk of lung cancer. Methods With the aim of developing genetic tools, we selected SNPs substantially associated with ACE2 using a statistically significant criterion. The relevant SNPs were then taken from the lung cancer GWAS dataset for additional research. After that, we used two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) to ascertain if ACE2 is causally linked to the risk of developing lung cancer. To investigate the causal links' directions, we also performed a reverse MR analysis. Results According to our findings, there is strong evidence that ACE2 is linked to a decreased chance of developing lung cancer (odds ratio: 0.94; 95% confidence interval: 0.90-0.98; P = 0.0016). The IVW method, the major MR analysis, was not impacted by heterogeneity in any of the analyses, according to Cochrane's Q test (P Cochran e ' sQ = 0.207). The MR-Egger intercept (P intercept = 0.622) showed no indication of horizontal pleiotropy in any of the investigations. Outlier SNPs were not detected by the MR-PRESSO global test (P globaltest = 0.191). The leave-one-out analysis was performed, and the results showed a steady outcome. Nonsignificant causal estimates between lung cancer and ACE2 were produced by reverse MR analysis. Conclusion MR investigation revealed a significant causal link between ACE2 and the risk of getting lung cancer. These findings may have implications for public health measures aimed at reducing the incidence of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Qitao Yu
- Medical Oncology of Respiratory, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
| | - Haijie Gan
- Medical Oncology of Respiratory, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
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2
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Romero-Bogado L, Steiner M, Thuissard Vasallo IJ, Andreu Vázquez C, Navío T, Muñoz-Fernández S. [Impact of systemic therapies on SARS-CoV-2 antibody seroprevalence in patients with immune-mediated diseases]. Med Clin (Barc) 2024; 162:470-476. [PMID: 38418311 DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2023.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in patients with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMID) treated with biologic (bDMARDs) or synthetic targeted disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (tsDMARDs). METHODS An observational, descriptive, prospective and cross-sectional study of analytical prevalence analysis was conducted in patients with IMID with bDMARDs or tsDMARDs. Seroprevalence was compared by measuring immunoglobulinG (IgG) against SARS-CoV-2 between October/2020 and May/2021. RESULTS A total of 550 IMID's patients were studied, all of them on treatment with bDMARDs or tsDMARDs. The seroprevalence of the total patient group was 16% (88/550). Patients receiving therapy with tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibitors (TNFi) had a higher seroprevalence compared to other biologic and synthetic targeted therapies (OR: 1.792 [95%CI: 1.088-2.951]; P=.021). The influence on seroprevalence of concomitant use with b/tsDMARDs of conventional synthetic DMARDs (csDMARDs) was also analyzed. A lower seroprevalence was demonstrated in the group of patients treated with TNFi and methotrexate together, compared with those on TNFi monotherapy, 10.1 vs 24.1% (OR: 0.355 [95%CI: 0.165-0.764]; P=.006). No significant differences were found with the other DMARDs. Regarding IMIDs, no differences in seroprevalence were identified between the different disease groups. CONCLUSION Patients on treatment with TNFα inhibitors have better humoral response compared to the other b/tsDMARDs. However, when associated with methotrexate the seroprevalence decreases significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liz Romero-Bogado
- Sección de Reumatología, Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, Universidad Europea de Madrid, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Madrid, España.
| | - Martina Steiner
- Sección de Reumatología, Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, Universidad Europea de Madrid, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Madrid, España
| | | | - Cristina Andreu Vázquez
- Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas y de la Salud, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, España
| | - Teresa Navío
- Sección de Reumatología, Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, España
| | - Santiago Muñoz-Fernández
- Sección de Reumatología, Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, Universidad Europea de Madrid, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Madrid, España
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3
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Bader M, Steckelings UM, Alenina N, Santos RA, Ferrario CM. Alternative Renin-Angiotensin System. Hypertension 2024; 81:964-976. [PMID: 38362781 PMCID: PMC11023806 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.123.21364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system is the most important peptide hormone system in the regulation of cardiovascular homeostasis. Its classical arm consists of the enzymes, renin, and angiotensin-converting enzyme, generating angiotensin II from angiotensinogen, which activates its AT1 receptor, thereby increasing blood pressure, retaining salt and water, and inducing cardiovascular hypertrophy and fibrosis. However, angiotensin II can also activate a second receptor, the AT2 receptor. Moreover, the removal of the C-terminal phenylalanine from angiotensin II by ACE2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2) yields angiotensin-(1-7), and this peptide interacts with its receptor Mas. When the aminoterminal Asp of angiotensin-(1-7) is decarboxylated, alamandine is generated, which activates the Mas-related G-protein-coupled receptor D, MrgD (Mas-related G-protein-coupled receptor type D). Since Mas, MrgD, and the AT2 receptor have opposing effects to the classical AT1 receptor, they and the enzymes and peptides activating them are called the alternative or protective arm of the renin-angiotensin system. This review will cover the historical aspects and the current standing of this recent addition to the biology of the renin-angiotensin system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Bader
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Charité - University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - U. Muscha Steckelings
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Dept. of Cardiovascular & Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Natalia Alenina
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robson A.S. Santos
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics (Nanobiofar) - Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences - Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Carlos M. Ferrario
- Laboratory of Translational Hypertension, Department of Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC 27157, USA
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4
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Zi-Yang Y, Nanshan X, Dongling L, Tao H, Yigao H, Danqing Y, Caojin Z. ACE2 gene polymorphisms are associated with elevated pulmonary artery pressure in congenital heart diseases. Gene 2023; 882:147642. [PMID: 37454747 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) polymorphisms are related to the occurrence and prognosis of cardiovascular disease. However, whether ACE2 polymorphisms also affect pulmonary circulation in congenital heart disease (CHD) remains unclear. Thus, we investigated the relationship between ACE2 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) and pulmonary circulation in CHD patients of Chinese Han ethnicity. METHODS Enrolled CHD patients (n = 367) underwent gene sequencing of ACE2 SNPs rs2074192, rs2285666, and rs2106809. Patients with pulmonary hypertension were further examined for detailed hemodynamics. RESULTS Female heterozygous patients had worse pulmonary circulation hemodynamic parameters compared to those of homozygotes. Female CHD patients with the CCA (OR = 0.53, 95% CI: 0.32-0.88) or CCG (OR = 0.59, 95% CI: 0.35-0.99) haplotype had a lower risk of elevated pulmonary artery pressure. CONCLUSION In female CHD patients, ACE2 SNPs are related to pulmonary circulation hemodynamics. Female CHD patients with the CCA and CCG haplotype had a lower risk of pulmonary hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zi-Yang
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xie Nanshan
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of South China Structural Heart Disease, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Luo Dongling
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of South China Structural Heart Disease, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Huang Tao
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of South China Structural Heart Disease, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Huang Yigao
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of South China Structural Heart Disease, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yu Danqing
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Zhang Caojin
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of South China Structural Heart Disease, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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Tyagi K, Rai P, Gautam A, Kaur H, Kapoor S, Suttee A, Jaiswal PK, Sharma A, Singh G, Barnwal RP. Neurological manifestations of SARS-CoV-2: complexity, mechanism and associated disorders. Eur J Med Res 2023; 28:307. [PMID: 37649125 PMCID: PMC10469568 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-023-01293-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronaviruses such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (SARS), Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are associated with critical illnesses, including severe respiratory disorders. SARS-CoV-2 is the causative agent of the deadly COVID-19 illness, which has spread globally as a pandemic. SARS-CoV-2 may enter the human body through olfactory lobes and interact with the angiotensin-converting enzyme2 (ACE2) receptor, further facilitating cell binding and entry into the cells. Reports have shown that the virus can pass through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and enter the central nervous system (CNS), resulting in various disorders. Cell entry by SARS-CoV-2 largely relies on TMPRSS2 and cathepsin L, which activate S protein. TMPRSS2 is found on the cell surface of respiratory, gastrointestinal and urogenital epithelium, while cathepsin-L is a part of endosomes. AIM The current review aims to provide information on how SARS-CoV-2 infection affects brain function.. Furthermore, CNS disorders associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection, including ischemic stroke, cerebral venous thrombosis, Guillain-Barré syndrome, multiple sclerosis, meningitis, and encephalitis, are discussed. The many probable mechanisms and paths involved in developing cerebrovascular problems in COVID patients are thoroughly detailed. MAIN BODY There have been reports that the SARS-CoV-2 virus can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and enter the central nervous system (CNS), where it could cause a various illnesses. Patients suffering from COVID-19 experience a range of neurological complications, including sleep disorders, viral encephalitis, headaches, dysgeusia, and cognitive impairment. The presence of SARS-CoV-2 in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of COVID-19 patients has been reported. Health experts also reported its presence in cortical neurons and human brain organoids. The possible mechanism of virus infiltration into the brain can be neurotropic, direct infiltration and cytokine storm-based pathways. The olfactory lobes could also be the primary pathway for the entrance of SARS-CoV-2 into the brain. CONCLUSIONS SARS-CoV-2 can lead to neurological complications, such as cerebrovascular manifestations, motor movement complications, and cognitive decline. COVID-19 infection can result in cerebrovascular symptoms and diseases, such as strokes and thrombosis. The virus can affect the neural system, disrupt cognitive function and cause neurological disorders. To combat the epidemic, it is crucial to repurpose drugs currently in use quickly and develop novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kritika Tyagi
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Prachi Rai
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Anuj Gautam
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Harjeet Kaur
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sumeet Kapoor
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India
| | - Ashish Suttee
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar Jaiswal
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Akanksha Sharma
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.
| | - Gurpal Singh
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.
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Neves RL, Branquinho J, Arata JG, Bittencourt CA, Gomes CP, Riguetti M, da Mata GF, Fernandes DE, Icimoto MY, Kirsztajn GM, Pesquero JB. ACE2, ACE, DPPIV, PREP and CAT L enzymatic activities in COVID-19: imbalance of ACE2/ACE ratio and potential RAAS dysregulation in severe cases. Inflamm Res 2023; 72:1719-1731. [PMID: 37537367 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-023-01775-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN Circulating enzymatic activity and RAAS regulation in severe cases of COVID-19 remains unclear, therefore we measured the serum activity of several proteases as potential targets to control the SARS-CoV-2 infection. MATERIAL OR SUBJECTS 152 patients with COVID-19-like symptoms were grouped according to the severity of symptoms (COVID-19 negative, mild, moderate and severe). METHODS Serum samples of COVID-19 patients and controls were subjected to biochemical analysis and enzymatic assays of ACE2, ACE, DPPIV, PREP and CAT L. One-way ANOVA and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used. Statistical significance was accepted at p < 0.05. RESULTS We detected a positive correlation among comorbidities, higher C-reactive protein (CRP) and D-dimer levels with disease severity. Enzymatic assays revealed an increase in serum ACE2 and CAT L activities in severe COVID-19 patients, while ACE, DPPIV and PREP activities were significantly reduced. Notably, analysis of ACE2/ACE activity ratio suggests a possible imbalance of ANG II/ANG(1-7) ratio, in a positive association with the disease severity. CONCLUSION Our findings reveal a correlation between proteases activity and the severity of COVID-19. These enzymes together contribute to the activation of pro-inflammatory pathways, trigger a systemic activation of inflammatory mediators, leading to a RAAS dysregulation and generating a significant damage in several organs, contributing to poor outcomes of severe cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Leão Neves
- Department of Biophysics, Center for Research and Molecular Diagnostic of Genetic Diseases, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Branquinho
- Department of Biophysics, Center for Research and Molecular Diagnostic of Genetic Diseases, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Júlia Galanakis Arata
- Department of Biophysics, Center for Research and Molecular Diagnostic of Genetic Diseases, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Clarissa Azevedo Bittencourt
- Department of Biophysics, Center for Research and Molecular Diagnostic of Genetic Diseases, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Caio Perez Gomes
- Department of Biophysics, Center for Research and Molecular Diagnostic of Genetic Diseases, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Michelle Riguetti
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Ferreira da Mata
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - João Bosco Pesquero
- Department of Biophysics, Center for Research and Molecular Diagnostic of Genetic Diseases, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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7
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Kanugula AK, Kaur J, Batra J, Ankireddypalli AR, Velagapudi R. Renin-Angiotensin System: Updated Understanding and Role in Physiological and Pathophysiological States. Cureus 2023; 15:e40725. [PMID: 37350982 PMCID: PMC10283427 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.40725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The classical view of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is that of the circulating hormone pathway involved in salt and water homeostasis and blood pressure regulation. It is also involved in the pathogenesis of cardiac and renal disorders. This led to the creation of drugs blocking the actions of this classical pathway, which improved cardiac and renal outcomes. Our understanding of the RAS has significantly expanded with the discovery of new peptides involved in this complex pathway. Over the last two decades, a counter-regulatory or protective pathway has been discovered that opposes the effects of the classical pathway. Components of RAS are also implicated in the pathogenesis of obesity and its metabolic diseases. The continued discovery of newer molecules also provides novel therapeutic targets to improve disease outcomes. This article aims to provide an overview of an updated understanding of the RAS, its role in physiological and pathological processes, and potential novel therapeutic options from RAS for managing cardiorenal disorders, obesity, and related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Kumar Kanugula
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wellstar Health System - Spalding Regional Hospital, Griffin, USA
| | - Jasleen Kaur
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, HealthPartners, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Jaskaran Batra
- Department of Internal Medicine, Univerity of Pittsburg Medical Center (UPMC) McKeesport, McKeesport, USA
| | | | - Ravikanth Velagapudi
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Spectrum Health/Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, USA
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8
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Sexual Dimorphism in the Expression of Cardiac and Hippocampal Renin-Angiotensin and Kallikrein–Kinin Systems in Offspring from Mice Exposed to Alcohol during Gestation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12030541. [PMID: 36978790 PMCID: PMC10045732 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12030541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) impairs fetal development. Alcohol consumption was shown to modulate the renin–angiotensin system (RAS). This study aimed to analyze the effects of PAE on the expression of the renin–angiotensin system (RAS) and kallikrein–kinin system (KKS) peptide systems in the hippocampus and heart of mice of both sexes. C57Bl/6 mice were exposed to alcohol during pregnancy at a concentration of 10% (v/v). On postnatal day 45 (PN45), mouse hippocampi and left ventricles (LV) were collected and processed for messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of components of the RAS and KKS. In PAE animals, more pronounced expression of AT1 and ACE mRNAs in males and a restored AT2 mRNA expression in females were observed in both tissues. In LV, increased AT2, ACE2, and B2 mRNA expressions were also observed in PAE females. Furthermore, high levels of H2O2 were observed in males from the PAE group in both tissues. Taken together, our results suggest that modulation of the expression of these peptidergic systems in PAE females may make them less susceptible to the effects of alcohol.
