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Ahmad MF, A. Alsayegh A, Ahmad FA, Akhtar MS, Alavudeen SS, Bantun F, Wahab S, Ahmed A, Ali M, Elbendary EY, Raposo A, Kambal N, H. Abdelrahman M. Ganoderma lucidum: Insight into antimicrobial and antioxidant properties with development of secondary metabolites. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25607. [PMID: 38356540 PMCID: PMC10865332 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum is a versatile mushroom. Polysaccharides and triterpenoids are the major bioactive compounds and have been used as traditional medicinal mushrooms since ancient times. They are currently used as nutraceuticals and functional foods. G. lucidum extracts and their bioactive compounds have been used as an alternative to antioxidants and antimicrobial agents. Secondary metabolites with many medicinal properties make it a possible substitute that could be applied as immunomodulatory, anticancer, antimicrobial, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-diabetic. The miraculous properties of secondary metabolites fascinate researchers for their development and production. Recent studies have paid close attention to the different physical, genetic, biochemical, and nutritional parameters that potentiate the production of secondary metabolites. This review is an effort to collect biologically active constituents from G. lucidum that reveal potential actions against diseases with the latest improvement in a novel technique to get maximum production of secondary metabolites. Studies are going ahead to determine the efficacy of numerous compounds and assess the valuable properties achieved by G. lucidum in favor of antimicrobial and antioxidant outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Faruque Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Medical Science, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman A. Alsayegh
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Medical Science, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fakhruddin Ali Ahmad
- Department of Basic and Applied Science, School of Engineering and Science, G.D Goenka University, Gru Gram, 122103, Haryana, India
| | - Md Sayeed Akhtar
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, AlFara, Abha, 62223, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sirajudeen S. Alavudeen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, AlFara, Abha, 62223, Saudi Arabia
| | - Farkad Bantun
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shadma Wahab
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, 62529, Saudi Arabia
| | - Awais Ahmed
- Department of Management, Shri JJT University, Rajasthan, Post code; 333010, India
| | - M. Ali
- Department of Pharmacognosy, CBS College of Pharmacy & Technology (Pt. B. D. Sharma University of Health Sciences), Chandpur, Faridabad, Haryana, 121101, India
| | - Ehab Y. Elbendary
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Medical Science, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - António Raposo
- CBIOS (Research Center for Biosciences and Health Technologies), Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades Tecnologias, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Nahla Kambal
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Medical Science, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed H. Abdelrahman
- College of Applied Medical Sciences, Medical Laboratory Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia
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Sharif Swallah M, Bondzie-Quaye P, Wang H, Shao CS, Hua P, Alrasheed Bashir M, Benjamin Holman J, Sossah FL, Huang Q. Potentialities of Ganoderma lucidum extracts as functional ingredients in food formulation. Food Res Int 2023; 172:113161. [PMID: 37689913 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the recognized therapeutic characteristics of G. lucidum, it is one of the most extensively researched mushrooms as a chemopreventive agent and as a functional food. It is a known wood-degrading basidiomycete possessing numerous pharmacological functions and is termed a natural pharmacy store due to its rich number of active compounds which have proved to portray numerous therapeutic properties. This current review highlights studies on the potentialities of G. lucidum extracts as functional ingredients on organoleptic and nutritional properties of food products (e.g., dairy, wine, beverage, bakery, meat, and other products). In addition, the study delved into various aspects of encapsulated G. lucidum extracts, their morphological and rheological characteristics, prebiotic and immunomodulatory importance, the effects on apoptosis, autophagy, cancer therapy, inflammatory responses, oxidative stress, antioxidant activities, and safety concerns. These findings have significant implications for the development of new products in the food and pharmaceutical industries. On the other hand, the various active compounds extracted from G. lucidum exhibited no toxic or adverse effects, and the appeal for it as a dietary food, natural remedy, and health-fortifying food is drastically increasing as well as attracting the interest of both the industrial and scientific communities. Furthermore, the formation of functional foods based on G. lucidum appears to have actual promise and exciting prospects in nutrition, food, and pharmaceutical sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Sharif Swallah
- CAS Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Iron Beam Physical Biology, Institute of Intelligent Agriculture, Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China; Science Island Branch of Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Precious Bondzie-Quaye
- CAS Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Iron Beam Physical Biology, Institute of Intelligent Agriculture, Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China; Science Island Branch of Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Han Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Iron Beam Physical Biology, Institute of Intelligent Agriculture, Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China; Science Island Branch of Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Chang-Sheng Shao
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Pei Hua
- Research Center for Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Mona Alrasheed Bashir
- CAS Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Iron Beam Physical Biology, Institute of Intelligent Agriculture, Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China; Science Island Branch of Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Joseph Benjamin Holman
- School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Frederick Leo Sossah
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Oil Palm Research Institute, Coconut Research Programme, P.O. Box 245, Sekondi, Ghana
| | - Qing Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Iron Beam Physical Biology, Institute of Intelligent Agriculture, Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China; Science Island Branch of Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
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Rašeta M, Mišković J, Čapelja E, Zapora E, Petrović Fabijan A, Knežević P, Karaman M. Do Ganoderma Species Represent Novel Sources of Phenolic Based Antimicrobial Agents? Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28073264. [PMID: 37050027 PMCID: PMC10096548 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28073264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Ganoderma species have been recognized as potential antimicrobial (AM) agents and have been used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for a long time. The aim of this study is to examine the AM potential of autochthonous Ganoderma species (G. applanatum, G. lucidum, G. pfeifferi and G. resinaceum) from Serbia. The extraction of fungal material was prepared in different solvents (ethanol-EtOH, water-H2O, chloroform-CHCl3). Antibacterial activity (ABA) was determined using disk-diffusion, agar-well diffusion, and micro-dilution method, while for antifungal properties disk-diffusion and pour plate method were applied. Antiviral activity was tested on model DNA virus LK3 and determined by plaque assay. Statistical PCA analysis was applied for detection of correlation effects of phenolics and AM activities, while LC-MS/MS was performed for phenolics quantification. G. resinaceum CHCl3 extract expressed the most potent ABA against P. aeruginosa (MIC = 6.25 mg/mL), probably due to presence of flavonoids and 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid. Among H2O extracts, the highest ABA was determined for G. pfeifferi against both E. coli and S. aureus (21 and 19 mm, respectively). EtOH extracts of G. pfeifferi and G. resinaceum were the most effective against A. niger (23.8 and 20.15 mm, respectively), with special impact of phenolic acids and flavonoid isorhamnetin, while C. albicans showed the lowest susceptibility. The most potent antiviral inhibitor was G. lucidum (70.73% growth inhibition) due to the high amount of phenolic acids. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a methodical AM profile of G. pfeifferi and G. resinaceum from the Balkan region including PCA analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Rašeta
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Jovana Mišković
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Eleonora Čapelja
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Ewa Zapora
- Institute of Forest Sciences, Białystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45E, 15-351 Białystok, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Petrović Fabijan
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, 176 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Petar Knežević
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Maja Karaman
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
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Attenuation of Morphine Dependence by Ganoderma lucidum Extract in Mice. Jundishapur J Nat Pharm Prod 2022. [DOI: 10.5812/jjnpp-123164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Opioids are the principal drugs of choice for managing acute severe pain; however, physical dependence is still reported as one of the main limiting factors in the clinical application of these drugs. In the present study, the effect of Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum) was assessed on morphine dependence in mice. Methods: A 19-day administration schedule was applied to induce morphine dependence in male adult NMRI mice. The mice were given intraperitoneal (i.p.) morphine sulfate once daily in an increasing dose of 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg. Then, G. lucidum hydroalcoholic extract (12.5, 25, and 50 mg/kg, i.p.) was given to the mice from days 10 to 18. Another group of mice received single doses of the extract (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg, i.p.) only on the 19th day. Naloxone (3 mg/kg, i.p.) was used to precipitate withdrawal syndrome. Normal saline and diazepam (0.25 mg/kg) were used as the negative and positive controls, respectively. Results: The administration of single doses of G. lucidum extract (100 and 200 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly decreased the number of jumps, leanings, and diarrhea in mice subjected to morphine dependence. The repeated administration of G. lucidum extract (25 and 50 mg/kg for nine days) significantly attenuated the number of jumps, leanings, and diarrhea in morphine-dependent mice. Conclusions: Overall, G. lucidum extract attenuates induced morphine dependence and inhibits withdrawal syndrome symptoms in mice.
