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Wang Y, Shen Z, Chen R, Chi X, Li W, Xu D, Lu Y, Ding J, Dong X, Zheng X. Discovery and characterization of novel FGFR1 inhibitors in triple-negative breast cancer via hybrid virtual screening and molecular dynamics simulations. Bioorg Chem 2024; 150:107553. [PMID: 38901279 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
The overexpression of FGFR1 is thought to significantly contribute to the progression of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), impacting aspects such as tumorigenesis, growth, metastasis, and drug resistance. Consequently, the pursuit of effective inhibitors for FGFR1 is a key area of research interest. In response to this need, our study developed a hybrid virtual screening method. Utilizing KarmaDock, an innovative algorithm that blends deep learning with molecular docking, alongside Schrödinger's Residue Scanning. This strategy led us to identify compound 6, which demonstrated promising FGFR1 inhibitory activity, evidenced by an IC50 value of approximately 0.24 nM in the HTRF bioassay. Further evaluation revealed that this compound also inhibits the FGFR1 V561M variant with an IC50 value around 1.24 nM. Our subsequent investigations demonstrate that Compound 6 robustly suppresses the migration and invasion capacities of TNBC cell lines, through the downregulation of p-FGFR1 and modulation of EMT markers, highlighting its promise as a potent anti-metastatic therapeutic agent. Additionally, our use of molecular dynamics simulations provided a deeper understanding of the compound's specific binding interactions with FGFR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou 310015, China; Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zheyuan Shen
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Roufen Chen
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xinglong Chi
- Affiliated Yongkang First People's Hospital and School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenjie Li
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Donghang Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yan Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianjun Ding
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xiaowu Dong
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Xiaoli Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou 310015, China.
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2
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Lin H, Fu H, Sun S, Yin H, Yuan J, Liao J. Patient tissue-derived FGFR4-variant and wild-type colorectal cancer organoid development and anticancer drug sensitivity testing. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30985. [PMID: 38826758 PMCID: PMC11141279 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives FGFR4-variant and wild-type colorectal cancer (CRC) organoids were developed to investigate the effects of FGFR4-targeted drugs, including FGFR4-IN and erdafitinib, on CRC and their possible molecular mechanism. Methods Clinical CRC tissues were collected, seven CRC organoids were developed, and whole exome sequencing (WES) was performed. CRC organoids were cultured and organoid drug sensitivity studies were conducted. Finally, an FGFR4-variant (no wild-type) CRC patient-derived orthotopic xenograft mouse model was developed. Western blot measured ERK/AKT/STAT3 pathway-related protein levels. Results WES results revealed the presence of FGFR4-variants in 5 of the 7 CRC organoids. The structural organization and integrity of organoids were significantly altered under the influence of targeted drugs (FGFR4-IN-1 and erdafitinib). The effects of FGFR4 targeted drugs were not selective for FGFR4 genotypes. FGFR4-IN-1 and erdafitinib significantly reduced the growth, diameter, and Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) activity of organoids. Furthermore, chemotherapeutic drugs, including 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin, inhibited FGFR4-variant and wild-type CRC organoid activity. Moreover, the tumor volume of mice was significantly reduced at week 6, and p-ERK1/2, p-AKT, and p-STAT3 levels were down-regulated following FGFR4-IN-1 and erdafitinib treatment. Conclusions FGFR4-targeted and chemotherapeutic drugs inhibited the activity of FGFR4-variant and wild-type CRC organoids, and targeted drugs were more effective than chemotherapeutic drugs at the same concentration. Additionally, FGFR4 inhibitors hindered tumorigenesis in FGFR4-variant CRC organoids through ERK1/2, AKT, and STAT3 pathways. However, no wild-type control was tested in this experiment, which need further confirmation in the next study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailing Lin
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Hongbo Fu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Shishen Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Foshan Clinical Medical School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Foshan, 528000, Guangdong, China
| | - Hao Yin
- Department of General Surgery, Foshan Clinical Medical School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Foshan, 528000, Guangdong, China
| | - Jie Yuan
- Department of General Surgery, Foshan Clinical Medical School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Foshan, 528000, Guangdong, China
| | - Jilin Liao
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China
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3
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Brizini M, Drimes T, Bourne C, Streilein J, Drapeau A, Wrogemann J, Archer LA, Del Bigio M, Vanan MI. Case report: Slipped capital femoral epiphysis: a rare adverse event associated with FGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy in a child. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1399356. [PMID: 38854731 PMCID: PMC11156995 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1399356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
We report a case of slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE), an on target skeletal toxicity of a pan-FGFR TKI inhibitor, erdafitinib. A 13-year-old boy was diagnosed to have an optic pathway/hypothalamic glioma with signs of increased intracranial pressure and obstructive hydrocephalus requiring placement of ventriculo-peritoneal (VP) shunt. Sequencing of the tumor showed FGFR1-tyrosine kinase domain internal tandem duplication (FGFR1-KD-ITD). He developed hypothalamic obesity with rapid weight gain and BMI >30. At 12 weeks of treatment with erdafitinib, he developed persistent knee pain. X-ray of the right hip showed SCFE. Erdafitinib was discontinued, and he underwent surgical pinning of the right hip. MRI at discontinuation of erdafitinib showed a 30% decrease in the size of the tumor, which has remained stable at 6 months follow-up. Our experience and literature review suggest that pediatric patients who are treated with pan-FGFR TKIs should be regularly monitored for skeletal side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meziane Brizini
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Cancer Care Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Tina Drimes
- Division of Nursing, Cancer Care Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | | | | | - Annie Drapeau
- Section of Neuro-Surgery, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Jens Wrogemann
- Department of Radiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Lori Anne Archer
- Section of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Marc Del Bigio
- Department of Pathology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Magimairajan Issai Vanan
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Cancer Care Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, Cancer Care Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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4
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Shahzadi Z, Yousaf Z, Anjum I, Bilal M, Yasin H, Aftab A, Booker A, Ullah R, Bari A. Network pharmacology and molecular docking: combined computational approaches to explore the antihypertensive potential of Fabaceae species. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2024; 11:53. [PMID: 38767701 PMCID: PMC11106056 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-024-00764-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is a major global public health issue, affecting quarter of adults worldwide. Numerous synthetic drugs are available for treating hypertension; however, they often come with a higher risk of side effects and long-term therapy. Modern formulations with active phytoconstituents are gaining popularity, addressing some of these issues. This study aims to discover novel antihypertensive compounds in Cassia fistula, Senna alexandrina, and Cassia occidentalis from family Fabaceae and understand their interaction mechanism with hypertension targeted genes, using network pharmacology and molecular docking. Total 414 compounds were identified; initial screening was conducted based on their pharmacokinetic and ADMET properties, with a particular emphasis on adherence to Lipinski's rules. 6 compounds, namely Germichrysone, Benzeneacetic acid, Flavan-3-ol, 5,7,3',4'-Tetrahydroxy-6, 8-dimethoxyflavon, Dihydrokaempferol, and Epiafzelechin, were identified as effective agents. Most of the compounds found non-toxic against various indicators with greater bioactivity score. 161 common targets were obtained against these compounds and hypertension followed by compound-target network construction and protein-protein interaction, which showed their role in diverse biological system. Top hub genes identified were TLR4, MMP9, MAPK14, AKT1, VEGFA and HSP90AA1 with their respective associates. Higher binding affinities was found with three compounds Dihydrokaempferol, Flavan-3-ol and Germichrysone, -7.1, -9.0 and -8.0 kcal/mol, respectively. The MD simulation results validate the structural flexibility of two complexes Flavan-MMP9 and Germich-TLR4 based on no. of hydrogen bonds, root mean square deviations and interaction energies. This study concluded that C. fistula (Dihydrokaempferol, Flavan-3-ol) and C. occidentalis (Germichrysone) have potential therapeutic active constituents to treat hypertension and in future novel drug formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainab Shahzadi
- Department of Botany, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Zubaida Yousaf
- Department of Botany, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Irfan Anjum
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Shifa College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- Centers for Applied Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Hamna Yasin
- Department of Botany, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Arusa Aftab
- Department of Botany, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Anthony Booker
- Research Centre for Optimal Health, School of Life Sciences, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London, W1W 6UW, UK.
- Research Group 'Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy', UCL School of Pharmacy, Univ. London, 29 - 39 Brunswick Sq., London, WC1N 1AX, UK.
| | - Riaz Ullah
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy King, Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Bari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy King, Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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5
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Wishahi M. Erdafitinib and checkpoint inhibitors for first-line and second-line immunotherapy of hepatic, gastrointestinal, and urinary bladder carcinomas: Recent concept. World J Hepatol 2024; 16:490-493. [PMID: 38689741 PMCID: PMC11056892 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v16.i4.490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy is administered for first-line, second-line, neoadjuvant, or adjuvant treatment of advanced, metastatic, and recurrent cancer in the liver, gastrointestinal tract, and genitourinary tract, and other solid tumors. Erdafitinib is a fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) inhibitor, and it is an adenosine triphosphate competitive inhibitor of FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3, and FGFR4. Immune checkpoint inhibitors are monoclonal antibodies that block programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and its ligand that exert intrinsic antitumor mechanisms. The promising results of first-line treatment of advanced and metastatic urothelial carcinoma with PD-1 blockades with single or combined agents, indicate a new concept in the treatment of advanced, metastatic, and recurrent hepatic and gastrointestinal carcinomas. Cancer immunotherapy as first-line treatment will improve overall survival and provide better quality of life. Debate is arising as to whether to apply the cancer immunotherapy as first-line treatment in invasive carcinomas, or as second-line treatment in recurrent or metastatic carcinoma following the standard chemotherapy. The literature in the field is not definite, and so far, there has been no consensus on the best approach in this situation. At present, as it is described in this editorial, the decision is applied on a case-by-case basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Wishahi
- Department of Urology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Cairo 12411, Egypt.
