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Zaparte A, Dore E, White S, Paliarin F, Gabriel C, Copenhaver K, Basavanhalli S, Garcia E, Vaddavalli R, Luo M, Taylor CM, Welsh DA, Maiya R. Standard rodent diets differentially impact alcohol consumption, preference, and gut microbiome diversity. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1383181. [PMID: 38803684 PMCID: PMC11129685 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1383181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a complex and widespread disease with limited pharmacotherapies. Preclinical animal models of AUD use a variety of voluntary alcohol consumption procedures to recapitulate different phases of AUD, including binge alcohol consumption and dependence. However, voluntary alcohol consumption in mice is widely variable, making it difficult to reproduce results across labs. Accumulating evidence indicates that different brands of commercially available rodent chow can profoundly influence alcohol intake. In this study, we investigated the effects of three commercially available and widely used rodent diet formulations on alcohol consumption and preference in C57BL/6 J mice using the 24 h intermittent access procedure. The three brands of chow tested were LabDiet 5,001 (LD5001), LabDiet 5,053 (LD5053), and Teklad 2019S (TL2019S) from two companies (Research Diets and Envigo, respectively). Mice fed LD5001 and LD5053 displayed higher levels of alcohol consumption and preference compared to mice fed TL2019S. We also found that alcohol consumption and preference could be rapidly switched by changing the diet 48 h prior to alcohol administration. Sucrose, saccharin, and quinine preferences were not altered, suggesting that the diets did not alter sweet and bitter taste perception. We also found that mice fed LD5001 displayed increased quinine-resistant alcohol intake compared to mice fed TL2019S, suggesting that diets could influence the development of compulsive behaviors such as alcohol consumption. We profiled the gut microbiome of water- and alcohol-drinking mice that were maintained on different diets and found significant differences in bacterial alpha- and beta-diversities, which could impact the gut-brain axis signaling and alcohol consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Zaparte
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Evan Dore
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Selby White
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Franciely Paliarin
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Cameron Gabriel
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Katherine Copenhaver
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Samhita Basavanhalli
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Emily Garcia
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Rishith Vaddavalli
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Meng Luo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Christopher M. Taylor
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - David Allen Welsh
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Rajani Maiya
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, United States
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2
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Labandeira-Garcia JL, Labandeira CM, Guerra MJ, Rodriguez-Perez AI. The role of the brain renin-angiotensin system in Parkinson´s disease. Transl Neurodegener 2024; 13:22. [PMID: 38622720 PMCID: PMC11017622 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-024-00410-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) was classically considered a circulating hormonal system that regulates blood pressure. However, different tissues and organs, including the brain, have a local paracrine RAS. Mutual regulation between the dopaminergic system and RAS has been observed in several tissues. Dysregulation of these interactions leads to renal and cardiovascular diseases, as well as progression of dopaminergic neuron degeneration in a major brain center of dopamine/angiotensin interaction such as the nigrostriatal system. A decrease in the dopaminergic function induces upregulation of the angiotensin type-1 (AT1) receptor activity, leading to recovery of dopamine levels. However, AT1 receptor overactivity in dopaminergic neurons and microglial cells upregulates the cellular NADPH-oxidase-superoxide axis and Ca2+ release, which mediate several key events in oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and α-synuclein aggregation, involved in Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis. An intraneuronal antioxidative/anti-inflammatory RAS counteracts the effects of the pro-oxidative AT1 receptor overactivity. Consistent with this, an imbalance in RAS activity towards the pro-oxidative/pro-inflammatory AT1 receptor axis has been observed in the substantia nigra and striatum of several animal models of high vulnerability to dopaminergic degeneration. Interestingly, autoantibodies against angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and AT1 receptors are increased in PD models and PD patients and contribute to blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysregulation and nigrostriatal pro-inflammatory RAS upregulation. Therapeutic strategies addressed to the modulation of brain RAS, by AT1 receptor blockers (ARBs) and/or activation of the antioxidative axis (AT2, Mas receptors), may be neuroprotective for individuals with a high risk of developing PD or in prodromal stages of PD to reduce progression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Luis Labandeira-Garcia
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology of Parkinson´S Disease, Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain.
- Networking Research Center On Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - Maria J Guerra
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology of Parkinson´S Disease, Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain
- Networking Research Center On Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana I Rodriguez-Perez
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology of Parkinson´S Disease, Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain.
- Networking Research Center On Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.
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3
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Teckentrup V, Kroemer NB. Mechanisms for survival: vagal control of goal-directed behavior. Trends Cogn Sci 2024; 28:237-251. [PMID: 38036309 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2023.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Survival is a fundamental physiological drive, and neural circuits have evolved to prioritize actions that meet the energy demands of the body. This fine-tuning of goal-directed actions based on metabolic states ('allostasis') is deeply rooted in our brain, and hindbrain nuclei orchestrate the vital communication between the brain and body through the vagus nerve. Despite mounting evidence for vagal control of allostatic behavior in animals, its broader function in humans is still contested. Based on stimulation studies, we propose that the vagal afferent pathway supports transitions between survival modes by gating the integration of ascending bodily signals, thereby regulating reward-seeking. By reconceptualizing vagal signals as catalysts for goal-directed behavior, our perspective opens new avenues for theory-driven translational work in mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Teckentrup
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Tübingen Center for Mental Health, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; School of Psychology and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Nils B Kroemer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Tübingen Center for Mental Health, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Section of Medical Psychology, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany; German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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4
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McDougle M, de Araujo A, Singh A, Yang M, Braga I, Paille V, Mendez-Hernandez R, Vergara M, Woodie LN, Gour A, Sharma A, Urs N, Warren B, de Lartigue G. Separate gut-brain circuits for fat and sugar reinforcement combine to promote overeating. Cell Metab 2024; 36:393-407.e7. [PMID: 38242133 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2023.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Food is a powerful natural reinforcer that guides feeding decisions. The vagus nerve conveys internal sensory information from the gut to the brain about nutritional value; however, the cellular and molecular basis of macronutrient-specific reward circuits is poorly understood. Here, we monitor in vivo calcium dynamics to provide direct evidence of independent vagal sensing pathways for the detection of dietary fats and sugars. Using activity-dependent genetic capture of vagal neurons activated in response to gut infusions of nutrients, we demonstrate the existence of separate gut-brain circuits for fat and sugar sensing that are necessary and sufficient for nutrient-specific reinforcement. Even when controlling for calories, combined activation of fat and sugar circuits increases nigrostriatal dopamine release and overeating compared with fat or sugar alone. This work provides new insights into the complex sensory circuitry that mediates motivated behavior and suggests that a subconscious internal drive to consume obesogenic diets (e.g., those high in both fat and sugar) may impede conscious dieting efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly McDougle
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Center for Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alan de Araujo
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Center for Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Arashdeep Singh
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Center for Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mingxin Yang
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Center for Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Isadora Braga
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Vincent Paille
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; UMR1280 Physiopathologie des adaptations nutritionnelles, INRAE, Institut des maladies de l'appareil digestif, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Rebeca Mendez-Hernandez
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Macarena Vergara
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Center for Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Lauren N Woodie
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Abhishek Gour
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Abhisheak Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Nikhil Urs
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Brandon Warren
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Guillaume de Lartigue
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Center for Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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5