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Cör Andrejč D, Knez Ž, Knez Marevci M. Antioxidant, antibacterial, antitumor, antifungal, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and nevro-protective activity of Ganoderma lucidum: An overview. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:934982. [PMID: 35935849 PMCID: PMC9353308 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.934982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum is a very medicinal mushroom that has been utilized in Oriental medicine for many years. It has a wide range of pharmacological and therapeutic properties, and has been used for many years as a health promoter. It contains various biologically active compounds that improve the immune system and have antioxidant, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, and antimicrobial properties. Active compounds include triterpenoids and polysaccharides, as well as proteins, lipids, phenolics, sterols, etc. In the following review, we summarize briefly their biological activities, such as antioxidant, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, antitumor, anti-viral, and anti-inflammatory activity. Although Ganoderma has a number of medicinal effects that have been confirmed by the in vitro and in vivo studies summarised in this review, there are some limitations. Clinical trials face mainly a lack of pure constituents. Accurate identification of the compounds obtained is also problematic. In addition, most of the included studies were small, and there were concerns about the methodological quality of each study. Studies have shown that Ganoderma has valuable potential for the prevention and treatment of cancer. In any case, G. lucidum cannot be used as first-line therapy for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Željko Knez
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Maribor, Slovenia.,Laboratory Faculty of Medicine, Maribor, Slovenia
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Root-Knot Disease Suppression in Eggplant Based on Three Growth Ages of Ganoderma lucidum. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10051068. [PMID: 35630510 PMCID: PMC9144836 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10051068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This investigation presents a novel finding showing the effect of culture filtrates (CFs) of macrofungi, Ganoderma lucidum, against Meloidogyne incognita evaluated in vitro and in planta. To determine the nematicidal activity, juveniles of M. incognita were exposed to Ganoderma CFs of three different ages (Two, four and eight weeks old) of pileus and stipe at different concentrations, i.e., 100%, 50%, 10% and 1% for different time intervals (12, 24, 48 and 72 h). Ganoderma species were examined morphologically based on external appearance and analytically using SEM. The ethanolic samples of basidiocarp were prepared and analyzed for in vitro nematicidal assay and different bioactive compounds. The in vitro experiment results revealed that among all three ages of pileus and stipe, two-week-old pileus and stipe exhibited great nematotoxic potency and caused 83.8% and 73.8% juveniles’ mortality at 100% concentration after 72 h of exposure time, respectively. Similarly, the two-week-old pileus and stipe showed the highest egg hatching inhibition of 89.2% and 81.0% at the 100% concentration after five days. The eight-week-old pileus and stipe were not more effective than the two- and four-week-old pileus and stipe. The metabolites were characterized using GC-MS, including sugar alcohol, steroids, silanes, glucosides, pyrones, ester, oleic acid, phthalic acid, linoleic acid, palmitates and ketones. The in planta study conducted in the greenhouse demonstrated that the root dip treatment for 30 min with Ganoderma CFs curtailed the infection level of M. incognita and promoted the eggplant plant growth. The maximum percent increase in plant length, plant fresh weight, plant dry weight, total chlorophyll, carotenoids and yield/plant was obtained at 100% conc. of fungus CFs, whereas a reduction was observed in nematode infestation parameters. It was concluded from the study that Ganoderma CFs can be explored as an effective and eco-friendly antinemic biocontrol agent in fields infected with root-knot nematodes.
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Bhambri A, Srivastava M, Mahale VG, Mahale S, Karn SK. Mushrooms as Potential Sources of Active Metabolites and Medicines. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:837266. [PMID: 35558110 PMCID: PMC9090473 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.837266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mushrooms exist as an integral and vital component of the ecosystem and are very precious fungi. Mushrooms have been traditionally used in herbal medicines for many centuries. Scope and Approach There are a variety of medicinal mushrooms mentioned in the current work such as Agaricus, Amanita, Calocybe, Cantharellus, Cordyceps, Coprinus, Cortinarius, Ganoderma, Grifola, Huitlacoche, Hydnum, Lentinus, Morchella, Pleurotus, Rigidoporus, Tremella, Trametes sp., etc., which play a vital role in various diseases because of several metabolic components and nutritional values. Medicinal mushrooms can be identified morphologically on the basis of their size, color (white, black, yellow, brown, cream, pink and purple-brown, etc.), chemical reactions, consistency of the stalk and cap, mode of attachment of the gills to the stalk, and spore color and mass, and further identified at a molecular level by Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) regions of gene sequencing. There are also other methods that have recently begun to be used for the identification of mushrooms such as high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), microscopy, thin-layer chromatography (TLC), DNA sequencing, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), chemical finger printing, ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LCMS-TOF) and high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC). Lately, the matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) technique is also used for the identification of fungi. Key Finding and Conclusion Medicinal mushrooms possess various biological activities like anti-oxidant, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, anti-tumor, anti-viral, anti-parasitic, anti-microbial, hepatoprotective, anti-HIV, anti-diabetic, and many others that will be mentioned in this article. This manuscript will provide future direction, action mechanisms, applications, and the recent collective information of medicinal mushrooms. In addition to many unknown metabolites and patented active metabolites are also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Bhambri
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Sardar Bhagwan Singh University, Dehradun, India
| | | | | | | | - Santosh Kumar Karn
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Sardar Bhagwan Singh University, Dehradun, India
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Nutritional Profile and Health Benefits of Ganoderma lucidum “Lingzhi, Reishi, or Mannentake” as Functional Foods: Current Scenario and Future Perspectives. Foods 2022; 11:foods11071030. [PMID: 35407117 PMCID: PMC8998036 DOI: 10.3390/foods11071030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum has a long history of medicinal uses in the Far East countries of more than 2000 years due to its healing properties. Recently, G. lucidum has come under scientific scrutiny to evaluate its content of bioactive components that affect human physiology, and has been exploited for potent components in the pharmacology, nutraceuticals, and cosmetics industries. For instance, evidence is accumulating on the potential of this mushroom species as a promising antiviral medicine for treating many viral diseases, such as dengue virus, enterovirus 71, and recently coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19). Still, more research studies on the biotherapeutic components of G. lucidum are needed to ensure the safety and efficiency of G. lucidum and promote the development of commercial functional foods. This paper provides an extensive overview of the nutraceutical value of Ganoderma lucidum and the development of commercial functional food. Moreover, the geo-origin tracing strategies of this mushroom and its products are discussed, a highly important parameter to ensure product quality and safety. The discussed features will open new avenues and reveal more secrets to widely utilizing this mushroom in many industrial fields; i.e., pharmaceutical and nutritional ones, which will positively reflect the global economy.
