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Wells AC, Mojica C, Lotfipour S. Hypersensitivity of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit (CHRNA2 L9'S/L9'S) in female adolescent mice produces deficits in nicotine-induced facilitation of hippocampal-dependent learning and memory. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2024; 213:107959. [PMID: 38964600 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2024.107959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Adolescence is characterized by a critical period of maturation and growth, during which regions of the brain are vulnerable to long-lasting cognitive disturbances. Adolescent exposure to nicotine can lead to deleterious neurological and psychological outcomes. Moreover, the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) has been shown to play a functionally distinct role in the development of the adolescent brain. CHRNA2 encodes for the α2 subunit of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors associated with CA1 oriens lacunosum moleculare GABAergic interneurons and is associated with learning and memory. Previously, we found that adolescent male hypersensitive CHRNA2L9'S/L9' mice had impairments in learning and memory during a pre-exposure-dependent contextual fear conditioning task that could be rescued by low-dose nicotine exposure. In this study, we assessed learning and memory in female adolescent hypersensitive CHRNA2L9'S/L9' mice exposed to saline or a subthreshold dose of nicotine using a hippocampus-dependent task of pre-exposure-dependent contextual fear conditioning. We found that nicotine-treated wild-type female mice had significantly greater improvements in learning and memory than both saline-treated wild-type mice and nicotine-treated CHRNA2L9'S/L9' female mice. Thus, hyperexcitability of CHRNA2 in female adolescent mice ablated the nicotine-mediated potentiation of learning and memory seen in wild-types. Our results indicate that nicotine exposure during adolescence mediates sexually dimorphic patterns of learning and memory, with wild-type female adolescents being more susceptible to the effects of sub-threshold nicotine exposure. To understand the mechanism underlying sexually dimorphic behavior between hyperexcitable CHRNA2 mice, it is critical that further research be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia C Wells
- School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - Celina Mojica
- Graduate Division, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Shahrdad Lotfipour
- School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Emergency Medicine, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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Klein EG, Shoben AB, Carpenter KM, Mullis K, Nemeth JM, Mayers E, Vickerman KA. A Randomized Clinical Trial of a Quitline Vaping Cessation Intervention: Baseline Characteristics of Young Adult Exclusive E-Cigarette Users Seeking Treatment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 21:809. [PMID: 38929055 PMCID: PMC11203730 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph21060809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Despite interest in quitting vaping among young adults (YAs), little is known about characteristics of e-cigarette (EC) users seeking treatment. In this study, YAs aged 18-24 living in the United States interested in vaping cessation treatment were recruited to complete an online survey regarding demographics and EC use. Primary eligibility criteria were EC use on at least 20 days per month (no other tobacco use), and interest in quitting in the next month. We report descriptive statistics for those who did and did not complete a mandatory coaching call (n = 981). In this sample, most EC users reported high nicotine dependence, a history of unsuccessful quit attempts (including 29.4% with previous NRT use), along with stress, anxiety, and depression. There were few meaningful differences in demographics, EC use behaviors, or behavioral health factors between those who engaged with a phone coaching call (fully enrolled in study; n = 508), and those who did not (n = 473). YAs demonstrated interest in vaping cessation support, but there were no clear characteristics for the half who did not complete a coaching call. Vaping cessation program designers should consider tailoring for the self-reported behavioral health concerns present in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth G. Klein
- College of Public Health, Ohio State University, 1841 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (A.B.S.); (J.M.N.); (E.M.)
| | - Abigail B. Shoben
- College of Public Health, Ohio State University, 1841 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (A.B.S.); (J.M.N.); (E.M.)
| | - Kelly M. Carpenter
- RVO Health, 1101 Red Ventures Drive, Fort Mill, SC 29707, USA; (K.M.C.); (K.M.); (K.A.V.)
| | - Kristina Mullis
- RVO Health, 1101 Red Ventures Drive, Fort Mill, SC 29707, USA; (K.M.C.); (K.M.); (K.A.V.)
| | - Julianna M. Nemeth
- College of Public Health, Ohio State University, 1841 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (A.B.S.); (J.M.N.); (E.M.)
| | - Elizabeth Mayers
- College of Public Health, Ohio State University, 1841 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (A.B.S.); (J.M.N.); (E.M.)
| | - Katrina A. Vickerman
- RVO Health, 1101 Red Ventures Drive, Fort Mill, SC 29707, USA; (K.M.C.); (K.M.); (K.A.V.)
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Liu J, Xiao Y, Zheng X, Cheng Y, Zhang S, Ma Y, Jiang Q, Wang S, Li C, Shang H. The impact of maternal smoking during pregnancy and the age of smoking initiation on incident dementia: A prospective cohort study. Alzheimers Dement 2024; 20:4066-4079. [PMID: 38713803 PMCID: PMC11180862 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The impact of early-life tobacco exposure on dementia has remained unknown. METHODS Using the UK Biobank, the associations of maternal smoking during pregnancy (MSDP) and age of smoking initiation (ASI) with the onset time of all-cause dementia were estimated with accelerated failure time models. The effects of MSDP and ASI on brain structure and their genetic correlation to Alzheimer's disease (AD) were analyzed. A Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was conducted. RESULTS The time ratios for smokers starting in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood (vs never smokers) were 0.87 (0.76 to 0.99), 0.92 (0.88 to 0.96), and 0.95 (0.89 to 1.01). MSDP and smoking in adolescence altered many brain regions, including the hippocampus. In genetic analysis, MSDP was genetically and causally linked to AD, and a younger ASI was genetically correlated to a higher AD risk. DISCUSSION Early-life smoking accelerated dementia onset and was genetically correlated to AD. MSDP demonstrated genetic and causal linkage to AD risks. HIGHLIGHTS Unlike the commonly used Cox proportional hazards model, this article uses a parametric survival analysis method - the accelerated failure model - to explore the relationship between exposure to onset time. It can be used as an alternative method when the proportional hazards assumption is not met. Genetic analyses including genetic correlation study and MR analysis and brain structure analyses were conducted to support our findings and explore the potential mechanisms. The study reveals the relationship between different smoking initiation periods and the onset time of dementia and shows that earlier smoking exposure has a more significant impact on dementia. It emphasizes the importance of preventing early smoking. In the future, more research focusing on the relationship between early exposure and dementia is called for to provide more detailed prevention measures for dementia that cover all age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyong Liu
- Department of NeurologyNational Clinical Research Center for GeriatricLaboratory of Neurodegenerative DisordersWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
- Department of NeurologyRare Disease CenterWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yi Xiao
- Department of NeurologyNational Clinical Research Center for GeriatricLaboratory of Neurodegenerative DisordersWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
- Department of NeurologyRare Disease CenterWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Xiaoting Zheng
- Department of NeurologyNational Clinical Research Center for GeriatricLaboratory of Neurodegenerative DisordersWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
- Department of NeurologyRare Disease CenterWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yangfan Cheng
- Department of NeurologyNational Clinical Research Center for GeriatricLaboratory of Neurodegenerative DisordersWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
- Department of NeurologyRare Disease CenterWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Sirui Zhang
- Department of NeurologyNational Clinical Research Center for GeriatricLaboratory of Neurodegenerative DisordersWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
- Department of NeurologyRare Disease CenterWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yuanzheng Ma
- Department of NeurologyNational Clinical Research Center for GeriatricLaboratory of Neurodegenerative DisordersWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
- Department of NeurologyRare Disease CenterWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Qirui Jiang
- Department of NeurologyNational Clinical Research Center for GeriatricLaboratory of Neurodegenerative DisordersWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
- Department of NeurologyRare Disease CenterWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Shichan Wang
- Department of NeurologyNational Clinical Research Center for GeriatricLaboratory of Neurodegenerative DisordersWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
- Department of NeurologyRare Disease CenterWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Chunyu Li
- Department of NeurologyNational Clinical Research Center for GeriatricLaboratory of Neurodegenerative DisordersWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
- Department of NeurologyRare Disease CenterWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Huifang Shang
- Department of NeurologyNational Clinical Research Center for GeriatricLaboratory of Neurodegenerative DisordersWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
- Department of NeurologyRare Disease CenterWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
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Waterman I, Marek L, Ahuriri-Driscoll A, Mohammed J, Epton M, Hobbs M. Investigating the spatial and temporal variation of vape retailer provision in New Zealand: A cross-sectional and nationwide study. Soc Sci Med 2024; 349:116848. [PMID: 38677185 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.116848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Smoking rates have decreased in Aotearoa New Zealand in recent years however, vaping has shown a dramatic upward trend especially among young people; up to 10% of young New Zealanders are now regular vapers. Importantly, the long-term health consequences for their future life are largely unknown. The accessibility of vape retailers is important, particularly in relation to the youths' daily activities and places such as schools where they spend a considerable amount of time and socialise. Despite this, we know little about the spatial patterning of vape retailers and even less of their socio-spatial patterning around schools. This ecological study utilised data from the New Zealand Specialist Vape Retailers register on nationwide vape retailer locations and combined them with whole-population sociodemographic characteristics and primary and secondary school data. We identified the prevalence of vape retailers and their spatial distribution by area-level deprivation, ethnicity and urban-rural classification by using descriptive statistics and (spatial) statistical modelling on the area-, school- and individual students-level (using disaggregated data on students). We found that almost 97% of all vape retailers are located within 1,600m (∼20-min walk) and 29% within 400m (∼5-min walk) of schools. Our research also identified increasing inequities by deprivation and ethnicity both for the overall population and particularly for students in the most deprived areas who experience a disproportionate presence and increase of new vape store retailers that disadvantage schools and students in these areas. This difference was particularly prominent for Pasifika populations in major urban environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Waterman
- GeoHealth Laboratory, Geospatial Research Institute, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, Canterbury, New Zealand
| | - L Marek
- GeoHealth Laboratory, Geospatial Research Institute, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, Canterbury, New Zealand
| | - A Ahuriri-Driscoll
- Faculty of Health, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, Canterbury, New Zealand
| | - J Mohammed
- Faculty of Health, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, Canterbury, New Zealand
| | - M Epton
- Christchurch Hospital, Health NZ/Te Whatu Ora Waitaha, Christchurch, Canterbury, New Zealand
| | - M Hobbs
- GeoHealth Laboratory, Geospatial Research Institute, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, Canterbury, New Zealand; Faculty of Health, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, Canterbury, New Zealand; The Cluster for Community and Urban Resilience (CURe), University of Canterbury, Christchurch, Canterbury, New Zealand.