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Valente EEL, Klotz JL, Markmann RC, Trotta RJ, Edwards JL, May JB, Harmon DL. Levodopa attenuates the feed intake reduction caused by ergot alkaloids in cattle. J Anim Sci 2024; 102:skae078. [PMID: 38502533 PMCID: PMC11003531 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skae078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Consumption of ergot alkaloids from endophyte-infected tall fescue results in losses to the livestock industry in many countries and a means to mitigate these losses is needed. The objective of this study was to evaluate intra-abomasal infusion of the dopamine precursor, levodopa (L-DOPA), on dopamine metabolism, feed intake, and serum metabolites of steers exposed to ergot alkaloids. Twelve Holstein steers (344.9 ± 9.48 kg) fitted with ruminal cannula were housed with a cycle of heat challenge during the daytime (32 °C) and thermoneutral at night (25 °C). The steers received a basal diet of alfalfa cubes containing equal amounts of tall fescue seed composed of a mixture of endophyte-free (E-) or endophyte-infected tall fescue seeds (E+) equivalent to 15 µg ergovaline/kg body weight (BW) for 9 d followed by intra-abomasal infusion of water (L-DOPA-) or levodopa (L-DOPA+; 2 mg/kg BW) for an additional 9 d. Afterward, the steers were pair-fed for 5 d to conduct a glucose tolerance test. The E+ treatment decreased (P = 0.005) prolactin by approximately 50%. However, prolactin increased (P = 0.050) with L-DOPA+. Steers receiving E+ decreased (P < 0.001) dry matter intake (DMI); however, when supplemented with L-DOPA+ the decrease in DMI was less severe (L-DOPA × E, P = 0.003). Also, L-DOPA+ infusion increased eating duration (L-DOPA × E, P = 0.012) when steers were receiving E+. The number of meals, meal duration, and intake rate were not affected (P > 0.05) by E+ or L-DOPA+. The L-DOPA+ infusion increased (P < 0.05) free L-DOPA, free dopamine, total L-DOPA, and total dopamine. Conversely, free epinephrine and free norepinephrine decreased (P < 0.05) with L-DOPA+. Total epinephrine and total norepinephrine were not affected (P > 0.05) by L-DOPA+. Ergot alkaloids did not affect (P > 0.05) circulating free or total L-DOPA, dopamine, or epinephrine. However, free and total norepinephrine decreased (P = 0.046) with E+. Glucose clearance rates at 15 to 30 min after glucose infusion increased with L-DOPA+ (P < 0.001), but not with E+ (P = 0.280). Administration of L-DOPA as an agonist therapy to treat fescue toxicosis provided a moderate increase in DMI and eating time and increased plasma glucose clearance for cattle dosed with E+ seed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eriton E L Valente
- Animal Science Department, State University of Western Parana, Marechal Cândido Rondon, PR, Brazil
| | - James L Klotz
- Forage-Animal Production Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Ryana C Markmann
- Animal Science Department, State University of Western Parana, Marechal Cândido Rondon, PR, Brazil
| | - Ronald J Trotta
- Department of Animal and Food Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - J Lannett Edwards
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - John B May
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - David L Harmon
- Department of Animal and Food Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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6
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Santos-Cruz LF, Sigrist-Flores SC, Castañeda-Partida L, Heres-Pulido ME, Dueñas-García IE, Piedra-Ibarra E, Ponciano-Gómez A, Jiménez-Flores R, Campos-Aguilar M. Effects of Fructose and Palmitic Acid on Gene Expression in Drosophila melanogaster Larvae: Implications for Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10279. [PMID: 37373426 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the largest health problems worldwide is the development of chronic noncommunicable diseases due to the consumption of hypercaloric diets. Among the most common alterations are cardiovascular diseases, and a high correlation between overnutrition and neurodegenerative diseases has also been found. The urgency in the study of specific damage to tissues such as the brain and intestine led us to use Drosophila melanogaster to study the metabolic effects caused by the consumption of fructose and palmitic acid in specific tissues. Thus, third instar larvae (96 ± 4 h) of the wild Canton-S strain of D. melanogaster were used to perform transcriptomic profiling in brain and midgut tissues to test for the potential metabolic effects of a diet supplemented with fructose and palmitic acid. Our data infer that this diet can alter the biosynthesis of proteins at the mRNA level that participate in the synthesis of amino acids, as well as fundamental enzymes for the dopaminergic and GABAergic systems in the midgut and brain. These also demonstrated alterations in the tissues of flies that may help explain the development of various reported human diseases associated with the consumption of fructose and palmitic acid in humans. These studies will not only help to better understand the mechanisms by which the consumption of these alimentary products is related to the development of neuronal diseases but may also contribute to the prevention of these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Felipe Santos-Cruz
- Toxicología Genética, Biología, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Los Barrios N° 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico
| | - Santiago Cristobal Sigrist-Flores
- Laboratorio de Inmunología (UMF), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Los Barrios N° 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico
| | - Laura Castañeda-Partida
- Toxicología Genética, Biología, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Los Barrios N° 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico
| | - María Eugenia Heres-Pulido
- Toxicología Genética, Biología, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Los Barrios N° 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico
| | - Irma Elena Dueñas-García
- Toxicología Genética, Biología, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Los Barrios N° 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico
| | - Elías Piedra-Ibarra
- Fisiología Vegetal (UBIPRO), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Los Barrios N° 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico
| | - Alberto Ponciano-Gómez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología (UMF), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Los Barrios N° 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico
| | - Rafael Jiménez-Flores
- Laboratorio de Inmunología (UMF), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Los Barrios N° 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico
| | - Myriam Campos-Aguilar
- Laboratorio de Inmunología (UMF), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Los Barrios N° 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico
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7
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Sullivan M, Fernandez-Aranda F, Camacho-Barcia L, Harkin A, Macrì S, Mora-Maltas B, Jiménez-Murcia S, O'Leary A, Ottomana AM, Presta M, Slattery D, Scholtz S, Glennon JC. Insulin and Disorders of Behavioural Flexibility. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 150:105169. [PMID: 37059405 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Behavioural inflexibility is a symptom of neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders such as Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Autism Spectrum Disorder and Alzheimer's Disease, encompassing the maintenance of a behaviour even when no longer appropriate. Recent evidence suggests that insulin signalling has roles apart from its regulation of peripheral metabolism and mediates behaviourally-relevant central nervous system (CNS) functions including behavioural flexibility. Indeed, insulin resistance is reported to generate anxious, perseverative phenotypes in animal models, with the Type 2 diabetes medication metformin proving to be beneficial for disorders including Alzheimer's Disease. Structural and functional neuroimaging studies of Type 2 diabetes patients have highlighted aberrant connectivity in regions governing salience detection, attention, inhibition and memory. As currently available therapeutic strategies feature high rates of resistance, there is an urgent need to better understand the complex aetiology of behaviour and develop improved therapeutics. In this review, we explore the circuitry underlying behavioural flexibility, changes in Type 2 diabetes, the role of insulin in CNS outcomes and mechanisms of insulin involvement across disorders of behavioural inflexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mairéad Sullivan
- Conway Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Research, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Fernando Fernandez-Aranda
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain; Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lucía Camacho-Barcia
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain; Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrew Harkin
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Simone Macrì
- Centre for Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Bernat Mora-Maltas
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain; Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Jiménez-Murcia
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain; Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aet O'Leary
- University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Angela Maria Ottomana
- Centre for Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; Neuroscience Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Parma, 43100 Parma, Italy
| | - Martina Presta
- Centre for Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Jeffrey C Glennon
- Conway Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Research, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Valente EEL, Klotz JL, Egert-McLean AM, Costa GW, May JB, Harmon DL. Influence of intra-abomasal administration of L-DOPA on circulating catecholamines and feed intake in cattle. FRONTIERS IN ANIMAL SCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fanim.2023.1127575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopamine has multiple physiological functions including feed intake control in which it can act as an anorectic or orexigenic agent. This study had the objective to evaluate intra-abomasal administration of L-DOPA (levodopa; L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine) from -Mucuna pruriens on circulating catecholamines, indicators of energy metabolism and feed intake in cattle. Eight Holstein steers (340 ± 20 kg) fitted with ruminal cannula were used in a replicated 4 x 4 Latin Square design experiment. Intra-abomasal infusion of L-DOPA at 0, 0.5, 1 and 2 mg/kg BW was carried out for seven days and blood samples were collected at 0, 30, 60, 120, 240 and 480 min from L-DOPA infusion on day 7. The area under the curve (AUC) of plasma L-DOPA and free dopamine increased quadratically with the administration of L-DOPA. However, the AUC of plasma total dopamine had a positive linear response with the increase of L-DOPA. Conversely, the serum 5-hydroxytriptophan (5-HTP), plasma serotonin, serum serotonin, serum tyrosine, plasma glucose and plasma free fatty acids were not affected by the intra-abomasal infusion of L-DOPA. The circulating concentration of the epinephrine, norepinephrine, serotonin, glucose and free fatty acids did not change with L-DOPA infusion. It can be concluded that intra-abomasal L-DOPA administration produced a strong increase in circulating dopamine with no change in energy metabolites and feed intake in cattle.