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Kakoti M, Dullah S, Hazarika DJ, Barooah M, Boro RC. Cinnabarinic acid from Trametes coccinea fruiting bodies exhibits antibacterial activity through inhibiting the biofilm formation. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:173. [PMID: 35165789 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-02782-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Wild mushrooms are rich sources of natural compounds with potent bioactive properties. Several important metabolites have been reported from mushrooms, which possess clinically important bioactive properties like antibacterial, anticancer, antidiabetic, and neuroprotective activity. In this study, we have evaluated the antimicrobial activity of Trametes coccinea fruiting body extracts against different bacterial isolates, viz., Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, and Escherichia coli. Fruiting bodies of three T. coccinea samples, of which two were collected from Santipur, Arunachal Pradesh and one collected from Jorhat, Assam, were used for extraction using methanol. The extracts showed significant antimicrobial activity against all the test bacteria. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the extracts against Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, and Escherichia coli was recorded as 400 µg/ml, 400 µg/ml, and 300 µg/ml, respectively. Furthermore, the bioactive compounds of the extract were separated and detected using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC). Presence of cinnabarinic acid (CBA)-a potent antimicrobial compound- was detected in TLC, which was further confirmed through High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Electrospray Ionization-Mass Spectrometry (ESI-MS). Cinnabarinic acid was able to inhibit the formation of biofilms in Bacillus subtilis and B. cereus, suggesting that the compound can be beneficial in the management of biofilm-based antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merilin Kakoti
- Department of Bioengineering and Technology, GUIST, Gauhati University, Guwahati, 781014, Assam, India
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, 785013, Assam, India
| | - Samim Dullah
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, 785013, Assam, India
| | - Dibya Jyoti Hazarika
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, 785013, Assam, India
- DBT - North East Centre for Agricultural Biotechnology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, 785013, Assam, India
| | - Madhumita Barooah
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, 785013, Assam, India
| | - Robin Chandra Boro
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, 785013, Assam, India.
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Kumar HMA, Sarkar M, Darshan K, Ghoshal T, Kavya BS, Bashayl BM, Asaiya AJK, Berry N. The Ganoderma: Biodiversity and Significance. Fungal Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-8877-5_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Antifungal Susceptibility of Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus ochraceus, and Fusarium graminearum to Ganoderma lucidum Extract. Jundishapur J Nat Pharm Prod 2021. [DOI: 10.5812/jjnpp.115715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Ganoderma lucidum is a well-known fungus that has been widely used in traditional medicine around the world, especially in East Asia, due to its various health promotion properties. Recently, researchers have drawn attention to the biologically active compounds found in this fungus, and this fungus has become very popular due to its pharmaceutical properties. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the antifungal properties of the Iranian strain of G. lucidum as a natural antifungal agent against harmful filamentous fungi common in the food industry. Methods: Three filamentous fungi, including Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus ochraceus, and Fusarium graminearum, were used in this study for the antifungal evaluation of ethanolic, hydroalcoholic, and two aqueous extracts of G. lucidum with different concentrations by the broth microdilution method. Results: The results showed that only the ethanolic and hydroalcoholic extracts completely inhibited the growth of A. flavus at 2 and 3.5 mg/mL, respectively. Also, no antifungal activity was observed for the aqueous extract for all the three studied fungi. In addition, A. flavus was found to be more sensitive to G. lucidum extracts compared to the two other studied fungi. Conclusions: The ethanolic extract of G. lucidum was effective on A. flavus and can be used as a natural antifungal agent to prevent the growth of this harmful filamentous fungus.
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Anusiya G, Gowthama Prabu U, Yamini NV, Sivarajasekar N, Rambabu K, Bharath G, Banat F. A review of the therapeutic and biological effects of edible and wild mushrooms. Bioengineered 2021; 12:11239-11268. [PMID: 34738876 PMCID: PMC8810068 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.2001183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Throughout history, mushrooms have occupied an inseparable part of the diet in many countries. Mushrooms are considered a rich source of phytonutrients such as polysaccharides, dietary fibers, and other micronutrients, in addition to various essential amino acids, which are building blocks of vital proteins. In general, mushrooms offer a wide range of health benefits with a large spectrum of pharmacological properties, including antidiabetic, antioxidative, antiviral, antibacterial, osteoprotective, nephroprotective, hepatoprotective, etc. Both wild edible and medicinal mushrooms possess strong therapeutic and biological activities, which are evident from their in vivo and in vitro assays. The multifunctional activities of the mushroom extracts and the targeted potential of each of the compounds in the extracts have a broad range of applications, especially in the healing and repair of various organs and cells in humans. Owing to the presence of the aforementioned properties and rich phytocomposition, mushrooms are being used in the production of nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals. This review aims to provide a clear insight on the commercially cultivated, wild edible, and medicinal mushrooms with comprehensive information on their phytochemical constituents and properties as part of food and medicine for futuristic exploitation. Future outlook and prospective challenges associated with the cultivation and processing of these medicinal mushrooms as functional foods are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Anusiya
- Department of Biotechnology, Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore, India
| | - U Gowthama Prabu
- Department of Biotechnology, Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore, India
| | - N V Yamini
- Department of Biotechnology, Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore, India
| | - N Sivarajasekar
- Department of Biotechnology, Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore, India
| | - K Rambabu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - G Bharath
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Fawzi Banat
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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Díaz-Godínez G, Díaz R. Fungal Productions of Biological Active Proteins. Fungal Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-64406-2_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Gryzenhout M, Ghosh S, Tchotet Tchoumi JM, Vermeulen M, Kinge TR. Ganoderma: Diversity, Ecological Significances, and Potential Applications in Industry and Allied Sectors. Fungal Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-67561-5_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Nitrate reductase-dependent nitric oxide plays a key role on MeJA-induced ganoderic acid biosynthesis in Ganoderma lucidum. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:10737-10753. [PMID: 33064185 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10951-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum, which contains numerous biologically active compounds, is known worldwide as a medicinal basidiomycete. Because of its application for the prevention and treatment of various diseases, most of artificially cultivated G. lucidum is output to many countries as food, tea, and dietary supplements for further processing. Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) has been reported as a compound that can induce ganoderic acid (GA) biosynthesis, an important secondary metabolite of G. lucidum. Herein, MeJA was found to increase the intracellular level of nitric oxide (NO). In addition, upregulation of GA biosynthesis in the presence of MeJA was abolished when NO was depleted from the culture. This result demonstrated that MeJA-regulated GA biosynthesis might occur via NO signaling. To elucidate the underlying mechanism, we used gene-silenced strains of nitrate reductase (NR) and the inhibitor of NR to illustrate the role of NO in MeJA induction. The results indicated that the increase in GA biosynthesis induced by MeJA was activated by NR-generated NO. Furthermore, the findings indicated that the reduction of NO could induce GA levels in the control group, but NO could also activate GA biosynthesis upon MeJA treatment. Further results indicated that NR silencing reversed the increased enzymatic activity of NOX to generate ROS due to MeJA induction. Importantly, our results highlight the NR-generated NO functions in signaling crosstalk between reactive oxygen species and MeJA. These results provide a good opportunity to determine the potential pathway linking NO to the ROS signaling pathway in fungi treated with MeJA. KEY POINTS: • MeJA increased the intracellular level of nitric oxide (NO) in G. lucidum. • The increase in GA biosynthesis induced by MeJA is activated by NR-generated NO. • NO acts as a signaling molecule between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and MeJA.