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6
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Tang L, Xu H, Wu T, Wu W, Lu Y, Gu J, Wang X, Zhou M, Chen Q, Sun X, Cai H. Advances in tumor microenvironment and underlying molecular mechanisms of bladder cancer: a systematic review. Discov Oncol 2024; 15:111. [PMID: 38602556 PMCID: PMC11009183 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-024-00902-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer is one of the most frequent malignant tumors of the urinary system. The prevalence of bladder cancer among men and women is roughly 5:2, and both its incidence and death have been rising steadily over the past few years. At the moment, metastasis and recurrence of advanced bladder cancer-which are believed to be connected to the malfunction of multigene and multilevel cell signaling network-remain the leading causes of bladder cancer-related death. The therapeutic treatment of bladder cancer will be greatly aided by the elucidation of these mechanisms. New concepts for the treatment of bladder cancer have been made possible by the advancement of research technologies and a number of new treatment options, including immunotherapy and targeted therapy. In this paper, we will extensively review the development of the tumor microenvironment and the possible molecular mechanisms of bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Tang
- Department of Nursing, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University and Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haifei Xu
- Department of Urology, Nantong Tumor Hospital and Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Tong Wu
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Medical University The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenhao Wu
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Medical University The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuhao Lu
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Medical University The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jijia Gu
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Medical University The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoling Wang
- Department of Urology, Nantong Tumor Hospital and Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Mei Zhou
- Department of Nursing, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University and Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Qiuyang Chen
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Medical University The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xuan Sun
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Medical University The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Hongzhou Cai
- Department of Urology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University and Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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7
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Jain NK, Tailang M, Thangavel N, Makeen HA, Albratty M, Najmi A, Alhazmi HA, Zoghebi K, Alagusundaram M, Jain HK, Chandrasekaran B. A comprehensive overview of selective and novel fibroblast growth factor receptor inhibitors as a potential anticancer modality. ACTA PHARMACEUTICA (ZAGREB, CROATIA) 2024; 74:1-36. [PMID: 38554385 DOI: 10.2478/acph-2024-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
The arrival of comprehensive genome sequencing has accelerated the understanding of genetically aberrant advanced cancers and target identification for possible cancer treatment. Fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) gene alterations are frequent findings in various rare and advanced cancers refractive to mainstay chemo-therapy or surgical interventions. Several FGFR inhibitors have been developed for addressing these genetically altered FGFR-harboring malignancies, and some have performed well in clinical trials. In contrast, others are still being investigated in different phases of clinical trials. FDA has approved four anticancer agents such as erdafitinib, pemigatinib, infigratinib, and futibatinib, for clinical use in oncogenic FGFR-driven malignancies. These include cholangiocarcinoma, urothelial carcinoma, and myeloid/lymphoid malignancies. Pemigatinib is the only FGFR inhibitor globally approved (USA, EU, and Japan) and available as a targeted therapy for two types of cancer, including FGFR2 fusion or other rearrangements harboring cholangiocarcinoma and relapsed/refractory myeloid/lymphoid neoplasms with FGFR1 rearrangements. Myeloid/lymphoid neoplasm is the latest area of application added to the therapeutic armamentarium of FGFR inhibitors. Furthermore, futibatinib is the first-in-class covalent or irreversible pan-FGFR inhibitor that has received FDA approval for locally advanced or metastatic intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma harboring FGFR2 gene aberrations. This review highlights the current clinical progress concerning the safety and efficacy of all the approved FGFR-TKIs (tyrosine kinase inhibitors) and their ongoing investigations in clinical trials for other oncogenic FGFR-driven malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nem Kumar Jain
- School of Pharmacy, ITM University Gwalior 474001, Madhya Pradesh, India
- School of Studies in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiwaji University Gwalior 474001, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Mukul Tailang
- School of Studies in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiwaji University Gwalior 474001, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Neelaveni Thangavel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, P.O. Box 114, Jazan 82912, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hafiz A Makeen
- Pharmacy Practice Research Unit Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, P.O. Box 114, Jazan 82912, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Albratty
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, P.O. Box 114, Jazan 82912, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asim Najmi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, P.O. Box 114, Jazan 82912, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan Ahmad Alhazmi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, P.O. Box 114, Jazan 82912, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Zoghebi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, P.O. Box 114, Jazan 82912, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Hemant Kumar Jain
- Department of General Medicine Government Medical College Datia 475661, Madhya Pradesh, India
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Spahn S, Kleinhenz F, Shevchenko E, Stahl A, Rasen Y, Geisler C, Ruhm K, Klaumuenzer M, Kronenberger T, Laufer SA, Sundberg-Malek H, Bui KC, Horger M, Biskup S, Schulze-Osthoff K, Templin M, Malek NP, Poso A, Bitzer M. The molecular interaction pattern of lenvatinib enables inhibition of wild-type or kinase-mutated FGFR2-driven cholangiocarcinoma. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1287. [PMID: 38346946 PMCID: PMC10861557 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45247-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR)-2 can be inhibited by FGFR-selective or non-selective tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Selective TKIs are approved for cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) with FGFR2 fusions; however, their application is limited by a characteristic pattern of adverse events or evocation of kinase domain mutations. A comprehensive characterization of a patient cohort treated with the non-selective TKI lenvatinib reveals promising efficacy in FGFR2-driven CCA. In a bed-to-bench approach, we investigate FGFR2 fusion proteins bearing critical tumor-relevant point mutations. These mutations confer growth advantage of tumor cells and increased resistance to selective TKIs but remain intriguingly sensitive to lenvatinib. In line with clinical observations, in-silico analyses reveal a more favorable interaction pattern of lenvatinib with FGFR2, including an increased flexibility and ligand efficacy, compared to FGFR-selective TKIs. Finally, the treatment of a patient with progressive disease and a newly developed kinase mutation during therapy with a selective inhibitor results in a striking response to lenvatinib. Our in vitro, in silico, and clinical data suggest that lenvatinib is a promising treatment option for FGFR2-driven CCA, especially when insurmountable adverse reactions of selective TKIs or acquired kinase mutations occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Spahn
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Tuebingen, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Fabian Kleinhenz
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Tuebingen, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Ekaterina Shevchenko
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eberhard-Karls-University, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
- Tuebingen Center for Academic Drug Discovery & Development (TüCAD2), 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Aaron Stahl
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tuebingen, 72770, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Yvonne Rasen
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Tuebingen, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Christine Geisler
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Tuebingen, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Kristina Ruhm
- Center for Personalized Medicine, Eberhard-Karls University, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | | | - Thales Kronenberger
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eberhard-Karls-University, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
- Tuebingen Center for Academic Drug Discovery & Development (TüCAD2), 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Stefan A Laufer
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eberhard-Karls-University, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
- Tuebingen Center for Academic Drug Discovery & Development (TüCAD2), 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence, Image Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies, Eberhard-Karls University, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Holly Sundberg-Malek
- Center for Personalized Medicine, Eberhard-Karls University, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Khac Cuong Bui
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Tuebingen, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Marius Horger
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Eberhard-Karls University, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Saskia Biskup
- CeGaT GmbH and Praxis für Humangenetik, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Klaus Schulze-Osthoff
- Cluster of Excellence, Image Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies, Eberhard-Karls University, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Interfaculty Institute for Biochemistry, Eberhard-Karls University, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Templin
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tuebingen, 72770, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Nisar P Malek
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Tuebingen, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
- Center for Personalized Medicine, Eberhard-Karls University, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence, Image Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies, Eberhard-Karls University, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- M3-Research Center for Malignome, Metabolome and Microbiome, Eberhard-Karls University, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Antti Poso
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eberhard-Karls-University, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
- Tuebingen Center for Academic Drug Discovery & Development (TüCAD2), 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence, Image Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies, Eberhard-Karls University, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, 70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Michael Bitzer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Tuebingen, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany.
- Center for Personalized Medicine, Eberhard-Karls University, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany.
- Cluster of Excellence, Image Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies, Eberhard-Karls University, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany.
- M3-Research Center for Malignome, Metabolome and Microbiome, Eberhard-Karls University, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany.
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9
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Roskoski R. Properties of FDA-approved small molecule protein kinase inhibitors: A 2024 update. Pharmacol Res 2024; 200:107059. [PMID: 38216005 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Owing to the dysregulation of protein kinase activity in many diseases including cancer, this enzyme family has become one of the most important drug targets in the 21st century. There are 80 FDA-approved therapeutic agents that target about two dozen different protein kinases and seven of these drugs were approved in 2023. Of the approved drugs, thirteen target protein-serine/threonine protein kinases, four are directed against dual specificity protein kinases (MEK1/2), twenty block nonreceptor protein-tyrosine kinases, and 43 inhibit receptor protein-tyrosine kinases. The data indicate that 69 of these drugs are prescribed for the treatment of neoplasms. Six drugs (abrocitinib, baricitinib, deucravacitinib, ritlecitinib, tofacitinib, upadacitinib) are used for the treatment of inflammatory diseases (atopic dermatitis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, alopecia areata, and ulcerative colitis). Of the 80 approved drugs, nearly two dozen are used in the treatment of multiple diseases. The following seven drugs received FDA approval in 2023: capivasertib (HER2-positive breast cancer), fruquintinib (metastatic colorectal cancer), momelotinib (myelofibrosis), pirtobrutinib (mantle cell lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, small lymphocytic lymphoma), quizartinib (Flt3-mutant acute myelogenous leukemia), repotrectinib (ROS1-positive lung cancer), and ritlecitinib (alopecia areata). All of the FDA-approved drugs are orally effective with the exception of netarsudil, temsirolimus, and trilaciclib. This review summarizes the physicochemical properties of all 80 FDA-approved small molecule protein kinase inhibitors including the molecular weight, number of hydrogen bond donors/acceptors, polar surface area, potency, solubility, lipophilic efficiency, and ligand efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Roskoski
- Blue Ridge Institute for Medical Research, 221 Haywood Knolls Drive, Hendersonville, NC 28791, United States.