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9
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Acute Effects of Different Electroacupuncture Point Combinations to Modulate the Gut-Brain Axis in the Minipig Model. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:4384693. [PMID: 36310617 PMCID: PMC9613379 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4384693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the gut-brain axis responses to acute electroacupuncture (EA) at different acupoint combinations in the minipig model. Four adult Yucatan minipigs were subjected twice to four acute EA treatments (25-minute acute sessions) including sham (false acupoints) and control (no EA), during anesthesia and according to a Latin-square design paradigm. Acupoint combinations (4 loci each) are head-abdomen (#70 Dafengmen, #35 Sanwan), back (bilateral #27 Pishu, #28 Weishu), leg (bilateral #79 Hangou, #63 Housanli), and sham (2 bilateral points that are not acupoints). Electrocardiograms were performed to explore heart rate variability (HRV). Infrared thermography was used to measure skin temperature at the stimulation points. Saliva (cortisol) and blood samples (leptin, total/active ghrelin, insulin, and glucose) were collected for further analyses before and after acute EA. All animals were also subjected to BOLD fMRI to investigate the brain responses to EA. Acute EA significantly modulated several physiological and metabolic parameters compared to basal, sham, and/or control conditions, with contrasting effects in terms of BOLD responses in brain regions involved in the hedonic and cognitive control of food intake. The head-abdomen combination appeared to be the most promising combination in terms of brain modulation of the corticostriatal circuit, with upregulation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, dorsal striatum, and anterior cingulate cortex. It also induced significantly lower plasma ghrelin levels compared to sham, suggesting anorectic effects, as well as no temperature drop at the stimulation site. This study opens the way to a further preclinical trial aimed at investigating chronic EA in obese minipigs.
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10
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Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and the Gut Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis: Closing Research Gaps through Female Inclusion in Study Design. WOMEN 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/women2030023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract harbors a densely populated community of microbes that exhibits sexual dimorphism. Dysbiosis of this community has been associated with chronic human disease states ranging from metabolic diseases to neuropsychiatric disorders (NPDs). The gut microbiota–gut–brain axis (GMGBA) is a bi-directional pathway that facilitates the interaction of the gut microflora with host physiological functions. Recently, research surrounding the potential roles of the GMGBA in the development of NPDs (e.g., depression, anxiety, and autism spectrum disorders (ASDs)) has increased. However, the role of the GMGBA in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), an NPD that affects an estimated 8.4% of children (5.1% of female and 11.5% of male children) and 4% of adults (with a male–female odds ratio of 1.6) in the United States, remains understudied. Herein, we synthesize the current literature regarding the GMGBA, ADHD, and the potentially relevant intersections between the GMGBA and ADHD. Recommendations are presented for pathways of future research into the role(s) of the GMGBA in ADHD etiology and symptomatology. Particular focus is given to the potential for the variable of host sex to act as an outcome modifier of the relationship between the GMGBA and ADHD.
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11
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Regan JL, Schumacher D, Staudte S, Steffen A, Lesche R, Toedling J, Jourdan T, Haybaeck J, Golob-Schwarzl N, Mumberg D, Henderson D, Győrffy B, Regenbrecht CR, Keilholz U, Schäfer R, Lange M. Identification of a Neural Development Gene Expression Signature in Colon Cancer Stem Cells Reveals a Role for EGR2 in Tumorigenesis. iScience 2022; 25:104498. [PMID: 35720265 PMCID: PMC9204726 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence demonstrates that colon cancer stem cells (CSCs) can generate neurons that synapse with tumor innervating fibers required for tumorigenesis and disease progression. Greater understanding of the mechanisms that regulate CSC driven tumor neurogenesis may therefore lead to more effective treatments. RNA-sequencing analyses of ALDHPositive CSCs from colon cancer patient-derived organoids (PDOs) and xenografts (PDXs) showed CSCs to be enriched for neural development genes. Functional analyses of genes differentially expressed in CSCs from PDO and PDX models demonstrated the neural crest stem cell (NCSC) regulator EGR2 to be required for tumor growth and to control expression of homebox superfamily embryonic master transcriptional regulator HOX genes and the neural stem cell and master cell fate regulator SOX2. These data support CSCs as the source of tumor neurogenesis and suggest that targeting EGR2 may provide a therapeutic differentiation strategy to eliminate CSCs and block nervous system driven disease progression. Colon cancer stem cells (CSCs) are enriched for nervous system development genes Colon cancer cells express nerve cell markers EGR2 is required for CSC survival and tumor growth and regulates SOX2 and HOX genes Targeting EGR2 may block cancer neurogenesis and stop disease progression
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12
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Calorie restriction changes the anxiety-like behaviour of ageing male Wistar rats in an onset- and duration-dependent manner. Mech Ageing Dev 2022; 204:111666. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2022.111666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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13
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Supramolecule self-assembly synthesis of amyloid phenylalanine-Cu fibrils with laccase-like activity and their application for dopamine determination. Mikrochim Acta 2022; 189:98. [PMID: 35147785 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-022-05194-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Laccases are multicopper proteins for dioxygen-involved oxidation of a broad spectrum of organic compounds. I Novel amyloid-like phenylalanine-Cu (F-Cu(II)) fibrils were developed, which were obtained via supramolecular self-assembly of Cu2+ and phenylalanine (F) under basic condition. The obtained amyloid-like fibrils represented highly periodic structure, of which the lattice unit was constructed via alternating hydrophobic (aromatic environment) and hydrophilic (both hydrogen bonding and Cu(II) coordination) interactions. Relative to natural laccases, the amyloid-like F-Cu(II) architecture exhibited comparable substrate affinity (Michaelis constant, Km = 0.75 mM) and higher catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km = 773.33 × 10-3 g-1 min-1L). Moreover, it exhibited remarkable tolerances in pH (4 ~ 10), temperature (room temperature ~ 200 ℃), organic solvent, and long-term storage (> 15 days). These stabilities were superior among the reported nature and artificial laccases, presenting a more promising candidate in various chemo- or bio-applications. In addition, F-Cu(II) fibrils could catalyze the oxidation of dopamine (DA) to a brown product, in which a new absorption band at 470 nm was observed. Based on this, a simple colorimetric assay for the detection of DA could be performed. We reported a novel amyloid-like phenylalanine-Cu fibrils, in which F-Cu+ complex can mimick the T1 site of natural laccase to oxidize the substrates. Then electrons transferred to F-Cu2+ complex via N-H···O=C hydrogen binding pathway. Finally, the dioxygen was transformed to water though radical reaction.