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Lu X, Xie C, Wang Y, Liu Y, Han J, Shi L, Zhu J, Yu H, Ren A, Zhao M. Function of ceramide synthases on growth, ganoderic acid biosynthesis and sphingolipid homeostasis in Ganoderma lucidum. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2020; 172:112283. [PMID: 32032828 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ceramide synthases (CERSs) catalyse an N-acyltransferase reaction using long-chain base (LCB) and fatty acyl-coenzyme A (CoA) as substrates to synthesize ceramide (Cer), which is the backbone of all complex sphingolipids. In the present study, three CERSs (LAG1, LAG2 and LAG3) form Ganoderma lucidum were analysed. The silencing of lag1 by RNA interference reduced ganoderic acid biosynthesis and Cer and complex sphingolipids contents, which contain long-chain-fatty-acids (LCFAs, including C16 and C18). In contrast, the silencing of lag2 or lag3 did not result in obvious phenotypic and sphingolipid homeostasis changes, although the lag2/lag3 double-silenced mutants exhibited increased ganoderic acid biosynthesis as well as reduced growth, reduced Cer and complex sphingolipids contents, which contain very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs, including C22, C24 and C26). The results of the present study indicate that the three assayed CERSs have distinct physiological functions and substrate specificities in G. lucidum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Lu
- Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Chunqin Xie
- Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Jurong, 212400, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yunxiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yongnan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Jing Han
- Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Liang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Jing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Hanshou Yu
- Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Ang Ren
- Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Mingwen Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, PR China
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Bioactivities of Anethole, Astragalin and Cryptochlorogenic Acid Extracted from Anise Oil and Moringa oleifera on the Keratinase Gene Expression of Trichophyton rubrum. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.14.1.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Sharma C, Bhardwaj N, Sharma A, Tuli HS, Batra P, Beniwal V, Gupta GK, Sharma AK. Bioactive metabolites of Ganoderma lucidum: Factors, mechanism and broad spectrum therapeutic potential. J Herb Med 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hermed.2019.100268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Development of Ganoderma lucidum spore powder based proteoglycan and its application in hyperglycemic, antitumor and antioxidant function. Process Biochem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2019.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Wong JH, Ng TB, Wang H, Cheung RCF, Ng CCW, Ye X, Yang J, Liu F, Ling C, Chan K, Ye X, Chan WY. Antifungal Proteins with Antiproliferative Activity on Cancer Cells and HIV-1 Enzyme Inhibitory Activity from Medicinal Plants and Medicinal Fungi. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2019; 20:265-276. [PMID: 29895244 DOI: 10.2174/1389203719666180613085704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A variety of fungi, plants, and their different tissues are used in Traditional Chinese Medicine to improve health, and some of them are recommended for dietary therapy. Many of these plants and fungi contain antifungal proteins and peptides which suppress spore germination and hyphal growth in phytopathogenic fungi. The aim of this article is to review antifungal proteins produced by medicinal plants and fungi used in Chinese medicine which also possess anticancer and human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) enzyme inhibitory activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Ho Wong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tzi Bun Ng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hexiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and Department of Microbiology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Randy Chi Fai Cheung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Charlene Cheuk Wing Ng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiuyun Ye
- National Engineering Laboratory for High-Efficiency Enzyme Expression and College of Biological Science and Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Jie Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for High-Efficiency Enzyme Expression and College of Biological Science and Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chen Ling
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Therapy, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32611, FL, United States
| | - Ki Chan
- Biomedical and Tissue Engineering Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiujuan Ye
- Key Laboratory of Plant Virology of Fujian Province, Institute of Plant Virology, and Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Wai Yee Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Mishra J, Bhardwaj A, Pal M, Rajput R, Misra K. High performance thin layer chromatography hyphenated with electrospray mass spectrometry for evaluation of nucleobases in two traditional Chinese medicinal mushrooms: A metabolomic approach. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2018.1539672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jigni Mishra
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Delhi, India
| | - Anuja Bhardwaj
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Delhi, India
| | - Mamta Pal
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Delhi, India
| | - Rakhee Rajput
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Delhi, India
| | - Kshipra Misra
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Delhi, India
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Zhao C, Zhang C, Xing Z, Ahmad Z, Li JS, Chang MW. Pharmacological effects of natural Ganoderma and its extracts on neurological diseases: A comprehensive review. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 121:1160-1178. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.10.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Revised: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Qu ZW, Zhou SY, Guan SX, Gao R, Duan ZW, Zhang X, Sun WY, Fan WL, Chen SS, Chen LJ, Lin JW, Ruan YY. Recombinant Expression and Bioactivity Comparison of Four Typical Fungal Immunomodulatory Proteins from Three Main Ganoderma Species. BMC Biotechnol 2018; 18:80. [PMID: 30547780 PMCID: PMC6295072 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-018-0488-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background More than a dozen of fungal immunomodulatory proteins (FIPs) have been identified to date, most of which are from Ganoderma species. However, little is known about the similarities and differences between different Ganoderma FIPs’ bioactivities. In the current study, two FIP genes termed FIP-gap1 and FIP-gap2 from G. applanatum, along with LZ-8 and FIP-gsi, another two representative Ganoderma FIP genes from G. lucidum and G. sinense were functionally expressed in Pichia. Subsequently, bioactivities of four recombinant Ganoderma FIPs were demonstrated and compared. Results All the four Ganoderma FIP genes could be effectively expressed in P. pastoris GS115 at expression levels ranging from 197.5 to 264.3 mg L− 1 and simply purified by one step chromatography using HisTrap™ FF prepack columns. Amino acid sequence analysis showed that they all possessed the FIP conserved fragments. The homologies of different Ganoderma FIPs were from 72.6 to 86.4%. In vitro haemagglutination exhibited that FIP-gap1, FIP-gsi and LZ-8 could agglutinate human, sheep and mouse red blood cells but FIP-gap2 agglutinated none. Besides, the immunomodulation activities of these Ganoderma FIPs were as: rFIP-gap2 > rFIP-gap1 > rLZ-8 and rFIP-gsi in terms of proliferation stimulation and cytokine induction on murine splenocytes. Additionally, the cytotoxic activity of different FIPs was: rFIP-gap1 > rLZ-8 > rFIP-gsi > rFIP-gap2, examined by their inhibition of three human carcinomas A549, Hela and MCF-7. Conclusions Taken together, four typical Ganoderma FIP genes could be functionally expressed in P. pastoris, which might supply as feasible efficient resources for further study and application. Both similarities and differences were indeed observed between Ganoderma FIPs in their amino acid sequences and bioactivities. Comprehensively, rFIP-gaps from G. applanatum proved to be more effective in immunomodulation and cytotoxic assays in vitro than rLZ-8 (G. lucidum) and rFIP-gsi (G. sinense). Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12896-018-0488-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Wei Qu
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Agricultural Technology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Si-Ya Zhou
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Agricultural Technology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Shi-Xin Guan
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Rui Gao
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Agricultural Technology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Zuo-Wen Duan
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Agricultural Technology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Agricultural Technology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Wei-Yan Sun
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Agricultural Technology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Wen-Li Fan
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Shui-Sen Chen
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Agricultural Technology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Li-Jing Chen
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Agricultural Technology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Jing-Wei Lin
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Agricultural Technology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China.