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Carreño D, Facundo A, Nguyen MTT, Lotfipour S. Dopamine and Norepinephrine Tissue Levels in the Developing Limbic Brain Are Impacted by the Human CHRNA6 3'-UTR Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism (rs2304297) in Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3676. [PMID: 38612487 PMCID: PMC11011259 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that a genetic single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP, rs2304297) in the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of the human CHRNA6 gene has sex- and genotype-dependent effects on nicotine-induced locomotion, anxiety, and nicotine + cue-induced reinstatement in adolescent rats. This study aims to investigate how the CHRNA6 3'-UTR SNP influences dopaminergic and noradrenergic tissue levels in brain reward regions during baseline and after the reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior. Naïve adolescent and adult rats, along with those undergoing nicotine + cue reinstatement and carrying the CHRNA6 3'-UTR SNP, were assessed for dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), and metabolites in reward pathway regions. The results reveal age-, sex-, and genotype-dependent baseline DA, NE, and DA turnover levels. Post-reinstatement, male α6GG rats show suppressed DA levels in the Nucleus Accumbens (NAc) Shell compared to the baseline, while nicotine+ cue-induced reinstatement behavior correlates with neurotransmitter levels in specific brain regions. This study emphasizes the role of CHRNA6 3'-UTR SNP in the developmental maturation of the dopaminergic and noradrenergic system in the adolescent rat brain, with tissue levels acting as predictors of nicotine + cue-induced reinstatement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Carreño
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Antonella Facundo
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - My Trang Thi Nguyen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Shahrdad Lotfipour
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
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6
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Wu J, Meng W, Ma Y, Zhao Z, Xiong R, Wang J, Zhao R, Zeng H, Chen Y. Early smoking lead to worse prognosis of COPD patients: a real world study. Respir Res 2024; 25:140. [PMID: 38528530 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-024-02760-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smoking remains a major risk factor for the development and progression of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Due to the adolescent smoking associated with worse health state, the age, at which an individual started smoking, might play a key role in shaping the trajectory of COPD development and the severity. METHODS We conducted an observational study from September 2016 through January 2023 of eligible patients hospitalized with COPD. Patients who started smoking during the alveolar development stage (ADS, smoking initiation ≤ 24 years old) were defined as early smoking patients, and patients who started smoking after ADS (smoking initiation > 24 years old) were defined as late smoking patients. We collected demographic and clinical data characterizing the patients and documented their condition from hospital discharge to follow-up. The primary endpoints were short-term (within one year), 3-year, and long-term (beyond 3 years) all-cause mortality after discharge. RESULTS Among 697 COPD patients, early smoking patients had a lower smoking cessation rate (P < 0.001) and a higher smoking index (P < 0.001) than late smoking patients. Although adjusted smoking index, early smoking patients still had poorer lung function (P = 0.023), thicker left ventricular diameters (P = 0.003), higher frequency of triple therapy use during stable stage (P = 0.049), and more acute exacerbations in the past year before enrollment (P < 0.05). Survival analysis showed that they had a higher risk of death after discharge within three years (P = 0.004) and beyond three years (P < 0.001). Furthermore, even in early smoking COPD patients who quit smoking after adjusting the smoking index had poorer lung function (P < 0.05) and thicker left ventricular diameters (P = 0.003), and survival analysis also showed that they had a higher long-term mortality rate (P = 0.010) and shorter survival time (P = 0.0128). CONCLUSION Early smoking COPD patients exhibited multiple adverse clinical outcomes, including heavy cigarette addiction, compromised pulmonary function, augmented left ventricular diameter, and elevated mortality risk. Additional, smoking cessation could not bring enough improvement of health state in early smoking COPD patients as late smoking COPD patients. Consequently, early intervention and specialized cessation approaches for younger smokers are of paramount importance in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiankang Wu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
- Research Unit of Respiratory Disease, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
- Clinical Medical Research Center for Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine in Hunan Province, Changsha, 410011, China
- Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Respiratory Disease, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Weiwei Meng
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
- Research Unit of Respiratory Disease, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
- Clinical Medical Research Center for Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine in Hunan Province, Changsha, 410011, China
- Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Respiratory Disease, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Yiming Ma
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
- Research Unit of Respiratory Disease, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
- Clinical Medical Research Center for Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine in Hunan Province, Changsha, 410011, China
- Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Respiratory Disease, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Zhiqi Zhao
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
- Research Unit of Respiratory Disease, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
- Clinical Medical Research Center for Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine in Hunan Province, Changsha, 410011, China
- Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Respiratory Disease, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Ruoyan Xiong
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
- Research Unit of Respiratory Disease, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
- Clinical Medical Research Center for Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine in Hunan Province, Changsha, 410011, China
- Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Respiratory Disease, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Jiayu Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
- Research Unit of Respiratory Disease, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
- Clinical Medical Research Center for Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine in Hunan Province, Changsha, 410011, China
- Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Respiratory Disease, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Rui Zhao
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
- Research Unit of Respiratory Disease, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
- Clinical Medical Research Center for Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine in Hunan Province, Changsha, 410011, China
- Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Respiratory Disease, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Huihui Zeng
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.
- Research Unit of Respiratory Disease, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.
- Clinical Medical Research Center for Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine in Hunan Province, Changsha, 410011, China.
- Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Respiratory Disease, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.
- Research Unit of Respiratory Disease, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.
- Clinical Medical Research Center for Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine in Hunan Province, Changsha, 410011, China.
- Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Respiratory Disease, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.
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Gonçalves PD, Martins SS, Gebru NM, Ryan-Pettes SR, Allgaier N, Potter A, Thompson WK, Johnson ME, Garavan H, Talati A, Albaugh MD. Associations Between Family History of Alcohol and/or Substance Use Problems and Frontal Cortical Development From 9 to 13 Years of Age: A Longitudinal Analysis of the ABCD Study. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY GLOBAL OPEN SCIENCE 2024; 4:100284. [PMID: 38312852 PMCID: PMC10837483 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsgos.2023.100284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Previous investigations that have examined associations between family history (FH) of alcohol/substance use and adolescent brain development have been primarily cross-sectional. Here, leveraging a large population-based sample of youths, we characterized frontal cortical trajectories among 9- to 13-year-olds with (FH+) versus without (FH-) an FH and examined sex as a potential moderator. Methods We used data from 9710 participants in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study (release 4.0). FH+ was defined as having ≥1 biological parents and/or ≥2 biological grandparents with a history of alcohol/substance use problems (n = 2433). Our primary outcome was frontal cortical structural measures obtained at baseline (ages 9-11) and year 2 follow-up (ages 11-13). We used linear mixed-effects models to examine the extent to which FH status qualified frontal cortical development over the age span studied. Finally, we ran additional interactions with sex to test whether observed associations between FH and cortical development differed significantly between sexes. Results For FH+ (vs. FH-) youths, we observed increased cortical thinning from 9 to 13 years across the frontal cortex as a whole. When we probed for sex differences, we observed significant declines in frontal cortical thickness among boys but not girls from ages 9 to 13 years. No associations were observed between FH and frontal cortical surface area or volume. Conclusions Having a FH+ is associated with more rapid thinning of the frontal cortex across ages 9 to 13, with this effect driven primarily by male participants. Future studies will need to test whether the observed pattern of accelerated thinning predicts future substance use outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Dib Gonçalves
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York
- New York State Psychiatric Institute and Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Silvia S. Martins
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York
| | - Nioud Mulugeta Gebru
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island
| | | | - Nicholas Allgaier
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Alexandra Potter
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Wesley K. Thompson
- Center for Population Neuroscience and Genetics, Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma
| | - Micah E. Johnson
- Department of Mental Health Law and Policy, College of Behavioral and Community Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Ardesheer Talati
- New York State Psychiatric Institute and Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, New York
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8
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Yang L, Zhou Y, Jiang M, Wen W, Guo Y, Pakhale S, Wen SW. Why Female Smokers Have Poorer Long-Term Health Outcomes than Male Smokers: The Role of Cigarette Smoking During Pregnancy. Public Health Rev 2024; 45:1605579. [PMID: 38487619 PMCID: PMC10938403 DOI: 10.3389/phrs.2024.1605579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Women's health status is better than men but the opposite is true for female smokers who usually have poorer long-health outcomes than male smokers. The objectives of this study were to thoroughly reviewed and analyzed relevant literature and to propose a hypothesis that may explain this paradox phenomenon. Methods: We conducted a search of literature from three English databases (EMBASE, MEDLINE, and Google Scholar) from inception to 13 November 2023. A combination of key words and/or subject headings in English was applied, including relevant terms for cigarette smoking, sex/gender, pregnancy, and health indicators. We then performed analysis of the searched literature. Results: Based on this review/analysis of literature, we proposed a hypothesis that may explain this paradox phenomenon: female smokers have worse long-term health outcomes than male smokers because some of them smoke during pregnancy, and the adverse effects of cigarette smoking during pregnancy is much stronger than cigarette smoking during non-pregnancy periods. Conclusion: Approval of our pregnancy-amplification theory could provide additional evidence on the adverse effect on women's long-term health outcomes for cigarette smoking during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yang
- Respiratory Medicine Department of Xiangtan Central Hospital of Hunan Province, Xiangtan, Hunan, China
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Yunchun Zhou
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine of Yuxi People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Yuxi, Yunnan, China
| | - Mingyan Jiang
- Respiratory Medicine Department of Xiangtan Central Hospital of Hunan Province, Xiangtan, Hunan, China
| | - Wendy Wen
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Yanfang Guo
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- BORN (Better Outcome Registry Network) Ontario, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Smita Pakhale
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Division of Respiratory, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Shi Wu Wen
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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9
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Longoni V, Kandel Gambarte PC, Rueda L, Fuchs JS, Rovedatti MG, Wolansky MJ. Long-lasting developmental effects in rat offspring after maternal exposure to acetamiprid in the drinking water during gestation. Toxicol Sci 2024; 198:61-75. [PMID: 38011675 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfad122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Neonicotinoids (NNTs) are a class of insecticides proposed to be safe for pest control in urban, suburban, and agricultural applications. However, little is known about their developmental effects after repeated low-dose exposures during gestation. Here, we tested a dose considered subthreshold for maternal toxicity in rats (6 mg/kg/day) by assessing several morphological, biochemical, and neurobehavioral features in preterm fetuses and developing pups after maternal administration of the NTT acetamiprid (ACP) dissolved in the drinking water during gestational days (GD) 2-19. The exploratory evaluation included monitoring maternal body weight gain, fetal viability, body weight and sex ratio, cephalic length, neonatal body weight and sex ratio, metabolic enzymes in the placenta, maternal blood and fetal liver, and anogenital distance and surface righting response during infancy. We also used the circling training test to study the integrity of the associative-spatial-motor response in adolescence. Results showed no consistent findings indicating maternal, reproductive or developmental toxicity. However, we found ACP effects on maternal body weight gain, placental butyrylcholinesterase activity, and neurobehavioral responses, suggestive of a mild toxic action. Thus, our study showed a trend for developmental susceptibility at a dose so far considered subtoxic. Although the ACP concentration in environmental samples of surface water and groundwater has been mostly reported to be much lower than that used in our study, our results suggest that the ACP point of departure used in current guidelines aimed to prevent developmental effects may need to be verified by complementary sensitive multiple-endpoint testing in the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Longoni
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FCEyN), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina
| | - Paula Cristina Kandel Gambarte
- Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN-CONICET) and FCEyN, UBA, Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina
| | - Lis Rueda
- FCEyN, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina
| | - Julio Silvio Fuchs
- Instituto IQUIBICEN-CONICET and Departamento Química Biológica, FCEyN, UBA, Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina
| | - María Gabriela Rovedatti
- Departamentos Química Biológica and Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, IQUIBICEN-CONICET, FCEyN, UBA, Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina
| | - Marcelo Javier Wolansky
- Departamento Química Biológica, IQUIBICEN-CONICET, FCEyN, UBA, Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina
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10
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Mallock N, Schulz T, Malke S, Dreiack N, Laux P, Luch A. Levels of nicotine and tobacco-specific nitrosamines in oral nicotine pouches. Tob Control 2024; 33:193-199. [PMID: 38378209 DOI: 10.1136/tc-2022-057280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nicotine pouches without tobacco are new products that deliver nicotine into the body via the oral mucosa. There is a lack of independent research on the chemical composition and product characteristics of these products, contributing to uncertainties regarding product regulation. This study sought to address knowledge gaps by assessing levels of nicotine and screening for tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) in a sample of these products. METHODS Nicotine pouches (n=44) and nicotine-free pouches (n=2) from 20 different manufacturers were analysed regarding their contents of nicotine and TSNAs by gas chromatography with flame ionisation and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, respectively. Product labelling and pH values of aqueous extracts were determined. RESULTS Nicotine contents of products ranged from 1.79 to 47.5 mg/pouch; median product weight, pH, and proportion of free-base nicotine were 0.643 g, 8.8, and 86%, respectively. A clear labelling of the nicotine content was missing on 29 products and nicotine strength descriptions were ambiguous. TSNAs were detected in 26 products, with a maximum of 13 ng N-nitrosonornicotine/pouch. CONCLUSION Although nicotine pouches may potentially be a reduced risk alternative for cigarette smokers or users of some other oral tobacco products, nicotine contents of some pouches were alarmingly high. Presence of carcinogenic TSNAs in the nicotine pouches is of serious concern. Better manufacturing processes and quality control standards should be implemented. Labels of nicotine strength on most products are misleading. A strict regulation regarding nicotine contents and its labelling would be advisable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Mallock
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Schulz
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Malke
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Nadine Dreiack
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Laux
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Luch
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
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11
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Mahabee-Gittens EM, Harun N, Glover M, Folger AT, Parikh NA. Prenatal tobacco smoke exposure and risk for cognitive delays in infants born very premature. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1397. [PMID: 38228701 PMCID: PMC10791619 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51263-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Prenatal tobacco smoke exposure (TSE) and prematurity are independent risk factors for abnormal neurodevelopment. The objectives were to compare differences in Bayley-III cognitive, language, and motor scores at 2 years corrected age (CA) in 395 infants born very preterm (≤ 32 weeks gestation) with and without prenatal TSE. We performed multivariable linear regression analyses to examine associations between prenatal TSE and neurodevelopmental outcomes and a mediation analysis to estimate direct effects of prenatal TSE on outcomes and indirect effects through preterm birth. In total, 50 (12.6%) infants had prenatal TSE. Infants with prenatal TSE had lower mean [95% CI] Cognitive score (82.8 [78.6, 87.1]) vs. nonexposed infants (91.7 [90.1, 93.4]). In children with and without prenatal TSE, there were significant differences in mean [95% CI] Language scores (81.7 [76.0, 87.4] vs. 92.4 [90.2, 94.6], respectively) and mean [95% CI] Motor scores (86.5 [82.2, 90.7] vs. 93.4 [91.8, 95.0], respectively); scores remained significant after controlling for confounders. Preterm birth indirectly mediated 9.0% of the total effect of prenatal TSE on Cognitive score (P = NS). However, 91% of the remaining total effect was significant and attributable to TSE's direct harmful effects on cognitive development (β = - 5.17 [95% CI - 9.97, - 0.38]). The significant association is largely due to TSE's direct effect on cognitive development and not primarily due to TSE's indirect effect on preterm birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Melinda Mahabee-Gittens
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
| | - Nusrat Harun
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Meredith Glover
- Neurodevelopmental Disorders Prevention Center, The Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Alonzo T Folger
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Nehal A Parikh
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Neurodevelopmental Disorders Prevention Center, The Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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12
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Ortega LA, Aragon-Carvajal DM, Cortes-Corso KT, Forero-Castillo F. Early developmental risks for tobacco addiction: A probabilistic epigenesis framework. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 156:105499. [PMID: 38056543 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Considerable progress has been made in elucidating the relationships between early life psychobiological and environmental risk factors and the development of tobacco addiction. However, a comprehensive understanding of the heterogeneity in tobacco addiction phenotypes requires integrating research findings. The probabilistic epigenesis meta-theory offers a valuable framework for this integration, considering systemic, multilevel, developmental, and evolutionary perspectives. In this paper, we critically review relevant research on early developmental risks associated with tobacco addiction and highlight the integrative heuristic value of the probabilistic epigenesis framework for this research. For this, we propose a four-level systems approach as an initial step towards integration, analyzing complex interactions among different levels of influence. Additionally, we explore a coaction approach to examine key interactions between early risk factors. Moreover, we introduce developmental pathways to understand interindividual differences in tobacco addiction risk during development. This integrative approach holds promise for advancing our understanding of tobacco addiction etiology and informing potentially effective intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo A Ortega
- Facultad de Psicologia, Fundacion Universitaria Konrad Lorenz, Colombia.