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14
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15
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Acute vagus nerve stimulation does not affect liking or wanting ratings of food in healthy participants. Appetite 2021; 169:105813. [PMID: 34798227 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The vagus nerve plays a vital role in the regulation of food intake and vagal afferent signals may help regulate food cue reactivity by providing negative homeostatic feedback. Despite strong evidence from preclinical studies on vagal afferent "satiety" signals in guiding food intake, evidence from human studies is largely inconclusive to date. Here, we investigated the acute effects of left or right transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) on subjective ratings of wanting and liking of various food and non-food items in 82 healthy participants (46 women, MBMI = 23.1 kg/m2). In contrast to previous reports in patients with depression, we found moderate to anecdotal evidence supporting the absence of taVNS-induced changes in food ratings. To test whether the absence of taVNS effects on food ratings is due to heterogeneity in the sample, we conducted post hoc subgroup analyses by splitting the data according to stimulation side and sex (between-subject factors) as well as caloric density, perceived healthiness, and flavor (sweet vs. savory) of the food (within-subject factors). This multiverse analysis largely supported the absence of taVNS-induced changes since the strongest subgroup effects provided only anecdotal evidence in favor of taVNS-induced changes. We conclude that acute taVNS only has a marginal effect on subjective ratings of food, suggesting that it is an unlikely mechanism for the reported long-term effects of VNS on body weight. In light of an absence of acute taVNS effects on conscious food liking and wanting, our results call for future research on the correspondence between acute and chronic effects of vagal afferent stimulation.
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16
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Striatal Dopamine Transporter Availability Is Not Associated with Food Craving in Lean and Obese Humans; a Molecular Imaging Study. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11111428. [PMID: 34827426 PMCID: PMC8615750 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11111428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain dopamine signaling is essential for the motivation to eat, and obesity is associated with altered dopaminergic signaling and increased food craving. We used molecular neuroimaging to explore whether striatal dopamine transporter (DAT) availability is associated with craving as measured with the General Food Craving Questionnaire-Trait (G-FCQ-T). We here show that humans with obesity (n = 34) experienced significantly more craving for food compared with lean subjects (n = 32), but food craving did not correlate significantly with striatal DAT availability as assessed with 123I-FP-CIT single-photon emission computed tomography. We conclude that food craving is increased in obesity, but the scores for food craving are not related to changes in striatal DAT availability.
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17
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Kalenik A, Kardaś K, Rahnama A, Sirojć K, Wolańczyk T. Gut microbiota and probiotic therapy in ADHD: A review of current knowledge. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 110:110277. [PMID: 33561522 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention, impulsivity and hyperactivity. The etiology of the disorder is multi-factorial, with a main focus on genetic factors. However, emerging research shows the involvement of changes and imbalances in the intestinal microbiota. Evidence for the influence of gut microbiota on brain development and neurogenesis is clear. We present a review of emerging research on the microbiota in the ADHD population. The aim of this study was to summarize the current state of knowledge on ADHD, to identify gaps in knowledge, as well as to indicate the directions of new research. Thanks to the researchers that would be possible to better understand the complexity of ADHD etiology, especially the role of the intestinal microbiota in the pathogenesis of the disorder. Pubmed, Scopus and Google Scholar databases were used while writing the review. Numerous studies show that probiotic supplementation can have a positive effect on the course of neurodevelopmental disorders, including ADHD. Unfortunately, clinical studies that were identified are mostly inconclusive, and more high-quality research is needed to produce robust evidence for therapy based on interventions targeting microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kalenik
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Karolina Kardaś
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Rahnama
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Sirojć
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Wolańczyk
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
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18
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von Molitor E, Riedel K, Krohn M, Hafner M, Rudolf R, Cesetti T. Sweet Taste Is Complex: Signaling Cascades and Circuits Involved in Sweet Sensation. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:667709. [PMID: 34239428 PMCID: PMC8258107 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.667709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sweetness is the preferred taste of humans and many animals, likely because sugars are a primary source of energy. In many mammals, sweet compounds are sensed in the tongue by the gustatory organ, the taste buds. Here, a group of taste bud cells expresses a canonical sweet taste receptor, whose activation induces Ca2+ rise, cell depolarization and ATP release to communicate with afferent gustatory nerves. The discovery of the sweet taste receptor, 20 years ago, was a milestone in the understanding of sweet signal transduction and is described here from a historical perspective. Our review briefly summarizes the major findings of the canonical sweet taste pathway, and then focuses on molecular details, about the related downstream signaling, that are still elusive or have been neglected. In this context, we discuss evidence supporting the existence of an alternative pathway, independent of the sweet taste receptor, to sense sugars and its proposed role in glucose homeostasis. Further, given that sweet taste receptor expression has been reported in many other organs, the physiological role of these extraoral receptors is addressed. Finally, and along these lines, we expand on the multiple direct and indirect effects of sugars on the brain. In summary, the review tries to stimulate a comprehensive understanding of how sweet compounds signal to the brain upon taste bud cells activation, and how this gustatory process is integrated with gastro-intestinal sugar sensing to create a hedonic and metabolic representation of sugars, which finally drives our behavior. Understanding of this is indeed a crucial step in developing new strategies to prevent obesity and associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena von Molitor
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Hochschule Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | | | - Mathias Hafner
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Hochschule Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Rudolf
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Hochschule Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tiziana Cesetti
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Hochschule Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
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19
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Chiacchierini G, Naneix F, Peters KZ, Apergis-Schoute J, Snoeren EMS, McCutcheon JE. Protein Appetite Drives Macronutrient-Related Differences in Ventral Tegmental Area Neural Activity. J Neurosci 2021; 41:5080-5092. [PMID: 33926995 PMCID: PMC8197647 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3082-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Control of protein intake is essential for numerous biological processes as several amino acids cannot be synthesized de novo, however, its neurobiological substrates are still poorly understood. In the present study, we combined in vivo fiber photometry with nutrient-conditioned flavor in a rat model of protein appetite to record neuronal activity in the VTA, a central brain region for the control of food-related processes. In adult male rats, protein restriction increased preference for casein (protein) over maltodextrin (carbohydrate). Moreover, protein consumption was associated with a greater VTA response, relative to carbohydrate. After initial nutrient preference, a switch from a normal balanced diet to protein restriction induced rapid development of protein preference but required extensive exposure to macronutrient solutions to induce elevated VTA responses to casein. Furthermore, prior protein restriction induced long-lasting food preference and VTA responses. This study reveals that VTA circuits are involved in protein appetite in times of need, a crucial process for animals to acquire an adequate amount of protein in their diet.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Acquiring insufficient protein in one's diet has severe consequences for health and ultimately will lead to death. In addition, a low level of dietary protein has been proposed as a driver of obesity as it can leverage up intake of fat and carbohydrate. However, much remains unknown about the role of the brain in ensuring adequate intake of protein. Here, we show that in a state of protein restriction a key node in brain reward circuitry, the VTA, is activated more strongly during consumption of protein than carbohydrate. Moreover, although rats' behavior changed to reflect new protein status, patterns of neural activity were more persistent and only loosely linked to protein status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Chiacchierini
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology & Behaviour, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 9HN, United Kingdom
| | - Fabien Naneix
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology & Behaviour, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 9HN, United Kingdom
- Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Kate Zara Peters
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology & Behaviour, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 9HN, United Kingdom
| | - John Apergis-Schoute
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology & Behaviour, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 9HN, United Kingdom
| | | | - James Edgar McCutcheon
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology & Behaviour, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 9HN, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology, Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, 9037, Norway
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20
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Plassmann H, Schelski DS, Simon MC, Koban L. How we decide what to eat: Toward an interdisciplinary model of gut-brain interactions. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. COGNITIVE SCIENCE 2021; 13:e1562. [PMID: 33977675 PMCID: PMC9286667 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Everyday dietary decisions have important short‐term and long‐term consequences for health and well‐being. How do we decide what to eat, and what physiological and neurobiological systems are involved in those decisions? Here, we integrate findings from thus‐far separate literatures: (a) the cognitive neuroscience of dietary decision‐making, and (b) growing evidence of gut–brain interactions and especially influences of the gut microbiome on diet and health outcomes. We review findings that suggest that dietary decisions and food consumption influence nutrient sensing, homeostatic signaling in the gut, and the composition of the gut microbiome. In turn, the microbiome can influence host health and behavior. Through reward signaling pathways, the microbiome could potentially affect food and drink decisions. Such bidirectional links between gut microbiome and the brain systems underlying dietary decision‐making may lead to self‐reinforcing feedback loops that determine long‐term dietary patterns, body mass, and health outcomes. This article is categorized under:Economics > Individual Decision‐Making Psychology > Brain Function and Dysfunction Psychology > Reasoning and Decision Making
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilke Plassmann
- Marketing Area, INSEAD, Fontainebleau, France.,Paris Brain Institute (ICM), INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Daniela Stephanie Schelski
- Center for Economics and Neuroscience, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marie-Christine Simon
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Science (IEL), Nutrition and Microbiota, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Leonie Koban
- Marketing Area, INSEAD, Fontainebleau, France.,Paris Brain Institute (ICM), INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
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21
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Minhas M, Limebeer CL, Strom E, Parker LA, Leri F. High fructose corn syrup alters behavioural and neurobiological responses to oxycodone in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2021; 205:173189. [PMID: 33845083 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2021.173189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
There are indications that sugars in the diet can play a role in vulnerability to opioid abuse. The current study examined a range of neuro-behavioural interactions between oxycodone (OXY) and high fructose corn syrup (HFCS). Male Sprague-Dawley rats had access to HFCS (0 or 50%) over 26 days in their home cages and were subsequently tested on place conditioning induced by 0, 0.16 and 2.5 mg/kg OXY (3 pairings of drug and saline, each 30 min), as well as on locomotor responses to 0, 0.16 and 2.5 mg/kg OXY, and in-vivo microdialysis was employed to measure dopamine (DA) levels in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) in response to 0 and 2.5 mg/kg OXY. A complex set of interactions between HFCS exposure and responses to OXY were observed: HFCS increased place preference induced by OXY, it enhanced the suppressant effect of OXY on locomotion, and it attenuated OXY-induced elevation in DA overflow in the NAc. Taken together, these findings suggest that nutrition has the potential to influence some responses to opioids which may be relevant to their abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenu Minhas
- Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Cheryl L Limebeer
- Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Evan Strom
- Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Linda A Parker
- Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Francesco Leri
- Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada.