| | - Yan-Ye Ruan
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Agricultural Technology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China.
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Mannonerolidol, a new nerolidol mannoside from culture broth of Schizophyllum commune. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2018; 72:178-180. [DOI: 10.1038/s41429-018-0130-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Loyd AL, Richter BS, Jusino MA, Truong C, Smith ME, Blanchette RA, Smith JA. Identifying the "Mushroom of Immortality": Assessing the Ganoderma Species Composition in Commercial Reishi Products. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1557. [PMID: 30061872 PMCID: PMC6055023 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Species of Ganoderma, commonly called reishi (in Japan) or lingzhi (in China), have been used in traditional medicine for thousands of years, and their use has gained interest from pharmaceutical industries in recent years. Globally, the taxonomy of Ganoderma species is chaotic, and the taxon name Ganoderma lucidum has been used for most laccate (shiny) Ganoderma species. However, it is now known that G. lucidum sensu stricto has a limited native distribution in Europe and some parts of China. It is likely that differences in the quality and quantity of medicinally relevant chemicals occur among Ganoderma species. To determine what species are being sold in commercially available products, twenty manufactured products (e.g., pills, tablets, teas, etc.) and seventeen grow your own (GYO) kits labeled as containing G. lucidum were analyzed. DNA was extracted, and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1α) were sequenced with specific fungal primers. The majority (93%) of the manufactured reishi products and almost half of the GYO kits were identified as Ganoderma lingzhi. G. lingzhi is native to Asia and is the most widely cultivated and studied taxon for medicinal use. Illumina MiSeq sequencing of the ITS1 region was performed to determine if multiple Ganoderma species were present. None of the manufactured products tested contained G. lucidum sensu stricto, and it was detected in only one GYO kit. G. lingzhi was detected in most products, but other Ganoderma species were also present, including G. applanatum, G. australe, G. gibbosum, G. sessile, and G. sinense. Our results indicate that the content of these products vary and that better labeling is needed to inform consumers before these products are ingested or marketed as medicine. Of the 17 GYO kits tested, 11 kits contained Ganoderma taxa that are not native to the United States. If fruiting bodies of exotic Ganoderma taxa are cultivated, these GYO kits will likely end up in the environment. The effects of these exotic species to natural ecosystems needs investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew L Loyd
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Brantlee S Richter
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Michelle A Jusino
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Camille Truong
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Matthew E Smith
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Robert A Blanchette
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Jason A Smith
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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Liu R, Zhang X, Ren A, Shi DK, Shi L, Zhu J, Yu HS, Zhao MW. Heat stress-induced reactive oxygen species participate in the regulation of HSP expression, hyphal branching and ganoderic acid biosynthesis in Ganoderma lucidum. Microbiol Res 2018; 209:43-54. [PMID: 29580621 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Heat stress (HS) is an important environmental factor that affects the growth and metabolism of edible fungi, but the molecular mechanism of the heat stress response (HSR) remains unclear. We previously reported that HS treatment increased the length between two hyphal branches and induced the accumulation of ganoderic acid biosynthesis and the gene expression of heat shock proteins (HSPs) in Ganoderma lucidum. In this study, we found that HS induced a significant increase in the cytosolic ROS concentration, and exogenously added ROS scavengers NAC, VC and NADPH oxidase (Nox) inhibitor DPI reduce the cytosolic ROS accumulation in G. lucidum. In addition, the phenomena of the increased gene expression and increased length between the two hyphal branches and the accumulation of GA biosynthesis induced by HS were mitigated. Furthermore, we investigated the effects of HS on Nox-silenced strains (NoxABi-10, NoxABi-11 and NoxRi-4, NoxRi-7) and found that the level of ROS concentration was lower than that in wild-type (WT) strains treated with HS. Additionally, Nox silenced strains reduced the HS-induced increase in HSP expression, the length between two hyphal branches and GA biosynthesis compared with the WT strain. These data indicate that HS-induced ROS participate in the regulation of HSP expression, hyphal branching and ganoderic acid biosynthesis in G. lucidum. In addition, these findings identified potential pathways linking ROS networks to HSR, physiological and metabolic processes in fungi and provide a valuable reference for studying the role of ROS in HSR, mycelium growth and secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ang Ren
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Deng-Ke Shi
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Han-Shou Yu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Wen Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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Large-Scale Analysis of Antimicrobial Activities in Relation to Amphipathicity and Charge Reveals Novel Characterization of Antimicrobial Peptides. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22112037. [PMID: 29165350 PMCID: PMC6150348 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22112037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been unclear to which antimicrobial activities (e.g., anti-gram-positive bacterial, anti-gram-negative bacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic, and antiviral activities) of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) a given physiochemical property matters most. This is the first computational study using large-scale AMPs to examine the relationships between antimicrobial activities and two major physiochemical properties of AMPs—amphipathicity and net charge. The results showed that among all kinds of antimicrobial activities, amphipathicity and net charge best differentiated between AMPs with and without anti-gram-negative bacterial activities. In terms of amphipathicity and charge, all the AMPs whose activities were significantly associated with amphipathicity and net charge were alike except those with anti-gram-positive bacterial activities. Furthermore, the higher the amphipathic value, the greater the proportion of AMPs possessing both antibacterial and antifungal activities. This dose–response-like pattern suggests a possible causal relationship—dual antibacterial and antifungal activities of AMPs may be attributable to amphipathicity. These novel findings could be useful for identifying potent AMPs computationally.