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10
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Soutto M, Zhang X, Bhat N, Chen Z, Zhu S, Maacha S, Genoula M, El-Gazzaz O, Peng D, Lu H, McDonald OG, Chen XS, Cao L, Xu Z, El-Rifai W. Fibroblast growth factor receptor-4 mediates activation of Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor-2 in gastric tumorigenesis. Redox Biol 2024; 69:102998. [PMID: 38154380 PMCID: PMC10787301 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is the leading risk factor for gastric carcinogenesis. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4) is a member of transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptors that are activated in cancer. We investigated the role of FGFR4 in regulating the cellular response to H. pylori infection in gastric cancer. High levels of oxidative stress signature and FGFR4 expression were detected in gastric cancer samples. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) demonstrated enrichment of NRF2 signature in samples with high FGFR4 levels. H. pylori infection induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) with a cellular response manifested by an increase in FGFR4 with accumulation and nuclear localization NRF2. Knocking down FGFR4 significantly reduced NRF2 protein and transcription activity levels, leading to higher levels of ROS and DNA damage following H. pylori infection. We confirmed the induction of FGFR4 and NRF2 levels using mouse models following infection with a mouse-adapted H. pyloristrain. Pharmacologic inhibition of FGFR4 using H3B-6527, or its knockdown, remarkably reduced the level of NRF2 with a reduction in the size and number of gastric cancer spheroids. Mechanistically, we detected binding between FGFR4 and P62 proteins, competing with NRF2-KEAP1 interaction, allowing NRF2 to escape KEAP1-dependent degradation with subsequent accumulation and translocation to the nucleus. These findings demonstrate a novel functional role of FGFR4 in cellular homeostasis via regulating the NRF2 levels in response to H. pylori infection in gastric carcinogenesis, calling for testing the therapeutic efficacy of FGFR4 inhibitors in gastric cancer models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Soutto
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Miami Healthcare System, Miami, FL, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Xing Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China; Department of Thoracic Surgery, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China
| | - Nadeem Bhat
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Zheng Chen
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Shoumin Zhu
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Selma Maacha
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Melanie Genoula
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Omar El-Gazzaz
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Dunfa Peng
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Heng Lu
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Oliver G McDonald
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Xi Steven Chen
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Science, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Longlong Cao
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zekuan Xu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China; Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Wael El-Rifai
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Miami Healthcare System, Miami, FL, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
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11
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Popiel D, Stańczak A, Skupińska M, Mikołajczyk A, Stańczak P, Mituła F, Hucz-Kalitowska J, Jastrzębska K, Smuga D, Dominowski J, Delis M, Mulewski K, Pietruś W, Zdżalik-Bielecka D, Dzwonek K, Lamparska-Przybysz M, Yamani A, Olejkowska P, Piórkowska N, Dubiel K, Wieczorek M, Pieczykolan J. Preclinical characterization of CPL304110 as a potent and selective inhibitor of fibroblast growth factor receptors 1, 2, and 3 for gastric, bladder, and squamous cell lung cancer. Front Oncol 2024; 13:1293728. [PMID: 38282676 PMCID: PMC10811212 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1293728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptors (FGFRs) are a family of receptor tyrosine kinases expressed on a plethora of cell membranes. They play crucial roles in both embryonic development and adult tissue functions. There is an increasing amount of evidence that FGFR-mediated oncogenesis is mainly related to gene amplification, activating mutations, or translocation in tumors of various histological types. Dysregulation of FGFRs has been implicated in a wide variety of neoplasms, such as bladder, gastric, and lung cancers. Given their functional significance, FGFRs emerge as promising targets for cancer therapy. Here, we introduce CPL304100, an innovative and highly potent FGFR1-3 kinase inhibitor demonstrating excellent in vitro biological activity. Comprehensive analyses encompassed kinase assays, cell line evaluations, PK/PD studies surface plasmon resonance studies, molecular docking, and in vivo testing in mouse xenografts. CPL304110 exhibited a distinctive binding profile to FGFR1/2/3 kinase domains, accompanied by a good safety profile and favorable ADMET parameters. Selective inhibition of tumor cell lines featuring active FGFR signaling was observed, distinguishing it from cell lines lacking FGFR aberrations (FGFR1, 2, and 3). CPL304110 demonstrated efficacy in both FGFR-dependent cell lines and patient-derived tumor xenograft (PDTX) in vivo models. Comparative analyses with FDA-approved FGFR inhibitors, erdafitinib and pemigatinib, revealed certain advantages of CPL304110 in both in vitro and in vivo assessments. Encouraging preclinical results led the way for the initiation of a Phase I clinical trial (01FGFR2018; NCT04149691) to further evaluate CPL304110 as a novel anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delfina Popiel
- Preclinical Development Department, Celon Pharma S.A., Kazuń Nowy, Poland
| | | | - Monika Skupińska
- Preclinical Development Department, Celon Pharma S.A., Kazuń Nowy, Poland
| | - Agata Mikołajczyk
- Preclinical Development Department, Celon Pharma S.A., Kazuń Nowy, Poland
| | - Paulina Stańczak
- Preclinical Development Department, Celon Pharma S.A., Kazuń Nowy, Poland
| | - Filip Mituła
- Preclinical Development Department, Celon Pharma S.A., Kazuń Nowy, Poland
| | | | - Kinga Jastrzębska
- Preclinical Development Department, Celon Pharma S.A., Kazuń Nowy, Poland
| | - Damian Smuga
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Celon Pharma S.A., Kazuń Nowy, Poland
| | - Jakub Dominowski
- Preclinical Development Department, Celon Pharma S.A., Kazuń Nowy, Poland
| | - Monika Delis
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Celon Pharma S.A., Kazuń Nowy, Poland
| | | | - Wojciech Pietruś
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Celon Pharma S.A., Kazuń Nowy, Poland
| | | | - Karolina Dzwonek
- Preclinical Development Department, Celon Pharma S.A., Kazuń Nowy, Poland
| | | | - Abdellah Yamani
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Celon Pharma S.A., Kazuń Nowy, Poland
| | | | | | - Krzysztof Dubiel
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Celon Pharma S.A., Kazuń Nowy, Poland
| | - Maciej Wieczorek
- Preclinical Development Department, Celon Pharma S.A., Kazuń Nowy, Poland
- Clinical Development Department, Celon Pharma S.A., Kazuń Nowy, Poland
| | - Jerzy Pieczykolan
- Preclinical Development Department, Celon Pharma S.A., Kazuń Nowy, Poland
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12
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Guo C, Zhou N, Lu Y, Mu M, Li Z, Zhang X, Tu L, Du J, Li X, Huang D, Xu Q, Zheng X. FGF19/FGFR4 signaling contributes to hepatocellular carcinoma survival and immune escape by regulating IGF2BP1-mediated expression of PD-L1. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 170:115955. [PMID: 38048735 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune-checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapies have been widely used in clinical treatment of cancer patients, but only 20-30% of patients benefit from immunotherapy. Therefore, it is important to decipher the molecular mechanism of resistance to ICB and develop new combined treatment strategies. PD-L1 up-regulation in tumor cells contributes to the occurrence of immune escape. Increasing evidence shows that its transcription level is affected by multiple factors, which limits the objective response rate of ICB. Fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19), a member of the fibroblast growth factor family, is widely involved in the malignant progression of many tumors by binding to fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4). In this study, we confirmed that FGF19 acts as a driver gene in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progression by binding to FGFR4. The up-regulation of FGF19 and FGFR4 in HCC is associated with poor prognosis. We found that FGF19/FGFR4 promoted the proliferation and invasion of HCC cells by driving IGF2BP1 to promote PD-L1 expression. Knockdown of FGFR4 significantly reduced the expression of IGF2BP1/PD-L1 and inhibited the proliferation and invasion of HCC cells. These biological effects are achieved by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT pathway. The combination of FGFR4 knockdown and anti-PD-1 antibody greatly suppressed tumor growth and enhanced the sensitivity of immunotherapy, highlighting the clinical significance of FGF19/FGFR4 activation in immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoqin Guo
- School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Nana Zhou
- School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Yisong Lu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Mingshan Mu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Zilin Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Linglan Tu
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Bioengineering, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Jingyang Du
- School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Xiangyu Li
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Bioengineering, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Dongsheng Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Qiuran Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Xiaoliang Zheng
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Bioengineering, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310053, China; Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Experimental Animal's & Nonclinical Laboratory Studies, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310053, China.
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13
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Meng X, Chen Z, Li T, Nie Z, Han H, Zhong S, Yin Z, Sun S, Xie J, Shen J, Xu X, Gao C, Ran L, Xu B, Xiang Z, Wang J, Sun P, Xin P, A X, Zhang C, Qiu G, Gao H, Bian Y, Xu M, Cao B, Li F, Zheng L, Zhang X, Xiao L. Role and Therapeutic Potential for Targeting Fibroblast Growth Factor 10/FGFR1 in Relapsed Rheumatoid Arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2024; 76:32-47. [PMID: 37584284 DOI: 10.1002/art.42674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) contribute to inflammation and joint damage in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, the regulatory mechanisms of FLSs in relapse and remission of RA remain unknown. Identifying FLS heterogeneity and their underlying pathogenic roles may lead to discovering novel disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs. METHODS Combining single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and spatial transcriptomics, we sequenced six matched synovial tissue samples from three patients with relapse RA and three patients in remission. We analyzed the differences in the transcriptomes of the FLS subsets between the relapse and remitted phases. We validated several key signaling pathways using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and multiplex immunohistochemistry (mIHC). We further targeted the critical signals in vitro and in vivo using the collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model in rats. RESULTS Lining and sublining FLS subsets were identified using scRNA-seq. Differential analyses indicated that the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) pathway was highly activated in the lining FLSs from patients with relapse RA for which mIHC confirmed the increased expression of FGF10. Although the type I interferon pathway was also activated in the lining FLSs, in vitro stimulation experiment suggested that it was independent of the FGF10 pathway. FGF10 knockdown by small interfering RNA in FLSs significantly reduced the expression of receptor activator of NF-κB ligand. Moreover, recombinant FGF10 protein enhanced bone erosion in the primary human-derived pannus cell culture, whereas the FGF receptor (FGFR) 1 inhibitor attenuated this process. Finally, administering an FGFR1 inhibitor displayed a therapeutic effect in a CIA rat model. CONCLUSION The FGF pathway is a critical signaling pathway in relapse RA. Targeted tissue-specific inhibition of FGF10/FGFR1 may provide new opportunities to treat patients with relapse RA.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Rats
- Animals
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 10/metabolism
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 10/pharmacology
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 10/therapeutic use
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/drug therapy
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/genetics
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/metabolism
- Synoviocytes/metabolism
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Fibroblasts/metabolism
- Recurrence
- Cells, Cultured
- Cell Proliferation
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/metabolism
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Meng
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Guanghua Hospital of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Wuxi TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Wuxi, China
| | - Zechuan Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China, and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Teng Li
- Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China, and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhixing Nie
- Shanghai Guanghua Hospital of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haihui Han
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Sheng Zhong
- Shanghai Guanghua Hospital of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhinan Yin
- Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Songtao Sun
- Shanghai Guanghua Hospital of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Xie
- Shanghai Guanghua Hospital of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Shen
- Shanghai Guanghua Hospital of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xirui Xu
- Shanghai Guanghua Hospital of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenxin Gao
- Shanghai Guanghua Hospital of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Ran
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Xu
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng Xiang
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianye Wang
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Pengfei Sun
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Pengfei Xin
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyu A
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengbo Zhang
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guowei Qiu
- Shanghai Guanghua Hospital of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huali Gao
- Shanghai Guanghua Hospital of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanqin Bian
- Shanghai Guanghua Hospital of Integrative Medicine and Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Minglan Xu
- Shanghai Guanghua Hospital of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Boran Cao
- Shanghai Guanghua Hospital of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang Li
- Shanghai Guanghua Hospital of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Zheng
- Shanghai Guanghua Hospital of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, and Shanghai Huashen Institute of Microbes and Infections, Shanghai, China
| | - Lianbo Xiao
- Shanghai Guanghua Hospital of Integrative Medicine and Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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14
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Roskoski R. Cost in the United States of FDA-approved small molecule protein kinase inhibitors used in the treatment of neoplastic and non-neoplastic diseases. Pharmacol Res 2024; 199:107036. [PMID: 38096958 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.107036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Because genetic alterations including mutations, overexpression, translocations, and dysregulation of protein kinases are involved in the pathogenesis of many illnesses, this enzyme family is the target of many drug discovery programs worldwide. The FDA has approved 80 small molecule protein kinase inhibitors with 77 drugs orally bioavailable. The data indicate that 69 of these medicinals are approved for the management of neoplasms including solid tumors such as breast and lung cancer as well as non-solid tumors such as leukemia. Moreover, the remaining 11 drugs target non-neoplastic diseases including psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, and ulcerative colitis. The cost of drugs was obtained from www.pharmacychecker.com using the FDA label to determine the dosage and number of tablets required per day. This methodology excludes any private or governmental insurance coverage, which would cover the entire cost or more likely a fraction of the stated price. The average monthly cost for the treatment of neoplastic diseases was $17,900 with a price of $44,000 for futibatinib (used to treat cholangiocarcinomas with FGFR2 fusions) and minimum of $5100 for binimetinib (melanoma). The average monthly cost for the treatment of non-neoplastic diseases was $6800 with a maximum of $17,000 for belumosudil (graft vs. host disease) and a minimum of $200 for netarsudil eye drops (glaucoma). There is a negative correlation of the cost of the drugs and the incidence of the targeted disease. Many of these agents are or were designated as orphan drugs meaning that there are fewer than 200,000 potential patients in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Roskoski
- Blue Ridge Institute for Medical Research, 221 Haywood Knolls Drive, Hendersonville, NC 28791, United States.
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15
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Li XJ, Nie P, Herdewijn P, Sun JG. Unlocking the synthetic approaches and clinical application of approved small-molecule drugs for gastrointestinal cancer treatment: A comprehensive exploration. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 262:115928. [PMID: 37944387 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) cancers encompass a group of malignancies affecting the digestive system, including the stomach, esophagus, liver, colon, rectum and pancreas. These cancers represent a significant global health burden, necessitating effective treatment strategies. Small-molecule drugs have emerged as crucial therapeutic options in the fight against GI cancers due to their oral bioavailability, targeted mechanisms of action, and well-established safety profiles. The review then elucidates the clinical applications and synthetic methods of clinically approved small-molecule drugs for the treatment of GI cancer, shedding light on their mechanisms of action and their potential in mitigating GI cancer progression. The review also discusses future prospects and the evolving landscape of small-molecule drug development in GI oncology, highlighting the potential for personalized medicine. In summary, this review provides valuable insights into cutting-edge strategies for harnessing clinically approved small-molecule drugs to combat GI cancer effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jing Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Peng Nie
- Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute of Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Piet Herdewijn
- Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute of Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Jian-Gang Sun
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China.