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Kane Y, Wong G, Gao GF. Animal Models, Zoonotic Reservoirs, and Cross-Species Transmission of Emerging Human-Infecting Coronaviruses. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2023; 11:1-31. [PMID: 36790890 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-020420-025011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Over the past three decades, coronavirus (CoV) diseases have impacted humans more than any other emerging infectious disease. The recent emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019), has resulted in huge economic disruptions and loss of human lives. The SARS-CoV-2 genome was found to mutate more rapidly due to sustained transmission in humans and potentially animals, resulting in variants of concern (VOCs) that threaten global human health. However, the primary difficulties are filling in the current knowledge gaps in terms of the origin and modalities of emergence for these viruses. Because many CoVs threatening human health are suspected to have a zoonotic origin, identifying the animal hosts implicated in the spillover or spillback events would be beneficial for current pandemic management and to prevent future outbreaks. In this review, wesummarize the animal models, zoonotic reservoirs, and cross-species transmission of the emerging human CoVs. Finally, we comment on potential sources of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron VOCs and the new SARS-CoV-2 recombinants currently under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yakhouba Kane
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Research Unit, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; , .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Gary Wong
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Research Unit, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; ,
| | - George F Gao
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; .,Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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10
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Corrêa BSG, de Barros S, Vaz JB, Peres MA, Uchiyama MK, da Silva AA, Furukawa LNS. COVID-19: Understanding the impact of anti-hypertensive drugs and hydroxychloroquine on the ACE1 and ACE2 in lung and adipose tissue in SHR and WKY rats. Physiol Rep 2023; 11:e15598. [PMID: 36750199 PMCID: PMC9904959 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertensive individuals taking anti-hypertensive drugs from renin-angiotensin system inhibitors may exhibit a more severe evolution of the disease when contracting the SARS-CoV-2 virus (COVID-19 disease) due to potential increases in ACE2 expression. The study investigated ACE1 and ACE2 axes and hydroxychloroquine in the lungs and adipose tissue of male and female normotensive Wistar Kyoto (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). SHRs were treated with losartan (10 mg/kg/day) or captopril (10 mg/kg/day) for 14 days or 7 days with hydroxychloroquine (200 mg/kg/day) in drinking water. WKY rats were also treated for 7 days with hydroxychloroquine. Blood pressure (BP), protein, and mRNA expression of ACE1 and ACE2 were analyzed in serum, adipose, and lung tissues. Losartan and captopril reduced BP in both sexes in SHR, whereas hydroxychloroquine increased BP in WKY rats. Losartan reduced ACE2 in serum and lungs in both sexes and in adipose tissue of male SHRs. Captopril decreased ACE2 protein in the lung of females and in adipose tissue in both sexes of SHRs. Hydroxychloroquine decreased ACE1 and ACE2 proteins in the lungs in both sexes and adipose tissue in male SHRs. In female WKY rats, ACE2 protein was lower only in the lungs and adipose tissue. Losartan effectively inhibited ACE2 in male and captopril in female SHRs. Hydroxychloroquine inhibited ACE2 in male SHRs and female WKY rats. These results further our understanding of the ACE2 mechanism in patients under renin-angiotensin anti-hypertensive therapy and in many trials using hydroxychloroquine for COVID-19 treatment and potential sex differences in response to drug treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Santos Geoffroy Corrêa
- Laboratory of Renal Pathophysiology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of MedicineUniversity of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Silvana de Barros
- Hypertension Unit, Renal Division, General Hospital of School of MedicineUniversity of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Julia Braga Vaz
- Laboratory of Renal Pathophysiology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of MedicineUniversity of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Maria Angelica Peres
- Laboratory of Renal Pathophysiology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of MedicineUniversity of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Mayara Klimuk Uchiyama
- Laboratory of Supramolecular Chemistry & Nanotechnology, Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of ChemistryUniversity of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Alexandre Alves da Silva
- Department of Physiology and BiophysicsUniversity of Mississippi Medical Center JacksonJacksonMississippiUSA
| | - Luzia Naoko Shinohara Furukawa
- Laboratory of Renal Pathophysiology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of MedicineUniversity of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
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11
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Gong X, Khan A, Wani MY, Ahmad A, Duse A. COVID-19: A state of art on immunological responses, mutations, and treatment modalities in riposte. J Infect Public Health 2023; 16:233-249. [PMID: 36603376 PMCID: PMC9798670 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2022.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last few years, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) unleashed a global public health catastrophe that had a substantial influence on human physical and mental health, the global economy, and socio-political dynamics. SARS-CoV-2 is a respiratory pathogen and the cause of ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, which testified how unprepared humans are for pandemics. Scientists and policymakers continue to face challenges in developing ideal therapeutic agents and vaccines, while at the same time deciphering the pathology and immunology of SARS-CoV-2. Challenges in the early part of the pandemic included the rapid development of diagnostic assays, vaccines, and therapeutic agents. The ongoing transmission of COVID-19 is coupled with the emergence of viral variants that differ in their transmission efficiency, virulence, and vaccine susceptibility, thus complicating the spread of the pandemic. Our understanding of how the human immune system responds to these viruses as well as the patient groups (such as the elderly and immunocompromised individuals) who are often more susceptible to serious illness have both been aided by this epidemic. COVID-19 causes different symptoms to occur at different stages of infection, making it difficult to determine distinct treatment regimens employed for the various clinical phases of the disease. Unsurprisingly, determining the efficacy of currently available medications and developing novel therapeutic strategies have been a process of trial and error. The global scientific community collaborated to research and develop vaccines at a neck-breaking speed. This review summarises the overall picture of the COVID-19 pandemic, different mutations in SARS-CoV-2, immune response, and the treatment modalities against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Gong
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Amber Khan
- Department of Clinical Haematology, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Mohmmad Younus Wani
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Jeddah, P.O. Box 80327, Jeddah 21589, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Aijaz Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa,Division of Infection Control, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa,Corresponding author at: Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Adriano Duse
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa,Division of Infection Control, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
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12
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Gupta P, Rani V. The Surging Mechanistic Role of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 in Human Pathologies: A Potential Approach for Herbal Therapeutics. Curr Drug Targets 2023; 24:1046-1054. [PMID: 37861036 DOI: 10.2174/0113894501247616231009065415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Advancements in biological sciences revealed the significant role of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a key cell surface receptor in various human pathologies. ACE2 is a metalloproteinase that not only functions in the regulation of Angiotensin II but also possesses some non-catalytic roles in the human body. There is considerable uncertainty regarding its protein expression, despite its presence in virtually all organs. The level of ACE2 expression and its subcellular localisation in humans may be a key determinant of susceptibility to various infections, symptoms, and outcomes of numerous diseases. Therefore, we summarize the distribution and expression pattern of ACE2 in different cell types related to all major human tissues and organs. Moreover, this review constitutes accumulated evidences of the important resources for further studies on ACE2 Inhibitory capacity via different natural compounds in order to understand its mechanism as the potential drug target in disease pathophysiology and to aid in the development of an effective therapeutic approach towards the various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyadarshini Gupta
- Transcriptome laboratory, Centre of Emerging Diseases, Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Sector-62, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vibha Rani
- Transcriptome laboratory, Centre of Emerging Diseases, Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Sector-62, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
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13
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Armannia F, Ghazalian F, Shadnoush M, Keyvani H, Gholami M. Effects of High-Intensity Interval Vs. Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training on Body Composition and Gene Expression of ACE2, NLRP3, and FNDC5 in Obese Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Med J Islam Repub Iran 2022; 36:161. [PMID: 36820332 PMCID: PMC9938716 DOI: 10.47176/mjiri.36.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Obesity is considered a multisystem disease associated with higher mortality and morbidity in adults. This study explored the effects of two Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training (MICT) and High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) on body composition, maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), and the gene expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5), and NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) in adults with obesity. Methods: In a randomized controlled trial, 36 obese, inactive subjects (age: 45.16 ± 3.13 yrs.; mean, BW: 112.38 ± 20.1 kg, Height: 1.67 ± 0.07, and BMI: 39.66 ± 6.07 kg/m2) were randomly assigned to one of three groups: HIIT: (n = 12), MICT (n = 12), and control (n = 12). Both exercise groups received 40 min of training per session (three times/week) for eight weeks. Body composition, body fat percentage (BFP), VO2max, and the gene expression of ACE2, and NLRP3, were taken pre- and post-intervention using the qRT-PCR technique. The data were analyzed using SPSS software via parametric (ANOVA and ANCOVA) and non-parametric tests (Mann Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis). Results: Our results showed that HIIT and MICT protocols could be effective in normalizing body composition measurements and VO2max, but HIIT could reduce body fat percentage (BFP) in obese subjects. Moreover, HIIT and MICT could significantly reduce the gene expression of NLRP3 (p < 0.0001) and ACE2 (p < 0.0001), while increasing the gene expression of FNDC5 (p < 0.0001). There were negative correlations between the gene expression of FNDC5 and NLRP3, as well as ACE2. Furthermore, increased FNDC5 was negatively correlated with BFP (r = 0.392, p < 0.001). Conclusion: Overall, our results indicated that HIIT and MICT protocols had the greatest impact on the gene expression of NLRP3, ACE2, and FNDC5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariba Armannia
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farshad Ghazalian
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran, Corresponding author:Farshad Ghazalian,
| | - Mahdi Shadnoush
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition Sciences & Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Keyvani
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine , Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran , Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Research Center, Firoozgar General Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mandana Gholami
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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14
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Yang Z, Roth K, Ding J, Kassotis CD, Mor G, Petriello MC. Exposure to a mixture of per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances modulates pulmonary expression of ACE2 and circulating hormones and cytokines. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 456:116284. [PMID: 36270329 PMCID: PMC10325118 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.116284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Genetic and environmental factors impact on the interindividual variability of susceptibility to communicable and non-communicable diseases. A class of ubiquitous chemicals, Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been linked in epidemiological studies to immunosuppression and increased susceptibility to viral infections, but possible mechanisms are not well elucidated. To begin to gain insight into the role of PFAS in susceptibility to one such viral infection, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), male and female C57BL/6 J mice were exposed to control water or a mixture of 5 PFAS (PFOS, PFOA, PFNA, PFHxS, Genx) for 12 weeks and lungs were isolated for examination of expression of SARS-CoV-2-related receptors Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) and others. Secondary analyses included circulating hormones and cytokines which have been shown to directly or indirectly impact on ACE2 expression and severity of viral infections. Changes in mRNA and protein expression were analyzed by RT-qPCR and western blotting and circulating hormones and cytokines were determined by ELISA and MESO QuickPlex. The PFAS mixture decreased Ace2 mRNA 2.5-fold in male mice (p < 0.0001), with no significant change observed in females. In addition, TMPRSS2, ANPEP, ENPEP and DPP4 (other genes implicated in COVID-19 infection) were modulated due to PFAS. Plasma testosterone, but not estrogen were strikingly decreased due to PFAS which corresponded to PFAS-mediated repression of 4 representative pulmonary AR target genes; hemoglobin, beta adult major chain (Hbb-b1), Ferrochelatase (Fech), Collagen Type XIV Alpha 1 Chain (Col14a1), 5'-Aminolevulinate Synthase 2 (Alas2). Finally, PFAS modulated circulating pro and anti-inflammatory mediators including IFN-γ (downregulated 3.0-fold in females; p = 0.0301, 2.1-fold in males; p = 0.0418) and IL-6 (upregulated 5.6-fold in males; p = 0.030, no change in females). In conclusion, our data indicate long term exposure to a PFAS mixture impacts mechanisms related to expression of ACE2 in the lung. This work provides a mechanistic rationale for important future studies of PFAS exposure and subsequent viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Yang
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Katherine Roth
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Jiahui Ding
- C.S Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Christopher D Kassotis
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Gil Mor
- C.S Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Michael C Petriello
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
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15