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22
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Angoa-Pérez M, Kuhn DM. Evidence for Modulation of Substance Use Disorders by the Gut Microbiome: Hidden in Plain Sight. Pharmacol Rev 2021; 73:571-596. [PMID: 33597276 PMCID: PMC7896134 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome modulates neurochemical function and behavior and has been implicated in numerous central nervous system (CNS) diseases, including developmental, neurodegenerative, and psychiatric disorders. Substance use disorders (SUDs) remain a serious threat to the public well-being, yet gut microbiome involvement in drug abuse has received very little attention. Studies of the mechanisms underlying SUDs have naturally focused on CNS reward circuits. However, a significant body of research has accumulated over the past decade that has unwittingly provided strong support for gut microbiome participation in drug reward. β-Lactam antibiotics have been employed to increase glutamate transporter expression to reverse relapse-induced release of glutamate. Sodium butyrate has been used as a histone deacetylase inhibitor to prevent drug-induced epigenetic alterations. High-fat diets have been used to alter drug reward because of the extensive overlap of the circuitry mediating them. This review article casts these approaches in a different light and makes a compelling case for gut microbiome modulation of SUDs. Few factors alter the structure and composition of the gut microbiome more than antibiotics and a high-fat diet, and butyrate is an endogenous product of bacterial fermentation. Drugs such as cocaine, alcohol, opiates, and psychostimulants also modify the gut microbiome. Therefore, their effects must be viewed on a complex background of cotreatment-induced dysbiosis. Consideration of the gut microbiome in SUDs should have the beneficial effects of expanding the understanding of SUDs and aiding in the design of new therapies based on opposing the effects of abused drugs on the host's commensal bacterial community. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Proposed mechanisms underlying substance use disorders fail to acknowledge the impact of drugs of abuse on the gut microbiome. β-Lactam antibiotics, sodium butyrate, and high-fat diets are used to modify drug seeking and reward, overlooking the notable capacity of these treatments to alter the gut microbiome. This review aims to stimulate research on substance abuse-gut microbiome interactions by illustrating how drugs of abuse share with antibiotics, sodium butyrate, and fat-laden diets the ability to modify the host microbial community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Angoa-Pérez
- Research and Development Service, John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Donald M Kuhn
- Research and Development Service, John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
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23
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Prakash S, Prakash A. Dopa responsive irritable bowel syndrome: restless bowel syndrome or a gastrointestinal variant of restless legs syndrome? BMJ Case Rep 2021; 14:e240686. [PMID: 33762285 PMCID: PMC7993228 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2020-240686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to the legs, restless legs syndrome (RLS) affects various other parts of the body, including the arms, abdomen, face, head-neck, oral cavity, genital area and bladder. RLS is also associated with several comorbid conditions, including irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). We are reporting two cases of RLS who also had IBS, fulfilling the Rome IV criteria. The administration of levodopa and dopamine agonists provided a complete improvement in both IBS and RLS. Review of the literature suggest that the clinical semiology and clinical pattern of IBS (urge to defaecate, abdominal pain, abdominal distension, bloating, disturbed sleep and circadian rhythm) simulate the semiology and pattern of RLS. Similarities are also noted in the associated comorbid conditions, effective drugs and proposed hypotheses for both clinical syndromes. We hypothesise that RLS may affect intestine, and IBS-like symptoms in a subset of patients with RLS may be the part of RLS symptoms complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Prakash
- Neurolgy, Smt BK Shah Medical Institute and Research Centre, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - Anurag Prakash
- Parul University Parul Institute of Medical Sciences & Research, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
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24
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Zhang X, Chen H, Val-Laillet D. Hypothesis paper: electroacupuncture targeting the gut-brain axis to modulate neurocognitive determinants of eating behavior-toward a proof of concept in the obese minipig model. Eat Weight Disord 2021; 26:61-74. [PMID: 32100220 PMCID: PMC7895779 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-020-00864-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acupuncture has thousands of years of history and perspective for the treatment of many health problems and disorders. Beneficial effects of acupuncture on obesity have been demonstrated at various levels in animals and clinical trials, with almost no adverse effect, even when combined with local electrical stimulation, i.e., electroacupuncture (EA), a way to potentiate the effects of acupuncture. However, there is still scattered evidence about the impact of EA on brain functions related to the control of eating behavior, and notably on the gut-brain axis mechanisms involved in these putative central modulations. During the past 10 years, we have described a convincing diet-induced obese minipig model, and successfully implemented brain imaging and neurocognitive approaches to challenge mechanistic hypotheses and innovative therapeutic strategies. In the present article, we propose to confront the current literature on the acupuncture and EA effects on the gut-brain axis and obesity with the latest developments in nutrition and neuroscience research using the minipig model. Our aims are to (a) elaborate functional hypotheses on the gut-brain mechanisms underlying EA effects on obesity, and especially on the role of the vagus nerve, and (b) present the rational for testing these hypotheses in the minipig model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuwen Zhang
- Panyu Central Hospital, Guangzhou, China.,Guanzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - David Val-Laillet
- INRAE, INSERM, Univ Rennes, Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer, NuMeCan, 16 Le Clos, St Gilles, 35590, Rennes, France.
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Horman T, Ayoub S, Leri F. Evidence of hypoglycemic anhedonia and modulation by bupropion in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2021; 203:173120. [PMID: 33497714 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2021.173120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disorders characterized by dysfunction of glucose metabolism are often comorbid with depression. The current study investigated whether a hypoglycemic state caused by 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2-DG) can result in anhedonic behaviors responsive to stimulation of monoamine activity. METHODS In experiment 1, male Sprague-Dawley rats were tested for maintenance of intra-oral self-administration (IOSA) of a sweet solution after pre-treatment with 300 or 500 mg/kg 2-DG, a blocker of glucose metabolism. Experiment 2 determined whether exposure to an environment previously paired with the effects of 2-DG (0, 200 or 300 mg/kg) can influence IOSA, and whether 2-DG can modify taste reactivity to same sweet solution. Finally, experiment 3 examined whether 0 or 30 mg/kg bupropion, a monoamine-reuptake blocker, would attenuate the effect of 300 mg/kg 2-DG on IOSA and taste reactivity. RESULTS It was found that 2-DG produced a sustained decrease in IOSA when animals were tested drug-free. This decrease in IOSA did not appear linked to place conditioning or to alterations in taste reactivity, and it was partially normalized by pre-treatment with bupropion. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results in rats suggest that rapid hypoglycemia can induce an anhedonic state characterized by impaired consummatory responses to nutritional incentive stimuli and that can be alleviated by the antidepressant bupropion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Horman
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Samantha Ayoub
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Francesco Leri
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Guelph, ON, Canada.