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16
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Wang R, Zhong J, Pan X, Su Z, Xu Y, Zhang M, Chen X, Chen N, Yu T, Zhou Q. A novel intronic circular RNA circFGFR1 int2 up-regulates FGFR1 by recruiting transcriptional activators P65/FUS and suppressing miR-4687-5p to promote prostate cancer progression. J Transl Med 2023; 21:840. [PMID: 37993879 PMCID: PMC10664560 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04718-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) is a core component of the FGFs/FGFR pathway that activates multiple signalling pathways, including ERK1/2, PI3K/AKT, PLCγ, and NF-κB. Aberrant expression of FGFR1 due to gene amplification, chromosome rearrangement, point mutation, and epigenetic deregulations, have been reported in various cancers. FGFR1 overexpression has also been reported in prostate cancer (PCa), but the underlining mechanisms are not clear. Here we report a novel circular RNA, circFGFR1int2, derived from intron 2 of FGFR1 gene, which is overexpressed in PCa and associated with tumor progression. Importantly, we show that circFGFR1int2 facilitates FGFR1 transcription by recruiting transcription activators P65/FUS and by interacting with FGFR1 promoter. Moreover, we show that circFGFR1int2 suppresses post-transcriptional inhibitory effects of miR-4687-5p on FGFR1 mRNA. These mechanisms synergistically promote PCa cell growth, migration, and invasion. Overexpression of circFGFR1int2 is significantly correlated with higher tumor grade, Gleason score, and PSA level, and is a significant unfavorable prognosticator for CRPC-free survival (CFS) (RR = 3.277, 95% confidence interval: 1.192-9.009; P = 0.021). These findings unravelled novel mechanisms controlling FGFR1 gene expression by intronic circRNA and its potential clinicopathological utility as a diagnostic or therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruyue Wang
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jinjing Zhong
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiuyi Pan
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zhengzheng Su
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yunyi Xu
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Mengni Zhang
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xueqin Chen
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Ni Chen
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Ting Yu
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Qiao Zhou
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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17
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Liu Q, Huang J, Yan W, Liu Z, Liu S, Fang W. FGFR families: biological functions and therapeutic interventions in tumors. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e367. [PMID: 37750089 PMCID: PMC10518040 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
There are five fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs), namely, FGFR1-FGFR5. When FGFR binds to its ligand, namely, fibroblast growth factor (FGF), it dimerizes and autophosphorylates, thereby activating several key downstream pathways that play an important role in normal physiology, such as the Ras/Raf/mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT, phospholipase C gamma/diacylglycerol/protein kinase c, and signal transducer and activator of transcription pathways. Furthermore, as an oncogene, FGFR genetic alterations were found in 7.1% of tumors, and these alterations include gene amplification, gene mutations, gene fusions or rearrangements. Therefore, FGFR amplification, mutations, rearrangements, or fusions are considered as potential biomarkers of FGFR therapeutic response for tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). However, it is worth noting that with increased use, resistance to TKIs inevitably develops, such as the well-known gatekeeper mutations. Thus, overcoming the development of drug resistance becomes a serious problem. This review mainly outlines the FGFR family functions, related pathways, and therapeutic agents in tumors with the aim of obtaining better outcomes for cancer patients with FGFR changes. The information provided in this review may provide additional therapeutic ideas for tumor patients with FGFR abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Liu
- Cancer CenterIntegrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese MedicineSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Jiyu Huang
- Cancer CenterIntegrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese MedicineSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Weiwei Yan
- Cancer CenterIntegrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese MedicineSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Zhen Liu
- Cancer CenterIntegrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese MedicineSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
- Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and DegradationBasic School of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Shu Liu
- Department of Breast SurgeryThe Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangGuizhouChina
| | - Weiyi Fang
- Cancer CenterIntegrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese MedicineSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
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18
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Ratti M, Orlandi E, Hahne JC, Vecchia S, Citterio C, Anselmi E, Toscani I, Ghidini M. Targeting FGFR Pathways in Gastrointestinal Cancers: New Frontiers of Treatment. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2650. [PMID: 37893023 PMCID: PMC10603875 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11102650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In carcinogenesis of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, the deregulation of fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) signaling plays a critical role. The aberrant activity of this pathway is described in approximately 10% of gastric cancers and its frequency increases in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas (iCCAs), with an estimated frequency of 10-16%. Several selective FGFR inhibitors have been developed in the last few years with promising results. For example, targeting the FGFR pathway is now a fundamental part of clinical practice when treating iCCA and many clinical trials are ongoing to test the safety and efficacy of anti-FGFR agents in gastric, colon and pancreatic cancer, with variable results. However, the response rates of anti-FGFR drugs are modest and resistances emerge rapidly, limiting their efficacy and causing disease progression. In this review, we aim to explore the landscape of anti-FGFR inhibitors in relation to GI cancer, with particular focus on selective FGFR inhibitors and drug combinations that may lead to overcoming resistance mechanisms and drug-induced toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Ratti
- Oncology and Hematology Department, Piacenza General Hospital, Via Taverna 49, 29121 Piacenza, Italy
| | - Elena Orlandi
- Oncology and Hematology Department, Piacenza General Hospital, Via Taverna 49, 29121 Piacenza, Italy
| | - Jens Claus Hahne
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Stefano Vecchia
- Pharmacy Unit, Piacenza General Hospital, Via Taverna 49, 29121 Piacenza, Italy
| | - Chiara Citterio
- Oncology and Hematology Department, Piacenza General Hospital, Via Taverna 49, 29121 Piacenza, Italy
| | - Elisa Anselmi
- Oncology and Hematology Department, Piacenza General Hospital, Via Taverna 49, 29121 Piacenza, Italy
| | - Ilaria Toscani
- Oncology and Hematology Department, Piacenza General Hospital, Via Taverna 49, 29121 Piacenza, Italy
| | - Michele Ghidini
- Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
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19
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Wu C, Chen J, Wang D. LncRNA VPS9D1-AS1 regulates miR-187-3p/fibroblast growth factor receptor-like 1 axis to promote proliferation, migration, and invasion of prostate cancer cells. CHINESE J PHYSIOL 2023; 66:295-305. [PMID: 37929340 DOI: 10.4103/cjop.cjop-d-23-00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The morbidity and mortality of prostate cancer are increasing year by year, and the survival rate of prostate cancer patients after treatment is low. Therefore, investigating the molecular mechanism underlying prostate cancer is crucial for developing effective treatments. Recent studies have shown the important role of long-chain non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in tumorigenesis. VPS9D1-AS1 can modulate the progression of multiple cancers, but its molecular action mechanism in prostate cancer remains unknown. This study, therefore, intended to investigate the regulatory mechanism of VPS9D1-AS1 in prostate cancer. First, differentially expressed lncRNAs in prostate cancer were identified through bioinformatics approaches. The target lncRNA for the study was determined by reviewing the relevant literature and its downstream miRNA/mRNA axis was uncovered. Then, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was introduced to assess the expression of VPS9D1-AS1, miR-187-3p, and fibroblast growth factor receptor-like 1 (FGFRL1) at a cellular level, and Western blot was conducted to assess the protein level of FGFRL1 in cells. The results indicated that VPS9D1-AS1 and FGFRL1 were highly expressed in prostate cancer while miR-187-3p was less expressed. Besides, MTT, colony formation, wound healing, and cell invasion assays showed that silencing VPS9D1-AS1 inhibited the viability, migration ability, and invasion ability of prostate cancer cells. Dual-luciferase assay and RNA binding protein immunoprecipitation assay were performed to explore the interplay of miR-187-3p and VPS9D1-AS1 or FGFRL1. The results showed that VPS9D1-AS1 could sponge miR-187-3p, and FGFRL1 could serve as a direct target of miR-187-3p. Moreover, combined with the results of the rescue experiment, VPS9D1-AS1 was found to upregulate FGFRL1 by competitively sponging miR-187-3p to accelerate the malignant behaviors of prostate cancer cells. In conclusion, VPS9D1-AS1 could promote the phenotype progression of prostate cancer cells through targeting the miR-187-3p/FGFRL1 axis, and it has the potential to be a target for prostate cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenguang Wu
- Department of Urology Surgery, 900 Hospital of the Joint Logistics Team, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Urology Surgery, 900 Hospital of the Joint Logistics Team, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Urology Surgery, 900 Hospital of the Joint Logistics Team, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
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20
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Wekking D, Pretta A, Martella S, D'Agata AP, Joeun Choe J, Denaro N, Solinas C, Scartozzi M. Fibroblast growth factor receptors as targets for anticancer therapy in cholangiocarcinomas and urothelial carcinomas. Heliyon 2023; 9:e19541. [PMID: 37681152 PMCID: PMC10481293 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinomas and urothelial carcinomas are lethal tumors worldwide and only a minority of patients are eligible for surgery at diagnosis. Moreover, patients are poorly responsive to current therapeutic strategies, including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy, and multimodality treatments. Recently, several advances have been made in precision medicine and these results are modifying the treatment paradigm for patients diagnosed with cholangiocarcinomas and urothelial carcinoma. These histotypes exhibit a high rate of multiple fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) genetic alterations and numerous preclinical and clinical studies support FGFR as a highly attractive novel therapeutic target. Moreover, identifying specific genetic alterations may predict the tumor's response to conventional and novel FGFR-targeted drugs. Recent clinical studies showed promising data for FGFR-targeted therapy in reducing tumor volume and led to the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of, e.g., pemigatinib, infigratinib, futibatinib, and erdafitinib. Moreover, FGFR inhibitors show promising results in the first-line setting of cholangiocarcinomas and urothelial carcinomas. Pemigatinib (FIGHT-302) and futibatinib (FOENIX-CAA3) are being evaluated in phase III trials that compare these agents to current first-line gemcitabine and cisplatin in FGFR2-rearranged cholangiocarcinoma. However, complexity in targeting the FGFR signaling pathway is observed. Herein, we describe the characteristics of the FDA-approved and other investigational FGFR-targeted therapeutics, evaluate the most recent preclinical and clinical studies focusing on targeting FGFR genomic alterations in the treatment of cholangiocarcinomas and urothelial cancer, and provide insight into factors involved in response and (acquired) resistance to FGFR inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demi Wekking
- Amsterdam UMC, Location Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Andrea Pretta
- Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital and University of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Serafina Martella
- Medical Oncology, University Hospital Policlinico G.Rodolico-San Marco, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Joanna Joeun Choe
- Cancer Outcomes Research and Education, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Cinzia Solinas
- Medical Oncology AOU Cagliari Policlinico Duilio Casula, Monserrato, CA, Italy
| | - Mario Scartozzi
- Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital and University of Cagliari, Italy
- Medical Oncology AOU Cagliari Policlinico Duilio Casula, Monserrato, CA, Italy
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21
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Roskoski R. Small molecule protein kinase inhibitors approved by regulatory agencies outside of the United States. Pharmacol Res 2023; 194:106847. [PMID: 37454916 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Owing to genetic alterations and overexpression, the dysregulation of protein kinases plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of many autoimmune and neoplastic disorders and protein kinase antagonists have become an important drug target. Although the efficacy of imatinib in the treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia in the United States in 2001 was the main driver of protein kinase inhibitor drug discovery, this was preceded by the approval of fasudil (a ROCK antagonist) in Japan in 1995 for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm. There are 21 small molecule protein kinase inhibitors that are approved in China, Japan, Europe, and South Korea that are not approved in the United Sates and 75 FDA-approved inhibitors in the United States. Of the 21 agents, eleven target receptor protein-tyrosine kinases, eight inhibit nonreceptor protein-tyrosine kinases, and two block protein-serine/threonine kinases. All 21 drugs are orally bioavailable or topically effective. Of the non-FDA approved drugs, sixteen are prescribed for the treatment of neoplastic diseases, three are directed toward inflammatory disorders, one is used for glaucoma, and fasudil is used in the management of vasospasm. The leading targets of kinase inhibitors approved by both international regulatory agencies and by the FDA are members of the EGFR family, the VEGFR family, and the JAK family. One-third of the 21 internationally approved drugs are not compliant with Lipinski's rule of five for orally bioavailable drugs. The rule of five relies on four parameters including molecular weight, number of hydrogen bond donors and acceptors, and the Log of the partition coefficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Roskoski
- Blue Ridge Institute for Medical Research, 221 Haywood Knolls Drive, Hendersonville, NC 28791-8717, United States.