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Feng L, Fu S, Zhang P, Zhang Y, Zhao Y, Yao Y, Luo L, Ping P. Potential use of the S-protein-Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 binding pathway in the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019. Front Public Health 2022; 10:1050034. [PMID: 36518573 PMCID: PMC9742547 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1050034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the pathogen that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), infects humans through a strong interaction between the viral spike protein (S-protein) and angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors on the cell surface. The infection of host lung cells by SARS-CoV-2 leads to clinical symptoms in patients. However, ACE2 expression is not restricted to the lungs; altered receptors have been found in the nasal and oral mucosa, vessel, brain, pancreas, gastrointestinal tract, kidney, and heart. The future of COVID-19 is uncertain, however, new viral variants are likely to emerge. The SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant has a total of 50 gene mutations compared with the original virus; 15 of which occur in the receptor binding domain (RBD). The RBD of the viral S-protein binds to the human ACE2 receptor for viral entry. Mutations of the ACE2-RBD interface enhance tight binding by increasing hydrogen bond interactions and expanding the accessible surface area. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, hyperbaric oxygen, and aggressive dialysis for the treatment of COVID-19 have shown various degrees of clinical success. The use of decoy receptors based on the ACE2 receptor as a broadly potent neutralizer of SARS-CoV-2 variants has potential as a therapeutic mechanism. Drugs such as 3E8 could block binding of the S1-subunit to ACE2 and restrict the infection of ACE2-expressing cells by a variety of coronaviruses. Here, we discuss the development of ACE2-targeted strategies for the treatment and prevention of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Feng
- Department of Anesthesia, Hainan Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Sanya, China
| | - Shihui Fu
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Cardiology, Hainan Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Sanya, China
| | - Pei Zhang
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yujie Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yali Zhao
- Central Laboratory, Hainan Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Sanya, China
| | - Yao Yao
- Center for Healthy Aging and Development Studies, National School of Development, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Leiming Luo
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Ping
- General Station for Drug and Instrument Supervision and Control, Joint Logistic Support Force of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
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16
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Norambuena-Soto I, Lopez-Crisosto C, Martinez-Bilbao J, Hernandez-Fuentes C, Parra V, Lavandero S, Chiong M. Angiotensin-(1-9) in hypertension. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 203:115183. [PMID: 35870482 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin-(1-9) [Ang-(1-9)] is a peptide of the non-canonical renin-angiotensin system (RAS) synthesized from angiotensin I by the monopeptidase angiotensin-converting enzyme type 2 (ACE2). Using osmotic minipumps, infusion of Ang-(1-9) consistently reduces blood pressure in several rat hypertension models. In these animals, hypertension-induced end-organ damage is also decreased. Several pieces of evidence suggest that Ang-(1-9) is the endogenous ligand that binds and activates the type-2 angiotensin II receptor (AT2R). Activation of AT2R triggers different tissue-specific signaling pathways. This phenomenon could be explained by the ability of AT2R to form different heterodimers with other G protein-coupled receptors. Because of the antihypertensive and protective effects of AT2R activation by Ang-(1-9), associated with a short half-life of RAS peptides, several synthetic AT2R agonists have been synthesized and assayed. Some of them, particularly CGP42112, C21 and novokinin, have demonstrated antihypertensive properties. Only two synthetic AT2R agonists, C21 and LP2-3, have been tested in clinical trials, but none of them like an antihypertensive. Therefore, Ang-(1-9) is a promising antihypertensive drug that reduces hypertension-induced end-organ damage. However, further research is required to translate this finding successfully to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Norambuena-Soto
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Camila Lopez-Crisosto
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Javiera Martinez-Bilbao
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Hernandez-Fuentes
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Valentina Parra
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Network for the Study of High-lethality Cardiopulmonary Diseases (REECPAL), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sergio Lavandero
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Mario Chiong
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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17
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Lean FZX, Núñez A, Spiro S, Priestnall SL, Vreman S, Bailey D, James J, Wrigglesworth E, Suarez-Bonnet A, Conceicao C, Thakur N, Byrne AMP, Ackroyd S, Delahay RJ, van der Poel WHM, Brown IH, Fooks AR, Brookes SM. Differential susceptibility of SARS-CoV-2 in animals: Evidence of ACE2 host receptor distribution in companion animals, livestock and wildlife by immunohistochemical characterisation. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:2275-2286. [PMID: 34245662 PMCID: PMC8447087 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a host cell membrane protein (receptor) that mediates the binding of coronavirus, most notably SARS coronaviruses in the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. Although SARS-CoV-2 infection is mainly confined to humans, there have been numerous incidents of spillback (reverse zoonoses) to domestic and captive animals. An absence of information on the spatial distribution of ACE2 in animal tissues limits our understanding of host species susceptibility. Here, we describe the distribution of ACE2 using immunohistochemistry (IHC) on histological sections derived from carnivores, ungulates, primates and chiroptera. Comparison of mink (Neovison vison) and ferret (Mustela putorius furo) respiratory tracts showed substantial differences, demonstrating that ACE2 is present in the lower respiratory tract of mink but not ferrets. The presence of ACE2 in the respiratory tract in some species was much more restricted as indicated by limited immunolabelling in the nasal turbinate, trachea and lungs of cats (Felis catus) and only the nasal turbinate in the golden Syrian hamster (Mesocricetus auratus). In the lungs of other species, ACE2 could be detected on the bronchiolar epithelium of the sheep (Ovis aries), cattle (Bos taurus), European badger (Meles meles), cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus), tiger and lion (Panthera spp.). In addition, ACE2 was present in the nasal mucosa epithelium of the serotine bat (Eptesicus serotinus) but not in pig (Sus scrofa domestica), cattle or sheep. In the intestine, ACE2 immunolabelling was seen on the microvillus of enterocytes (surface of intestine) across various taxa. These results provide anatomical evidence of ACE2 expression in a number of species which will enable further understanding of host susceptibility and tissue tropism of ACE2 receptor-mediated viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Z X Lean
- Department of Pathology and Animal Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - Alejandro Núñez
- Department of Pathology and Animal Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - Simon Spiro
- Wildlife Health Services, Zoological Society of London, London, UK
| | - Simon L Priestnall
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, UK
| | - Sandra Vreman
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | | | - Joe James
- Department of Virology, APHA, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | | | - Alejandro Suarez-Bonnet
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, UK
| | | | | | | | - Stuart Ackroyd
- Department of Pathology and Animal Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | | | | | - Ian H Brown
- Department of Virology, APHA, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
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18
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Dedoni S, Avdoshina V, Camoglio C, Siddi C, Fratta W, Scherma M, Fadda P. K18- and CAG-hACE2 Transgenic Mouse Models and SARS-CoV-2: Implications for Neurodegeneration Research. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27134142. [PMID: 35807384 PMCID: PMC9268291 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is a global pandemic that might lead to very serious consequences. Notably, mental status change, brain confusion, and smell and taste disorders along with neurological complaints have been reported in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. Furthermore, human brain tissue autopsies from COVID-19 patients show the presence of SARS-CoV-2 neuroinvasion, which correlates with the manifestation of meningitis, encephalitis, leukocyte infiltration, and neuronal damage. The olfactory mucosa has been suggested as a way of entry into the brain. SARS-CoV-2 infection is also known to provoke a hyper-inflammatory reaction with an exponential increase in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines leading to systemic responses, even in the absence of direct infection of brain cells. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the entry receptor of SARS-CoV-2, has been extensively demonstrated to be present in the periphery, neurons, and glial cells in different brain regions. To dissect the details of neurological complications and develop therapies helping COVID-19 survivors regain pre-infection quality of life, the development of robust clinical models is highly warranted. Several human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) transgenic mouse models have been developed and used for antiviral drug screening and vaccine development, as well as for better understanding of the molecular pathogenetic mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this review, we summarize recent results from the studies involving two such mouse models, namely K18- and CAG-hACE2 transgenics, to evaluate the direct and indirect impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Dedoni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Sardinia, Italy; (C.C.); (C.S.); (W.F.); (P.F.)
- Correspondence: (S.D.); (M.S.)
| | - Valeria Avdoshina
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA;
| | - Chiara Camoglio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Sardinia, Italy; (C.C.); (C.S.); (W.F.); (P.F.)
| | - Carlotta Siddi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Sardinia, Italy; (C.C.); (C.S.); (W.F.); (P.F.)
| | - Walter Fratta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Sardinia, Italy; (C.C.); (C.S.); (W.F.); (P.F.)
| | - Maria Scherma
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Sardinia, Italy; (C.C.); (C.S.); (W.F.); (P.F.)
- Correspondence: (S.D.); (M.S.)
| | - Paola Fadda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Sardinia, Italy; (C.C.); (C.S.); (W.F.); (P.F.)
- Institute of Neuroscience-Cagliari, National Research Council, 00185 Rome, Italy
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19
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Färber I, Krüger J, Rocha C, Armando F, von Köckritz-Blickwede M, Pöhlmann S, Braun A, Baumgärtner W, Runft S, Krüger N. Investigations on SARS-CoV-2 Susceptibility of Domestic and Wild Animals Using Primary Cell Culture Models Derived from the Upper and Lower Respiratory Tract. Viruses 2022; 14:v14040828. [PMID: 35458558 PMCID: PMC9032458 DOI: 10.3390/v14040828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Several animal species are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection, as documented by case reports and serological and in vivo infection studies. However, the susceptibility of many animal species remains unknown. Furthermore, the expression patterns of SARS-CoV-2 entry factors, such as the receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), as well as transmembrane protease serine subtype 2 (TMPRSS2) and cathepsin L (CTSL), cellular proteases involved in SARS-CoV-2 spike protein activation, are largely unexplored in most species. Here, we generated primary cell cultures from the respiratory tract of domestic and wildlife animals to assess their susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Additionally, the presence of ACE2, TMPRSS2 and CTSL within respiratory tract compartments was investigated in a range of animals, some with unknown susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2. Productive viral replication was observed in the nasal mucosa explants and precision-cut lung slices from dogs and hamsters, whereas culture models from ferrets and multiple ungulate species were non-permissive to infection. Overall, whereas TMPRSS2 and CTSL were equally expressed in the respiratory tract, the expression levels of ACE2 were more variable, suggesting that a restricted availability of ACE2 may contribute to reduced susceptibility. Summarized, the experimental infection of primary respiratory tract cell cultures, as well as an analysis of entry-factor distribution, enable screening for SARS-CoV-2 animal reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Färber
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (I.F.); (J.K.); (F.A.); (S.R.)
| | - Johannes Krüger
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (I.F.); (J.K.); (F.A.); (S.R.)
| | - Cheila Rocha
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; (C.R.); (S.P.); (N.K.)
| | - Federico Armando
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (I.F.); (J.K.); (F.A.); (S.R.)
| | - Maren von Köckritz-Blickwede
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany;
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Pöhlmann
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; (C.R.); (S.P.); (N.K.)
- Faculty of Biology and Psychology, Georg-August-University, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Armin Braun
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, 30625 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (I.F.); (J.K.); (F.A.); (S.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-511-953-8620; Fax: +49-511-953-8675
| | - Sandra Runft
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (I.F.); (J.K.); (F.A.); (S.R.)
| | - Nadine Krüger
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; (C.R.); (S.P.); (N.K.)
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20
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Gu W, Gan H, Ma Y, Xu L, Cheng ZJ, Li B, Zhang X, Jiang W, Sun J, Sun B, Hao C. The molecular mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 evading host antiviral innate immunity. Virol J 2022; 19:49. [PMID: 35305698 PMCID: PMC8934133 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01783-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe newly identified Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has resulted in a global health emergency (COVID-19) because of its rapid spread and high mortality. Since the virus epidemic, many pathogenic mechanisms have been revealed, and virus-related vaccines have been successfully developed and applied in clinical practice. However, the pandemic is still developing, and new mutations are still emerging. Virus pathogenicity is closely related to the immune status of the host. As innate immunity is the body’s first defense against viruses, understanding the inhibitory effect of SARS-CoV-2 on innate immunity is of great significance for determining the target of antiviral intervention. This review summarizes the molecular mechanism by which SARS-CoV-2 escapes the host immune system, including suppressing innate immune production and blocking adaptive immune priming. Here, on the one hand, we devoted ourselves to summarizing the combined action of innate immune cells, cytokines, and chemokines to fine-tune the outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infection and the related immunopathogenesis. On the other hand, we focused on the effects of the SARS-CoV-2 on innate immunity, including enhancing viral adhesion, increasing the rate of virus invasion, inhibiting the transcription and translation of immune-related mRNA, increasing cellular mRNA degradation, and inhibiting protein transmembrane transport. This review on the underlying mechanism should provide theoretical support for developing future molecular targeted drugs against SARS-CoV-2. Nevertheless, SARS-CoV-2 is a completely new virus, and people’s understanding of it is in the process of rapid growth, and various new studies are also being carried out. Although we strive to make our review as inclusive as possible, there may still be incompleteness.