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26
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Yamamoto Y, Takahata K, Kubota M, Takano H, Takeuchi H, Kimura Y, Sano Y, Kurose S, Ito H, Mimura M, Higuchi M. Differential associations of dopamine synthesis capacity with the dopamine transporter and D2 receptor availability as assessed by PET in the living human brain. Neuroimage 2020; 226:117543. [PMID: 33186713 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The dopamine (DA) neurotransmission has been implicated in fundamental brain functions, exemplified by movement controls, reward-seeking, motivation, and cognition. Although dysregulation of DA neurotransmission in the striatum is known to be involved in diverse neuropsychiatric disorders, it is yet to be clarified whether components of the DA transmission, such as synthesis, receptors, and reuptake are coupled with each other to homeostatically maintain the DA neurotransmission. The purpose of this study was to investigate associations of the DA synthesis capacity with the availabilities of DA transporters and D2 receptors in the striatum of healthy subjects. METHODS First, we examined correlations between the DA synthesis capacity and DA transporter availability in the caudate and putamen using PET data with L-[β-11C]DOPA and [18F]FE-PE2I, respectively, acquired from our past dual-tracer studies. Next, we investigated relationships between the DA synthesis capacity and D2 receptor availability employing PET data with L-[β-11C]DOPA and [11C]raclopride, respectively, obtained from other previous dual-tracer assays. RESULTS We found a significant positive correlation between the DA synthesis capacity and DA transporter availability in the putamen, while no significant correlations between the DA synthesis capacity and D2 receptor availability in the striatum. CONCLUSION The intimate association of the DA synthesis rate with the presynaptic reuptake of DA indicates homeostatic maintenance of the baseline synaptic DA concentration. In contrast, the total abundance of D2 receptors, which consist of presynaptic autoreceptors and postsynaptic modulatory receptors, may not have an immediate relationship to this regulatory mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuharu Yamamoto
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan; Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keisuke Takahata
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan.
| | - Manabu Kubota
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan; Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Harumasa Takano
- Department of Clinical Neuroimaging, Integrative Brain Imaging Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Takeuchi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Kimura
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Neuroimaging, Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan
| | - Yasunori Sano
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Shin Kurose
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ito
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Masaru Mimura
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Higuchi
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
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27
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Neuser MP, Kühnel A, Svaldi J, Kroemer NB. Beyond the average: The role of variable reward sensitivity in eating disorders. Physiol Behav 2020; 223:112971. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.112971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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28
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Neuser MP, Teckentrup V, Kühnel A, Hallschmid M, Walter M, Kroemer NB. Vagus nerve stimulation boosts the drive to work for rewards. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3555. [PMID: 32678082 PMCID: PMC7366927 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17344-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Interoceptive feedback transmitted via the vagus nerve plays a vital role in motivation by tuning actions according to physiological needs. Whereas vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) reinforces actions in animals, motivational effects elicited by VNS in humans are still largely elusive. Here, we applied non-invasive transcutaneous auricular VNS (taVNS) on the left or right ear while participants exerted effort to earn rewards using a randomized cross-over design (vs. sham). In line with preclinical studies, acute taVNS enhances invigoration of effort, and stimulation on the left side primarily facilitates invigoration for food rewards. In contrast, we do not find conclusive evidence that acute taVNS affects effort maintenance or wanting ratings. Collectively, our results suggest that taVNS enhances reward-seeking by boosting invigoration, not effort maintenance and that the stimulation side affects generalization beyond food reward. Thus, taVNS may enhance the pursuit of prospective rewards which may pave avenues to treat motivational deficiencies. The vagus nerve transmits signals between the gut and the brain thereby tuning motivated behavior to physiological needs. Here, the authors show that acute non-invasive stimulation of the vagus nerve via the ear enhances the invigoration of effort for rewards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monja P Neuser
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Calwerstraße 14, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Vanessa Teckentrup
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Calwerstraße 14, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anne Kühnel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Calwerstraße 14, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry and International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry (IMPRS-TP), Kraeplinstraße 2-10, 80804, Munich, Germany
| | - Manfred Hallschmid
- Department of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Straße 25, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Otfried-Müller-Straße 10, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.,Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Str. 10, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Calwerstraße 14, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Straße 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Jena, Philosophenweg 3, 07743, Jena, Germany.,Department of Behavioral Neurology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Brenneckestr 6, 39118, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Nils B Kroemer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Calwerstraße 14, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
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Molero-Chamizo A, Rivera-Urbina GN. Taste Processing: Insights from Animal Models. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25143112. [PMID: 32650432 PMCID: PMC7397205 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25143112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Taste processing is an adaptive mechanism involving complex physiological, motivational and cognitive processes. Animal models have provided relevant data about the neuroanatomical and neurobiological components of taste processing. From these models, two important domains of taste responses are described in this review. The first part focuses on the neuroanatomical and neurophysiological bases of olfactory and taste processing. The second part describes the biological and behavioral characteristics of taste learning, with an emphasis on conditioned taste aversion as a key process for the survival and health of many species, including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Molero-Chamizo
- Department of Psychology, Psychobiology Area, University of Huelva, Campus El Carmen, 21071 Huelva, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-959-21-84-78
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30
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Fernandes AB, Alves da Silva J, Almeida J, Cui G, Gerfen CR, Costa RM, Oliveira-Maia AJ. Postingestive Modulation of Food Seeking Depends on Vagus-Mediated Dopamine Neuron Activity. Neuron 2020; 106:778-788.e6. [PMID: 32259476 PMCID: PMC7710496 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Postingestive nutrient sensing can induce food preferences. However, much less is known about the ability of postingestive signals to modulate food-seeking behaviors. Here we report a causal connection between postingestive sucrose sensing and vagus-mediated dopamine neuron activity in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), supporting food seeking. The activity of VTA dopamine neurons increases significantly after administration of intragastric sucrose, and deletion of the NMDA receptor in these neurons, which affects bursting and plasticity, abolishes lever pressing for postingestive sucrose delivery. Furthermore, lesions of the hepatic branch of the vagus nerve significantly impair postingestive-dependent VTA dopamine neuron activity and food seeking, whereas optogenetic stimulation of left vagus nerve neurons significantly increases VTA dopamine neuron activity. These data establish a necessary role of vagus-mediated dopamine neuron activity in postingestive-dependent food seeking, which is independent of taste signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana B. Fernandes
- Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon 1400-038, Portugal,Champalimaud Clinical Centre, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon 1400-038, Portugal,NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon 1169-056, Portugal
| | - Joaquim Alves da Silva
- Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon 1400-038, Portugal,Champalimaud Clinical Centre, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon 1400-038, Portugal,NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon 1169-056, Portugal
| | - Joana Almeida
- Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon 1400-038, Portugal
| | - Guohong Cui
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Durham, NC 27709, USA
| | - Charles R. Gerfen
- Laboratory of Systems Neurosciences, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Rui M. Costa
- Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon 1400-038, Portugal,NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon 1169-056, Portugal,Departments of Neuroscience and Neurology, Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA,Corresponding author
| | - Albino J. Oliveira-Maia
- Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon 1400-038, Portugal,Champalimaud Clinical Centre, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon 1400-038, Portugal,NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon 1169-056, Portugal,Corresponding author
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31
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Stimulation of the vagus nerve reduces learning in a go/no-go reinforcement learning task. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2020; 35:17-29. [PMID: 32404279 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
When facing decisions to approach rewards or to avoid punishments, we often figuratively go with our gut, and the impact of metabolic states such as hunger on motivation are well documented. However, whether and how vagal feedback signals from the gut influence instrumental actions is unknown. Here, we investigated the effect of non-invasive transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) vs. sham (randomized cross-over design) on approach and avoidance behavior using an established go/no-go reinforcement learning paradigm in 39 healthy human participants (23 female) after an overnight fast. First, mixed-effects logistic regression analysis of choice accuracy showed that taVNS acutely impaired decision-making, p = .041. Computational reinforcement learning models identified the cause of this as a reduction in the learning rate through taVNS (∆α = -0.092, pboot = .002), particularly after punishment (∆αPun = -0.081, pboot = .012 vs. ∆αRew =-0.031, pboot = .22). However, taVNS had no effect on go biases, Pavlovian response biases or response time. Hence, taVNS appeared to influence learning rather than action execution. These results highlight a novel role of vagal afferent input in modulating reinforcement learning by tuning the learning rate according to homeostatic needs.