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13
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Rodriguez Rivera PJ, Liang H, Isaiah A, Cloak CC, Menken MS, Ryan MC, Ernst T, Chang L. Prenatal tobacco exposure on brain morphometry partially mediated poor cognitive performance in preadolescent children. NEUROIMMUNE PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS 2023; 2:375-386. [PMID: 38058999 PMCID: PMC10696570 DOI: 10.1515/nipt-2023-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Objectives To evaluate whether prenatal tobacco exposure (PTE) is related to poorer cognitive performance, abnormal brain morphometry, and whether poor cognitive performance is mediated by PTE-related structural brain differences. Methods The Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study dataset was used to compare structural MRI data and neurocognitive (NIH Toolbox®) scores in 9-to-10-year-old children with (n=620) and without PTE (n=10,989). We also evaluated whether PTE effects on brain morphometry mediated PTE effects on neurocognitive scores. Group effects were evaluated using Linear Mixed Models, covaried for socio-demographics and prenatal exposures to alcohol and/or marijuana, and corrected for multiple comparisons using the false-discovery rate (FDR). Results Compared to unexposed children, those with PTE had poorer performance (all p-values <0.05) on executive function, working memory, episodic memory, reading decoding, crystallized intelligence, fluid intelligence and overall cognition. Exposed children also had thinner parahippocampal gyri, smaller surface areas in the posterior-cingulate and pericalcarine cortices; the lingual and inferior parietal gyri, and smaller thalamic volumes (all p-values <0.001). Furthermore, among children with PTE, girls had smaller surface areas in the superior-frontal (interaction-FDR-p=0.01), precuneus (interaction-FDR-p=0.03) and postcentral gyri (interaction-FDR-p=0.02), while boys had smaller putamen volumes (interaction-FDR-p=0.02). Smaller surface areas across regions of the frontal and parietal lobes, and lower thalamic volumes, partially mediated the associations between PTE and poorer neurocognitive scores (p-values <0.001). Conclusions Our findings suggest PTE may lead to poorer cognitive performance and abnormal brain morphometry, with sex-specific effects in some brain regions, in pre-adolescent children. The poor cognition in children with PTE may result from the smaller areas and subcortical brain volumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro J. Rodriguez Rivera
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Huajun Liang
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Amal Isaiah
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Christine C. Cloak
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Miriam S. Menken
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Meghann C. Ryan
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Thomas Ernst
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Linda Chang
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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14
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Tang M, Zhang M, Fu Y, Chen L, Li D, Zhang H, Yang Z, Wang C, Xiu P, Wilksch JJ, Luo Y, Han J, Yang H, Wang H. Terahertz label-free detection of nicotine-induced neural cell changes and the underlying mechanisms. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 241:115697. [PMID: 37751650 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Nicotine exposure can lead to neurological impairments and brain tumors, and a label-free and nondestructive detection technique is urgently required by the scientific community to assess the effects of nicotine on neural cells. Herein, a terahertz (THz) time-domain attenuated total reflection (TD-ATR) spectroscopy approach is reported, by which the effects of nicotine on normal and cancerous neural cells, i.e., HEB and U87 cells, are successfully investigated in a label/stain-free and nondestructive manner. The obtained THz absorption coefficients of HEB cells exposed to low-dose nicotine and high-dose nicotine are smaller and larger, respectively, than the untreated cells. In contrast, the THz absorption coefficients of U87 cells treated by nicotine are always smaller than the untreated cells. The THz absorption coefficients can be well related to the proliferation properties (cell number and compositional changes) and morphological changes of neural cells, by which different types of neural cells are differentiated and the viabilities of neural cells treated by nicotine are reliably assessed. Collectively, this work sheds new insights on the effects of nicotine on neural cells, and provides a useful tool (THz TD-ATR spectroscopy) for the study of chemical-cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjie Tang
- Research Center of Super-Resolution Optics & Chongqing Engineering Research Center of High-Resolution and Three-Dimensional Dynamic Imaging Technology, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China; Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - Mingkun Zhang
- Research Center of Super-Resolution Optics & Chongqing Engineering Research Center of High-Resolution and Three-Dimensional Dynamic Imaging Technology, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China; Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - Ying Fu
- Research Center of Super-Resolution Optics & Chongqing Engineering Research Center of High-Resolution and Three-Dimensional Dynamic Imaging Technology, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China; Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - Ligang Chen
- Research Center of Super-Resolution Optics & Chongqing Engineering Research Center of High-Resolution and Three-Dimensional Dynamic Imaging Technology, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China; Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - Dandan Li
- Research Center of Super-Resolution Optics & Chongqing Engineering Research Center of High-Resolution and Three-Dimensional Dynamic Imaging Technology, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China; Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Research Center of Super-Resolution Optics & Chongqing Engineering Research Center of High-Resolution and Three-Dimensional Dynamic Imaging Technology, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China; Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - Zhongbo Yang
- Research Center of Super-Resolution Optics & Chongqing Engineering Research Center of High-Resolution and Three-Dimensional Dynamic Imaging Technology, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China; Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - Chunlei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Peng Xiu
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Jonathan J Wilksch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yang Luo
- Center of Smart Laboratory and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Jiaguang Han
- Center for Terahertz Waves and College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Haijun Yang
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201204, China.
| | - Huabin Wang
- Research Center of Super-Resolution Optics & Chongqing Engineering Research Center of High-Resolution and Three-Dimensional Dynamic Imaging Technology, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China; Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China.
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15
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Henn SL, Martinasek MP, Lange M. Vaping Behavior in Young Adults During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Respir Care 2023; 68:1493-1501. [PMID: 37024281 PMCID: PMC10589117 DOI: 10.4187/respcare.10629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) continue to be popular among young adults. These devices are often advertised as a healthy alternative to quitting tobacco cigarettes. However, young adults represent a population who view it as a novel behavior that provides a sense of popularity, social acceptance, and desired physiologic properties. The objective of this study was to examine characteristics of vaping behavior among college students and explore possible associations between groups of vaping behavior (stopped, initiated, increased, decreased, stayed the same). METHODS In a multi-center cross-sectional study, 656 students from University of Tampa in the United States and University of Applied Sciences in Germany (IST) were recruited to answer a 31-item online questionnaire. A chi-square test was used to evaluate associations between the groups. RESULTS Prevalence rates indicated approximately 31% of all students were currently using ENDS. Even though more negative than positive experiences with ENDS were reported, most students stated their vaping increased during COVID-19 lockdowns. Addiction and stress relief emerged to be predictors (P < .001) of an increase in vaping, whereas social motives were not statistically significant. Living situation (P = .63) and depression (P = .10) were not significantly associated with vaping behavior. CONCLUSIONS ENDS products continue to yield very high levels of nicotine creating addiction in young adults. Addiction counseling and evidenced-based practices should be employed at every level (individual, community, and school). Additionally, mental health counseling for students in pandemic and high-stress environments may help to combat stress in a more proactive manner than self-medicating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella L Henn
- Department of Fitness and Health, IST University of Applied Sciences, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Mary P Martinasek
- Department of Health Science and Human Performance, The University of Tampa, Tampa, Florida
| | - Martin Lange
- Department of Fitness and Health, IST University of Applied Sciences, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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16
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AlHarthi A, Alasmari F, AlSharari SD, Alrasheed NM, Alshammari MA, Alshammari TK. Investigating Behavioral and Neuronal Changes in Adolescent Mice Following Prenatal Exposure to Electronic Cigarette (E-Cigarette) Vapor Containing Nicotine. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1417. [PMID: 37891786 PMCID: PMC10605868 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13101417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A substantial percentage of pregnant smokers stop using traditional cigarettes and switch to alternative nicotine-related products such as e-cigarettes. Prenatal exposure to tobacco increases the risk of psychiatric disorders in children. Adolescence is a complex phase in which higher cognitive and emotional processes undergo maturation and refinement. In this study, we examined the behavioral and molecular effects of first-trimester prenatal exposure to e-cigarettes. Adult female mice were divided into normal air, vehicle, and 2.5%-nicotine-exposed groups. Our analyses indicated that the adolescents in the 2.5%-nicotine-exposed group exhibited a significant lack of normal digging behavior, elevated initial sucrose intake, and reduced recognition memory. Importantly, we identified a substantial level of nicotine self-administration in the 2.5%-nicotine-exposed group. At a molecular level, the mRNAs of metabotropic glutamate receptors and transporters in the nucleus accumbens were not altered. This previously undescribed work indicates that prenatal exposure to e-cigarettes might increase the risk of nicotine addiction during adolescence, reduce cognitive capacity, and alter normal adolescent behavior. The outcome will aid in translating research and assist healthcare practitioners in tackling addiction and mental issues caused by toxicological exposure. Further, it will inform relevant policymaking, such as recommended taxation, labeling e-cigarette devices with more detailed neurotoxic effects, and preventing their sale to pregnant women and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa AlHarthi
- Pharmacology & Toxicology Graduate Program, Pharmacy College, King Saud University, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Fawaz Alasmari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia; (F.A.); (S.D.A.); (N.M.A.); (M.A.A.)
| | - Shakir D. AlSharari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia; (F.A.); (S.D.A.); (N.M.A.); (M.A.A.)
| | - Nouf M. Alrasheed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia; (F.A.); (S.D.A.); (N.M.A.); (M.A.A.)
| | - Musaad A. Alshammari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia; (F.A.); (S.D.A.); (N.M.A.); (M.A.A.)
| | - Tahani K. Alshammari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia; (F.A.); (S.D.A.); (N.M.A.); (M.A.A.)