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21
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Hassler L, Wysocki J, Gelarden I, Sharma I, Tomatsidou A, Ye M, Gula H, Nicolaescu V, Randall G, Pshenychnyi S, Khurram N, Kanwar Y, Missiakas D, Henkin J, Yeldandi A, Batlle D. A Novel Soluble ACE2 Protein Provides Lung and Kidney Protection in Mice Susceptible to Lethal SARS-CoV-2 Infection. J Am Soc Nephrol 2022; 33:1293-1307. [PMID: 35236774 PMCID: PMC9257820 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2021091209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) uses full-length angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a main receptor to enter target cells. The goal of this study was to demonstrate the preclinical efficacy of a novel soluble ACE2 protein with increased duration of action and binding capacity in a lethal mouse model of COVID-19. Methods: A human soluble ACE2 variant fused with an albumin binding domain (ABD) was linked via a dimerization motif hinge-like 4-cysteine dodecapeptide (DDC) to improve binding capacity to SARS-CoV-2. This novel soluble ACE2 protein (ACE2 1-618-DDC-ABD) was then administered intranasally and intraperitoneally to mice prior to intranasal inoculation of SARS-CoV-2 and then for two additional days post viral inoculation. Results: Untreated animals became severely ill and all had to be humanely euthanized by day 6/7 and had pulmonary alveolar hemorrhage with mononuclear infiltrates. In contrast, all but one mouse infected with a lethal dose of SARS-CoV-2 that received ACE2-1-618-DDC-ABD survived. In the animals inoculated with SARS-CoV-2 that were untreated, viral titers were high in the lungs and brain but virus was absent in the kidneys. However, some untreated animals had variable degrees of kidney proximal tubular injury with increased NGAL and TUNEL staining indicating attenuation of the proximal tubular brush border. In contrast, viral titers in the lung and brain were reduced or non-detectable in mice that received ACE2 1-618 DDCABD, and the animals developed only moderate disease as assessed by a near-normal clinical score, minimal weight loss, and improved lung and kidney injury Conclusions: This study demonstrates the preclinical efficacy of a novel soluble ACE2 protein, termed ACE2 1- 618-DDC-ABD, in a lethal mouse model of SARS-CoV-2 infection that causes severe lung injury as well as variable degrees of moderate proximal tubular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luise Hassler
- L Hassler, Division of Nephrology/Hypertension, Department of Medicine and the Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, United States
| | - Jan Wysocki
- J Wysocki, Division of Nephrology/Hypertension, Department of Medicine and the Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, United States
| | - Ian Gelarden
- I Gelarden, Division of Nephrology/Hypertension, Department of Medicine and the Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, United States
| | - Isha Sharma
- I Sharma, Division of Nephrology/Hypertension, Department of Medicine and the Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, United States
| | - Anastasia Tomatsidou
- A Tomatsidou, Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, United States
| | - Minghao Ye
- M Ye, Division of Nephrology/Hypertension, Department of Medicine and the Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, United States
| | - Haley Gula
- H Gula, Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, United States
| | - Vlad Nicolaescu
- V Nicolaescu, Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, United States
| | - Glenn Randall
- G Randall, Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, United States
| | - Sergii Pshenychnyi
- S Pshenychnyi, Recombinant Protein Production Core, Northwestern University, Evanston, United States
| | - Nigar Khurram
- N Khurram, Division of Nephrology/Hypertension, Department of Medicine and the Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, United States
| | - Yashpal Kanwar
- Y Kanwar, Division of Nephrology/Hypertension, Department of Medicine and the Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, United States
| | - Dominique Missiakas
- D Missiakas, Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, United States
| | - Jack Henkin
- J Henkin, Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Northwestern University, Evanston, United States
| | - Anjana Yeldandi
- A Yeldandi, Division of Nephrology/Hypertension, Department of Medicine and the Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, United States
| | - Daniel Batlle
- D Batlle, Division of Nephrology/Hypertension, Department of Medicine and the Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, United States
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22
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Nugent MA. The Future of the COVID-19 Pandemic: How Good (or Bad) Can the SARS-CoV2 Spike Protein Get? Cells 2022; 11:cells11050855. [PMID: 35269476 PMCID: PMC8909208 DOI: 10.3390/cells11050855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome virus 2 (SARS-CoV2) has infected an estimated 400 million people world-wide, causing approximately 6 million deaths from severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The SARS-CoV2 Spike protein plays a critical role in viral attachment and entry into host cells. The recent emergence of highly transmissible variants of SARS-CoV2 has been linked to mutations in Spike. This review provides an overview of the structure and function of Spike and describes the factors that impact Spike’s ability to mediate viral infection as well as the potential limits to how good (or bad) Spike protein can become. Proposed here is a framework that considers the processes of Spike-mediated SARS-CoV2 attachment, dissociation, and cell entry where the role of Spike, from the standpoint of the virus, is to maximize cell entry with each viral-cell collision. Key parameters are identified that will be needed to develop models to identify mechanisms that new Spike variants might exploit to enhance viral transmission. In particular, the importance of considering secondary co-receptors for Spike, such as heparan sulfate proteoglycans is discussed. Accurate models of Spike-cell interactions could contribute to the development of new therapies in advance of the emergence of new highly transmissible SARS-CoV2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Nugent
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
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23
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Kirtipal N, Kumar S, Dubey SK, Dwivedi VD, Gireesh Babu K, Malý P, Bharadwaj S. Understanding on the possible routes for SARS CoV-2 invasion via ACE2 in the host linked with multiple organs damage. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 99:105254. [PMID: 35217145 PMCID: PMC8863418 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2022.105254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), accountable for causing the coronavirus diseases 2019 (COVID-19), is already declared as a pandemic disease globally. Like previously reported SARS-CoV strain, the novel SARS-CoV-2 also initiates the viral pathogenesis via docking viral spike-protein with the membranal angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) - a receptor on variety of cells in the human body. Therefore, COVID-19 is broadly characterized as a disease that targets multiple organs, particularly causing acute complications via organ-specific pathogenesis accompanied by destruction of ACE2+ cells, including alveolus, cardiac microvasculature, endothelium, and glomerulus. Under such circumstances, the high expression of ACE2 in predisposing individuals associated with anomalous production of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) may promote enhanced viral load in COVID-19, which comparatively triggers excessive apoptosis. Furthermore, multi-organ injuries were found linked to altered ACE2 expression and inequality between the ACE2/angiotensin-(1-7)/mitochondrial Ang system (MAS) and renin-angiotensin-system (RAS) in COVID-19 patients. However, the exact pathogenesis of multi-organ damage in COVID-19 is still obscure, but several perspectives have been postulated, involving altered ACE2 expression linked with direct/indirect damages by the virus-induced immune responses, such as cytokinin storm. Thus, insights into the invasion of a virus with respect to ACE2 expression site can be helpful to simulate or understand the possible complications in the targeted organ during viral infection. Hence, this review summarizes the multiple organs invasion by SARS CoV-2 linked with ACE2 expression and their consequences, which can be helpful in the management of the COVID-19 pathogenesis under life-threatening conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Kirtipal
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India; Centre for Bioinformatics, Computational and Systems Biology, Pathfinder Research and Training Foundation, Greater Noida, India
| | | | - Vivek Dhar Dwivedi
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Computational and Systems Biology, Pathfinder Research and Training Foundation, Greater Noida, India.
| | - K Gireesh Babu
- Department of Life Sciences, Parul Institute of Applied Sciences, Parul University, Limda, Vadodara, India.
| | - Petr Malý
- Laboratory of Ligand Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences v.v.i., BIOCEV Research Center, Vestec, Czech Republic.
| | - Shiv Bharadwaj
- Laboratory of Ligand Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences v.v.i., BIOCEV Research Center, Vestec, Czech Republic.
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24
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Almhanna H, Al-Mamoori NAM, Naser HH. mRNA expression of the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor in the lung tissue of Wistar rats according to age. Vet World 2022; 15:427-434. [PMID: 35400965 PMCID: PMC8980378 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.427-434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is expressed and plays functional and physiological roles in different tissues of the body. This study aimed to distinguish the levels of expression of ACE2 in the lung tissue at different ages of rats. Materials and Methods: In this study, 18 male rats were used and divided into three groups according to age. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was conducted to determine the levels of the quantification of eosinophil cationic protein mRNA transcript. In addition, tissue specimens of the lung were stained with routine hematoxylin and eosin stains. Results: This study confirmed that RT-qPCR amplification plots of ACE2 gene exhibited clearly expression of the lung tissue of rats in the different groups and there are strong different threshold cycles numbers according to the age at 2 weeks, 2 months, and 6-8 months. Consequently, the expression of ACE2 was completely different between groups depending on the age of the rats. The RT-qPCR results showed that the older animal group (age of 6-8 months) had a significantly higher expression of ACE2 than the other animal groups (ages of 2 weeks and 2 months). In the same way, the second group (age of 2 months) had a significantly higher expression of ACE2 than the first group (age of 2 weeks). This study confirmed that the ACE2 expression is influenced by the age of rats. Conclusion: This study concluded that the expression of the ACE2 receptor of coronavirus disease 2019 would be different according to the age of rats, and this result suggested that expression of ACE2 in lung tissue could determine infection and pathogenesis of COVID-19 during different ages of rats or some individual differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazem Almhanna
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq
| | - Nabeel Abd Murad Al-Mamoori
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq
| | - Hassan Hachim Naser
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq
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25
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Nagashima S, Dutra AA, Arantes MP, Zeni RC, Klein CK, de Oliveira FC, Piper GW, Brenny ID, Pereira MRC, Stocco RB, Martins APC, de Castro EM, Vaz de Paula CB, Amaral ANM, Machado-Souza C, Baena CP, Noronha L. COVID-19 and Lung Mast Cells: The Kallikrein-Kinin Activation Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:1714. [PMID: 35163636 PMCID: PMC8836064 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) have relevant participation in inflammatory and vascular hyperpermeability events, responsible for the action of the kallikrein-kinin system (KKS), that affect patients inflicted by the severe form of COVID-19. Given a higher number of activated MCs present in COVID-19 patients and their association with vascular hyperpermeability events, we investigated the factors that lead to the activation and degranulation of these cells and their harmful effects on the alveolar septum environment provided by the action of its mediators. Therefore, the pyroptotic processes throughout caspase-1 (CASP-1) and alarmin interleukin-33 (IL-33) secretion were investigated, along with the immunoexpression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), bradykinin receptor B1 (B1R) and bradykinin receptor B2 (B2R) on post-mortem lung samples from 24 patients affected by COVID-19. The results were compared to 10 patients affected by H1N1pdm09 and 11 control patients. As a result of the inflammatory processes induced by SARS-CoV-2, the activation by immunoglobulin E (IgE) and degranulation of tryptase, as well as Toluidine Blue metachromatic (TB)-stained MCs of the interstitial and perivascular regions of the same groups were also counted. An increased immunoexpression of the tissue biomarkers CASP-1, IL-33, ACE2, B1R and B2R was observed in the alveolar septum of the COVID-19 patients, associated with a higher density of IgE+ MCs, tryptase+ MCs and TB-stained MCs, in addition to the presence of intra-alveolar edema. These findings suggest the direct correlation of MCs with vascular hyperpermeability, edema and diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) events that affect patients with a severe form of this disease. The role of KKS activation in events involving the exacerbated increase in vascular permeability and its direct link with the conditions that precede intra-alveolar edema, and the consequent DAD, is evidenced. Therapy with drugs that inhibit the activation/degranulation of MCs can prevent the worsening of the prognosis and provide a better outcome for the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seigo Nagashima
- Postgraduate Program of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba 80910-215, Brazil; (A.A.D.); (M.P.A.); (R.C.Z.); (C.K.K.); (F.C.d.O.); (G.W.P.); (I.D.B.); (M.R.C.P.); (R.B.S.); (A.P.C.M.); (C.B.V.d.P.); (A.N.M.A.); (C.P.B.)
| | - Anderson Azevedo Dutra
- Postgraduate Program of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba 80910-215, Brazil; (A.A.D.); (M.P.A.); (R.C.Z.); (C.K.K.); (F.C.d.O.); (G.W.P.); (I.D.B.); (M.R.C.P.); (R.B.S.); (A.P.C.M.); (C.B.V.d.P.); (A.N.M.A.); (C.P.B.)
| | - Mayara Pezzini Arantes
- Postgraduate Program of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba 80910-215, Brazil; (A.A.D.); (M.P.A.); (R.C.Z.); (C.K.K.); (F.C.d.O.); (G.W.P.); (I.D.B.); (M.R.C.P.); (R.B.S.); (A.P.C.M.); (C.B.V.d.P.); (A.N.M.A.); (C.P.B.)