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Sharif S, Shahid M, Mushtaq M, Akram S, Rashid A. Wild Mushrooms: A Potential Source of Nutritional and Antioxidant Attributes with Acceptable Toxicity. Prev Nutr Food Sci 2017; 22:124-130. [PMID: 28702429 PMCID: PMC5503421 DOI: 10.3746/pnf.2017.22.2.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper describes in detail proximate composition, nutritional profile, phytochemical constituents, antioxidant activities, antimicrobial potential, and antihemolytic activity (towards human erythrocytes) of various fractions of wild Ganoderma lucidum. Proximate analysis established that wild G. lucidum comprises about 87.02±5.45% of moisture, and the remaining part is a rich source of proteins (8.59±0.37%), crude fiber (54.21±1.2%), and carbohydrate (35.16%) with smaller fat content (3.33 %). Similarly, phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids (217.51±0.30 mg/g), ascorbic acid (116±7.32 mg/g), phenolics (360.72±34.07 mg/g), β-carotenes (0.42±0.04 μg/g), and lycopene (0.05±0.00 μg/g). Extracts of wild G. lucidum in various solvents provided first line protection against Escherichia coli and Pasteurella multocida in the order of ethyl acetate> ethanol> methanol> n-hexane> water. Furthermore, aqueous and methanolic extracts of wild G. lucidum were found to be safe towards human erythrocytes. Overall, wild mushroom (G. lucidum) was found to be a good source of dietary supplements, antimicrobial and antioxidant agents in the pursuance of its commercial utilization in food and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumaira Sharif
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shahid
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Mushtaq
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Sumia Akram
- Department of Chemistry, Kinnaird College for Women University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Ayoub Rashid
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
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Basnet BB, Liu L, Bao L, Liu H. Current and future perspective on antimicrobial and anti-parasitic activities of Ganoderma sp.: an update. Mycology 2017; 8:111-124. [PMID: 30123634 PMCID: PMC6059132 DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2017.1324529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Medicinal mushroom Ganoderma sp. is considered to be a key source for the production of therapeutic agents. Our current review indicates that a limited number (<19%; 79 out of >430) of isolated compounds have been tested and known to be active against several microorganisms and parasites. In this review, we aim to summarise all the antimicrobial and anti-parasitic works on Ganoderma sp. displayed on web of science, google scholar and endnote X7 from 1932 to August 2016. We further present and discuss the structure of active compounds against microorganisms and parasites. In addition, we also discuss the possible further research to identify lead compounds from Ganoderma sp. as a novel strategy to combat the potential global emergence of bad bugs and parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buddha Bahadur Basnet
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,International College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Wan-Mohtar WAAQI, Viegelmann C, Klaus A, Lim SAH. Antifungal-demelanizing properties and RAW264.7 macrophages stimulation of glucan sulfate from the mycelium of the mushroom Ganoderma lucidum. Food Sci Biotechnol 2017; 26:159-165. [PMID: 30263523 PMCID: PMC6049470 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-017-0021-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Underutilized mycelium of Ganoderma lucidum BCCM 31549 has been a significant source of a glucan sulfate (GS) possessing therapeutic activities. GS have been evaluated for their antifungaldemelanizing properties and nitrite oxide production from stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. GS exhibited antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger A60 with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 60 mg/mL and a minimum fungicidal concentration of 100 mg/mL. At 60mg/mL (sublethal) and 30mg/mL (subinhibitory) doses of GS, the mycelium of A. niger A60 was successfully demelanized with a conidiophore head and black pigment reduction. Additionally, GS successfully stimulated RAW264.7 macrophage cells at a concentration of 500 μg/mL to produce 0.45 μM of nitric oxide. The GS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages were morphologically similar to those treated with lipopolysaccharide. The results highlight a novel bifunctional property of mycelial GS from G. lucidum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Abd Al Qadr Imad Wan-Mohtar
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603 Malaysia
- Fermentation Centre, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, U.K. G4 0RE UK
- Mushroom Research Centre, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603 Malaysia
| | - Christina Viegelmann
- Fermentation Centre, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, U.K. G4 0RE UK
| | - Anita Klaus
- Institute for Food Technology and Biochemistry, University of Belgrade - Faculty of Agriculture, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sarina Abdul Halim Lim
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
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32
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Shen HS, Shao S, Chen JC, Zhou T. Antimicrobials from Mushrooms for Assuring Food Safety. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2017; 16:316-329. [PMID: 33371536 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The interest in discovering and developing natural antimicrobials has significantly increased due to consumer preferences for foods that are free of chemical preservatives while still microbiologically safe. One of the best sources of natural antimicrobials is certain mushrooms (fungi) as many of them not only have nutraceutical functions but also possess antimicrobial properties. This article reviews the available information on mushroom antimicrobials for food safety control. It includes available resources, extraction procedures, antimicrobial activities, and the status of their applications to food safety. The review indicates that there are great potential benefits to be gained from mushroom antimicrobials in food production, processing, and preservation as a biosolution to meet the increasing demands for food quality and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng-Sheng Shen
- Research Inst. of Agri-Engineering Technology, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350003, P. R. China.,Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agricultural and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON, N1G 5C9, Canada
| | - Suqin Shao
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agricultural and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON, N1G 5C9, Canada
| | - Jun-Chen Chen
- Research Inst. of Agri-Engineering Technology, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350003, P. R. China
| | - Ting Zhou
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agricultural and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON, N1G 5C9, Canada
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33
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Sivanandhan S, Khusro A, Paulraj MG, Ignacimuthu S, Al-Dhabi NA. Biocontrol Properties of Basidiomycetes: An Overview. J Fungi (Basel) 2017; 3:E2. [PMID: 29371521 PMCID: PMC5715959 DOI: 10.3390/jof3010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In agriculture, there is an urgent need for alternate ecofriendly products to control plant diseases. These alternate products must possess preferable characteristics such as new modes of action, cost effectiveness, biodegradability, and target specificity. In the current scenario, studies on macrofungi have been an area of importance for scientists. Macrofungi grow prolifically and are found in many parts of the world. Basidiomycetes (mushrooms) flourish ubiquitously under warm and humid climates. Basidiomycetes are rich sources of natural antibiotics. The secondary metabolites produced by them possess antimicrobial, antitumor, and antioxidant properties. The present review discusses the potential role of Basidiomycetes as anti-phytofungal, anti-phytobacterial, anti-phytoviral, mosquito larvicidal, and nematicidal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ameer Khusro
- Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Loyola College, Nungambakkam, Chennai 600034, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Michael Gabriel Paulraj
- Entomology Research Institute, Loyola College, Nungambakkam, Chennai 600034, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Savarimuthu Ignacimuthu
- Entomology Research Institute, Loyola College, Nungambakkam, Chennai 600034, Tamil Nadu, India.