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17
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M Jackson J, Weke A, Holliday R. Nicotine pouches: a review for the dental team. Br Dent J 2023; 235:643-646. [PMID: 37891304 PMCID: PMC10611559 DOI: 10.1038/s41415-023-6383-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Nicotine pouches are tobacco-free products that are becoming increasingly popular in the UK. They are held between the user's lip and gum to provide a source of nicotine. This article describes the composition of nicotine pouches, the legality surrounding their production and sale, patterns of use and explores possible oral and general health effects of their usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M Jackson
- School of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK; Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
| | - Anthony Weke
- School of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Richard Holliday
- School of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK; Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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18
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Chaaya R, Steele JR, Oliver BG, Chen H, Machaalani R. Effects of e-vapour and high-fat diet on the immunohistochemical staining of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, apoptosis, microglia and astrocytes in the adult male mouse hippocampus. J Chem Neuroanat 2023; 132:102303. [PMID: 37343645 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2023.102303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
The use of e-cigarettes/e-vapour, and the consumption of a high-fat diet (HFD), are two popular lifestyle choices associated with alterations in the hippocampus. This study, using a mouse model, investigated the effects of exposure to e-vapour (± nicotine) and HFD (43% fat) consumption, on the expression of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subunits α3, α4, α7 and β2, apoptosis markers caspase-3 and TUNEL, microglial marker Iba-1, and astrocyte marker GFAP, in hippocampal subregions of dentate gyrus (DG) and cornu ammonis (CA) 1-3. The major findings included: (1) HFD alone had minimal effect with no consistent pattern or interaction between the markers, (2) E-vapour (± nicotine) predominantly affected the CA2 subregion, decreasing α7 and β2 nAChR subunits and Iba-1, (3) Nicotine e-vapour increased TUNEL across all subregions, and (4) HFD, in the presence of nicotine-free e-vapour, decreased caspase-3 and increased TUNEL across all regions, and decreased Iba-1 in the CA subregions, while HFD and nicotine-containing e-vapour, subregion specifically affected the α3, α4 and α7 nAChR subunits, with a protective effect against change in GFAP in the DG and Iba-1 in the CA1 and CA3. These findings highlight that e-vapour itself alters nAChRs, particularly in the CA2 subregion, associated with a decrease in neuroinflammatory response (Iba-1) across the whole hippocampus, and the addition of nicotine increases cell apoptosis across the whole hippocampus. HFD alone was not detrimental in our model, but in the presence of nicotine-free e-vapour, it differentially affected apoptosis, while the addition of nicotine increased nAChR subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Chaaya
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia; SIDS and Sleep Apnea Laboratory, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Joel R Steele
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia; SIDS and Sleep Apnea Laboratory, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Brian G Oliver
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia; Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Hui Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Rita Machaalani
- SIDS and Sleep Apnea Laboratory, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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19
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Yaugher AC, Pay CC, Hawks J, Meier CL. Evaluating a Multicomponent e-Cigarette Prevention Program in the Rural Northwest: Teacher and Parent/Guardian Program Outcomes. J Sch Nurs 2023:10598405231198020. [PMID: 37644848 DOI: 10.1177/10598405231198020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
There are effective prevention strategies to combat increasing rates of youth e-cigarette use. This study assessed the outcomes of an e-cigarette prevention program with teachers and parents/guardians across a three-county rural area. Researchers assessed teachers' and parent/guardians' increased knowledge and confidence in implementing vape prevention after receiving evidence-based trainings. Pre- and post-surveys demonstrated that teachers had a statistically significant increase in knowledge gain across all eight vape-specific domains assessed as expected. The parent/guardian pre- and post-survey results also show that knowledge and confidence increased significantly across seven domains. Findings suggest that multicomponent e-cigarette education and prevention programs better prepare teachers and parents/guardians to intervene with youth e-cigarette use and initiation, including being more likely to talk to youth about the risks of tobacco and vaping. Recommendations for school nurses are discussed and include educating youth, families, and staff for positive impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley C Yaugher
- Utah State University, Cooperative Extension in Carbon, Emery, and Grand Counties, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Christina C Pay
- Utah State University, Cooperative Extension in Carbon, Emery, and Grand Counties, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Jenna Hawks
- Utah State University, Cooperative Extension in Carbon, Emery, and Grand Counties, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Cristian L Meier
- Utah State University, Cooperative Extension in Carbon, Emery, and Grand Counties, Logan, UT, USA
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20
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Grillberger K, Cöllen E, Trivisani CI, Blum J, Leist M, Ecker GF. Structural Insights into Neonicotinoids and N-Unsubstituted Metabolites on Human nAChRs by Molecular Docking, Dynamics Simulations, and Calcium Imaging. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13170. [PMID: 37685977 PMCID: PMC10487998 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Neonicotinoid pesticides were initially designed in order to achieve species selectivity on insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). However, concerns arose when agonistic effects were also detected in human cells expressing nAChRs. In the context of next-generation risk assessments (NGRAs), new approach methods (NAMs) should replace animal testing where appropriate. Herein, we present a combination of in silico and in vitro methodologies that are used to investigate the potentially toxic effects of neonicotinoids and nicotinoid metabolites on human neurons. First, an ensemble docking study was conducted on the nAChR isoforms α7 and α3β4 to assess potential crucial molecular initiating event (MIE) interactions. Representative docking poses were further refined using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and binding energy calculations using implicit solvent models. Finally, calcium imaging on LUHMES neurons confirmed a key event (KE) downstream of the MIE. This method was also used to confirm the predicted agonistic effect of the metabolite descyano-thiacloprid (DCNT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Grillberger
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Eike Cöllen
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | | | - Jonathan Blum
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Marcel Leist
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Gerhard F. Ecker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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21
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Wells AC, Lotfipour S. Prenatal nicotine exposure during pregnancy results in adverse neurodevelopmental alterations and neurobehavioral deficits. ADVANCES IN DRUG AND ALCOHOL RESEARCH 2023; 3:11628. [PMID: 38389806 PMCID: PMC10880762 DOI: 10.3389/adar.2023.11628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Maternal tobacco use and nicotine exposure during pregnancy have been associated with adverse birth outcomes in infants and can lead to preventable pregnancy complications. Exposure to nicotine and other compounds in tobacco and electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) has been shown to increases the risk of miscarriage, prematurity, stillbirth, low birth weight, perinatal morbidity, and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Additionally, recent data provided by clinical and pre-clinical research demonstrates that nicotine exposure during pregnancy may heighten the risk for adverse neurodevelopmental disorders such as Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity (ADHD), anxiety, and depression along with altering the infants underlying brain circuitry, response to neurotransmitters, and brain volume. In the United States, one in 14 women (7.2%) reported to have smoked cigarettes during their pregnancy with the global prevalence of smoking during pregnancy estimated to be 1.7%. Approximately 1.1% of women in the United States also reported to have used e-cigarettes during the last 3 months of pregnancy. Due to the large percentage of women utilizing nicotine products during pregnancy in the United States and globally, this review seeks to centralize pre-clinical and clinical studies focused on the neurobehavioral and neurodevelopmental complications associated with prenatal nicotine exposure (PNE) such as alterations to the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and brain regions such as the prefrontal cortex (PFC), ventral tegmental area (VTA), nucleus accumbens (NA), hippocampus, and caudate as well as changes to nAChR and cholinergic receptor signaling, long-term drug seeking behavior following PNE, and other related developmental disorders. Current literature analyzing the association between PNE and the risk for offspring developing schizophrenia, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), anxiety, and obesity will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia C Wells
- School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Shahrdad Lotfipour
- School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
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22
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Świątkowski W, Budzyńska B, Maciąg M, Świątkowska A, Tylżanowski P, Rahnama-Hezavah M, Stachurski P, Chałas R. Nicotine and Cytisine Embryotoxicity in the Experimental Zebrafish Model. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12094. [PMID: 37569468 PMCID: PMC10419251 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Tobacco smoking is one of the most serious health problems. Potentially lethal effects of nicotine for adults can occur with as little as 30 to 60 mg, although severe symptoms can arise with lower doses. Furthermore, the route of administration also influences the toxicity. Cytisine is one of the most popular medications in nicotinism treatment. Like nicotine, cytisine is a plant alkaloid, signaling through nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Our study evaluated the effects of cytisine in nicotine-induced embryotoxic effects using zebrafish larvae. We examined the teratogenicity of nicotine and cytisine alone or in combination. Nicotine increased mortality and delayed hatching of zebrafish larvae in a dose-dependent manner. Cytisine did not affect mortality in a wide range of concentrations, and hatching delay was observed only at the highest concentrations, above 2 mM. Administering compounds together partially reduced the adverse teratogenic effect induced by nicotine alone. The protective effect of cytisine against the nicotine effect, observed in zebrafish, will contribute to future studies or treatments related to nicotine addiction or prenatal nicotine exposure in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Świątkowski
- Department of Oral Surgery, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Barbara Budzyńska
- Independent Laboratory of Behavioral Studies, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland; (B.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Monika Maciąg
- Independent Laboratory of Behavioral Studies, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland; (B.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Agnieszka Świątkowska
- Department of Jaw Orthopaedics, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Przemko Tylżanowski
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland;
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Piotr Stachurski
- Department of Developmental Dentistry, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Renata Chałas
- Department of Oral Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland;
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23
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Maheta B, Khan A, Skinner S, Dove M. Initial impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on tobacco use among college students in California. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2023:1-6. [PMID: 37487206 PMCID: PMC10805952 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2023.2232458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the change in tobacco use by college students in California during the COVID-19 pandemic. Participants: Young adults (18-24 years) currently enrolled in a California college or university (N = 212). Methods: Students recruited through social media posts and by student tobacco advocate members completed an online survey of 59 questions in Spring 2021. Results: Almost 80% of current tobacco users reported a change in tobacco use during the pandemic. Most current tobacco users who changed their tobacco use reported an increase in use during the pandemic (43.2%) and 38.7% reported a decrease in use. Conclusion: As a result of COVID-19, many college students changed their tobacco use. As students return to campus and COVID-19 regulations are lifted, this may be an ideal time for prevention and cessation messages, which could include information on health risks associated with tobacco and e-cigarette use, and healthy methods for stress reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Afroze Khan
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley
| | | | - Melanie Dove
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis
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24
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Seeherunwong A, Tipayamongkholgul M, Angsukiattitavorn S, Muangsakul W, Singkhon O, Junda S, Sittichai R, Ondee P, Aekplakorn W. Association between socioecological factors and electronic cigarette use among Thai youth: an institution-based cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e069083. [PMID: 37451713 PMCID: PMC10351228 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-069083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to examine cigarette use distribution, pattern of e-cigarette use and to determine socioecological model (SEM) factors associated with e-cigarette use among Thai youth (aged 15-24). DESIGN An institution-based cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS The study conducted in five regions: the north, south, central, northeast and Bangkok area of Thailand from May to October 2021. An internet-based, self-administered questionnaire was developed based on the SEM. We enrolled 13 139 students who understood Thai and voluntarily consented to participate in the study. Hierarchical generalised estimating equations identified the related factors to e-cigarette use consistent with the SEM. RESULTS Of 12 948 respondents (95.5%), 181 were excluded due to a lack of cigarette use status. Of 12 767, the prevalence of cigarette use was 4.3%, e-cigarette use was 3.5% and dual-use was 2.4%. E-cigarettes were a much more favourable choice among female youth than cigarettes. E-cigarette users tended to express more positive beliefs towards e-cigarettes than non-users. Although the use of e-cigarettes is illegal in Thailand, 66% of users obtained e-cigarettes from online markets and 4% from grocery stores. We found that having a girlfriend or boyfriend who uses e-cigarettes increased the odds of e-cigarette use by 3.239 times. Interestingly, higher odds of e-cigarette use were associated with peer use than with sibling use among e-cigarette users. (Adjusted OR 2.786, 95% CI 1.844 to 4.208 and 2.485, 95% CI 1.402 to 4.404, respectively). Exposure to e-cigarette use in school increased the odds of e-cigarette use by four times. CONCLUSION This institution-based cross-sectional study revealed that youth e-cigarette use is a significant problem. To prevent the increasing rate of e-cigarette use, health literacy about e-cigarette use, including media and information literacy, should be launched across all levels of the school environment to enlist youth to stand against the negative impacts of e-cigarette use among all those of school age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Acharaporn Seeherunwong