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22
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Nitulescu GM, Stancov G, Seremet OC, Nitulescu G, Mihai DP, Duta-Bratu CG, Barbuceanu SF, Olaru OT. The Importance of the Pyrazole Scaffold in the Design of Protein Kinases Inhibitors as Targeted Anticancer Therapies. Molecules 2023; 28:5359. [PMID: 37513232 PMCID: PMC10385367 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The altered activation or overexpression of protein kinases (PKs) is a major subject of research in oncology and their inhibition using small molecules, protein kinases inhibitors (PKI) is the best available option for the cure of cancer. The pyrazole ring is extensively employed in the field of medicinal chemistry and drug development strategies, playing a vital role as a fundamental framework in the structure of various PKIs. This scaffold holds major importance and is considered a privileged structure based on its synthetic accessibility, drug-like properties, and its versatile bioisosteric replacement function. It has proven to play a key role in many PKI, such as the inhibitors of Akt, Aurora kinases, MAPK, B-raf, JAK, Bcr-Abl, c-Met, PDGFR, FGFRT, and RET. Of the 74 small molecule PKI approved by the US FDA, 8 contain a pyrazole ring: Avapritinib, Asciminib, Crizotinib, Encorafenib, Erdafitinib, Pralsetinib, Pirtobrutinib, and Ruxolitinib. The focus of this review is on the importance of the unfused pyrazole ring within the clinically tested PKI and on the additional required elements of their chemical structures. Related important pyrazole fused scaffolds like indazole, pyrrolo[1,2-b]pyrazole, pyrazolo[4,3-b]pyridine, pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine, or pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine are beyond the subject of this work.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Georgiana Nitulescu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Traian Vuia 6, 020956 Bucharest, Romania; (G.M.N.)
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23
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Yang Y, He X, Li Z, Ran K, Wang N, Zhao L, Liu Z, Zeng J, Chang B, Feng Q, Zhang Q, Yu L. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of indazole derivatives as selective covalent inhibitors of FGFR4 in wild-type and gatekeeper mutants. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 258:115628. [PMID: 37437349 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4) has been proved to be an effective target for cancer therapy. Aberration in FGF19/FGFR4 signaling is oncogenic driving force in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). FGFR4 gatekeeper mutations induced acquired resistance remains an unmet clinical challenge for HCC treatment. In this study, a series of 1H-indazole derivatives were designed and synthesized as new irreversible inhibitors of wild-type and gatekeeper mutant FGFR4. These new derivatives showed significant FGFR4 inhibitory and antitumor activities, among which compound 27i was demonstrated to be the most potent compound (FGFR4 IC50 = 2.4 nM). Remarkably, compound 27i exhibited no activity against a panel of 381 kinases at 1 μM. Additionally, compound 27i displayed nanomolar IC50s against huh7 (IC50 = 21 nM) and two mutant cell lines, BaF3/ETV6-FGFR4-V550L and BaF3/ETV6-FGFR4-N535K (IC50 = 2.5/171 nM). Meanwhile, compound 27i exhibited potent antitumor potency (TGI: 83.0%, 40 mg/kg, BID) in Huh7 xenograft mouse models with no obvious toxicity observed. Overall, compound 27i was identified as a promising preclinical candidate for overcoming FGFR4 gatekeeper mutations for HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingyue Yang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiaojie He
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zulong Li
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Kai Ran
- College of Pharmacy, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Kinase Modulators as Innovative Medicine, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, 402160, China
| | - Ningyu Wang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest JiaoTong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611756, China
| | - Lifeng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal and Edible Plants Resources Development of Sichuan Education Department, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China
| | - Zhihao Liu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jun Zeng
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Bo Chang
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Chengdu Normal University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Qiang Feng
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Chengdu Normal University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Qiangsheng Zhang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Luoting Yu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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24
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Uson PLS, Bearss J, Babiker HM, Borad M. A drug safety evaluation of pemigatinib for advanced cholangiocarcinoma. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2023; 22:637-641. [PMID: 37363820 DOI: 10.1080/14740338.2023.2227561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pemigatinib is a selective small-molecule inhibitor of the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) 1-3. FGFR is associated with increased cell division, proliferation, and survival. Inhibition of this receptor is an effective treatment against tumors driven by activated fusions in FGFR2. AREAS COVERED The drug was first evaluated in patients with advanced solid tumors and demonstrated a manageable safety profile, with the most common adverse events being oscillations in blood phosphate levels, fatigue, gastrointestinal symptoms, and skin and ocular toxicities. Pemigatinib was further evaluated in a phase II cohort study of patients with previously treated locally advanced or metastatic cholangiocarcinoma harboring FGFR2 genomic alterations. After a median follow-up of 17.8 months, the objective response rate in patients with tumors harboring FGFR2 fusions or rearrangements was 35.5% (95% CI, 26.5-45.4). Based on these results, the FDA granted accelerated approval on 17 April 2020, to pemigatinib, for the treatment of adults with previously treated, unresectable locally advanced or metastatic cholangiocarcinoma with an FGFR2 fusion or another rearrangement. Articles selected for this review were based on reported studies indexed in PubMed (2010-2023). EXPERT OPINION Future perspectives in the treatment of FGFR2 fused cholangiocarcinoma include the evaluation of pemigatinib in previously untreated patients and possible active combinations or sequencing strategies with other drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Luiz Serrano Uson
- Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Center for Personalized Medicine, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Hani M Babiker
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Mitesh Borad
- Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, USA
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25
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Raza A, Chohan TA, Sarfraz M, Chohan TA, Imran Sajid M, Tiwari RK, Ansari SA, Alkahtani HM, Yasmeen Ansari S, Khurshid U, Saleem H. Molecular modeling of pyrrolo-pyrimidine based analogs as potential FGFR1 inhibitors: a scientific approach for therapeutic drugs. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:14358-14371. [PMID: 36898855 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2187638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptors 1 (FGFR1) is an emerging target for the development of anticancer drugs. Uncontrolled expression of FGFR1 is strongly associated with a number of different types of cancers. Apart from a few FGFR inhibitors, the FGFR family members have not been thoroughly studied to produce clinically effective anticancer drugs. The application of proper computational techniques may aid in understanding the mechanism of protein-ligand complex formation, which may provide a better notion for developing potent FGFR1 inhibitors. In this study, a variety of computational techniques, including 3D-QSAR, flexible docking and MD simulation followed by MMGB/PBSA, H-bonds and distance analysis, have been performed to systematically explore the binding mechanism of pyrrolo-pyrimidine derivatives against FGFR1. The 3D-QSAR model was generated to deduce the structural determinants of FGFR1 inhibition. The high q2 and r2 values for the CoMFA and CoMSIA models indicated that the created 3D-QSAR models could reliably predict the bioactivities of FGFR1 inhibitors. The computed binding free energies (MMGB/PBSA) for the selected compounds were consistent with the ranking of their experimental binding affinities against FGFR1. Furthermore, per-residue energy decomposition analysis revealed that the residues Lys514 in catalytic region, Asn568, Glu571 in solvent accessible portion and Asp641 in DFG motif exhibited a strong tendency to mediate ligand-protein interactions through the hydrogen bonding and Van Der Waals interactions. These findings may benefit researchers in gaining better knowledge of FGFR1 inhibition and may serve as a guideline for the development of novel and highly effective FGFR1 inhibitors.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Raza
- College of Pharmacy, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Tahir Ali Chohan
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (IPS), University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (UVAS), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sarfraz
- College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Talha Ali Chohan
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran Sajid
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Rakesh Kumar Tiwari
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Siddique Akber Ansari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamad M Alkahtani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shabana Yasmeen Ansari
- Pharmaceutical Unit, Department of Electronics, Chemistry and Industrial Engineering, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Umair Khurshid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Hammad Saleem
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (IPS), University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (UVAS), Lahore, Pakistan
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26
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Roskoski R. Deucravacitinib is an allosteric TYK2 protein kinase inhibitor FDA-approved for the treatment of psoriasis. Pharmacol Res 2023; 189:106642. [PMID: 36754102 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a heterogeneous, inflammatory, autoimmune skin disease that affects up to 2% of the world's population. There are many treatment modalities including topical medicines, ultraviolet light therapy, monoclonal antibodies, and several oral medications. Cytokines play a central role in the pathogenesis of this disorder including TNF-α, (tumor necrosis factor-α) IL-17A (interleukin-17A), IL-17F, IL-22, and IL-23. Cytokine signaling involves transduction mediated by the JAK-STAT pathway. There are four JAKS (JAK1/2/3 and TYK2) and six STATS (signal transducer and activators of transcription). Janus kinases contain an inactive JH2 domain that is aminoterminal to the active JH1 domain. Under basal conditions, the JH2 domain inhibits the activity of the JH1 domain. Deucravacitinib is an orally effective N-trideuteromethyl-pyridazine derivative that targets and stabilizes the TYK2 JH2 domain and thereby blocks TYK2 JH1 activity. Seven other JAK inhibitors, which target the JAK family JH1 domain, are prescribed for the treatment of neoplastic and other inflammatory diseases. The use of deuterium in the trimethylamide decreases the rate of demethylation and slows the production of a metabolite that is active against a variety of targets in addition to TYK2. A second unique aspect in the development of deucravacitinib is the targeting of a pseudokinase domain. Deucravacitinib is rather specific for TYK2 and its toxic effects are much less than those of the other FDA-approved JAK inhibitors. The successful development of deucravacitinib may stimulate the development of additional pseudokinase ligands for the JAK family and for other kinase families as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Roskoski
- Blue Ridge Institute for Medical Research, 3754 Brevard Road, Suite 106, Box 19, Horse Shoe, NC 28742-8814, United States.
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27
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Roskoski R. Futibatinib (Lytgobi) for cholangiocarcinoma. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2023; 44:190-191. [PMID: 36702680 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2022.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Roskoski
- Blue Ridge Institute for Medical Research, 3754 Brevard Road, Ste 106, Horse Shoe, NC, 28742, USA.