| | - Rafaela Chiuco Zeni
- Postgraduate Program of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba 80910-215, Brazil; (A.A.D.); (M.P.A.); (R.C.Z.); (C.K.K.); (F.C.d.O.); (G.W.P.); (I.D.B.); (M.R.C.P.); (R.B.S.); (A.P.C.M.); (C.B.V.d.P.); (A.N.M.A.); (C.P.B.)
| | - Carolline Konzen Klein
- Postgraduate Program of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba 80910-215, Brazil; (A.A.D.); (M.P.A.); (R.C.Z.); (C.K.K.); (F.C.d.O.); (G.W.P.); (I.D.B.); (M.R.C.P.); (R.B.S.); (A.P.C.M.); (C.B.V.d.P.); (A.N.M.A.); (C.P.B.)
| | - Flávia Centenaro de Oliveira
- Postgraduate Program of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba 80910-215, Brazil; (A.A.D.); (M.P.A.); (R.C.Z.); (C.K.K.); (F.C.d.O.); (G.W.P.); (I.D.B.); (M.R.C.P.); (R.B.S.); (A.P.C.M.); (C.B.V.d.P.); (A.N.M.A.); (C.P.B.)
| | - Giulia Werner Piper
- Postgraduate Program of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba 80910-215, Brazil; (A.A.D.); (M.P.A.); (R.C.Z.); (C.K.K.); (F.C.d.O.); (G.W.P.); (I.D.B.); (M.R.C.P.); (R.B.S.); (A.P.C.M.); (C.B.V.d.P.); (A.N.M.A.); (C.P.B.)
| | - Isadora Drews Brenny
- Postgraduate Program of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba 80910-215, Brazil; (A.A.D.); (M.P.A.); (R.C.Z.); (C.K.K.); (F.C.d.O.); (G.W.P.); (I.D.B.); (M.R.C.P.); (R.B.S.); (A.P.C.M.); (C.B.V.d.P.); (A.N.M.A.); (C.P.B.)
| | - Marcos Roberto Curcio Pereira
- Postgraduate Program of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba 80910-215, Brazil; (A.A.D.); (M.P.A.); (R.C.Z.); (C.K.K.); (F.C.d.O.); (G.W.P.); (I.D.B.); (M.R.C.P.); (R.B.S.); (A.P.C.M.); (C.B.V.d.P.); (A.N.M.A.); (C.P.B.)
| | - Rebecca Benicio Stocco
- Postgraduate Program of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba 80910-215, Brazil; (A.A.D.); (M.P.A.); (R.C.Z.); (C.K.K.); (F.C.d.O.); (G.W.P.); (I.D.B.); (M.R.C.P.); (R.B.S.); (A.P.C.M.); (C.B.V.d.P.); (A.N.M.A.); (C.P.B.)
| | - Ana Paula Camargo Martins
- Postgraduate Program of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba 80910-215, Brazil; (A.A.D.); (M.P.A.); (R.C.Z.); (C.K.K.); (F.C.d.O.); (G.W.P.); (I.D.B.); (M.R.C.P.); (R.B.S.); (A.P.C.M.); (C.B.V.d.P.); (A.N.M.A.); (C.P.B.)
| | - Eduardo Morais de Castro
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology Applied in Health of Children and Adolescent, Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba 80250-060, Brazil; (E.M.d.C.); (C.M.-S.)
| | - Caroline Busatta Vaz de Paula
- Postgraduate Program of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba 80910-215, Brazil; (A.A.D.); (M.P.A.); (R.C.Z.); (C.K.K.); (F.C.d.O.); (G.W.P.); (I.D.B.); (M.R.C.P.); (R.B.S.); (A.P.C.M.); (C.B.V.d.P.); (A.N.M.A.); (C.P.B.)
| | - Andréa Novaes Moreno Amaral
- Postgraduate Program of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba 80910-215, Brazil; (A.A.D.); (M.P.A.); (R.C.Z.); (C.K.K.); (F.C.d.O.); (G.W.P.); (I.D.B.); (M.R.C.P.); (R.B.S.); (A.P.C.M.); (C.B.V.d.P.); (A.N.M.A.); (C.P.B.)
| | - Cleber Machado-Souza
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology Applied in Health of Children and Adolescent, Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba 80250-060, Brazil; (E.M.d.C.); (C.M.-S.)
| | - Cristina Pellegrino Baena
- Postgraduate Program of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba 80910-215, Brazil; (A.A.D.); (M.P.A.); (R.C.Z.); (C.K.K.); (F.C.d.O.); (G.W.P.); (I.D.B.); (M.R.C.P.); (R.B.S.); (A.P.C.M.); (C.B.V.d.P.); (A.N.M.A.); (C.P.B.)
- Marcelino Champagnat Hospital, Curitiba 80020-110, Brazil
| | - Lucia Noronha
- Postgraduate Program of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba 80910-215, Brazil; (A.A.D.); (M.P.A.); (R.C.Z.); (C.K.K.); (F.C.d.O.); (G.W.P.); (I.D.B.); (M.R.C.P.); (R.B.S.); (A.P.C.M.); (C.B.V.d.P.); (A.N.M.A.); (C.P.B.)
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26
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Salazar-García M, Acosta-Contreras S, Rodríguez-Martínez G, Cruz-Rangel A, Flores-Alanis A, Patiño-López G, Luna-Pineda VM. Pseudotyped Vesicular Stomatitis Virus-Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2 Spike for the Study of Variants, Vaccines, and Therapeutics Against Coronavirus Disease 2019. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:817200. [PMID: 35095820 PMCID: PMC8795712 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.817200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
World Health Organization (WHO) has prioritized the infectious emerging diseases such as Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) in terms of research and development of effective tests, vaccines, antivirals, and other treatments. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the etiological causative agent of COVID-19, is a virus belonging to risk group 3 that requires Biosafety Level (BSL)-3 laboratories and the corresponding facilities for handling. An alternative to these BSL-3/-4 laboratories is to use a pseudotyped virus that can be handled in a BSL-2 laboratory for study purposes. Recombinant Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV) can be generated with complementary DNA from complete negative-stranded genomic RNA, with deleted G glycoprotein and, instead, incorporation of other fusion protein, like SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S protein). Accordingly, it is called pseudotyped VSV-SARS-CoV-2 S. In this review, we have described the generation of pseudotyped VSV with a focus on the optimization and application of pseudotyped VSV-SARS-CoV-2 S. The application of this pseudovirus has been addressed by its use in neutralizing antibody assays in order to evaluate a new vaccine, emergent SARS-CoV-2 variants (delta and omicron), and approved vaccine efficacy against variants of concern as well as in viral fusion-focused treatment analysis that can be performed under BSL-2 conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Salazar-García
- Laboratorio de Biología del Desarrollo y Teratogénesis Experimental, Hospital Infantil de México “Federico Gómez”, Mexico City, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Investigación en COVID-19, Hospital Infantil de México “Federico Gómez”, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Samyr Acosta-Contreras
- Laboratorio de Investigación en COVID-19, Hospital Infantil de México “Federico Gómez”, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Armando Cruz-Rangel
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica de Enfermedades Crónicas, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Flores-Alanis
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Genaro Patiño-López
- Unidad de Investigación en Inmunología y Proteómica, Hospital Infantil de México “Federico Gómez”, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Victor M. Luna-Pineda
- Laboratorio de Investigación en COVID-19, Hospital Infantil de México “Federico Gómez”, Mexico City, Mexico
- Unidad de Investigación en Inmunología y Proteómica, Hospital Infantil de México “Federico Gómez”, Mexico City, Mexico
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Xu Z, Zhang Y, Zhang C, Xiong F, Zhang J, Xiong J. Clinical Features and Outcomes of COVID-19 Patients with Acute Kidney Injury and Acute Kidney Injury on Chronic Kidney Disease. Aging Dis 2022; 13:884-898. [PMID: 35656097 PMCID: PMC9116918 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2021.1125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 emerged in Wuhan in December 2019 and soon became a worldwide pandemic. We collected and analyzed the data from 1077 patients with COVID-19 who were admitted to the west campus of Wuhan Union Hospital from January 16 to April 16, 2020. Sixty (5.6%) of the 1077 COVID-19 patients were diagnosed with acute kidney injury (AKI) during hospitalization, and 18 of them (30%) had AKI on chronic kidney disease (AKI/CKD). COVID-19 patients with AKI had a worse prognosis, with higher intensive care unit (ICU) admission (28.3%) and fatality (65%) rates than patients without AKI (3.4% and 10.7%, respectively). Among the COVID-19 patients, AKI was more likely to occur in male patients, the elderly, patients with more severe disease states and those with comorbidities (such as hypertension, diabetes, coronary heart disease (CHD), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and CKD). COVID-19 patients with AKI were more likely to develop respiratory failure, gastrointestinal bleeding, acute liver injury, acute myocardial injury, heart failure, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), cerebrovascular accident, and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) than those without AKI. Compared with patients without AKI, COVID-19 patients with AKI had lower platelet counts, lymphocyte counts, albumin levels and serum calcium levels but had elevated leukocyte counts, neutrophil counts and serum potassium levels. Inflammatory indicators, such as C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and procalcitonin (PCT), were significantly higher in patients with AKI than in those without AKI. COVID-19 patients with AKI also exhibited a longer prothrombin time (PT), a longer activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), and a higher D-dimer level than those without AKI. Survival analysis revealed that COVID-19 patients with AKI had a reduced survival rate compared with those without AKI. Furthermore, COVID-19 patients with AKI/CKD had a lower survival rate than those with AKI or CKD only. Multiple logistic regression indicated that the predictors of AKI in COVID-19 patients included complications, such as respiratory failure and acute myocardial injury, and higher creatinine and PCT levels during hospitalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifeng Xu
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Chun Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Fei Xiong
- Department of Nephrology, Wuhan No. 1 Hospital, Wuhan, China
- Correspondence should be addressed to: Dr. Jing Xiong, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China. E-mail: ; Dr. Jianduan Zhang, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China. E-mail: ; Dr. Fei Xiong, Department of Nephrology, Wuhan No. 1 Hospital, Wuhan, China. E-mail: .
| | - Jianduan Zhang
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
- Correspondence should be addressed to: Dr. Jing Xiong, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China. E-mail: ; Dr. Jianduan Zhang, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China. E-mail: ; Dr. Fei Xiong, Department of Nephrology, Wuhan No. 1 Hospital, Wuhan, China. E-mail: .
| | - Jing Xiong
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
- Correspondence should be addressed to: Dr. Jing Xiong, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China. E-mail: ; Dr. Jianduan Zhang, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China. E-mail: ; Dr. Fei Xiong, Department of Nephrology, Wuhan No. 1 Hospital, Wuhan, China. E-mail: .
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28
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Research Progress on Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension and the Role of the Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2-Angiotensin-(1-7)-Mas Axis in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2022; 36:363-370. [PMID: 33394361 PMCID: PMC7779643 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-020-07114-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive disease with a complex aetiology and high mortality. Functional and structural changes in the small pulmonary arteries lead to elevated pulmonary arterial pressure, resulting in right heart failure. The pathobiology of PAH is not fully understood, and novel treatment targets in PAH are desperately needed. The renin-angiotensin system is critical for maintaining homeostasis of the cardiovascular system. The system consists of the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)-angiotensin (Ang) II-angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R) axis and the ACE2-Ang-(1-7)-Mas receptor axis. The former, the ACE-Ang II-AT1R axis, is involved in vasoconstrictive and hypertensive actions along with cardiac and vascular remodelling. The latter, the ACE2-Ang-(1-7)-Mas axis, generally mediates counterbalancing effects against those mediated by the ACE-Ang II-AT1R axis. Based on established functions, the ACE2-Ang-(1-7)-Mas axis may represent a novel target for the treatment of PAH. This review focuses on recent advances in pulmonary circulation science and the role of the ACE2-Ang-(1-7)-Mas axis in PAH.
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29
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Agrawal PK, Agrawal C, Blunden G. Naringenin as a Possible Candidate Against SARS-CoV-2 Infection and in the Pathogenesis of COVID-19. Nat Prod Commun 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x211066723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Naringenin, widely distributed in fruits and vegetables, is endowed with antiviral and other health beneficial activities, such as immune-stimulating and anti-inflammatory actions that could play a role in contributing, to some extent, to either preventing or alleviating coronavirus infection. Several computational studies have identified naringenin as one of the prominent flavonoids that can possibly inhibit internalization of the virus, virus-host interactions that trigger the cytokine storm, and replication of the virus. This review highlights the antiviral potential of naringenin in COVID-19 associated risk factors and its predicted therapeutic targets against SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawan K. Agrawal
- Natural Product Inc., 7963 Anderson Park Lane, Westerville, OH 43081, USA
| | - Chandan Agrawal
- Natural Product Inc., 7963 Anderson Park Lane, Westerville, OH 43081, USA
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30
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Reshad RAI, Riana SH, Chowdhury MAB, Moin AT, Miah F, Sarkar B, Jewel NA. Diabetes in COVID-19 patients: challenges and possible management strategies. THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF BRONCHOLOGY 2021. [PMCID: PMC8642747 DOI: 10.1186/s43168-021-00099-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The recent pandemic of coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) has been causing intense stress among the global population. In the case of hospitalized and ICU-admitted COVID-19 patients with comorbidities, it has been observed that a major portion of them are diabetic. Therefore, researchers had indicated a link between diabetes mellitus (DM) and COVID-19. Furthermore, DM is a potential risk factor for the severity of COVID-19 cases. Thus, in this study, the correlation existing between diabetic patients and COVID-19 was summarized. Main body of the abstract Diabetic patients have a weaker immune system, less viral clearance rate, malfunctions of metabolic activity due to their high blood glucose level, and other associated problems. This does not increase the susceptibility for the patients to be infected with COVID-19. However, the severity of COVID-19 can worsen due to the comorbidity of DM. Short conclusion Proper management, appropriate use of drugs that do not increase the ACE2 expression, lowering blood glucose level, decreasing the susceptibility of SARS-CoV-2, and maintaining a healthy lifestyle could be effective.