- Mental Health and Psychiatric Nursing, Mahidol University Faculty of Nursing, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | | | - Onnalin Singkhon
- School of Nursing, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand
| | - Sangdao Junda
- Boromarajonani College of Nursing Khon kaen, Khon kaen, Thailand
| | | | - Pasitta Ondee
- Faculty of Nursing, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wichai Aekplakorn
- Community Medicine, Mahidol University Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
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25
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Shahab L. Nicotine-Friend or Foe? The Complex Interplay Between Its Role in Dependence, Harm Reduction, and Risk Communication. Nicotine Tob Res 2023; 25:1227-1228. [PMID: 37061812 PMCID: PMC10256881 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntad053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lion Shahab
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, UK
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26
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Kim I, Begay C, Ma HJ, Orozco FR, Rogers CJ, Valente TW, Unger JB. E-Cigarette-Related Health Beliefs Expressed on Twitter Within the U.S. AJPM FOCUS 2023; 2:100067. [PMID: 37790637 PMCID: PMC10546567 DOI: 10.1016/j.focus.2023.100067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Introduction This mixed-methods study analyzed English-language U.S.-based Twitter posts related to E-cigarette use from February 2021. Methods Posts were manually identified as health-related or not and, if health-related, whether they were posted by an E-cigarette user. A random selection of 1,000 health-related tweets from 986 unique E-cigarette users were qualitatively content analyzed for theory of planned behavior constructs as well as nature and tone of each tweet message. Using quantitative semantic network analysis, relationships among the identified topics and sentiment-specific conversation patterns were explored. Results The most salient health-related conversation topics of E-cigarette users, health beliefs corresponding to each theory of planned behavior construct, and major motivational contexts of E-cigarette use were identified. Seven topics emerged in positive tweets: smoking cessation, social impact generation, controls over addiction, therapeutic effects on physical and mental health, social support, device attachment, and peer influence. Nine topics emerged in negative tweets: side effects on physical health, vaping addiction, lack of E-cigarette regulations, peer pressure, increased risk of COVID-19, side effects on mental health, no help in smoking cessation, social conflict, and polysubstance use. Most assertions for E-cigarette benefits were not substantiated. Jokes in tweets appeared to contribute to the view of vaping as an attractive, enjoyable, safe, and fun activity. Discussions about positive aspects of E-cigarette use were concentrated on a few related topics, whereas tweets discouraging E-cigarette use presented a diverse, less related set of topics. Conclusions The results provide insights into the drivers of E-cigarette use behaviors. E-cigarette user perspectives gathered from social media may inform research to guide future prevention and cessation interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Kim
- Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
- Dornsife Spatial Sciences Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Cynthia Begay
- Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Harrison J. Ma
- Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Francis R. Orozco
- Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Christopher J. Rogers
- College of Health and Human Development, California State University Northridge, Los Angeles, California
| | - Thomas W. Valente
- Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jennifer B. Unger
- Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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27
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Archie SR, Sifat AE, Zhang Y, Villalba H, Sharma S, Nozohouri S, Abbruscato TJ. Maternal e-cigarette use can disrupt postnatal blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity and deteriorates motor, learning and memory function: influence of sex and age. Fluids Barriers CNS 2023; 20:17. [PMID: 36899432 PMCID: PMC9999561 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-023-00416-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), also commonly known as electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) are considered in most cases as a safer alternative to tobacco smoking and therefore have become extremely popular among all age groups and sex. It is estimated that up to 15% of pregnant women are now using e-cigs in the US which keeps increasing at an alarming rate. Harmful effects of tobacco smoking during pregnancy are well documented for both pregnancy and postnatal health, however limited preclinical and clinical studies exist to evaluate the long-term effects of prenatal e-cig exposure on postnatal health. Therefore, the aim of our study is to evaluate the effect of maternal e-cig use on postnatal blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity and behavioral outcomes of mice of varying age and sex. In this study, pregnant CD1 mice (E5) were exposed to e-Cig vapor (2.4% nicotine) until postnatal day (PD) 7. Weight of the offspring was measured at PD0, PD7, PD15, PD30, PD45, PD60 and PD90. The expression of structural elements of the BBB, tight junction proteins (ZO-1, claudin-5, occludin), astrocytes (GFAP), pericytes (PDGFRβ) and the basement membrane (laminin α1, laminin α4), neuron specific marker (NeuN), water channel protein (AQP4) and glucose transporter (GLUT1) were analyzed in both male and female offspring using western blot and immunofluorescence. Estrous cycle was recorded by vaginal cytology method. Long-term motor and cognitive functions were evaluated using open field test (OFT), novel object recognition test (NORT) and morris water maze test (MWMT) at adolescence (PD 40-45) and adult (PD 90-95) age. In our study, significantly reduced expression of tight junction proteins and astrocyte marker were observed in male and female offspring until PD 90 (P < 0.05). Additionally, prenatally e-cig exposed adolescent and adult offspring showed impaired locomotor, learning, and memory function compared to control offspring (P < 0.05). Our findings suggest that prenatal e-cig exposure induces long-term neurovascular changes of neonates by disrupting postnatal BBB integrity and worsening behavioral outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Rahman Archie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Ali Ehsan Sifat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Heidi Villalba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Sejal Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Saeideh Nozohouri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Thomas J Abbruscato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA.
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28
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Colyer-Patel K, Kuhns L, Weidema A, Lesscher H, Cousijn J. Age-dependent effects of tobacco smoke and nicotine on cognition and the brain: A systematic review of the human and animal literature comparing adolescents and adults. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 146:105038. [PMID: 36627063 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is often initiated during adolescence and an earlier age of onset is associated with worse health outcomes later in life. Paradoxically, the transition towards adulthood also marks the potential for recovery, as the majority of adolescents are able to quit smoking when adulthood emerges. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the evidence from both human and animal studies for the differential impact of adolescent versus adult repeated and long-term tobacco and nicotine exposure on cognitive and brain outcomes. The limited human studies and more extensive yet heterogeneous animal studies, provide preliminary evidence of heightened fear learning, anxiety-related behaviour, reward processing, nicotinic acetylcholinergic receptors expression, dopamine expression and serotonin functioning after adolescent compared to adult exposure. Effects of nicotine or tobacco use on impulsivity were comparable across age groups. These findings provide novel insights into the mechanisms underlying adolescents' vulnerability to tobacco and nicotine. Future research is needed to translate animal to human findings, with a focus on directly linking a broader spectrum of brain and behavioural outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karis Colyer-Patel
- Neuroscience of Addiction (NofA) Lab, Department of Psychology, Education & Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Lauren Kuhns
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Alix Weidema
- Neuroscience of Addiction (NofA) Lab, Department of Psychology, Education & Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Heidi Lesscher
- Department Population Health Sciences, Animals in Science and Society, Division of Behavioural Neuroscience, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Janna Cousijn
- Neuroscience of Addiction (NofA) Lab, Department of Psychology, Education & Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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29
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Castro EM, Lotfipour S, Leslie FM. Nicotine on the developing brain. Pharmacol Res 2023; 190:106716. [PMID: 36868366 PMCID: PMC10392865 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Developmental periods such as gestation and adolescence have enhanced plasticity leaving the brain vulnerable to harmful effects from nicotine use. Proper brain maturation and circuit organization is critical for normal physiological and behavioral outcomes. Although cigarette smoking has declined in popularity, noncombustible nicotine products are readily used. The misperceived safety of these alternatives lead to widespread use among vulnerable populations such as pregnant women and adolescents. Nicotine exposure during these sensitive developmental windows is detrimental to cardiorespiratory function, learning and memory, executive function, and reward related circuitry. In this review, we will discuss clinical and preclinical evidence of the adverse alterations in the brain and behavior following nicotine exposure. Time-dependent nicotine-induced changes in reward related brain regions and drug reward behaviors will be discussed and highlight unique sensitivities within a developmental period. We will also review long lasting effects of developmental exposure persisting into adulthood, along with permanent epigenetic changes in the genome which can be passed to future generations. Taken together, it is critical to evaluate the consequences of nicotine exposure during these vulnerable developmental windows due to its direct impact on cognition, potential trajectories for other substance use, and implicated mechanisms for the neurobiology of substance use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Castro
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Shahrdad Lotfipour
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Frances M Leslie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
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30
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Huang S, Chen Q, Griffin P, Liu G, Azagba S. Longitudinal transitions in tobacco use in youth and young adults: A latent transition analysis of the population assessment of tobacco and health study from Wave 1 to 5. Addict Behav 2023; 138:107548. [PMID: 36444788 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2022.107548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tobacco use by youth and young adults can lead to significant long-term health problems. We aim to understand transitions in tobacco use patterns among these groups and the factors that affect transition patterns. METHODS Using the five waves of data from the nationally representative Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study (2013-2019), we conducted latent class analysis and latent transition analysis to understand tobacco use classes and the longitudinal transitions between classes. We also adjusted for covariates, including demographics, individual behaviors, household environment, and psychosocial factors, to capture their effects on class transition probabilities. RESULTS Three tobacco use behaviors were identified: non-current user (C1), moderate e-cigarette user (C2), and poly-tobacco user (C3). At baseline (Wave 1), 94.4% of participants were classified as C1, 3.2% as C2, and 2.4% as C3, and the distribution shifted towards C2 and C3 over time. Progression to the next class represented the most common transitions (14.1% C2 to C3, 10.7% C1 to C2), while the direct progression from C1 to C3 was rare (0.6%). Being male, White, adult, living in smoking-allowed households, past-year alcohol use, drug use, internalizing problems, and social media follower of tobacco brands were associated with a faster progression to poly-tobacco use. CONCLUSIONS The transition patterns implied that e-cigarette use might be an intermediate progression from non-current use into poly-tobacco use. Individual behaviors, household environment, and psychosocial factors are associated with elevated risks of progression. The findings may inform tobacco prevention and cessation policies among youth and young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyi Huang
- The Harold and Inge Marcus Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Qiushi Chen
- The Harold and Inge Marcus Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
| | - Paul Griffin
- The Harold and Inge Marcus Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA; Consortium for Substance Use and Addiction, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA; Social Science Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Guodong Liu
- Department of Public Health Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Sunday Azagba
- Consortium for Substance Use and Addiction, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA; Ross and Carol Nese College of Nursing, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA; Social Science Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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Willingness to Use Commercial Nicotine Gums, Lozenges, and Gummies Among Nontobacco Using Adolescents in Southern California. J Adolesc Health 2023; 72:277-286. [PMID: 36470691 PMCID: PMC9994582 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2022.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE New oral nicotine products (ONPs), often advertised as "tobacco-free" (i.e., pouches, gum, lozenges, gummies), come in nontobacco flavors appealing to adolescents. It is unknown how adolescent willingness to use ONPs differs by product type and flavor, and whether sociodemographic disparities exist. METHODS Adolescent never tobacco product users (n = 1, 289) in ninth or 10th grade from 11 high schools in Southern California were surveyed in fall 2021 about ever and past 6-month use of ONPs and sociodemographic characteristics. Adolescents were randomized to view five different ONPs in either fruit or mint flavor, and asked to rate their willingness to use each product. Multivariable logistic random effect-repeated measures regression examined associations of product type, flavor, and sociodemographic characteristics with any willingness to use ONPs. RESULTS Compared to traditional smokeless tobacco (willingness = 17.8%), adolescents reported greater willingness to use ONPs (gum, 28.2%; pouches, 21.1%; lozenge, 22.4%; gummies, 24.1%); adjusted odd ratios [aORs] 1.25-1.84; p-values<.001). Mint flavor (23.3%) compared to fruit flavor (21.4%), significantly increased odds of willingness to use across all ONPs (aOR [95%CI] = 1.15 [1.05, 1.26], p = .004). Younger adolescents (ninth, 24.2% vs. 10th grade, 21.4%) and LGBTQ+ (34.2%) versus heterosexual (19.7%) and cisgender (18.8%) adolescents were more willing to use these products. DISCUSSION Adolescents reported greater willingness to use new ONPs compared to traditional smokeless tobacco. Adolescents who were younger (vs. older adolescents) or identified as LGBTQ+ (vs. heterosexual and cisgender) were more willing to use new ONPs. Efforts to monitor adolescents' willingness to use and actual use of these products are warranted.