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28
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Chen YH, Yang SH, Liu LX, Hu S, Wang XJ, Liao ZJ, Huan YF, He K, Zhang XW. Knockdown of FGFR3 inhibits the proliferation, migration and invasion of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Dig Liver Dis 2023; 55:400-406. [PMID: 35999136 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2022.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The FGF/FGFR signaling axis deregulation of the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) family is closely related to tumorigenesis, tumor progression and drug resistance to anticancer therapy. And fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) is one member of this family. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of siRNA-induced knockdown of FGFR3 on the biological behaviors of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC). The expression levels of FGFR3 were determined in three intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma cell lines RBE, HUCCT1 and HCCC9810 cell lines by Western blot. FGFR3 expression in RBE cell line was knocked down by siRNA. Our study found that knockdown of FGFR3 inhibited the migration, invasion and proliferation of ICC cells using Wound healing assay, Transwell migration and invasion assays and Cell proliferation assay. And significantly down-regulated the protein expression levels of MMP2, cyclinD1, and NCadherin, but had no significant effect on MMP9, cyclinD3, vimentin, E-cadherin protein. In addition, we found that ERK/c-Myc presumably is its signaling pathway by bioinformatics analysis and Western blot verification. To sum up, knockdown of FGFR3 inhibited the migration, invasion and proliferation of ICC cells. It demonstrated that FGFR3 probably becomes a therapeutic target for ICC and increases the proportion of potentially curable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma patients treated with FGFR inhibitors.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 3/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 3/metabolism
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 3/pharmacology
- Cell Proliferation/genetics
- Cell Movement/genetics
- Cholangiocarcinoma/pathology
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic/pathology
- Bile Duct Neoplasms/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hui Chen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Shao-Hua Yang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Li-Xin Liu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Sheng Hu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xue-Jun Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhou-Jun Liao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yun-Feng Huan
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Kai He
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiao-Wen Zhang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
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Wang X, Ye CH, Li EM, Xu LY, Lin WQ, Chen GH. Discovery of octahydropyrrolo [3,2-b] pyridin derivative as a highly selective Type I inhibitor of FGFR3 over VEGFR2 by high-throughput virtual screening. J Cell Biochem 2023; 124:221-238. [PMID: 36502529 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Although the aberrant activity of fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) is implicated in various cancers, the reported kinase inhibitors of FGFR3 tend to cause side effects resulting from the inhibitory activity on vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2). Therefore, it is necessary to find a novel high-selective inhibitor of FGFR3 over VEGFR2 from the small-molecule compound database. In this study, integrated virtual screening protocols were established to screen for selective inhibitors of FGFR3 over VEGFR2 in Drugbank and Asinex databases by combining three-dimensional pharmacophore model, molecular docking, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, and molecular mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann surface area (MMPBSA) calculations. Finally, it is found that Asinex-5082, as an octahydropyrrolo[3,2-b] pyridin derivative, has larger binding free energy with FGFR3 (-39.3 kcal/mol) than reference drug Erdafitinib (-29.9 kcal/mol), while cannot bind with VEGFR2, resulting in considerable inhibitory selectivity. This is because Asinex-5082, unlike Erdafitinib, has not m-dimethoxybenzene with large steric hindrance, thus can enter the larger ATP-binding pocket of FGFR3 with DFG-in conformation to form hydrophobic interaction with residues Met529, Ile539, and Tyr557 as well as hydrogen bond with Ala558. On the other hand, due to the fact that the benzodioxane and N-heterocyclic rings are connected by carbonyl (C=O), Asinex-5082 cannot rotate freely so as to enter the smaller ATP binding pocket of VEGFR2 on the DFG-out conformation. The lead molecule Asinex-5082 may facilitate the rational design and development of novel selective inhibitors of FGFR3 over VEGFR2 as anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Cheng-Hao Ye
- Department of Chemistry, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - En-Min Li
- Medical Informatics Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Li-Yan Xu
- Medical Informatics Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Wang-Qiang Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Guang-Hui Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Shantou University, Shantou, China
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Zheng X, Wang H, Deng J, Yao M, Zou X, Zhang F, Ma X. Safety and efficacy of the pan-FGFR inhibitor erdafitinib in advanced urothelial carcinoma and other solid tumors: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Oncol 2023; 12:907377. [PMID: 36776367 PMCID: PMC9909824 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.907377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective This review aimed to comprehensively analyze the safety and efficacy of erdafitinib in treating advanced and metastatic urothelial carcinoma and other solid tumors. Methods PubMed, Embase, and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched until 10 February 2022. The safety outcome as adverse events and efficacy outcomes, including objective response rate, stable disease rates, and progressive disease rates, were selected and analyzed by comprehensive meta-analysis version 3.0 and STATA 15.0. Results The most common all-grade adverse events were hyperphosphatemia, dry mouth, stomatitis, diarrhea, and dysgeusia. The occurrence of ≥3 adverse events was relatively low, and stomatitis and hyponatremia were the most common. Moreover, eye disorders could not be ignored. Efficacy in urothelial carcinoma patients was obviously better than in other solid tumor patients, with a higher objective response rate (0.38 versus 0.10) and lower progressive disease rate (0.26 versus 0.68). All responses occurred in patients with fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) alteration. In those patients, a specific FGFR alteration (FGFR3-TACC3) was observed to have a maximum response. Conclusion Erdafitinib has satisfactory clinical activity for metastatic urothelial carcinoma and other solid tumors, while the toxicity is acceptable. With more RCTs and combination therapy trials published, erdafitinib will be applied widely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Zheng
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hang Wang
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Junyue Deng
- Department of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Minghe Yao
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiuhe Zou
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China,*Correspondence: Xiuhe Zou, ; Fan Zhang,
| | - Fan Zhang
- Health Management Center, General Practice Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,*Correspondence: Xiuhe Zou, ; Fan Zhang,
| | - Xuelei Ma
- Department of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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31
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Basu D, Pal R, Sarkar M, Barma S, Halder S, Roy H, Nandi S, Samadder A. To Investigate Growth Factor Receptor Targets and Generate Cancer Targeting Inhibitors. Curr Top Med Chem 2023; 23:2877-2972. [PMID: 38164722 DOI: 10.2174/0115680266261150231110053650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) regulates multiple pathways, including Mitogenactivated protein kinases (MAPKs), PI3/AKT, JAK/STAT pathway, etc. which has a significant role in the progression and metastasis of tumor. As RTK activation regulates numerous essential bodily processes, including cell proliferation and division, RTK dysregulation has been identified in many types of cancers. Targeting RTK is a significant challenge in cancer due to the abnormal upregulation and downregulation of RTK receptors subfamily EGFR, FGFR, PDGFR, VEGFR, and HGFR in the progression of cancer, which is governed by multiple RTK receptor signalling pathways and impacts treatment response and disease progression. In this review, an extensive focus has been carried out on the normal and abnormal signalling pathways of EGFR, FGFR, PDGFR, VEGFR, and HGFR and their association with cancer initiation and progression. These are explored as potential therapeutic cancer targets and therefore, the inhibitors were evaluated alone and merged with additional therapies in clinical trials aimed at combating global cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debroop Basu
- Cell and Developmental Biology Special, Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, 741235, India
| | - Riya Pal
- Cell and Developmental Biology Special, Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, 741235, IndiaIndia
| | - Maitrayee Sarkar
- Cell and Developmental Biology Special, Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, 741235, India
| | - Soubhik Barma
- Cell and Developmental Biology Special, Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, 741235, India
| | - Sumit Halder
- Cell and Developmental Biology Special, Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, 741235, India
| | - Harekrishna Roy
- Nirmala College of Pharmacy, Vijayawada, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Sisir Nandi
- Global Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (Affiliated to Uttarakhand Technical University), Kashipur, 244713, India
| | - Asmita Samadder
- Cell and Developmental Biology Special, Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, 741235, India
- Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology Lab., Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, 741235, India
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32
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Properties of FDA-approved small molecule protein kinase inhibitors: A 2023 update. Pharmacol Res 2023; 187:106552. [PMID: 36403719 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 103.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Owing to the dysregulation of protein kinase activity in many diseases including cancer, this enzyme family has become one of the most important drug targets in the 21st century. There are 72 FDA-approved therapeutic agents that target about two dozen different protein kinases and three of these drugs were approved in 2022. Of the approved drugs, twelve target protein-serine/threonine protein kinases, four are directed against dual specificity protein kinases (MEK1/2), sixteen block nonreceptor protein-tyrosine kinases, and 40 target receptor protein-tyrosine kinases. The data indicate that 62 of these drugs are prescribed for the treatment of neoplasms (57 against solid tumors including breast, lung, and colon, ten against nonsolid tumors such as leukemia, and four against both solid and nonsolid tumors: acalabrutinib, ibrutinib, imatinib, and midostaurin). Four drugs (abrocitinib, baricitinib, tofacitinib, upadacitinib) are used for the treatment of inflammatory diseases (atopic dermatitis, psoriatic arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn disease, and ulcerative colitis). Of the 72 approved drugs, eighteen are used in the treatment of multiple diseases. The following three drugs received FDA approval in 2022 for the treatment of these specified diseases: abrocitinib (atopic dermatitis), futibatinib (cholangiocarcinomas), pacritinib (myelofibrosis). All of the FDA-approved drugs are orally effective with the exception of netarsudil, temsirolimus, and trilaciclib. This review summarizes the physicochemical properties of all 72 FDA-approved small molecule protein kinase inhibitors including lipophilic efficiency and ligand efficiency.
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Abstract
The FGF receptors (FGFRs) belong to a family of receptor tyrosine kinases. Abundant evidence shows that FGFRs are closely related to tumor cell invasion and angiogenesis. Hence, targeted modulation of FGFRs has become an effective strategy for cancer treatment. Recently, the development of small-molecule inhibitors targeting FGFRs has been extensively studied, and three inhibitors have been approved for marketing. Based on the clinical problems with the current inhibitors, there is a need to develop novel inhibitors and technologies to address the pitfalls. This review summarizes recent advances in small-molecule inhibitors targeting FGFRs, focusing on structure-activity relationships. Moreover, recent progress of novel technologies are summarized to provide a reference for promoting the application of drugs targeting FGFRs in tumor therapy.
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Pemigatinib in Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma: A Work in Progress. Curr Oncol 2022; 29:7925-7931. [PMID: 36290903 PMCID: PMC9600707 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol29100626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is the second most frequent primary liver cancer, following hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Progress in the molecular understanding of CCA has led to the development of several agents, including FGFR inhibitors, such as pemigatinib, whose approval has marked a new era in this hepatobiliary malignancy. However, a number of questions remain unanswered, including the development of secondary resistance and the role of combination therapies, including FGFR inhibitors. Herein, we specifically focus on the current challenges and future research directions of pemigatinib use in CCA patients.
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35
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Molecular targeted therapy for anticancer treatment. Exp Mol Med 2022; 54:1670-1694. [PMID: 36224343 PMCID: PMC9636149 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-022-00864-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the initial clinical approval in the late 1990s and remarkable anticancer effects for certain types of cancer, molecular targeted therapy utilizing small molecule agents or therapeutic monoclonal antibodies acting as signal transduction inhibitors has served as a fundamental backbone in precision medicine for cancer treatment. These approaches are now used clinically as first-line therapy for various types of human cancers. Compared to conventional chemotherapy, targeted therapeutic agents have efficient anticancer effects with fewer side effects. However, the emergence of drug resistance is a major drawback of molecular targeted therapy, and several strategies have been attempted to improve therapeutic efficacy by overcoming such resistance. Herein, we summarize current knowledge regarding several targeted therapeutic agents, including classification, a brief biology of target kinases, mechanisms of action, examples of clinically used targeted therapy, and perspectives for future development.