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31
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Icard P, Simula L, Rei J, Fournel L, De Pauw V, Alifano M. On the footsteps of Hippocrates, Sanctorius and Harvey to better understand the influence of cold on the occurrence of COVID-19 in European countries in 2020. Biochimie 2021; 191:164-171. [PMID: 34555456 PMCID: PMC8458079 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2021.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 pandemic has been characterized by a pattern of consecutive declines and regrowth in European countries in 2020. After being partially regressed during the summer, the reappearance of the infection during fall 2020 in many temperate countries strongly suggests that temperature and cold may play a role in influencing the infectivity and virulence of SARS-CoV-2. While promoting medicine as an art, Hippocrates interpreted with logical reasoning the occurrence of diseases such as epidemics, as a consequence of environmental factors, in particular climatic variations. During the Renaissance, Sanctorius was one of the first to perform quantitative measurements, and Harvey discovered the circulation of blood by performing experimental procedures in animals. We think that a reasoning mixing various observations, measurements and experiments is fundamental to understand how cold increases infectivity and virulence of SARS-CoV-2. By this review, we provide evidence linking cold, angiotensin-II, vasoconstriction, hypoxia and aerobic glycolysis (the Warburg effect) to explain how cold affects the epidemiology of COVID-19. Also, a low humidity increases virus transmissibility, while a warm atmosphere, a moderate airway humidity, and the production of vasodilator angiotensin 1-7 by ACE2 are less favorable to the virus entry and/or its development. The meteorological and environmental parameters impacting COVID-19 pandemic should be reintegrated into a whole perspective by taking into account the different factors influencing transmissibility, infectivity and virulence of SARS-CoV-2. To understand the modern enigma represented by COVID-19, an interdisciplinary approach is surely essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Icard
- Université Caen Normandie, Medical School, CHU de Caen, Caen, F-14000, France; INSERM U1086, Interdisciplinary Research Unit for Cancer Prevention and Treatment, CLCC François Baclesse, Caen University, France; Service de Chirurgie Thoracique, Hôpital Cochin, Paris University Hospitals, APHP, France.
| | - Luca Simula
- INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Cochin Institute, Paris University, Paris, 75014, France
| | - Joana Rei
- Service de Chirurgie Thoracique, Hôpital Cochin, Paris University Hospitals, APHP, France
| | - Ludovic Fournel
- Service de Chirurgie Thoracique, Hôpital Cochin, Paris University Hospitals, APHP, France; INSERM U1124, Cellular Homeostasis and Cancer, Paris University, Paris, France
| | - Vincent De Pauw
- Service de Chirurgie Thoracique, Hôpital Cochin, Paris University Hospitals, APHP, France
| | - Marco Alifano
- Service de Chirurgie Thoracique, Hôpital Cochin, Paris University Hospitals, APHP, France; INSERM U1138, Integrative Cancer Immunology, Paris, France
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32
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Qi C, Wang C, Zhao L, Zhu Z, Wang P, Zhang S, Cheng L, Zhang X. SCovid: single-cell atlases for exposing molecular characteristics of COVID-19 across 10 human tissues. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 50:D867-D874. [PMID: 34634820 PMCID: PMC8524591 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
SCovid (http://bio-annotation.cn/scovid) aims at providing a comprehensive resource of single-cell data for exposing molecular characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) across 10 human tissues. COVID-19, an epidemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has been found to be accompanied with multiple-organ failure since its first report in Dec 2019. To reveal tissue-specific molecular characteristics, researches regarding to COVID-19 have been carried out widely, especially at single-cell resolution. However, these researches are still relatively independent and scattered, limiting the comprehensive understanding of the impact of virus on diverse tissues. To this end, we developed a single-cell atlas of COVID-19. Firstly we collected 21 single-cell datasets of COVID-19 across 10 human tissues paired with control datasets. Then we constructed a pipeline for the analysis of these datasets to reveal molecular characteristics of COVID-19 based on manually annotated cell types. The current version of SCovid documents 1 042 227 single cells of 21 single-cell datasets across 10 human tissues, 11 713 stably expressed genes and 3778 significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs). SCovid provides a user-friendly interface for browsing, searching, visualizing and downloading all detailed information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changlu Qi
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China
| | - Chao Wang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China
| | - Lingling Zhao
- Faculty of Computing, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
| | - Zijun Zhu
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China
| | - Ping Wang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China
| | - Sainan Zhang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China
| | - Liang Cheng
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China.,NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Molecular Probe and Targeted Theranostics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150028, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Molecular Probe and Targeted Theranostics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150028, China.,McKusick-Zhang Center for Genetic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
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33
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İnanç İ, Erdemli E. Histopathological features of SARS-CoV-2 infection and relationships with organoid technology. J Int Med Res 2021; 49:3000605211044382. [PMID: 34521239 PMCID: PMC8447099 DOI: 10.1177/03000605211044382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) following infection by severe acute
respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a global pandemic
that is still having serious effects worldwide. This virus, which targets the
lungs in particular, can also damage other tissues. Angiotensin converting
enzyme 2 (ACE-2) plays a key role in viral entry into host cells. The presence
of ACE-2 in various tissues may permit viral infection. Studies of COVID-19
often make use of postmortem tissues. Although this information provides various
useful results, it is also necessary to conduct in vitro
studies to understand optimal treatment approaches. Because the virus may show
species-specific differences, in vitro technologies using human
cells are particularly important. Organoid technologies, three-dimensional
structures that can be obtained from human cells, are playing increasingly
important roles in studies of SARS-CoV-2. This technology offers a significant
advantage in terms of mimicking in vivo tissue structures and
testing antiviral compounds. In this mini-review, we summarize studies of
SARS-CoV-2 using both histopathological and organoid technology approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- İrem İnanç
- Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Esra Erdemli
- Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Ankara, Turkey
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34
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Zhu Z, Wang M, Lin W, Cai Q, Zhang L, Chen D, Liu F, Xiong X, Chu J, Peng J, Chen K. Cardiac biomarkers, cardiac injury, and comorbidities associated with severe illness and mortality in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A systematic review and meta-analysis. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2021; 9:1071-1100. [PMID: 34405950 PMCID: PMC8427124 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Aims To explore the correlation between cardiac‐related comorbidities, cardiac biomarkers, acute myocardial injury, and severity level, outcomes in COVID‐19 patients. Method Pubmed, Web of Science, Embase, CNKI, VIP, Wanfang, Cochrane Library databases, medRxiv, and Sinomed were reviewed systemically. Various types of clinical research reporting cardiac‐related comorbidities, cardiac biomarkers including lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), troponin I (TnI), high sensitivity troponin I (hs‐TnI), creatine kinase (CK), creatine kinase–MB (CK‐MB), myoglobin (Myo), N‐terminal pro‐b‐type natriuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP) and acute cardiac injury grouped by severity of COVID‐19 were included. Outcome measures were events and total sample size for comorbidities, acute cardiac injury, and laboratory parameters of these biomarkers. The study was performed with Stata version 15.1. Results Seventy studies, with a total of 15,354 cases were identified. The results showed that COVID‐19's severity was related to cardiovascular disease. Similar odds ratios (ORs) were achieved in hypertension except for severe versus critical group (OR = 1.406; 95% CI, 0.942–2.097; p = .095). The relative risk (RR) of acute cardiac injury is 7.01 (95% CI, 5.64–8.71) in non‐survivor cases. When compared with the different severity of cardiac biomarkers, the pool OR of CK, CK‐MB, TnI, Myo and LDH were 2.683 (95% CI, 0.83–8.671; p = .106; I2 = 0%), 2.263 (95% CI, 0.939–5.457; p = .069), 1.242 (95% CI, 0.628–2.457; p = .534), 1.756 (95% CI, 0.608–5.071; p = .298; I2 = 42.3%), 1.387 (95% CI, 0.707–2.721; p = .341; I2 = 0%) in the critical versus severe group, whose trends were not similar to other groups. The standard mean differences (SMD) of CK and TnI in the critical versus severe group were 0.09 (95% CI, −0.33 to 0.50; p = .685; I2 = 65.2%), 0.478 (95% CI, −0.183 to 1.138; p = .156; I2 = 76.7%), which means no difference was observed in the serum level of these indicators. Conclusion Most of the findings clearly indicate that hypertension, cardiovascular disease, acute cardiac injury, and related laboratory indicators are associated with the severity of COVID‐19. What is now needed are cross‐national prospectively designed observational or clinical trials that will help improve the certainty of the available evidence and treatment decisions for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengchuan Zhu
- Peking University Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Medical School (Xiyuan), Beijing, China
| | - Miaoran Wang
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Lin
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatrics, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Qiaoyan Cai
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatrics, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.,Chen Keji Academic Thought Heritage Studio, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatrics, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.,Chen Keji Academic Thought Heritage Studio, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Daxin Chen
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatrics, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.,Chen Keji Academic Thought Heritage Studio, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatrics, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Xiaoman Xiong
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatrics, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Jianfeng Chu
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatrics, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.,Chen Keji Academic Thought Heritage Studio, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Jun Peng
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatrics, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.,Chen Keji Academic Thought Heritage Studio, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Keji Chen
- Peking University Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Medical School (Xiyuan), Beijing, China.,Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Beijing, China
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35
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Yanes Cardozo LL, Romero DG. Novel biomarkers of childhood and adolescent obesity. Hypertens Res 2021; 44:1030-1033. [PMID: 33850307 PMCID: PMC8043837 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-021-00651-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of the Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) and the kallikrein-kinin system (KKS) by obesity in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Licy L Yanes Cardozo
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA.
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA.
- Mississippi Center of Excellence in Perinatal Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA.
- Women's Health Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA.
- Cardiovascular-Renal Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA.
| | - Damian G Romero
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA.
- Mississippi Center of Excellence in Perinatal Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA.
- Women's Health Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA.
- Cardiovascular-Renal Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA.
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36
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Miličić Stanić B, Maddox S, de Souza AMA, Wu X, Mehranfard D, Ji H, Speth RC, Sandberg K. Male bias in ACE2 basic science research: missed opportunity for discovery in the time of COVID-19. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2021; 320:R925-R937. [PMID: 33848207 PMCID: PMC8203415 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00356.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Throughout the world, including the United States, men have worse outcomes from COVID-19 than women. SARS-CoV-2, the causative virus of the COVID-19 pandemic, uses angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) to gain cellular entry. ACE2 is a member of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and plays an important role in counteracting the harmful effects mediated by the angiotensin type 1 receptor. Therefore, we conducted Ovid MEDLINE and Embase database searches of basic science studies investigating the impact of the biological variable of sex on ACE2 expression and regulation from 2000, the year ACE2 was discovered, through December 31, 2020. Out of 2,131 publications, we identified 853 original research articles on ACE2 conducted in primary cells, tissues, and/or whole mammals excluding humans. The majority (68.7%) of these studies that cited the sex of the animal were conducted in males, while 11.2% were conducted solely in females; 9.26% compared ACE2 between the sexes, while 10.8% did not report the sex of the animals used. General findings are that sex differences are tissue-specific and when present, are dependent upon gonadal state. Renal, cardiac, and adipose ACE2 is increased in both sexes under experimental conditions that model co-morbidities associated with worse COVID-19 outcomes including hypertension, obesity, and renal and cardiovascular diseases; however, ACE2 protein was generally higher in the males. Studies in Ace2 knockout mice indicate ACE2 plays a greater role in protecting the female from developing hypertension than the male. Studying the biological variable of sex in ACE2 research provides an opportunity for discovery in conditions involving RAS dysfunction and will shed light on sex differences in COVID-19 severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Branka Miličić Stanić
- Center for the Study of Sex Differences in Health, Aging and Disease, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Sydney Maddox
- Center for the Study of Sex Differences in Health, Aging and Disease, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Aline M A de Souza
- Center for the Study of Sex Differences in Health, Aging and Disease, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Xie Wu
- Center for the Study of Sex Differences in Health, Aging and Disease, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Danial Mehranfard
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida
| | - Hong Ji
- Center for the Study of Sex Differences in Health, Aging and Disease, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Robert C Speth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Kathryn Sandberg
- Center for the Study of Sex Differences in Health, Aging and Disease, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
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37
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3D Bioprinting for fabrication of tissue models of COVID-19 infection. Essays Biochem 2021; 65:503-518. [PMID: 34028514 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20200129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Over the last few decades, the world has witnessed multiple viral pandemics, the current severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic being the worst and most devastating one, claiming millions of lives worldwide. Physicians, scientists, and engineers worldwide have joined hands in dealing with the current situation at an impressive speed and efficiency. One of the major reasons for the delay in response is our limited understanding of the mechanism of action and individual effects of the virus on different tissues and organs. Advances in 3D bioprinting have opened up a whole new area to explore and utilize the technology in fabricating models of these tissues and organs, recapitulating in vivo environment. These biomimetic models can not only be utilized in learning the infection pathways and drug toxicology studies but also minimize the need for animal models and shorten the time span for human clinical trials. The current review aims to integrate the existing developments in bioprinting techniques, and their implementation to develop tissue models, which has implications for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Future translation of these models has also been discussed with respect to the pandemic.