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Cao H, Zhou N, Liang Y, Li Q, Yu Q, Bao T. Early Risk of Tobacco Smoke Exposure and Preschoolers' Hot and Cool Inhibitory Control: Promotive and Protective Roles of Maternal Positivity in Early Mother-child Interaction. PREVENTION SCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR PREVENTION RESEARCH 2023; 24:50-63. [PMID: 35939179 DOI: 10.1007/s11121-022-01419-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Early tobacco smoke exposure (TSE) in utero and/or during the first years after birth poses threats to the development of child executive functioning and self-regulation skills, including inhibitory control. Efforts are still needed to examine under what conditions such effects may occur and thus identify modifiable intervention targets. In addition, a distinction between cool and hot inhibitory control is also important to obtain greater nuance in such links. The cool inhibitory control refers to children's suppression of prepotent automatic responses to a distracting stimulus in solving arbitrary and decontextualized problems, whereas the hot inhibitory control refers to children's control of impulse in motivationally and emotionally high-stake situations. Using data derived from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development, we examined the links between early risk of TSE and preschoolers' hot and cool inhibitory control and tested the potential promotive/protective roles of maternal positivity in early mother-child interactions. Results indicate that early risk of TSE was negatively linked to child cool inhibitory control when maternal positivity was low, but this link was nonsignificant when maternal positivity was high (i.e., the protective role of maternal positivity). The link between early risk of TSE and child later hot inhibitory control was not moderated by maternal positivity; instead, early risk of TSE and maternal positivity were negatively and positively associated with child hot inhibitory control above and beyond each other, respectively (i.e., the promotive role of maternal positivity). Accordingly, building a tobacco-free environment during pregnancy and infancy likely yields long-term benefits for child self-regulation development. Improving early mothering may offset the negative link between early TSE and child cool inhibitory control and also facilitate child hot inhibitory control even in the face of early TSE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjian Cao
- Applied Psychology Program, School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, No. 2001 Longxiang Boulevard, Longgang District, Shenzhen, 518172, China
| | - Nan Zhou
- Faculty of Education, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, E33 Building, Taipa, Macau, 999078, China.
| | - Yue Liang
- School of Social Development and Public Policy, Beijing Normal University, Hai Dian District, No. 19 Xin Jie Kou Wai Street, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Qi Li
- Faculty of Education, Institute of Early Childhood Education, Beijing Normal University, Hai Dian District, 512 Ying Dong Building, No. 19 Xin Jie Kou Wai Street, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Qianwen Yu
- Faculty of Education, Institute of Early Childhood Education, Beijing Normal University, Hai Dian District, 512 Ying Dong Building, No. 19 Xin Jie Kou Wai Street, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Tingting Bao
- Faculty of Education, Institute of Early Childhood Education, Beijing Normal University, Hai Dian District, 512 Ying Dong Building, No. 19 Xin Jie Kou Wai Street, Beijing, 100875, China
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Beltrán-Castillo S, Bravo K, Eugenín J. Impact of Prenatal Nicotine Exposure on Placental Function and Respiratory Neural Network Development. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1428:233-244. [PMID: 37466776 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-32554-0_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Smoking during pregnancy is associated with multiple undesirable outcomes in infants, such as low birth weight, increased neonatal morbidity and mortality, and catastrophic conditions like sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Nicotine, the most addictive and teratogenic substance in tobacco smoke, reaches and crosses the placenta and can be accumulated in the amniotic fluid and distributed by fetal circulation, altering the cholinergic transmission by acting on the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) expressed from very early gestational stages in the placenta and fetal tissue. Because nAChRs influence the establishment of feto-maternal circulation and the emergence of neuronal networks, prenatal nicotine exposure can lead to multiple alterations in newborns. In this mini-review, we discuss the undeniable effects of nicotine in the placenta and the respiratory neural network as examples of how prenatal nicotine and smoking exposition can affect brain development because dysfunction in this network is involved in SIDS etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Beltrán-Castillo
- Centro integrativo de Biología y Química Aplicada (CIBQA), Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Karina Bravo
- Laboratorio de Sistemas Neurales, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile USACH, Santiago, Chile
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jaime Eugenín
- Laboratorio de Sistemas Neurales, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile USACH, Santiago, Chile.
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Matsushima T, Miura M, Patzke N, Toji N, Wada K, Ogura Y, Homma KJ, Sgadò P, Vallortigara G. Fetal blockade of nicotinic acetylcholine transmission causes autism-like impairment of biological motion preference in the neonatal chick. Cereb Cortex Commun 2022; 3:tgac041. [PMID: 37674673 PMCID: PMC10478028 DOI: 10.1093/texcom/tgac041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Several environmental chemicals are suspected risk factors for autism spectrum disorder (ASD), including valproic acid (VPA) and pesticides acting on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), if administered during pregnancy. However, their target processes in fetal neuro-development are unknown. We report that the injection of VPA into the fetus impaired imprinting to an artificial object in neonatal chicks, while a predisposed preference for biological motion (BM) remained intact. Blockade of nAChRs acted oppositely, sparing imprinting and impairing BM preference. Beside ketamine and tubocurarine, significant effects of imidacloprid (a neonicotinoid insecticide) appeared at a dose ≤1 ppm. In accord with the behavioral dissociations, VPA enhanced histone acetylation in the primary cell culture of fetal telencephalon, whereas ketamine did not. VPA reduced the brain weight and the ratio of NeuN-positive cells (matured neurons) in the telencephalon of hatchlings, whereas ketamine/tubocurarine did not. Despite the distinct underlying mechanisms, both VPA and nAChR blockade similarly impaired imprinting to biological image composed of point-light animations. Furthermore, both impairments were abolished by postnatal bumetanide treatment, suggesting a common pathology underlying the social attachment malformation. Neurotransmission via nAChR is thus critical for the early social bond formation, which is hindered by ambient neonicotinoids through impaired visual predispositions for animate objects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiya Matsushima
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Health Science University of Hokkaido, Tobetsu 061-0293, Japan
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, Rovereto 38068, Italy
| | - Momoko Miura
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Health Science University of Hokkaido, Tobetsu 061-0293, Japan
| | - Nina Patzke
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
- Health and Medical University, Potsdam 14471, Germany
| | - Noriyuki Toji
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Wada
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Yukiko Ogura
- Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, PRESTO, Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan
| | - Koichi J Homma
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Paola Sgadò
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, Rovereto 38068, Italy
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Dash GF, Holt L, Kenyon EA, Carter EK, Ho D, Hudson KA, Feldstein Ewing SW. Detection of vaping, cannabis use, and hazardous prescription opioid use among adolescents. THE LANCET. CHILD & ADOLESCENT HEALTH 2022; 6:820-828. [PMID: 36030794 PMCID: PMC9588707 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-4642(22)00212-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
There has been a global surge in adolescents' use of electronic nicotine delivery systems (vaping), cannabis (vaped and edible), and prescription opioids, collectively termed ECPO. The nature of ECPO use can make it difficult to detect due to few obvious immediate physical and behavioural signs, as well as subtle long-term effects that allow adolescents to transition from initial exploration into hazardous ECPO use without easy detection by care providers. Here, we address the nature of the presentation of ECPO use in adolescents (roughly age 13-18 years), including challenges in detecting use and related complications, which affect screening, prevention, and intervention. We begin by reviewing empirical data on these difficult to detect effects in adolescents, including acute effects at cellular and neural levels and long-term neurocognitive and developmental changes that precede outwardly detectable physical signs. We then provide concrete approaches for providers to screen for ECPO use in adolescents even in the absence of overt physical and behavioural symptoms. Finally, we conclude with direct practice recommendations for prevention and intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve F Dash
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
| | - Laura Holt
- Department of Psychology, Trinity College, Hartford, CT, USA
| | - Emily A Kenyon
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Emily K Carter
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Diana Ho
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Karen A Hudson
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
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Knopik VS, Micalizzi L, Marceau K, Loviska AM, Yu L, Bien A, Rolan E, Evans AS, Palmer RHC, Heath AC. The roles of familial transmission and smoking during pregnancy on executive function skills: A sibling-comparison study. Dev Psychopathol 2022; 34:1-13. [PMID: 36039978 PMCID: PMC10710697 DOI: 10.1017/s095457942200075x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This research examines maternal smoking during pregnancy and risk for poorer executive function in siblings discordant for exposure. Data (N = 173 families) were drawn from the Missouri Mothers and Their Children study, a sample, identified using birth records (years 1998-2005), in which mothers changed smoking behavior between two pregnancies (Child 1 [older sibling]: M age = 12.99; Child 2 [younger sibling]: M age = 10.19). A sibling comparison approach was used, providing a robust test for the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and different aspects of executive function in early-mid adolescence. Results suggested within-family (i.e., potentially causal) associations between maternal smoking during pregnancy and one working memory task (visual working memory) and one response inhibition task (color-word interference), with increased exposure associated with decreased performance. Maternal smoking during pregnancy was not associated with stop-signal reaction time, cognitive flexibility/set-shifting, or auditory working memory. Initial within-family associations between maternal smoking during pregnancy and visual working memory as well as color-word interference were fully attenuated in a model including child and familial covariates. These findings indicate that exposure to maternal smoking during pregnancy may be associated with poorer performance on some, but not all skills assessed; however, familial transmission of risk for low executive function appears more important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie S Knopik
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Purdue University, 1202 West State St, West Lafayette, USA, IN, 47906
| | - Lauren Micalizzi
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Box G-S121-5 Providence, RI, 02903, USA
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Box G-S121-5, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Kristine Marceau
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Purdue University, 1202 West State St, West Lafayette, USA, IN, 47906
| | - Amy M Loviska
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Purdue University, 1202 West State St, West Lafayette, USA, IN, 47906
| | - Li Yu
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Purdue University, 1202 West State St, West Lafayette, USA, IN, 47906
| | - Alexandra Bien
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Purdue University, 1202 West State St, West Lafayette, USA, IN, 47906
| | - Emily Rolan
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, 316 Physics Rd., East Lansing, MI, 48823, USA
| | - Allison S Evans
- Concord Comprehensive Neuropsychological Services, 86 Baker Avenue Extension #301, Concord, MA, 01742, USA
| | - Rohan H C Palmer
- Behavioral Genetics of Addiction Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Emory University, 36 Eagle Row, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Andrew C Heath
- Midwest Alcoholism Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
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Pereira Júnior AA, de Amorim GES, Garcia RCT, Ribeiro JM, Silva AO, Almeida CADF, Ceron CS, Ruginsk SG, Antunes-Rodrigues J, Elias LLK, Dias MVS, Marcourakis T, Torres LH. Nicotine exposure through breastfeeding affects BDNF and synaptic proteins levels in the brain of stressed adult female mice. Int J Dev Neurosci 2022; 82:759-771. [PMID: 36018565 DOI: 10.1002/jdn.10227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotine has been used during pregnancy and lactation as a tobacco harm reduction strategy. However, it is unclear whether nicotine exposure during a critical development period negatively impacts stress responses in adulthood. This study investigated how nicotine, administered via breastfeeding, affects the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), synaptic proteins levels, and anxiety-like behavior in adult female mice subjected to stress. Female Swiss mice were exposed to saline or nicotine (8 mg/kg/day) through breastfeeding between their fourth and 17th postnatal days (P) via implanted osmotic mini pumps. The unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS) protocol was performed during their adulthood (P65) for 10 consecutive days, followed by the elevated plus maze (EPM) test one day after the protocol. Animals were euthanized and their blood, collected for plasma corticosterone measurements and their brain structures, dissected for BDNF and synaptic proteins analyses. We found no significant differences in corticosterone levels between groups (Saline/Non-stress, Nicotine/Non-stress, Saline/Stress, and Nicotine/Stress). The UCMS protocol hindered weight gain. Mice exposed to nicotine through breastfeeding with or without the UCMS protocol in adulthood showed higher grooming and head dipping frequency; decreased BDNF levels in cerebellum and striatum; increased postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD-95), synapsin I, and synaptophysin levels in cerebellum; and decreased PSD-95 and synapsin I levels in brainstem. Our results indicate that nicotine exposure through breastfeeding leads to long-lasting behavioral effects and synaptic protein changes, most of which were independent of the UCMS protocol, even after a long nicotine-free period, highlighting the importance of further studies on nicotine exposure during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Alves Pereira Júnior