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32
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Zhao D, Moeini-Jazani M, Weltens N, Van Gils M, Tack J, Warlop L, Van Oudenhove L. Subliminal fatty acid-induced gut-brain signals attenuate sensitivity to exteroceptive rewards in food but not in sex or financial domains, in healthy men. Physiol Behav 2020; 219:112861. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.112861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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33
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Zimmerman CA, Knight ZA. Layers of signals that regulate appetite. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2020; 64:79-88. [PMID: 32311645 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2020.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
All meals come to an end. This is because eating and drinking generate feedback signals that communicate to the brain what and how much has been consumed. Here we review our current understanding of how these feedback signals regulate appetite. We first describe classic studies that surgically manipulated the gastrointestinal tract and measured the effects on behavior. We then highlight recent experiments that have used in vivo neural recordings to directly observe how ingestion modulates circuit dynamics in the brain. A general theme emerging from this work is that eating and drinking generate layers of feedback signals, arising sequentially from different tissues in the body, that converge on individual neurons in the forebrain to regulate hunger and thirst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Zimmerman
- Department of Physiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Zachary A Knight
- Department of Physiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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34
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2'-fucosyllactose Supplementation Improves Gut-Brain Signaling and Diet-Induced Obese Phenotype and Changes the Gut Microbiota in High Fat-Fed Mice. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12041003. [PMID: 32260563 PMCID: PMC7231103 DOI: 10.3390/nu12041003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is characterized by fat accumulation, chronic inflammation and impaired satiety signaling, which may be due in part to gut microbial dysbiosis. Manipulations of the gut microbiota and its metabolites are attractive targets for obesity treatment. The predominant oligosaccharide found in human milk, acts as a prebiotic with beneficial effects on the host. However, little is known about the beneficial effects of 2′-FL in obesity. The aim of this study was to determine the beneficial effects of 2′-FL supplementation on the microbiota-gut-brain axis and the diet-induced obese phenotype in high fat (HF)-fed mice. Male C57/BL6 mice (n = 6/group; six weeks old) were counter-balanced into six weight-matched groups and fed either a low-fat (LF; 10% kcal as fat), HF (45% kcal as fat) or HF diet with 2′-FL (HF_2′-FL) at 1, 2, 5 and 10% (w/v) in drinking water for six weeks. General phenotypes (body weight, energy intake, fat and lean mass), cecal microbiome and metabolites, gut-brain signaling, intestinal permeability and inflammatory and lipid profiles were assessed. Only 10% 2′-FL, but not 1, 2 or 5%, decreased HF diet-induced increases in energy intake, fat mass and body weight gain. A supplementation of 10% 2′-FL changed the composition of cecal microbiota and metabolites compared to LF- and HF-fed mice with an increase in Parabacteroides abundance and lactate and pyruvate, respectively, whose metabolic effects corresponded to our study findings. In particular, 10% 2′-FL significantly reversed the HF diet-induced impairment of cholecystokinin-induced inhibition of food intake. Gene expressions of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and macrophage chemoattractant protein-1 in the cecum were significantly downregulated by 10% 2′-FL compared to the HF group. Furthermore, 10% 2′-FL suppressed HF diet-induced upregulation of hepatic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, a transcription factor for adipogenesis, at the gene level. In conclusion, 10% 2′-FL led to compositional changes in gut microbiota and metabolites associated with improvements in metabolic profiles and gut-brain signaling in HF-fed mice. These findings support the use of 2′-FL for modulating the hyperphagic response to HF diets and improving the microbiota-gut-brain axis.
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35
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Kim H. Stability or Plasticity? - A Hierarchical Allostatic Regulation Model of Medial Prefrontal Cortex Function for Social Valuation. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:281. [PMID: 32296303 PMCID: PMC7138052 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) has long been recognized as the key component of the neurocircuitry involved in various social as well as non-social behaviors, however, little is known regarding the organizing principle of distinctive subregions in the mPFC that integrates a wide range of mPFC functions. The present study proposes a hierarchical model of mPFC functionality, where three functionally dissociable subregions, namely, the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), rostromedial prefrontal cortex (rmPFC), and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC), are differentially involved in computing values of decision-making. According to this model, the mPFC subregions interact with each other in such a way that more dorsal regions utilize additional external sensory information from environment to predict and prevent conflicts occurring in more ventral regions tuned to internal bodily signals, thereby exerting the hierarchically organized allostatic regulatory control over homeostatic reflexes. This model also emphasizes the role of the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) in arbitrating the transitions between different thalamo-cortical loops, detecting conflicts between competing options for decision-making, and in shifting flexibly between decision modes. The hierarchical architecture of the mPFC working in conjunction with the TRN may play a key role in adjusting the internal (bodily) needs to suit the constraints of external (environmental) variables better, thus effectively addressing the stability-plasticity dilemma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hackjin Kim
- Department of Psychology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
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36
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High-index {hk0} facets platinum concave nanocubes loaded on multiwall carbon nanotubes and graphene oxide nanocomposite for highly sensitive simultaneous detection of dopamine and uric acid. Talanta 2020; 207:120296. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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37
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Maniscalco JW, Rinaman L. Vagal Interoceptive Modulation of Motivated Behavior. Physiology (Bethesda) 2019; 33:151-167. [PMID: 29412062 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00036.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to regulating the ingestion and digestion of food, sensory feedback from gut to brain modifies emotional state and motivated behavior by subconsciously shaping cognitive and affective responses to events that bias behavioral choice. This focused review highlights evidence that gut-derived signals impact motivated behavior by engaging vagal afferents and central neural circuits that generally serve to limit or terminate goal-directed approach behaviors, and to initiate or maintain behavioral avoidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Maniscalco
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illionois
| | - L Rinaman
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University , Tallahassee, Florida
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38
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Dalenberg JR, Weitkamp L, Renken RJ, ter Horst GJ. Valence processing differs across stimulus modalities. Neuroimage 2018; 183:734-744. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.08.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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Sandgren AM, Brummer RJ. ADHD-originating in the gut? The emergence of a new explanatory model. Med Hypotheses 2018; 120:135-145. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2018.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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40
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Han W, Tellez LA, Perkins MH, Perez IO, Qu T, Ferreira J, Ferreira TL, Quinn D, Liu ZW, Gao XB, Kaelberer MM, Bohórquez DV, Shammah-Lagnado SJ, de Lartigue G, de Araujo IE. A Neural Circuit for Gut-Induced Reward. Cell 2018; 175:665-678.e23. [PMID: 30245012 PMCID: PMC6195474 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 335] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The gut is now recognized as a major regulator of motivational and emotional states. However, the relevant gut-brain neuronal circuitry remains unknown. We show that optical activation of gut-innervating vagal sensory neurons recapitulates the hallmark effects of stimulating brain reward neurons. Specifically, right, but not left, vagal sensory ganglion activation sustained self-stimulation behavior, conditioned both flavor and place preferences, and induced dopamine release from Substantia nigra. Cell-specific transneuronal tracing revealed asymmetric ascending pathways of vagal origin throughout the CNS. In particular, transneuronal labeling identified the glutamatergic neurons of the dorsolateral parabrachial region as the obligatory relay linking the right vagal sensory ganglion to dopamine cells in Substantia nigra. Consistently, optical activation of parabrachio-nigral projections replicated the rewarding effects of right vagus excitation. Our findings establish the vagal gut-to-brain axis as an integral component of the neuronal reward pathway. They also suggest novel vagal stimulation approaches to affective disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfei Han
- The John B. Pierce Laboratory, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Luis A Tellez