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Diaz-Hernandez A, Gonzalez-Vazquez MC, Arce-Fonseca M, Rodriguez-Morales O, Cedilllo-Ramirez ML, Carabarin-Lima A. Risk of COVID-19 in Chagas Disease Patients: What Happen with Cardiac Affectations? BIOLOGY 2021; 10:411. [PMID: 34066383 PMCID: PMC8148128 DOI: 10.3390/biology10050411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chagas disease is considered a neglected tropical disease. The acute phase of Chagas disease is characterized by several symptoms: fever, fatigue, body aches, headache and cardiopathy's. Chronic phase could be asymptomatic or symptomatic with cardiac compromise. Since the emergence of the pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, the cardiovascular involvement has been identified as a complication commonly reported in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Due to the lack of knowledge of the cardiac affectations that this virus could cause in patients with Chagas disease, the aim of this review is to describe the possible cardiac affectations, as well as the treatment and recommendations that patients with both infections should carry out. METHODS The authors revised the recent and relevant literature concerning the topic and discussed advances and limitations of studies on COVID-19 and their impact in Chagas disease patients, principally with cardiac affectations. RESULTS There currently exists little information about the consequences that Chagas disease patients can suffer when they are infected with COVID-19. CONCLUSIONS This review highlights the emerging challenges of access to medical care and future research needs in order to understand the implications that co-infections (SARS-CoV-2 or other viruses) can generate in Chagas disease-infected people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Diaz-Hernandez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Microbiológicas, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 14 Sur y Avenida San Claudio, Ciudad Universitaria, Puebla 72570, Mexico; (A.D.-H.); (M.C.G.-V.); (M.L.C.-R.)
| | - Maria Cristina Gonzalez-Vazquez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Microbiológicas, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 14 Sur y Avenida San Claudio, Ciudad Universitaria, Puebla 72570, Mexico; (A.D.-H.); (M.C.G.-V.); (M.L.C.-R.)
| | - Minerva Arce-Fonseca
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología “Ignacio Chávez”, Juan Badiano No. 1, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan, México City 14080, Mexico; (M.A.-F.); (O.R.-M.)
| | - Olivia Rodriguez-Morales
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología “Ignacio Chávez”, Juan Badiano No. 1, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan, México City 14080, Mexico; (M.A.-F.); (O.R.-M.)
| | - Maria Lilia Cedilllo-Ramirez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Microbiológicas, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 14 Sur y Avenida San Claudio, Ciudad Universitaria, Puebla 72570, Mexico; (A.D.-H.); (M.C.G.-V.); (M.L.C.-R.)
| | - Alejandro Carabarin-Lima
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Microbiológicas, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 14 Sur y Avenida San Claudio, Ciudad Universitaria, Puebla 72570, Mexico; (A.D.-H.); (M.C.G.-V.); (M.L.C.-R.)
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Couselo-Seijas M, Almengló C, M Agra-Bermejo R, Luis Fernandez Á, Alvarez E, R González-Juanatey J, Eiras S. Higher ACE2 expression levels in epicardial cells than subcutaneous stromal cells from patients with cardiovascular disease: Diabetes and obesity as possible enhancer. Eur J Clin Invest 2021; 51:e13463. [PMID: 33251580 PMCID: PMC7744875 DOI: 10.1111/eci.13463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease are associated with COVID-19 risk and severity. Because epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) expresses ACE2, we wanted to identify the main factors associated with ACE2 levels and its cleavage enzyme, ADAM17, in epicardial fat. MATERIALS AND METHODS Epicardial and subcutaneous fat biopsies were obtained from 43 patients who underwent open-heart surgery. From 36 patients, biopsies were used for RNA expression analysis by real-time PCR of ACE1, ACE2 and ADAM17. From 8 patients, stromal vascular cells were submitted to adipogenesis or used for studying the treatment effects on gene expression levels. Soluble ACE2 was determined in supernatants by ELISA. RESULTS Epicardial fat biopsies expressed higher levels of ACE2 (1.53 [1.49-1.61] vs 1.51 [1.47-1.56] a.u., P < .05) and lower ADAM17 than subcutaneous fat (1.67 [1.65-1.70] vs 1.70 [1.66-1.74] a.u., P < .001). Both genes were increased in epicardial fat from patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) (1.62 [1.50-2.28] vs 1.52 [1.49-1.55] a.u., P = .05 for ACE2 and 1.68 [1.66-1.78] vs 1.66 [1.63-1.69] a.u., P < .05 for ADAM17). Logistic regression analysis determined that T2DM was the main associated factor with epicardial ACE2 levels (P < .01). The highest ACE2 levels were found on patients with diabetes and obesity. ACE1 and ACE2 levels were not upregulated by antidiabetic treatment (metformin, insulin or thiazolidinedione). Its cellular levels, which were higher in epicardial than in subcutaneous stromal cells (1.61 [1.55-1.63] vs 1 [1-1.34]), were not correlated with the soluble ACE2. CONCLUSION Epicardial fat cells expressed higher levels of ACE2 in comparison with subcutaneous fat cells, which is enhanced by diabetes and obesity presence in patients with cardiovascular disease. Both might be risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marinela Couselo-Seijas
- Translational Cardiology Group, Health Research Institute, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Cristina Almengló
- University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Cardiology Group, Health Research Institute, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rosa M Agra-Bermejo
- Cardiology Group, Health Research Institute, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Cardiovascular Department, University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,CIBERCV, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángel Luis Fernandez
- University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,CIBERCV, Madrid, Spain.,Heart Surgery Department, University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ezequiel Alvarez
- University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Cardiology Group, Health Research Institute, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,CIBERCV, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose R González-Juanatey
- University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Cardiology Group, Health Research Institute, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Cardiovascular Department, University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,CIBERCV, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonia Eiras
- Translational Cardiology Group, Health Research Institute, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,CIBERCV, Madrid, Spain
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Oz M, Lorke DE, Kabbani N. A comprehensive guide to the pharmacologic regulation of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the SARS-CoV-2 entry receptor. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 221:107750. [PMID: 33275999 PMCID: PMC7854082 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The recent emergence of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) as a global pandemic has prompted scientists to address an urgent need for defining mechanisms of disease pathology and treatment. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent for COVID-19, employs angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as its primary target for cell surface attachment and likely entry into the host cell. Thus, understanding factors that may regulate the expression and function of ACE2 in the healthy and diseased body is critical for clinical intervention. Over 66% of all adults in the United States are currently using a prescription drug and while earlier findings have focused on possible upregulation of ACE2 expression through the use of renin angiotensin system (RAS) inhibitors, mounting evidence suggests that various other widely administered drugs used in the treatment of hypertension, heart failure, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemias, coagulation disorders, and pulmonary disease may also present a varied risk for COVID-19. Specifically, we summarize mechanisms on how heparin, statins, steroids and phytochemicals, besides their established therapeutic effects, may also interfere with SARS-CoV-2 viral entry into cells. We also describe evidence on the effect of several vitamins, phytochemicals, and naturally occurring compounds on ACE2 expression and activity in various tissues and disease models. This comprehensive review aims to provide a timely compendium on the potential impact of commonly prescribed drugs and pharmacologically active compounds on COVID-19 pathology and risk through regulation of ACE2 and RAS signaling.
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Key Words
- adam17, a disintegrin and metalloprotease 17
- ace, angiotensin i converting enzyme
- ace-inh., angiotensin i converting enzyme inhibitor
- ampk, amp-activated protein kinase
- ang-ii, angiotensin ii
- arb, angiotensin ii type 1-receptor blocker
- ards, acute respiratory distress syndrome
- at1-r, angiotensin ii type 1-receptor
- βarb, β-adrenergic receptor blockers
- bk, bradykinin
- ccb, calcium channel blockers
- ch25h, cholesterol-25-hydroxylase
- copd, chronic obstructive lung disease
- cox, cyclooxygenase
- covid-19, coronavirus disease-2019
- dabk, [des-arg9]-bradykinin
- erk, extracellular signal-regulated kinase
- 25hc, 25-hydroxycholesterol
- hs, heparan sulfate
- hspg, heparan sulfate proteoglycan
- ibd, inflammatory bowel disease
- map, mitogen-activated protein
- mers, middle east respiratory syndrome
- mrb, mineralocorticoid receptor blocker
- nos, nitric oxide synthase
- nsaid, non-steroid anti-inflammatory drug
- ras, renin-angiotensin system
- sars-cov, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus
- sh, spontaneously hypertensive
- s protein, spike protein
- sirt1, sirtuin 1
- t2dm, type 2 diabetes mellitus
- tcm, traditional chinese medicine
- tmprss2, transmembrane protease, serine 2
- tnf, tumor necrosis factor
- ufh, unfractionated heparin
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Oz
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait.
| | - Dietrich Ernst Lorke
- Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nadine Kabbani
- School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
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Oz M, Lorke DE. Multifunctional angiotensin converting enzyme 2, the SARS-CoV-2 entry receptor, and critical appraisal of its role in acute lung injury. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 136:111193. [PMID: 33461019 PMCID: PMC7836742 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.111193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent emergence of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) as a pandemic affecting millions of individuals has raised great concern throughout the world, and the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) was identified as the causative agent for COVID-19. The multifunctional protein angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is accepted as its primary target for entry into host cells. In its enzymatic function, ACE2, like its homologue ACE, regulates the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) critical for cardiovascular and renal homeostasis in mammals. Unlike ACE, however, ACE2 drives an alternative RAS pathway by degrading Ang-II and thus operates to balance RAS homeostasis in the context of hypertension, heart failure, and cardiovascular as well as renal complications of diabetes. Outside the RAS, ACE2 hydrolyzes key peptides, such as amyloid-β, apelin, and [des-Arg9]-bradykinin. In addition to its enzymatic functions, ACE2 is found to regulate intestinal amino acid homeostasis and the gut microbiome. Although the non-enzymatic function of ACE2 as the entry receptor for SARS-CoV-2 has been well established, the contribution of enzymatic functions of ACE2 to the pathogenesis of COVID-19-related lung injury has been a matter of debate. A complete understanding of this central enzyme may begin to explain the various symptoms and pathologies seen in SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals, and may aid in the development of novel treatments for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Oz
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait.
| | - Dietrich Ernst Lorke
- Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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Brain angiotensin converting enzyme-2 in central cardiovascular regulation. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 134:2535-2547. [PMID: 33016313 DOI: 10.1042/cs20200483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The brain renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays an important role in the regulation of autonomic and neuroendocrine functions, and maintains cardiovascular homeostasis. Ang-II is the major effector molecule of RAS and exerts most of its physiological functions, including blood pressure (BP) regulation, via activation of AT1 receptors. Dysregulation of brain RAS in the central nervous system results in increased Ang-II synthesis that leads to sympathetic outflow and hypertension. Brain angiotensin (Ang) converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) was discovered two decades ago as an RAS component, exhibiting a counter-regulatory role and opposing the adverse cardiovascular effects produced by Ang-II. Studies using synthetic compounds that can sustain the elevation of ACE2 activity or genetically overexpressed ACE2 in specific brain regions found various beneficial effects on cardiovascular function. More recently, ACE2 has been shown to play critical roles in neuro-inflammation, gut dysbiosis and the regulation of stress and anxiety-like behaviors. In the present review, we aim to highlight the anatomical locations and functional implication of brain ACE2 related to its BP regulation via modulation of the sympathetic nervous system and discuss the recent developments and future directions in the ACE2-mediated central cardiovascular regulation.