- Department of Food and Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Raphael Caio Tamborelli Garcia
- Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo Diadema, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jéssyca Milene Ribeiro
- Department of Food and Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Oliveira Silva
- Department of Food and Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Carla Speroni Ceron
- Department of Food and Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Silvia Graciela Ruginsk
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - José Antunes-Rodrigues
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucila Leico Kagohara Elias
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Tania Marcourakis
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Larissa Helena Torres
- Department of Food and Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Chen Z, Chen W, Li Y, Moos M, Xiao D, Wang C. Single-nucleus chromatin accessibility and RNA sequencing reveal impaired brain development in prenatally e-cigarette exposed neonatal rats. iScience 2022; 25:104686. [PMID: 35874099 PMCID: PMC9304611 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Although emerging evidence reveals that vaping alters the function of the central nervous system, the effects of maternal vaping on offspring brain development remain elusive. Using a well-established in utero exposure model, we performed single-nucleus ATAC-seq (snATAC-seq) and RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) on prenatally e-cigarette-exposed rat brains. We found that maternal vaping distorted neuronal lineage differentiation in the neonatal brain by promoting excitatory neurons and inhibiting lateral ganglionic eminence-derived inhibitory neuronal differentiation. Moreover, maternal vaping disrupted calcium homeostasis, induced microglia cell death, and elevated susceptibility to cerebral ischemic injury in the developing brain of offspring. Our results suggest that the aberrant calcium signaling, diminished microglial population, and impaired microglia-neuron interaction may all contribute to the underlying mechanisms by which prenatal e-cigarette exposure impairs neonatal rat brain development. Our findings raise the concern that maternal vaping may cause adverse long-term brain damage to the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Chen
- Center for Genomics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, 11021 Campus St., Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Wanqiu Chen
- Center for Genomics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, 11021 Campus St., Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Yong Li
- Lawrence D. Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Division of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Malcolm Moos
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research & Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Daliao Xiao
- Lawrence D. Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Division of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Charles Wang
- Center for Genomics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, 11021 Campus St., Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA.,Division of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, Department of Basic Science, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, 11021 Campus St., Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
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Benevento M, Hökfelt T, Harkany T. Ontogenetic rules for the molecular diversification of hypothalamic neurons. Nat Rev Neurosci 2022; 23:611-627. [PMID: 35906427 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-022-00615-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamus is an evolutionarily conserved endocrine interface that, among other roles, links central homeostatic control to adaptive bodily responses by releasing hormones and neuropeptides from its many neuronal subtypes. In its preoptic, anterior, tuberal and mammillary subdivisions, a kaleidoscope of magnocellular and parvocellular neuroendocrine command neurons, local-circuit neurons, and neurons that project to extrahypothalamic areas are intermingled in partially overlapping patches of nuclei. Molecular fingerprinting has produced data of unprecedented mass and depth to distinguish and even to predict the synaptic and endocrine competences, connectivity and stimulus selectivity of many neuronal modalities. These new insights support eminent studies from the past century but challenge others on the molecular rules that shape the developmental segregation of hypothalamic neuronal subtypes and their use of morphogenic cues for terminal differentiation. Here, we integrate single-cell RNA sequencing studies with those of mouse genetics and endocrinology to describe key stages of hypothalamus development, including local neurogenesis, the direct terminal differentiation of glutamatergic neurons, transition cascades for GABAergic and GABAergic cell-derived dopamine cells, waves of local neuronal migration, and sequential enrichment in neuropeptides and hormones. We particularly emphasize how transcription factors determine neuronal identity and, consequently, circuit architecture, and whether their deviations triggered by environmental factors and hormones provoke neuroendocrine illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Benevento
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tomas Hökfelt
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicum 7D, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Tibor Harkany
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. .,Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicum 7D, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden.
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Virgili F, Nenna R, Ben David S, Mancino E, Di Mattia G, Matera L, Petrarca L, Midulla F. E-cigarettes and youth: an unresolved Public Health concern. Ital J Pediatr 2022; 48:97. [PMID: 35701844 PMCID: PMC9194784 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-022-01286-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarette) and vaping devices started as a potential aid for cessation and reducing the harmful consequences of cigarette smoking, mainly in the adult population. Today e-cigarette use is highly increasing in vulnerable populations, especially young and pregnant women, due to the misconception of its harmless use. Despite the growing acknowledgment in e-cigarette as a potential harmful device, and due to mixed information found concerning its beneficial aid for smokers, along with an insufficient clinical study done in human models, it is important to further evaluate the possible benefits and risks of non-combusting, vaping nicotine or non-nicotine delivery devices. In this review we tried to summarize the latest updated information found in the literature, concentrating mainly in the variety of adverse effects of e-cigarette use and its contribution for recent and future health concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Virgili
- Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaella Nenna
- Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Shira Ben David
- Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Enrica Mancino
- Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Greta Di Mattia
- Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Matera
- Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Petrarca
- Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Midulla
- Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
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41
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Simon KM, Levy SJ, Bukstein OG. Adolescent Substance Use Disorders. NEJM EVIDENCE 2022; 1:EVIDra2200051. [PMID: 38319247 PMCID: PMC11003516 DOI: 10.1056/evidra2200051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Adolescent Substance Use DisordersSubstance use disorders contribute to the leading causes of death among adolescents, including homicide and suicide. Here, Simon et al. review the most recent published data on adolescent substance use disorders and the implications for clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Simon
- Adolescent Substance Use & Addiction Program (ASAP), Division of Developmental Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Sharon J Levy
- Adolescent Substance Use & Addiction Program (ASAP), Division of Developmental Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Oscar G Bukstein
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Hussain S, Breit KR, Thomas JD. The effects of prenatal nicotine and THC E-cigarette exposure on motor development in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2022; 239:1579-1591. [PMID: 35338387 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-022-06095-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE In the USA, nicotine and cannabis are the most common licit and illicit drugs used among pregnant women. Importantly, nicotine and cannabis are now being combined for consumption via e-cigarettes, an increasingly popular delivery device. Both nicotine and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the primary psychoactive component of cannabis, cross the placenta barrier. However, the consequences of prenatal cannabis use are not well understood, and less is known about potential combination effects when consumed with nicotine, especially via e-cigarettes. OBJECTIVE The present study used a rodent model to examine how prenatal e-cigarette exposure to nicotine, THC, and the combination impacts motor development among offspring. METHODS Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to nicotine (36 mg/mL), THC (100 mg/mL), the combination, or vehicle via e-cigarette inhalation from gestational days (GD) 5-20. One sex pair per litter was tested on an early sensorimotor development task (postnatal days [PD] 12-20) and a parallel bar motor coordination task (PD 30-32). RESULTS Combined prenatal exposure to nicotine and THC delayed sensorimotor development, even though neither drug produced impairments on their own. In contrast, prenatal exposure to either nicotine or THC impaired motor coordination, whereas combined exposure exacerbated these effects, particularly among females. CONCLUSIONS These data illustrate that prenatal exposure to either nicotine or THC may alter motor development, and that the combination may produce more severe effects. These findings have important implications for pregnant women as we better understand the teratogenic effects of these drugs consumed via e-cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hussain
- Center for Behavioral Teratology, Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, CA, San Diego, USA
| | - K R Breit
- Center for Behavioral Teratology, Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, CA, San Diego, USA.,Department of Psychology, West Chester University of Pennsylvania, West Chester, PA, USA
| | - J D Thomas
- Center for Behavioral Teratology, Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, CA, San Diego, USA.
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Association between Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure and Adaptive Behavior in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10040189. [PMID: 35448450 PMCID: PMC9027185 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10040189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The study focuses on current issues of adaptive behavior in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and on the possible risk factor of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). Children examined at the Academic Research Center for Autism (ARCA) in Bratislava were involved in the study. The study sample included 84 children (71 boys) with ASD (average age 5.35 years) and a non-ASD group of 24 children (20 boys; average age 8.10 years). The “ETS Questionnaire” focused on the detection of parental smoking habits and other ETS exposures. The concentrations of cotinine in urine were measured by ELISA kit. A significant delay in adaptive behavior of children with ASD in comparison with the non-ASD group was identified. The significant differences were in adaptive behavior, communication, and everyday skills. Children with ASD were more likely to be exposed to ETS, especially in the household. Good agreement was found between objective and subjective ETS exposure indicators (kappa = 0.613). Self-reported exposure to ETS corresponded significantly with the median levels of urinary cotinine. In addition to evaluation and assessment of the quality of adaptive behavior, an important goal of further research should be to identify, investigate, and eliminate environmental factors that interfere with adaptive behavior.
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Zillich L, Poisel E, Streit F, Frank J, Fries GR, Foo JC, Friske MM, Sirignano L, Hansson AC, Nöthen MM, Witt SH, Walss-Bass C, Spanagel R, Rietschel M. Epigenetic Signatures of Smoking in Five Brain Regions. J Pers Med 2022; 12:566. [PMID: 35455681 PMCID: PMC9029407 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12040566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Epigenome-wide association studies (EWAS) in peripheral blood have repeatedly found associations between tobacco smoking and aberrant DNA methylation (DNAm), but little is known about DNAm signatures of smoking in the human brain, which may contribute to the pathophysiology of addictive behavior observed in chronic smokers. (2) Methods: We investigated the similarity of DNAm signatures in matched blood and postmortem brain samples (n = 10). In addition, we performed EWASs in five brain regions belonging to the neurocircuitry of addiction: anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), Brodmann Area 9, caudate nucleus, putamen, and ventral striatum (n = 38-72). (3) Results: cg15925993 within the LOC339975 gene was epigenome-wide significant in the ACC. Of 16 identified differentially methylated regions, two (PRSS50 and LINC00612/A2M-AS1) overlapped between multiple brain regions. Functional enrichment was detected for biological processes related to neuronal development, inflammatory signaling and immune cell migration. Additionally, our results indicate the association of the well-known AHRR CpG site cg05575921 with smoking in the brain. (4) Conclusion: The present study provides further evidence of the strong relationship between aberrant DNAm and smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Zillich
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68159 Mannheim, Germany; (L.Z.); (E.P.); (F.S.); (J.F.); (J.C.F.); (L.S.); (S.H.W.); (M.R.)
| | - Eric Poisel
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68159 Mannheim, Germany; (L.Z.); (E.P.); (F.S.); (J.F.); (J.C.F.); (L.S.); (S.H.W.); (M.R.)
| | - Fabian Streit
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68159 Mannheim, Germany; (L.Z.); (E.P.); (F.S.); (J.F.); (J.C.F.); (L.S.); (S.H.W.); (M.R.)
| | - Josef Frank
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68159 Mannheim, Germany; (L.Z.); (E.P.); (F.S.); (J.F.); (J.C.F.); (L.S.); (S.H.W.); (M.R.)
| | - Gabriel R. Fries
- Louis A. Faillace, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA; (G.R.F.); (C.W.-B.)
| | - Jerome C. Foo
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68159 Mannheim, Germany; (L.Z.); (E.P.); (F.S.); (J.F.); (J.C.F.); (L.S.); (S.H.W.); (M.R.)
| | - Marion M. Friske
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68159 Mannheim, Germany; (M.M.F.); (A.C.H.)
| | - Lea Sirignano
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68159 Mannheim, Germany; (L.Z.); (E.P.); (F.S.); (J.F.); (J.C.F.); (L.S.); (S.H.W.); (M.R.)
| | - Anita C. Hansson
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68159 Mannheim, Germany; (M.M.F.); (A.C.H.)
| | - Markus M. Nöthen
- Institute of Human Genetics, School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany;
| | - Stephanie H. Witt
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68159 Mannheim, Germany; (L.Z.); (E.P.); (F.S.); (J.F.); (J.C.F.); (L.S.); (S.H.W.); (M.R.)