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36
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Meng X, Zhu X, Ji J, Zhong H, Li X, Zhao H, Xie G, Wang K, Shu H, Wang X. Erdafitinib Inhibits Tumorigenesis of Human Lung Adenocarcinoma A549 by Inducing S-Phase Cell-Cycle Arrest as a CDK2 Inhibitor. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196733. [PMID: 36235266 PMCID: PMC9573074 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung adenocarcinoma (LADC) is the most prevalent lung cancer sub-type, and targeted therapy developed in recent years has made progress in its treatment. Erdafitinib, a potent and selective pan-FGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor, has been confirmed to be effective for the treatment of LADC; however, the molecular mechanism responsible for this effect is unclear. The in vitro study showed that erdafitinib exhibited an outstanding anti-cancer activity in human LADC cell line A549 by inducing S-phase cell-cycle arrest and cell apoptosis. The mechanistic study based on the transcriptomic data revealed that erdafitinib exerted its anti-cancer effect by affecting the cell cycle-related pathway, and CDK2 was the regulatory target of this drug. In addition, CDK2 overexpression significantly attenuated the anti-cancer effect of erdafitinib by affecting the transcriptional activity and expression of E2F1, as well as the expression of CDK1. The in vivo study showed that erdafitinib presented an obvious anti-cancer effect in the A549 xenograft mice model, which was accompanied by the reduced expression of CDK2. Thus, this study demonstrates the anti-cancer effect of erdafitinib against LADC for the first time based on in vitro and in vivo models, whose activity is achieved by targeting CDK2 and regulating downstream E2F1-CDK1 signaling. This study may be helpful for expanding the clinical application of erdafitinib in treating LADC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmin Meng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Xue Zhu
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi 214063, China
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Jiali Ji
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Wuxi No.2 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214002, China
| | - Hongqin Zhong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Wuxi Clinical College Affiliated to Nantong University, Wuxi 214002, China
| | - Xiyue Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Wuxi No.2 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214002, China
| | - Hongqing Zhao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Wuxi No.2 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214002, China
| | - Guijuan Xie
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Wuxi No.2 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214002, China
| | - Ke Wang
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi 214063, China
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Hong Shu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning 530021, China
- Correspondence: (H.S.); (X.W.)
| | - Xun Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Wuxi No.2 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214002, China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Wuxi Clinical College Affiliated to Nantong University, Wuxi 214002, China
- Correspondence: (H.S.); (X.W.)
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Wu Q, Qian W, Sun X, Jiang S. Small-molecule inhibitors, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and more: FDA-approved novel therapeutic drugs for solid tumors from 1991 to 2021. J Hematol Oncol 2022; 15:143. [PMID: 36209184 PMCID: PMC9548212 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-022-01362-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) has always been a forerunner in drug evaluation and supervision. Over the past 31 years, 1050 drugs (excluding vaccines, cell-based therapies, and gene therapy products) have been approved as new molecular entities (NMEs) or biologics license applications (BLAs). A total of 228 of these 1050 drugs were identified as cancer therapeutics or cancer-related drugs, and 120 of them were classified as therapeutic drugs for solid tumors according to their initial indications. These drugs have evolved from small molecules with broad-spectrum antitumor properties in the early stage to monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and antibody‒drug conjugates (ADCs) with a more precise targeting effect during the most recent decade. These drugs have extended indications for other malignancies, constituting a cancer treatment system for monotherapy or combined therapy. However, the available targets are still mainly limited to receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), restricting the development of antitumor drugs. In this review, these 120 drugs are summarized and classified according to the initial indications, characteristics, or functions. Additionally, RTK-targeted therapies and immune checkpoint-based immunotherapies are also discussed. Our analysis of existing challenges and potential opportunities in drug development may advance solid tumor treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Wu
- School of Medical Imaging, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310053 Zhejiang China
| | - Wei Qian
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009 Zhejiang China
| | - Xiaoli Sun
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003 Zhejiang China
| | - Shaojie Jiang
- School of Medical Imaging, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310053 Zhejiang China
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38
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Kooijman JJ, van Riel WE, Dylus J, Prinsen MBW, Grobben Y, de Bitter TJJ, van Doornmalen AM, Melis JJTM, Uitdehaag JCM, Narumi Y, Kawase Y, de Roos JADM, Willemsen-Seegers N, Zaman GJR. Comparative kinase and cancer cell panel profiling of kinase inhibitors approved for clinical use from 2018 to 2020. Front Oncol 2022; 12:953013. [PMID: 36185300 PMCID: PMC9516332 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.953013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last two decades, kinase inhibitors have become the major drug class for targeted cancer therapy. Although the number of approved kinase inhibitors increases rapidly, comprehensive in vitro profiling and comparison of inhibitor activities is often lacking in the public domain. Here we report the extensive profiling and comparison of 21 kinase inhibitors approved by the FDA for oncology indications since June 2018 and 13 previously approved comparators on panels of 255 biochemical kinase assays and 134 cancer cell line viability assays. Comparison of the cellular inhibition profiles of the EGFR inhibitors gefitinib, dacomitinib, and osimertinib identified the uncommon EGFR p.G719S mutation as a common response marker for EGFR inhibitors. Additionally, the FGFR inhibitors erdafitinib, infigratinib, and pemigatinib potently inhibited the viability of cell lines which harbored oncogenic alterations in FGFR1-3, irrespective of the specific clinical indications of the FGFR inhibitors. These results underscore the utility of in vitro kinase inhibitor profiling in cells for identifying new potential stratification markers for patient selection. Furthermore, comparison of the in vitro inhibition profiles of the RET inhibitors pralsetinib and selpercatinib revealed they had very similar biochemical and cellular selectivity. As an exception, an NTRK3 fusion-positive cell line was potently inhibited by pralsetinib but not by selpercatinib, which could be explained by the targeting of TRK kinases in biochemical assays by pralsetinib but not selpercatinib. This illustrates that unexpected differences in cellular activities between inhibitors that act through the same primary target can be explained by subtle differences in biochemical targeting. Lastly, FLT3-mutant cell lines were responsive to both FLT3 inhibitors gilteritinib and midostaurin, and the PI3K inhibitor duvelisib. Biochemical profiling revealed that the FLT3 and PI3K inhibitors targeted distinct kinases, indicating that unique dependencies can be identified by combined biochemical and cellular profiling of kinase inhibitors. This study provides the first large scale kinase assay or cell panel profiling study for newly approved kinase inhibitors, and shows that comprehensive in vitro profiling of kinase inhibitors can provide rationales for therapy selection and indication expansion of approved kinase inhibitors.
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Cassinelli G, Pasquali S, Lanzi C. Beyond targeting amplified MDM2 and CDK4 in well differentiated and dedifferentiated liposarcomas: From promise and clinical applications towards identification of progression drivers. Front Oncol 2022; 12:965261. [PMID: 36119484 PMCID: PMC9479065 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.965261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Well differentiated and dedifferentiated liposarcomas (WDLPS and DDLPS) are tumors of the adipose tissue poorly responsive to conventional cytotoxic chemotherapy which currently remains the standard-of-care. The dismal prognosis of the DDLPS subtype indicates an urgent need to identify new therapeutic targets to improve the patient outcome. The amplification of the two driver genes MDM2 and CDK4, shared by WDLPD and DDLPS, has provided the rationale to explore targeting the encoded ubiquitin-protein ligase and cell cycle regulating kinase as a therapeutic approach. Investigation of the genomic landscape of WD/DDLPS and preclinical studies have revealed additional potential targets such as receptor tyrosine kinases, the cell cycle kinase Aurora A, and the nuclear exporter XPO1. While the therapeutic significance of these targets is being investigated in clinical trials, insights into the molecular characteristics associated with dedifferentiation and progression from WDLPS to DDLPS highlighted additional genetic alterations including fusion transcripts generated by chromosomal rearrangements potentially providing new druggable targets (e.g. NTRK, MAP2K6). Recent years have witnessed the increasing use of patient-derived cell and tumor xenograft models which offer valuable tools to accelerate drug repurposing and combination studies. Implementation of integrated "multi-omics" investigations applied to models recapitulating WD/DDLPS genetics, histologic differentiation and biology, will hopefully lead to a better understanding of molecular alterations driving liposarcomagenesis and DDLPS progression, as well as to the identification of new therapies tailored on tumor histology and molecular profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliana Cassinelli
- Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Department of Applied Research and Technological Development, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Sandro Pasquali
- Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Department of Applied Research and Technological Development, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
- Sarcoma Service, Department of Surgery, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Cinzia Lanzi
- Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Department of Applied Research and Technological Development, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
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Roskoski R. Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors in the treatment of neoplastic and inflammatory disorders. Pharmacol Res 2022; 183:106362. [PMID: 35878738 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The Janus kinase (JAK) family of nonreceptor protein-tyrosine kinases consists of JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, and TYK2 (Tyrosine Kinase 2). Each of these proteins contains a JAK homology pseudokinase (JH2) domain that interacts with and regulates the activity of the adjacent protein kinase domain (JH1). The Janus kinase family is regulated by numerous cytokines including interferons, interleukins, and hormones such as erythropoietin and thrombopoietin. Ligand binding to cytokine receptors leads to the activation of associated Janus kinases, which then catalyze the phosphorylation of the receptors. The SH2 domain of signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) binds to the cytokine receptor phosphotyrosines thereby promoting STAT phosphorylation and activation by the Janus kinases. STAT dimers are then translocated into the nucleus where they participate in the regulation and expression of dozens of proteins. JAK1/3 signaling participates in the pathogenesis of inflammatory disorders while JAK1/2 signaling contributes to the development of myeloproliferative neoplasms as well as several malignancies including leukemias and lymphomas. An activating JAK2 V617F mutation occurs in 95% of people with polycythemia vera and about 50% of cases of myelofibrosis and essential thrombocythemia. Abrocitinib, ruxolitinib, and upadacitinib are JAK inhibitors that are FDA-approved for the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Baricitinib is used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and covid 19. Tofacitinib and upadacitinib are JAK antagonists that are used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and ulcerative colitis. Additionally, ruxolitinib is approved for the treatment of polycythemia vera while fedratinib, pacritinib, and ruxolitinib are approved for the treatment of myelofibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Roskoski
- Blue Ridge Institute for Medical Research, 3754 Brevard Road, Suite 106, Box 19, Horse Shoe, NC 28742, United States.
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Ornitz DM, Itoh N. New developments in the biology of fibroblast growth factors. WIREs Mech Dis 2022; 14:e1549. [PMID: 35142107 PMCID: PMC10115509 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family is composed of 18 secreted signaling proteins consisting of canonical FGFs and endocrine FGFs that activate four receptor tyrosine kinases (FGFRs 1-4) and four intracellular proteins (intracellular FGFs or iFGFs) that primarily function to regulate the activity of voltage-gated sodium channels and other molecules. The canonical FGFs, endocrine FGFs, and iFGFs have been reviewed extensively by us and others. In this review, we briefly summarize past reviews and then focus on new developments in the FGF field since our last review in 2015. Some of the highlights in the past 6 years include the use of optogenetic tools, viral vectors, and inducible transgenes to experimentally modulate FGF signaling, the clinical use of small molecule FGFR inhibitors, an expanded understanding of endocrine FGF signaling, functions for FGF signaling in stem cell pluripotency and differentiation, roles for FGF signaling in tissue homeostasis and regeneration, a continuing elaboration of mechanisms of FGF signaling in development, and an expanding appreciation of roles for FGF signaling in neuropsychiatric diseases. This article is categorized under: Cardiovascular Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology Neurological Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology Congenital Diseases > Stem Cells and Development Cancer > Stem Cells and Development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Nobuyuki Itoh
- Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
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Hong C, Wei J, Zhou T, Wang X, Cai J. FGFR2-ERC1: A Subtype of FGFR2 Oncogenic Fusion Variant in Lung Adenocarcinoma and the Response to Anlotinib. Onco Targets Ther 2022; 15:651-657. [PMID: 35712652 PMCID: PMC9196998 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s364566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) fusions in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are small genomic events. At present, there is no standard treatment strategy for patients with NSCLC carrying an FGFR fusion. Case Presentation We report the case of a 45-year-old female patient who was diagnosed with lung adenocarcinoma and underwent right upper lobectomy and postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy. After 13 months, the patient’s lung lesions progressed. Next-generation sequencing of venous blood and lung tissues confirmed an FGFR2-ERC1 fusion, and she received chemotherapy and immunotherapy. Two months later, the patient’s lung lesions progressed again. Based on the target effect of anlotinib on FGFR, the patient was subsequently treated with anlotinib, and the progression-free survival interval exceeded 8.0 months. Conclusion These findings showed that patients with lung adenocarcinoma carrying an FGFR2-ERC1 fusion gene may benefit from anlotinib. This case provided evidence to support the use of anlotinib in the treatment of NSCLC patients with FGFR fusion gene subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Hong
- Department of Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianping Wei
- Department of Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Zhou
- Department of Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Wang
- Department of Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Cai
- Department of Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, People's Republic of China
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Genomics and Immunomics in the Treatment of Urothelial Carcinoma. Curr Oncol 2022; 29:3499-3518. [PMID: 35621673 PMCID: PMC9139747 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol29050283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Urothelial carcinoma is a complex cancer with genomic immunomic drivers that have prognostic and predictive treatment implications. Identifying potential targetable alterations via next-generation sequencing and RNA sequencing may allow for elucidation of such targets and exploitation with targeted therapeutics. The role of immunotherapy in treating urothelial carcinoma has shown benefit, but it is unclear in which patients immunotherapeutics have the highest yield. Continuing efforts into better identifying which patients may benefit most from targeted therapies, immunotherapies, and combination therapies may ultimately lead to improved outcomes for patients with this disease.