- The International Scientific Partnership Program (ISPP), King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Naif Abdullah Al-Dhabi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. BOX 2454, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
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Shang X, Enkhtaivan G, Chun S, Gopal J, Keum YS. Transubstantiating commercial mushroom market with ultrasonically ultrasized mushroom powders showcasing higher bioactivity. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 92:1082-1094. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.07.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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35
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Jogaiah S, Shetty HS, Ito SI, Tran LSP. Enhancement of downy mildew disease resistance in pearl millet by the G_app7 bioactive compound produced by Ganoderma applanatum. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2016; 105:109-117. [PMID: 27093114 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) stands sixth among the most important cereal crops grown in the semi-arid and arid regions of the world. The downy mildew disease caused by Sclerospora graminicola, an oomycete pathogen, has been recognized as a major biotic constraint in pearl millet production. On the other hand, basidiomycetes are known to produce a large number of antimicrobial metabolites, providing a good source of anti-oomycete agrochemicals. Here, we report the discovery and efficacy of a compound, named G_app7, purified from Ganoderma applanatum on inhibition of growth and development of S. graminicola, as well as the effects of seed treatment with G_app7 on protection of pearl millet from downy mildew. G_app7 consistently demonstrated remarkable effects against S. graminicola by recording significant inhibition of sporangium formation (41.4%), zoospore release (77.5%) and zoospore motility (91%). Analyses of G_app7 compound using two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed its close resemblance to metominostrobin, a derivative of strobilurin group of fungicides. Furthermore, the G_app7 was shown to stably maintain the inhibitory effects at different temperatures between 25 and 80 °C. In addition, the anti-oomycete activity of G_app7 was fairly stable for a period of at least 12 months at 4 °C and was only completely lost after being autoclaved. Seed treatment with G_app7 resulted in a significant increase in disease protection (63%) under greenhouse conditions compared with water control. The identification and isolation of this novel and functional anti-oomycete compound from G. applanatum provide a considerable agrochemical importance for plant protection against downy mildew in an environmentally safe and economical manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudisha Jogaiah
- Plant Healthcare and Diagnostic Center, Department of Studies in Biotechnology and Microbiology, Karnatak University, Dharwad 580 003, India.
| | - Hunthrike Shekar Shetty
- Downy Mildew Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore 570006, Karnataka, India
| | - Shin-Ichi Ito
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Lam-Son Phan Tran
- Plant Abiotic Stress Research Group & Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Signaling Pathway Research Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, 230-0045 Yokohama, Japan.
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36
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Zhang JJ, Li Y, Zhou T, Xu DP, Zhang P, Li S, Li HB. Bioactivities and Health Benefits of Mushrooms Mainly from China. Molecules 2016; 21:E938. [PMID: 27447602 PMCID: PMC6274515 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21070938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Many mushrooms have been used as foods and medicines for a long time. Mushrooms contain polyphenols, polysaccharides, vitamins and minerals. Studies show that mushrooms possess various bioactivities, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, and antidiabetic properties, therefore, mushrooms have attracted increasing attention in recent years, and could be developed into functional food or medicines for prevention and treatment of several chronic diseases, such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus and neurodegenerative diseases. The present review summarizes the bioactivities and health benefits of mushrooms, and could be useful for full utilization of mushrooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao-Jiao Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Ya Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Tong Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Dong-Ping Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Pei Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Sha Li
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China.
| | - Hua-Bin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
- South China Sea Bioresource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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37
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Tsungai R, Chenjerayi K, Catherine C, Mudadi AB, Takafira M. Antibacterial properties of wild edible and non-edible mushrooms found in Zimbabwe. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.5897/ajmr2016.8052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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38
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Ng TB, Cheung RCF, Wong JH, Chan YS, Dan X, Pan W, Wang H, Guan S, Chan K, Ye X, Liu F, Xia L, Chan WY. Fungal proteinaceous compounds with multiple biological activities. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:6601-6617. [PMID: 27338574 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7671-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fungi comprise organisms like molds, yeasts and mushrooms. They have been used as food or medicine for a long time. A large number of fungal proteins or peptides with diverse biological activities are considered as antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral and anticancer agents. They encompass proteases, ribosome inactivating proteins, defensins, hemolysins, lectins, laccases, ribonucleases, immunomodulatory proteins, and polysaccharopeptides. The target of the present review is to update the status of the various bioactivities of these fungal proteins and peptides and discuss their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzi Bun Ng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Randy Chi Fai Cheung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Jack Ho Wong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Yau Sang Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease for Allergy at Shenzhen University, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Nanhai Ave 3688, 518060, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuli Dan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wenliang Pan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hexiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and Department of Microbiology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Suzhen Guan
- Department of Social Medicine, College of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830011, China
| | - Ki Chan
- Biomedical and Tissue Engineering Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, 34 Hospital Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiuyun Ye
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Enzyme Engineering, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lixin Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease for Allergy at Shenzhen University, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Nanhai Ave 3688, 518060, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wai Yee Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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39
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Ogidi OC, Oyetayo VO. Phytochemical property and assessment of antidermatophytic activity of some selected wild macrofungi against pathogenic dermatophytes. Mycology 2016; 7:9-14. [PMID: 30123611 PMCID: PMC6059083 DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2016.1145608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The phytochemical property and inhibitory potential of petroleum ether and ethanol extracts of Lenzites quercina, Ganoderma lucidum and Rigidoporus ulmarius were assessed. Standard method was adopted to quantify the phytochemicals in the mushroom extracts. Poisoned food technique was used to assess the inhibition of the extracts obtained from the macrofungi against some pathogenic dermatophytes. The phenolic content of the studied mushroom extracts ranged from 15.7 to 83.8 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g extract. Ethanolic extract of G. lucidum has the higher content of alkaloids (34.3 mg/g) and flavonoids (18.1 mg/g). Exactly 33.1 mg/g of terpenoids and 16.6 mg/g of saponins were also quantified in ethanolic extract of L. quercina. Extracts of L. quercina, G. lucidum and R. ulmarius exhibited wide range of mycelia inhibition at 50 mg/ml on the tested dermatophytes. The consistent inhibition displayed by the mushroom extracts against the dermatophytes affirms that these wild mushrooms contain bioactive compounds that are antifungal in nature and may possess the ability to cure dermatophyte infections.
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40
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Shi L, Gong L, Zhang X, Ren A, Gao T, Zhao M. The regulation of methyl jasmonate on hyphal branching and GA biosynthesis in Ganoderma lucidum partly via ROS generated by NADPH oxidase. Fungal Genet Biol 2015; 81:201-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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41
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Zhou YP, Chen MH, Lu JJ, Kang X, Chen QH, Huang XL, Tian CE. A simple and efficient genetic transformation method of Ganoderma weberianum. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2015; 60:417-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s12223-015-0377-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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42
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Tran HB, Yamamoto A, Matsumoto S, Ito H, Igami K, Miyazaki T, Kondo R, Shimizu K. Hypotensive effects and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory peptides of reishi (Ganoderma lingzhi) auto-digested extract. Molecules 2014; 19:13473-85. [PMID: 25178067 PMCID: PMC6271714 DOI: 10.3390/molecules190913473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Reishi (Ganoderma lingzhi) has been used as a traditional medicine for millennia. However, relatively little is known about this mushroom’s proteins and their bioactivities. In this study, we used reishi’s own proteases to hydrolyze its protein and obtained auto-digested reishi (ADR) extract. The extract was subjected to in vitro assays and administered to spontaneous hypertensive rats (SHRs) to determine its potential for use as a hypotensive medication. Bioassay-guided fractionation and de novo sequencing were used for identifying the active compounds. After 4 h administration of ADR, the systolic pressure of SHRs significantly decreased to 34.3 mmHg (19.5% change) and the effect was maintained up to 8 h of administration, with the decrease reaching as low as 26.8 mmHg (15% reduction–compare to base line a decrease of 26.8 mmHg is less than a decrease of 34.3 mmHg so it should give a smaller % reduction). Eleven peptides were identified and four of them showed potent inhibition against ACE with IC50 values ranging from 73.1 μM to 162.7 μM. The results showed that ADR could be a good source of hypotensive peptides that could be used for antihypertensive medication or incorporation into functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Bang Tran
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Yamamoto
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan.
| | - Sayaka Matsumoto
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan.
| | - Hisatomi Ito
- Beauty Care Products Division, Nagase & Co. Ltd., Nishi-ku, Kobe, 651-2241, Japan.
| | - Kentaro Igami
- Beauty Care Products Division, Nagase & Co. Ltd., Nishi-ku, Kobe, 651-2241, Japan.
| | - Toshitsugu Miyazaki
- Beauty Care Products Division, Nagase & Co. Ltd., Nishi-ku, Kobe, 651-2241, Japan.
| | - Ryuichiro Kondo
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan.