- Center for Innovative Psychiatric and Psychotherapeutic Research, Biobank, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Consuelo Walss-Bass
- Louis A. Faillace, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA; (G.R.F.); (C.W.-B.)
| | - Rainer Spanagel
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68159 Mannheim, Germany; (M.M.F.); (A.C.H.)
| | - Marcella Rietschel
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68159 Mannheim, Germany; (L.Z.); (E.P.); (F.S.); (J.F.); (J.C.F.); (L.S.); (S.H.W.); (M.R.)
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Ye X, Zhang Y, Song X, Liu Q. Research Progress in the Pharmacological Effects and Synthesis of Nicotine. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202104425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Ye
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering College of Chemical Engineering Northwest University Taibai North Road 229 Xi'an 710069 Shaanxi P.R. China
| | - Yanxin Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering College of Chemical Engineering Northwest University Taibai North Road 229 Xi'an 710069 Shaanxi P.R. China
- Glycobiology and Glycotechnology Research center College of Food Science and Technology Northwest University Taibai North Road 229 Xi'an 710069 Shaanxi P.R. China
- College of Life Sciences Northwest University Taibai North Road 229 Xi'an 710069 Shaanxi P.R. China
| | - Xiaoping Song
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering College of Chemical Engineering Northwest University Taibai North Road 229 Xi'an 710069 Shaanxi P.R. China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials College of Chemical Engineering Northwest University Taibai North Road 229 Xi'an 710069 Shaanxi P.R. China
- Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering College of Chemical Engineering Northwest University Taibai North Road 229 Xi'an 710069 Shaanxi P.R. China
| | - Qingchao Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering College of Chemical Engineering Northwest University Taibai North Road 229 Xi'an 710069 Shaanxi P.R. China
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Sex- and Genotype-Dependent Nicotine-Induced Behaviors in Adolescent Rats with a Human Polymorphism (rs2304297) in the 3'-UTR of the CHRNA6 Gene. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063145. [PMID: 35328565 PMCID: PMC8948824 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In human adolescents, a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), rs2304297, in the 3′-UTR of the nicotinic receptor subunit gene, CHRNA6, has been associated with increased smoking. To study the effects of the human CHRNA6 3′-UTR SNP, our lab generated knock-in rodent lines with either C or G SNP alleles. The objective of this study was to determine if the CHRNA6 3′-UTR SNP is functional in the knock-in rat lines. We hypothesized that the human CHRNA6 3′-UTR SNP knock-in does not impact baseline but enhances nicotine-induced behaviors. For baseline behaviors, rats underwent food self-administration at escalating schedules of reinforcement followed by a locomotor assay and a series of anxiety tests (postnatal day (PN) 25-39). In separate cohorts, adolescent rats underwent 1- or 4-day nicotine pretreatment (2×, 30 μg/kg/0.1 mL, i.v.). After the last nicotine injection (PN 31), animals were assessed behaviorally in an open-field chamber, and brain tissue was collected. We show the human CHRNA6 3′-UTR SNP knock-in does not affect food reinforcement, locomotor activity, or anxiety. Further, 4-day, but not 1-day, nicotine exposure enhances locomotion and anxiolytic behavior in a genotype- and sex-specific manner. These findings demonstrate that the human CHRNA6 3′-UTR SNP is functional in our in vivo model.
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Nishi M, Sugio S, Hirano T, Kato D, Wake H, Shoda A, Murata M, Ikenaka Y, Tabuchi Y, Mantani Y, Yokoyama T, Hoshi N. Elucidation of the neurological effects of clothianidin exposure at the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) using two-photon microscopy in vivo imaging. J Vet Med Sci 2022; 84:585-592. [PMID: 35264496 PMCID: PMC9096047 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.22-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonicotinoid pesticides (NNs) cause behavioral abnormalities in mammals, raising
concerns about their effects on neural circuit activity. We herein examined the
neurological effects of the NN clothianidin (CLO) by in vivo
Ca2+ imaging using two-photon microscopy. Mice were fed the
no-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL) dose of CLO for 2 weeks and their neuronal
activity in the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) was observed weekly for 2 weeks. CLO
exposure caused a sustained influx of Ca2+ in neurons in the S1 2/3 layers,
indicating hyperactivation of neurons. In addition, microarray gene expression analysis
suggested the induction of neuroinflammation and changes in synaptic activity. These
results demonstrate that exposure to the NOAEL dose of CLO can overactivate neurons and
disrupt neuronal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misaki Nishi
- Laboratory of Animal Molecular Morphology, Department of Animal Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University
| | - Shouta Sugio
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University
| | | | - Daisuke Kato
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University
| | - Hiroaki Wake
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University
| | - Asuka Shoda
- Laboratory of Animal Molecular Morphology, Department of Animal Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University
| | - Midori Murata
- Laboratory of Animal Molecular Morphology, Department of Animal Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University
| | - Yoshinori Ikenaka
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University.,Translational Research Unit, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University.,One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University.,Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University
| | | | - Youhei Mantani
- Laboratory of Histophysiology, Department of Animal Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University
| | - Toshifumi Yokoyama
- Laboratory of Animal Molecular Morphology, Department of Animal Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University
| | - Nobuhiko Hoshi
- Laboratory of Animal Molecular Morphology, Department of Animal Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University
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Courtney KE, Sorg S, Baca R, Doran N, Jacobson A, Liu TT, Jacobus J. The Effects of Nicotine and Cannabis Co-Use During Late Adolescence on White Matter Fiber Tract Microstructure. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2022; 83:287-295. [PMID: 35254252 PMCID: PMC8909919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Co-use of cannabis and nicotine and tobacco products (NTPs) in adolescence/young adulthood is common and associated with worse outcomes than the use of either substance in isolation. Despite this, little is known about the unique contributions of co-use to neurostructural microstructure during this neurodevelopmentally important period. This study sought to investigate the interactive effects of nicotine and cannabis co-use on white matter fiber tract microstructure in emerging adulthood. METHOD A total of 111 late adolescent (16-22 years old) nicotine (NTP; n = 55, all past-year cannabis users) and non-nicotine users (non-NTP; n = 56, 61% reporting cannabis use in the past year) completed demographic and clinical interviews and a neuroimaging session comprising anatomical and diffusion-weighted imaging scans. Group connectometry analysis identified white matter tracts significantly associated with the interaction between nicotine group and past-year cannabis use according to generalized fractional anisotropy (GFA). RESULTS Nicotine Group × Cannabis Use interactions were observed in the right and left cingulum and left fornix tracts (false discovery rate = 0.053), where greater cannabis use was associated with increased GFA in the cingulum and left fornix, but only when co-used with nicotine. CONCLUSIONS This report represents the first group connectometry analysis in late adolescent/young adult cannabis and/or NTP users. Results suggest that co-use of cannabis and NTPs results in a structurally distinct white matter phenotype as compared with cannabis use only, although to what extent this may change over time with more chronic nicotine and cannabis use remains to be examined in future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly E. Courtney
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Scott Sorg
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California,Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, California
| | - Rachel Baca
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Neal Doran
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California,Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, California
| | - Aaron Jacobson
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Thomas T. Liu
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Joanna Jacobus
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California,Correspondence may be sent to Joanna Jacobus at the Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0405, La Jolla, CA 92093, or via email at:
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Duko B, Pereira G, Tait RJ, Betts K, Newnham J, Alati R. Prenatal alcohol and tobacco exposures and the risk of cannabis use in offspring: Findings from a population-based cohort study. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2022; 90:107064. [PMID: 35007727 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2022.107064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a paucity of prospective longitudinal studies examining the associations between maternal use of alcohol and tobacco during pregnancy and the risk of cannabis use in offspring. The aim of this study was to examine the association between prenatal alcohol and tobacco exposures and offspring cannabis use. METHODS Data were from the Raine Study, a longitudinal prospective birth cohort based in Western Australia. Cannabis use at 17 years of age was measured with a self-reported questionnaire developed to capture risky behaviors in adolescents. Associations between prenatal alcohol and tobacco exposures and the risk of cannabis use in offspring were examined using log-binomial regression models, computing relative risk (RR). We also computed the E-values (E) to estimate the extent of unmeasured confounding. RESULTS After adjusting for potential confounders, we observed increased risks of cannabis use in offspring exposed to first trimester prenatal alcohol use (RR = 1.38, 95% CI: 1.09-1.75; E = 2.10, CI:1.40) and tobacco use (RR = 1.42, 95% CI: 1.08-1.86; E = 2.19, CI:1.37) as well as third trimester prenatal alcohol use (RR = 1.39, 95% CI: 1.09-1.79; E = 2.13, CI:1.40) and tobacco use (RR = 1.39, 95% CI: 1.09-1.79; E = 2.21, CI:1.34]. We also noted dose-response associations in which risk estimates in offspring increased with the level of exposures to prenatal alcohol and tobacco use. CONCLUSION These findings provide epidemiological evidence for effects of prenatal alcohol and tobacco exposures on offspring cannabis use. Although these results should be confirmed by other studies, the present study adds to the mounting evidence suggesting that women should be encouraged to abstain from alcohol and tobacco during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bereket Duko
- Curtin School of Population Health, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia.
| | - Gavin Pereira
- Curtin School of Population Health, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia; Centre for Fertility and Health (CeFH), Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Robert J Tait
- National Drug Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, 7 Parker Place Building 609, Level 2 Technology Park, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Kim Betts
- Curtin School of Population Health, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - John Newnham
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 17 Monash Ave, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Rosa Alati
- Curtin School of Population Health, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia; Institute for Social Sciences Research, The University of Queensland, 80 Meier's Rd, Indooroopilly, Queensland 4068, Australia
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50
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Staff J, Vuolo M, Kelly BC, Maggs JL, Silva CP. Electronic cigarette use in adolescence is associated with later cannabis use. Drug Alcohol Depend 2022; 232:109302. [PMID: 35038607 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research is needed to determine whether e-cigarette use during adolescence is associated with higher odds of subsequent cannabis use, net of tobacco cigarette use and childhood confounders. METHODS Multivariable logistic regressions predicting using cannabis by age 17 based upon prospective, intergenerational data from 10,251 youth in a nationally representative UK birth cohort followed from infancy who had not used cannabis by age 14. The focal predictor is e-cigarette use by age 14 in the context of the potential confounder tobacco cigarette use. Regressions include sociodemographic background and risk factors assessed at age 11 (e.g., alcohol initiation, problem behaviors, parental and peer smoking) and during early childhood (e.g., maternal smoking during pregnancy, parental substance use). RESULTS Youth use of e-cigarettes by age 14 was associated with 2.8 times higher odds of subsequent cannabis use by age 17 [OR 2.75; 95% CI 1.82,4.15], net of tobacco cigarette smoking and childhood confounders. Similarly, use of e-cigarettes by age 14 was associated with 2.5 times higher odds [OR 2.46; 95% CI 1.48,4.08] of frequent cannabis use at age 17 (>10 times in prior year). If youth used both e-cigarettes and tobacco cigarettes by age 14, the probabilities of cannabis initiation were 75% and of frequent use was 25% by age 17, compared to probabilities of 23% and 6%, respectively, among youth who had used neither product. CONCLUSIONS Findings add to accumulating evidence that adolescent e-cigarette use is associated with higher odds of later cannabis initiation and frequent use, independent of tobacco cigarette use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Staff
- Department of Sociology and Criminology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
| | - Mike Vuolo
- Department of Sociology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Brian C Kelly
- Department of Sociology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
| | - Jennifer L Maggs
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
| | - Constanza P Silva
- Criminal Justice Research Center, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
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