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Hussain SA, Lester JF, Jackson R, Gornall M, Qureshi M, Elliott A, Crabb SJ, Huddart RA, Vasudev N, Birtle AJ, Worlding J, James ND, Parikh O, Vilarino-Varela M, Alonzi R, Linch MD, Riaz IB, Catto JWF, Powles T, Jones RJ. Addition of nintedanib or placebo to neoadjuvant gemcitabine and cisplatin in locally advanced muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NEOBLADE): a double-blind, randomised, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol 2022; 23:650-658. [PMID: 35421369 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(22)00158-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recurrence is common after neoadjuvant chemotherapy and radical treatment for muscle-invasive bladder cancer. We investigated the effect of adding nintedanib to neoadjuvant chemotherapy on response and survival in muscle-invasive bladder cancer. METHODS NEOBLADE was a parallel-arm, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial of neoadjuvant gemcitabine and cisplatin chemotherapy with nintedanib or placebo in locally advanced muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Patients aged 18 years or older, with an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0-1, were recruited from 15 hospitals in the UK. Patients were randomly assigned (1:1) to nintedanib or placebo using permuted blocks with random block sizes of two or four, stratified by centre and glomerular filtration rate. Treatments were allocated using an interactive web-based system, and patients and investigators were masked to treatment allocation throughout the study. Patients received oral nintedanib (150 mg or 200 mg twice daily for 12 weeks) or placebo, in addition to usual neoadjuvant chemotherapy with intravenous gemcitabine 1000 mg/m2 on days 1 and 8 and intravenous cisplatin 70 mg/m2 on day 1 of a 3-weekly cycle. The primary endpoint was pathological complete response rate, assessed at cystectomy or at day 8 of cyclde 3 (plus or minus 7 days) if cystectomy did not occur. Primary analyses were done in the intention-to-treat population. The trial is registered with EudraCT, 2012-004895-01, and ISRCTN, 56349930, and has completed planned recruitment. FINDINGS Between Dec 4, 2014, and Sept 3, 2018, 120 patients were recruited and were randomly allocated to receive nintedanib (n=57) or placebo (n=63). The median follow-up for the study was 33·5 months (IQR 14·0-44·0). Pathological complete response in the intention-to-treat population was reached in 21 (37%) of 57 patients in the nintedanib group and 20 (32%) of 63 in the placebo group (odds ratio [OR] 1·25, 70% CI 0·84-1·87; p=0·28). Grade 3 or worse toxicities were observed in 53 (93%) of 57 participants who received nintedanib and 50 (79%) of 63 patients in the placebo group (OR 1·65, 95% CI 0·74-3·65; p=0·24). The most common grade 3 or worse adverse events were thromboembolic events (17 [30%] of 57 patients in the nintedanib group vs 13 [21%] of 63 patients in the placebo group [OR 1·63, 95% CI 0·71-3·76; p=0·29]) and decreased neutrophil count (22 [39%] in the nintedanib group vs seven [11%] in the placebo group [5·03, 1·95-13·00; p=0·0006]). 45 treatment-related serious adverse events occurred in the nintedanib group and 43 occurred in the placebo group. One treatment-related death occurred in the placebo group, which was due to myocardial infarction. INTERPRETATION The addition of nintedanib to chemotherapy was safe but did not improve the rate of pathological complete response in muscle-invasive bladder cancer. FUNDING Boehringer Ingelheim.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed A Hussain
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Academic Unit of Oncology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
| | | | - Richard Jackson
- Department of Oncology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Matthew Gornall
- Department of Oncology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Muneeb Qureshi
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Academic Unit of Oncology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | | | - Simon J Crabb
- Department of Oncology, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Robert A Huddart
- Institute of Cancer Research, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | | | | | - Nicholas D James
- Institute of Cancer Research, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Omi Parikh
- Rosemere Cancer Centre, Royal Preston Hospital, Preston, UK
| | | | | | - Mark D Linch
- University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | | | - James W F Catto
- Academic Urology Unit, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Thomas Powles
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University London, London, UK
| | - Robert J Jones
- University of Glasgow, Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre, Glasgow, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa A Guise
- From the Section of Bone and Mineral Disorders, Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, and the Lawrence Bone Disease Program of Texas, Houston, and the Cancer Prevention Research Institute of Texas, Austin (T.A.G.); and the Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (J.J.W.)
| | - John J Wysolmerski
- From the Section of Bone and Mineral Disorders, Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, and the Lawrence Bone Disease Program of Texas, Houston, and the Cancer Prevention Research Institute of Texas, Austin (T.A.G.); and the Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (J.J.W.)
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Zheng J, Zhang W, Li L, He Y, Wei Y, Dang Y, Nie S, Guo Z. Signaling Pathway and Small-Molecule Drug Discovery of FGFR: A Comprehensive Review. Front Chem 2022; 10:860985. [PMID: 35494629 PMCID: PMC9046545 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.860985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted therapy is a groundbreaking innovation for cancer treatment. Among the receptor tyrosine kinases, the fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) garnered substantial attention as promising therapeutic targets due to their fundamental biological functions and frequently observed abnormality in tumors. In the past 2 decades, several generations of FGFR kinase inhibitors have been developed. This review starts by introducing the biological basis of FGF/FGFR signaling. It then gives a detailed description of different types of small-molecule FGFR inhibitors according to modes of action, followed by a systematic overview of small-molecule-based therapies of different modalities. It ends with our perspectives for the development of novel FGFR inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Zufeng Guo
- *Correspondence: Shenyou Nie, ; Zufeng Guo,
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Franza A, Pirovano M, Giannatempo P, Cosmai L. Erdafitinib in locally advanced/metastatic urothelial carcinoma with certain FGFR genetic alterations. Future Oncol 2022; 18:2455-2464. [PMID: 35387485 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2021-1151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
FGFR inhibitors represent a new and promising therapeutic approach to urothelial cancer (UC). Erdafitinib (Balversa©) was the first FGFR inhibitor approved for the treatment of metastatic UC, showing proper pharmacological activity and a consistent safety profile in a population with limited or no therapeutic alternatives. While results from comparative phase II and III trials are needed to assess the efficacy of erdafitinib in different clinical settings, there are still questions unsolved regarding a typical class effect of FGFR inhibitors, hyperphosporemia. In this review, the authors focus on the state-of-art administration of erdatifinib in advanced UC, pointing out the more recent evidence, pitfalls and possible future research. Insight on the management of hyperphosporemia in patients undergoing treatment with FGFR inhibitors is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Franza
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Marta Pirovano
- Department of Nephrology & Dialysis, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, 20157, Italy.,Department of Biomedical & Clinical Sciences 'L. Sacco,' University of Milan, Milan, 20122, Italy
| | - Patrizia Giannatempo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Laura Cosmai
- Department of Nephrology & Dialysis, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, 20157, Italy
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Thomas J, Sonpavde G. Molecularly Targeted Therapy towards Genetic Alterations in Advanced Bladder Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:1795. [PMID: 35406567 PMCID: PMC8997162 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14071795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitors and antibody-drug conjugates to the management of advanced urothelial carcinoma, the disease is generally incurable. The increasing incorporation of next-generation sequencing of tumor tissue into the characterization of bladder cancer has led to a better understanding of the somatic genetic aberrations potentially involved in its pathogenesis. Genetic alterations have been observed in kinases, such as FGFRs, ErbBs, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, and Ras-MAPK, and genetic alterations in critical cellular processes, such as chromatin remodeling, cell cycle regulation, and DNA damage repair. However, activating mutations or fusions of FGFR2 and FGFR3 remains the only validated therapeutically actionable alteration, with erdafitinib as the only targeted agent currently approved for this group. Bladder cancer is characterized by genomic heterogeneity and a high tumor mutation burden. This review highlights the potential relevance of aberrations and discusses the current status of targeted therapies directed at them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Thomas
- Lank Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA;
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Guru Sonpavde
- Lank Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA;
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Targeting BCR-Abl in the treatment of Philadelphia-chromosome positive chronic myelogenous leukemia. Pharmacol Res 2022; 178:106156. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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50
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Lengyel CG, Hussain S, Seeber A, Jamil Nidhamalddin S, Trapani D, Habeeb BS, Elfaham E, Mazher SA, Seid F, Khan SZ, El Bairi K, Odhiambo A, Altuna SC, Petrillo A. FGFR Pathway Inhibition in Gastric Cancer: The Golden Era of an Old Target? Life (Basel) 2022; 12:81. [PMID: 35054474 PMCID: PMC8778800 DOI: 10.3390/life12010081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is the third leading cause of cancer-associated death worldwide. The majority of patients are diagnosed at an advanced/metastatic stage of disease due to a lack of specific symptoms and lack of screening programs, especially in Western countries. Thus, despite the improvement in GC therapeutic opportunities, the survival is disappointing, and the definition of the optimal treatment is still an unmet need. Novel diagnostic techniques were developed in clinical trials in order to characterize the genetic profile of GCs and new potential molecular pathways, such as the Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor (FGFR) pathway, were identified in order to improve patient's survival by using target therapies. The aim of this review is to summarize the role and the impact of FGFR signaling in GC and to provide an overview regarding the potential effectiveness of anti-FGFR agents in GC treatment in the context of precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csongor G. Lengyel
- Head and Neck Surgery, National Institute of Oncology, 1122 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Sadaqat Hussain
- Oncology Department, University Hospital of Leicester, Leicester LE1 5WW, UK;
| | - Andreas Seeber
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Innsbruck, Department of Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
| | | | | | - Baker S. Habeeb
- Medical Oncology, Shaqlawa Teaching Hospital, Erbil 44001, Iraq;
| | - Essam Elfaham
- Department of Hematoncology, Kuwait Cancer Control Center (KCCC), Kuwait City 20001, Kuwait;
| | - Syed Ayub Mazher
- Division of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Clements University Hospital, Dallas, TX 75390, USA;
| | - Fahmi Seid
- Department of Oncology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hawassa University, Hawassa 1560, Ethiopia;
| | - Shah Z. Khan
- Department of Clinical Oncology, BINOR Cancer Hospital, Bannu 28000, Pakistan;
| | | | - Andrew Odhiambo
- Unit of Medical Oncology, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi 00202, Kenya;
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