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Cilerdžić J, Vukojević J, Stajić M, Stanojković T, Glamočlija J. Biological activity of Ganoderma lucidum basidiocarps cultivated on alternative and commercial substrate. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 155:312-319. [PMID: 24879959 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ganoderma lucidum (W. Curt.:Fr.) P. Karst. has been used for several thousand years in traditional medicine of the Far East for the treatment of a various diseases including: cancer, immunological disorders, hepatitis, arthritis, nephritis, bronchitis, asthma etc. Ganoderma species are natural sources of various antimicrobial, antioxidant and antitumor active compounds which can be alternative to commercial antibiotics, antimycotics, antioxidants and cytostatics. As the amount of wild Ganoderma lucidum basidiocarps is not sufficient, the aim of this study was to compare the bioactivity of basidiaocarps obtained on alternative substrate (wheat straw) with commercially cultivated ones. MATERIALS AND METHODS Antimicrobial potential of the tested Ganoderma lucidum extracts was studied by disc-diffusion and microdilution method. Cytotoxic effect of tested extracts on two cancer cell lines was determined by microculture tetrazolium test. DPPH scavenging ability, total phenols and flavonoids content were measured in order to determine the antioxidative potential of Ganoderma lucidum extracts. RESULTS Ganoderma lucidum BEOFB 434 extract was the most effective antibacterial agent, while commercial strain was the weakest. DPPH· scavenging activity of extracts of basidiocarps from alternative substrate was also significantly higher than that of commercially obtained basidiocarps. The extracts of Ganoderma lucidum BEOFB 431 exhibited the strongest cytotoxic activity significantly higher than those in commercial strain. CONCLUSION The study showed that fruiting bodies produced on one of the most accessible and cheapest crop residue, wheat straw, are better antimicrobial, antioxidant and cytotoxic agents than those obtained on conventional substrate, oak sawdust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmina Cilerdžić
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, Takovska 43, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Jelena Vukojević
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, Takovska 43, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mirjana Stajić
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, Takovska 43, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tatjana Stanojković
- Institute of Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Pasterova 14, 11 000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jasmina Glamočlija
- University of Belgrade, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", Bulevar Despota Stefana 143, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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44
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Mu D, Li C, Zhang X, Li X, Shi L, Ren A, Zhao M. Functions of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase family inGanoderma lucidum: an essential role in ganoderic acid biosynthesis regulation, hyphal branching, fruiting body development, and oxidative-stress resistance. Environ Microbiol 2013; 16:1709-28. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dashuai Mu
- College of Life Sciences; Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing China
| | - Chenyang Li
- College of Life Sciences; Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing China
| | - Xuchen Zhang
- College of Life Sciences; Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing China
| | - Xiongbiao Li
- College of Life Sciences; Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing China
| | - Liang Shi
- College of Life Sciences; Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing China
| | - Ang Ren
- College of Life Sciences; Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing China
| | - Mingwen Zhao
- College of Life Sciences; Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing China
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45
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Fatmawati S, Kondo R, Shimizu K. Structure–activity relationships of lanostane-type triterpenoids from Ganoderma lingzhi as α-glucosidase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:5900-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.08.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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46
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Heleno SA, Ferreira IC, Esteves AP, Ćirić A, Glamočlija J, Martins A, Soković M, Queiroz MJR. Antimicrobial and demelanizing activity of Ganoderma lucidum extract, p-hydroxybenzoic and cinnamic acids and their synthetic acetylated glucuronide methyl esters. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 58:95-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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47
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Zárate-Chaves CA, Romero-Rodríguez MC, Niño-Arias FC, Robles-Camargo J, Linares-Linares M, Rodríguez-Bocanegra MX, Gutiérrez-Rojas I. Optimizing a culture medium for biomass and phenolic compounds production using Ganoderma lucidum. Braz J Microbiol 2013; 44:215-23. [PMID: 24159308 PMCID: PMC3804202 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822013005000032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The present work was aimed at optimizing a culture medium for biomass production and phenolic compounds by using Ganoderma lucidum. The culture was optimized in two stages; a Plackett-Burman design was used in the first one for identifying key components in the medium and a central composite design was used in the second one for optimizing their concentration. Both responses (biomass and phenolic compounds) were simultaneously optimized by the latter methodology regarding desirability, and the optimal concentrations obtained were 50.00 g/L sucrose, 13.29 g/L yeast extract and 2.99 g/L olive oil. Maximum biomass production identified in these optimal conditions was 9.5 g/L and that for phenolic compounds was 0.0452 g/L, this being 100% better than that obtained in the media usually used in the laboratory. Similar patterns regarding chemical characterization and biological activity towards Aspergillus sp., from both fruiting body and mycelium-derived secondary metabolites and extracts obtained in the proposed medium were observed. It was shown that such statistical methodologies are useful for optimizing fermentation and, in the specific case of G. lucidum, optimizing processes for its production and its metabolites in submerged culture as an alternative to traditional culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Andrés Zárate-Chaves
- Unidad de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
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Hu LL, Ma QY, Huang SZ, Guo ZK, Guo JC, Dai HF, Zhao YX. Two New Phenolic Compounds from the Fruiting Bodies of Ganoderma tropicum. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2013. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2013.34.3.884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Tung NT, Cuong TD, Hung TM, Lee JH, Woo MH, Choi JS, Kim J, Ryu SH, Min BS. Inhibitory effect on NO production of triterpenes from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:1428-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.12.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Hu LL, Ma QY, Huang SZ, Guo ZK, Ma HX, Guo JC, Dai HF, Zhao YX. Three new lanostanoid triterpenes from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma tropicum. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2013; 15:357-362. [PMID: 23421432 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2013.764869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Three new lanostanoid triterpenes, 3β,7β,15β-trihydroxy-11,23-dioxo-lanost-8,16-dien-26-oic acid (1), 3β,7β,15β-trihydroxy-11,23-dioxo-lanost-8,16-dien-26-oic acid methyl ester (2), and 3β,15β-dihydroxy-7,11,23-trioxo-lanost-8,16-dien-26-oic acid methyl ester (3) were isolated from the EtOAc extract of the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma tropicum. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy as well as MS. The bioassay of inhibitory activity against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) of these isolates was evaluated and compound 2 exhibited definite inhibitory activity against AChE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Li Hu
- MOA Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biology and Genetic Resources Utilization, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, CATAS, Haikou 571101, China
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