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Hassler L, Wysocki J, Gelarden I, Tomatsidou A, Gula H, Nicoleascu V, Randall G, Henkin J, Yeldandi A, Batlle D. A novel soluble ACE2 protein totally protects from lethal disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 33758841 DOI: 10.1101/2021.03.12.435191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) uses full-length angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which is membrane bound, as its initial cell contact receptor preceding viral entry. Here we report a human soluble ACE2 variant fused with a 5kD albumin binding domain (ABD) and bridged via a dimerization motif hinge-like 4-cysteine dodecapeptide, which we term ACE2 1-618-DDC-ABD. This protein is enzymatically active, has increased duration of action in vivo conferred by the ABD-tag, and displays 20-30-fold higher binding affinity to the SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain than its des-DDC monomeric form (ACE2 1-618-ABD) due to DDC-linked dimerization. ACE2 1-618-DDC-ABD was administered for 3 consecutive days to transgenic k18-hACE2 mice, a model that develops lethal SARS-CoV-2 infection, to evaluate the preclinical preventative/ therapeutic value for COVID-19. Mice treated with ACE2 1-618-DDC-ABD developed a mild to moderate disease for the first few days assessed by a clinical score and modest weight loss. The untreated control animals, by contrast, became severely ill and had to be sacrificed by day 6/7 and lung histology revealed extensive pulmonary alveolar hemorrhage and mononuclear infiltrates. At 6 days, mortality was totally prevented in the treated group, lung histopathology was improved and viral titers markedly reduced. This demonstrates for the first time in vivo the preventative/ therapeutic potential of a novel soluble ACE2 protein in a preclinical animal model.
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Andrews PLR, Cai W, Rudd JA, Sanger GJ. COVID-19, nausea, and vomiting. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 36:646-656. [PMID: 32955126 PMCID: PMC7537541 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.15261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Exclusion of nausea (N) and vomiting (V) from detailed consideration as symptoms of COVID-19 is surprising as N can be an early presenting symptom. We examined the incidence of NV during infection before defining potential mechanisms. We estimate that the overall incidence of nausea (median 10.5%), although variable, is comparable with diarrhea. Poor definition of N, confusion with appetite loss, and reporting of N and/or V as a single entity may contribute to reporting variability and likely underestimation. We propose that emetic mechanisms are activated by mediators released from the intestinal epithelium by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) modulate vagal afferents projecting to the brainstem and after entry into the blood, activate the area postrema (AP) also implicated in anorexia. The receptor for spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, angiotensin 2 converting enzyme (ACE2), and transmembrane protease serine (for viral entry) is expressed in upper gastrointestinal (GI) enterocytes, ACE2 is expressed on enteroendocrine cells (EECs), and SARS-CoV-2 infects enterocytes but not EECs (studies needed with native EECs). The resultant virus-induced release of epithelial mediators due to exocytosis, inflammation, and apoptosis provides the peripheral and central emetic drives. Additionally, data from SARS-CoV-2 show an increase in plasma angiotensin II (consequent on SARS-CoV-2/ACE2 interaction), a centrally (AP) acting emetic, providing a further potential mechanism in COVID-19. Viral invasion of the dorsal brainstem is also a possibility but more likely in delayed onset symptoms. Overall, greater attention must be given to nausea as an early symptom of COVID-19 and for the insights provided into the GI effects of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul L R Andrews
- Division of Biomedical SciencesSt George's University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Weigang Cai
- Blizard Institute and the National Centre for Bowel Research, Barts The London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - John A Rudd
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of MedicineThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Gareth J Sanger
- Blizard Institute and the National Centre for Bowel Research, Barts The London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
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Pousa PA, Mendonça TSC, Oliveira EA, Simões-E-Silva AC. Extrapulmonary manifestations of COVID-19 in children: a comprehensive review and pathophysiological considerations. J Pediatr (Rio J) 2021; 97:116-139. [PMID: 32980319 PMCID: PMC7508521 DOI: 10.1016/j.jped.2020.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this review was to summarize the most common extrapulmonary manifestations in pediatric patients with COVID-19, as well as to discuss clinical, epidemiological, and pathophysiological aspects of these clinical presentations in children. SOURCE OF DATA An extensive search of literature was performed in order to identify pediatric cases with extrapulmonary manifestations between January 1, 2020 and June 21, 2020. Generic keywords, such as "Novel coronavirus" or "Novel coronavirus 2019" or "2019 nCoV" or "COVID-19" or "SARS-CoV-2" were searched on PubMed database, associated either with age filters or generic pediatric terms. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS A total of 28 articles, including 199 patients, were considered suitable to review and data extraction. The main findings were summarized in tables. The main non-pulmonary manifestations in pediatric patients, in decreasing order of frequency, were gastrointestinal, renal, cardiovascular, neurological, hematological and lymphatic, cutaneous, hepatic, ocular, olfactory, and gustatory. Multisystem impairment and Kawasaki-like disease were also described. CONCLUSIONS Differences in immune response of children and variations of tissue expression of angiotensin converting enzyme 2, the virus receptor, are likely to influence clinical, epidemiological, and pathophysiological patterns of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro A Pousa
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Faculdade de Medicina, Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisa Médica, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Tamires S C Mendonça
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Faculdade de Medicina, Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisa Médica, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Eduardo A Oliveira
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Pediatria, Unidade de Nefrologia Pediátrica, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina Simões-E-Silva
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Faculdade de Medicina, Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisa Médica, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Pediatria, Unidade de Nefrologia Pediátrica, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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Shukla AK, Banerjee M. Angiotensin-Converting-Enzyme 2 and Renin-Angiotensin System Inhibitors in COVID-19: An Update. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev 2021; 28:129-139. [PMID: 33635533 PMCID: PMC7908946 DOI: 10.1007/s40292-021-00439-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ever since its outbreak, Corona Virus Disease 2019(COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 has affected more than 26 million individuals in more than 200 countries. Although the mortality rate of COVID-19 is low, but several clinical studies showed, patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) or other major complication at high risk of COVID-19 and reported more severe disease and increased fatality. The angiotensin-converting-enzyme 2 (ACE2), a component of renin-angiotensin-system (RAS); acts on ACE/Ang-II/AT1recptor axis, and regulates pathological processes like hypertension, cardiac dysfunction, Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) etc. The progression of T2DM and hypertension show decreased expression and activity of ACE2. There are several treatment strategies for controlling diabetes, hypertension, etc; like ACE2 gene therapies, endogenous ACE2 activators, human recombinant ACE2 (hrACE2), Angiotensin-II receptor blockers (ARBs) and ACE inhibitors (ACEi) medications. ACE2, the receptors for SARS-CoV2, facilitates virus entry inside host cell. Clinicians are using two classes of medications for the treatment of COVID-19; one targets the SARS-CoV-2-ACE2 interaction, while other targets human immune system. The aim of this review is to discuss the role of ACE2 in diabetes and in COVID-19 and to provide an analysis of data proposing harm and benefit of RAS inhibitor treatment in COVID-19 infection as well as showing no association whatsoever. This review also highlights some candidate vaccines which are undergoing clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwin Kumar Shukla
- Molecular and Human Genetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Monisha Banerjee
- Molecular and Human Genetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Baker SA, Kwok S, Berry GJ, Montine TJ. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) expression increases with age in patients requiring mechanical ventilation. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247060. [PMID: 33592054 PMCID: PMC7886150 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mortality due to Covid-19 is highly associated with advanced age, owing in large part to severe lower respiratory tract infection. SARS-CoV-2 utilizes the host ACE2 receptor for infection. Whether ACE2 abundance in the lung contributes to age-associated vulnerability is currently unknown. We set out to characterize the RNA and protein expression profiles of ACE2 in aging human lung in the context of phenotypic parameters likely to affect lung physiology. Examining publicly available RNA sequencing data, we discovered that mechanical ventilation is a critical variable affecting lung ACE2 levels. Therefore, we investigated ACE2 protein abundance in patients either requiring mechanical ventilation or spontaneously breathing. ACE2 distribution and expression were determined in archival lung samples by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Tissues were selected from the specimen inventory at a large teaching hospital collected between 2010-2020. Twelve samples were chosen from patients receiving mechanical ventilation for acute hypoxic respiratory failure (AHRF). Twenty samples were selected from patients not requiring ventilation. We compared samples across age, ranging from 40-83 years old in the ventilated cohort and 14-80 years old in the non-ventilated cohort. Within the alveolated parenchyma, ACE2 expression is predominantly observed in type II pneumocytes (or alveolar type II / AT2 cells) and alveolar macrophages. All 12 samples from our ventilated cohort showed histologic features of diffuse alveolar damage including reactive, proliferating AT2 cells. In these cases, ACE2 was strongly upregulated with age when normalized to lung area (p = 0.004) or cellularity (p = 0.003), associated with prominent expression in AT2 cells. In non-ventilated individuals, AT2 cell reactive changes were not observed and ACE2 expression did not change with age when normalized to lung area (p = 0.231) or cellularity (p = 0.349). In summary, ACE2 expression increases with age in the setting of alveolar damage observed in patients on mechanical ventilation, providing a potential mechanism for higher Covid-19 mortality in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Andrew Baker
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Shirley Kwok
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Gerald J. Berry
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Thomas J. Montine
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
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ACE2 and energy metabolism: the connection between COVID-19 and chronic metabolic disorders. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 135:535-554. [PMID: 33533405 DOI: 10.1042/cs20200752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has currently attracted increasing attention due to its potential function in regulating energy homeostasis, other than the actions on cellular growth, blood pressure, fluid, and electrolyte balance. The existence of RAS is well established in metabolic organs, including pancreas, liver, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue, where activation of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) - angiotensin II pathway contributes to the impairment of insulin secretion, glucose transport, fat distribution, and adipokines production. However, the activation of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) - angiotensin (1-7) pathway, a novel branch of the RAS, plays an opposite role in the ACE pathway, which could reverse these consequences by improving local microcirculation, inflammation, stress state, structure remolding, and insulin signaling pathway. In addition, new studies indicate the protective RAS arm possesses extraordinary ability to enhance brown adipose tissue (BAT) activity and induces browning of white adipose tissue, and consequently, it leads to increased energy expenditure in the form of heat instead of ATP synthesis. Interestingly, ACE2 is the receptor of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is threating public health worldwide. The main complications of SARS-CoV-2 infected death patients include many energy metabolism-related chronic diseases, such as diabetes. The specific mechanism leading to this phenomenon is largely unknown. Here, we summarize the latest pharmacological and genetic tools on regulating ACE/ACE2 balance and highlight the beneficial effects of the ACE2 pathway axis hyperactivity on glycolipid metabolism, as well as the thermogenic modulation.
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Mehrabadi ME, Hemmati R, Tashakor A, Homaei A, Yousefzadeh M, Hemati K, Hosseinkhani S. Induced dysregulation of ACE2 by SARS-CoV-2 plays a key role in COVID-19 severity. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 137:111363. [PMID: 33582450 PMCID: PMC7862910 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the cause of COVID-19, is reported to increase the rate of mortality worldwide. COVID-19 is associated with acute respiratory symptoms as well as blood coagulation in the vessels (thrombosis), heart attack and stroke. Given the requirement of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor for SARS-CoV-2 entry into host cells, here we discuss how the downregulation of ACE2 in the COVID-19 patients and virus-induced shift in ACE2 catalytic equilibrium, change the concentrations of substrates such as angiotensin II, apelin-13, dynorphin-13, and products such as angiotensin (1–7), angiotensin (1–9), apelin-12, dynorphin-12 in the human body. Substrates accumulation ultimately induces inflammation, angiogenesis, thrombosis, neuronal and tissue damage while diminished products lead to the loss of the anti-inflammatory, anti-thrombotic and anti-angiogenic responses. In this review, we focus on the viral-induced imbalance between ACE2 substrates and products which exacerbates the severity of COVID-19. Considering the roadmap, we propose multiple therapeutic strategies aiming to rebalance the products of ACE2 and to ameliorate the symptoms of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roohullah Hemmati
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahrekord University, Sharekord, Iran; Biotechnology Research Institute, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran; COVID-19 research group, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahrekord Univesity, Shahrekord, Iran.
| | - Amin Tashakor
- Irish Centre for Vascular Biology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ahmad Homaei
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | | | - Karim Hemati
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saman Hosseinkhani
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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Zhou Y, Chi J, Lv W, Wang Y. Obesity and diabetes as high-risk factors for severe coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19). Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2021; 37:e3377. [PMID: 32588943 PMCID: PMC7361201 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 93.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) has become an evolving worldwide health crisis. With the rising prevalence of obesity and diabetes has come an increasing awareness of their impacts on infectious diseases, including increased risk for various infections, post-infection complications and mortality from critical infections. Although epidemiological and clinical characteristics of Covid-19 have been constantly reported, no article has systematically illustrated the role of obesity and diabetes in Covid-19, or how Covid-19 affects obesity and diabetes, or special treatment in these at-risk populations. Here, we present a synthesis of the recent advances in our understanding of the relationships between obesity, diabetes and Covid-19 along with the underlying mechanisms, and provide special treatment guidance for these at-risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhou
- Department of EndocrinologyAffiliated Hospital of Medical College Qingdao UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Jingwei Chi
- Department of EndocrinologyAffiliated Hospital of Medical College Qingdao UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Wenshan Lv
- Department of EndocrinologyAffiliated Hospital of Medical College Qingdao UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Yangang Wang
- Department of EndocrinologyAffiliated Hospital of Medical College Qingdao UniversityQingdaoChina
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