- The John B. Pierce Laboratory, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Matthew H Perkins
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Isaac O Perez
- The John B. Pierce Laboratory, New Haven, CT, USA; Section of Neurobiology of Oral Sensations, FES-Iztacala, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Taoran Qu
- The John B. Pierce Laboratory, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jozelia Ferreira
- The John B. Pierce Laboratory, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Anatomy, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tatiana L Ferreira
- The John B. Pierce Laboratory, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Mathematics, Computing and Cognition Center, Federal University of ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Zhong-Wu Liu
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Xiao-Bing Gao
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Diego V Bohórquez
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sara J Shammah-Lagnado
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guillaume de Lartigue
- The John B. Pierce Laboratory, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ivan E de Araujo
- The John B. Pierce Laboratory, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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41
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Maske CB, Loney GC, Lilly N, Terrill SJ, Williams DL. Intragastric nutrient infusion reduces motivation for food in male and female rats. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2018; 315. [PMID: 29533738 PMCID: PMC6087724 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00308.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The idea that gut-derived satiation signals influence food reward has recently gained traction, but this hypothesis is largely based on studies focused on neural circuitry, not the peripherally released signals. Here, we directly tested the hypothesis that intragastric (IG) nutrient infusion can suppress motivation for food. In a series of experiments, IG sucrose infusion (15 kcal) significantly and reliably reduced operant responding for a sucrose reward on a progressive ratio (PR) schedule. Moreover, food deprivation for 24 h before the test session did not prevent the suppressive effect of nutrients. The suppressive effect of IG sucrose on fixed ratio 5 (FR5) operant responding was also assessed as a comparison. The effect of IG nutrients to reduce motivation was not limited to sucrose; IG Ensure infusion (9.3 kcal) also significantly reduced PR operant responding for sucrose pellets. To verify that these effects were not secondary to the osmotic challenge of concentrated nutrients, we tested IG infusion of noncaloric saline solutions equiosmolar to 40% sucrose or Ensure and found no effect. Finally, we focused on glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and cholecystokinin (CCK) as candidate mediators for the effect of IG nutrients. Pretreatment with exendin-9, a GLP-1 receptor antagonist, delivered intraperitoneally, significantly attenuated the ability of IG nutrients to suppress PR responding and breakpoint in males, but not in females, whereas pretreatment with devazepide, a CCKA receptor antagonist, failed to do so in both sexes. Together, these data support the idea that nutrient-induced satiation signals influence food reward and may implicate GLP-1 in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calyn B Maske
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University , Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Gregory C Loney
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University , Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Nicole Lilly
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University , Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Sarah J Terrill
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University , Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Diana L Williams
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University , Tallahassee, Florida
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42
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The convergence of psychology and neurobiology in flavor-nutrient learning. Appetite 2018; 122:36-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2017.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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43
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Beeler JA, Mourra D. To Do or Not to Do: Dopamine, Affordability and the Economics of Opportunity. Front Integr Neurosci 2018; 12:6. [PMID: 29487508 PMCID: PMC5816947 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2018.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Five years ago, we introduced the thrift hypothesis of dopamine (DA), suggesting that the primary role of DA in adaptive behavior is regulating behavioral energy expenditure to match the prevailing economic conditions of the environment. Here we elaborate that hypothesis with several new ideas. First, we introduce the concept of affordability, suggesting that costs must necessarily be evaluated with respect to the availability of resources to the organism, which computes a value not only for the potential reward opportunity, but also the value of resources expended. Placing both costs and benefits within the context of the larger economy in which the animal is functioning requires consideration of the different timescales against which to compute resource availability, or average reward rate. Appropriate windows of computation for tracking resources requires corresponding neural substrates that operate on these different timescales. In discussing temporal patterns of DA signaling, we focus on a neglected form of DA plasticity and adaptation, changes in the physical substrate of the DA system itself, such as up- and down-regulation of receptors or release probability. We argue that changes in the DA substrate itself fundamentally alter its computational function, which we propose mediates adaptations to longer temporal horizons and economic conditions. In developing our hypothesis, we focus on DA D2 receptors (D2R), arguing that D2R implements a form of “cost control” in response to the environmental economy, serving as the “brain’s comptroller”. We propose that the balance between the direct and indirect pathway, regulated by relative expression of D1 and D2 DA receptors, implements affordability. Finally, as we review data, we discuss limitations in current approaches that impede fully investigating the proposed hypothesis and highlight alternative, more semi-naturalistic strategies more conducive to neuroeconomic investigations on the role of DA in adaptive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff A Beeler
- Department of Psychology, Queens College, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States.,CUNY Neuroscience Consortium, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - Devry Mourra
- Department of Psychology, Queens College, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States.,CUNY Neuroscience Consortium, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
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44
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Garrido-Gil P, Rodriguez-Perez AI, Dominguez-Meijide A, Guerra MJ, Labandeira-Garcia JL. Bidirectional Neural Interaction Between Central Dopaminergic and Gut Lesions in Parkinson's Disease Models. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:7297-7316. [PMID: 29404956 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-0937-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The exact mechanism of gut dysfunction in Parkinson's disease and, conversely, the role of gut pathology in brain dopaminergic degeneration are controversial. We investigated the effects of nigral lesions on the colonic neurotransmission, the effect of gut inflammation on the nigrostriatal dopaminergic function, and the possible involvement of the vagus nerve and the local renin-angiotensin system (RAS). Nigrostriatal dopamine depletion was performed by bilateral injection 6-hydroxydopamine, and gut inflammation was induced by dextran sulfate sodium salt treatment in rats and mice, respectively, with or without vagal disruption. A decrease in central dopamine levels induced a decrease in colonic dopamine types 1 and 2 receptor expression together with an increase in the colonic levels of dopamine and a decrease in the levels of acetylcholine, which may explain a decrease in gut motility. Central dopaminergic depletion also induced an increase in the colonic levels of inflammatory and oxidative stress markers together with activation of the pro-inflammatory arm of the local RAS. Mice with acute (1 week) or subchronic (3 weeks) gut inflammation did not show a significant increase in colonic α-synuclein and phosphorylated α-synuclein expression during this relatively short survival period. Interestingly, we observed early changes in the nigrostriatal dopaminergic homeostasis, dopaminergic neuron death, and increased levels of nigral pro-inflammatory markers and RAS pro-inflammatory activity. The present results show that a dysregulation of the neural bidirectional gut-brain interaction may explain the early gut disturbances observed in parkinsonian patients, and also the increase in vulnerability of nigral dopaminergic neurons after gut inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Garrido-Gil
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Experimental Neurology, Department of Morphological Sciences, CIMUS, Faculty of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana I Rodriguez-Perez
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Experimental Neurology, Department of Morphological Sciences, CIMUS, Faculty of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Dominguez-Meijide
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Experimental Neurology, Department of Morphological Sciences, CIMUS, Faculty of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria J Guerra
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Experimental Neurology, Department of Morphological Sciences, CIMUS, Faculty of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose L Labandeira-Garcia
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Experimental Neurology, Department of Morphological Sciences, CIMUS, Faculty of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain. .,Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.
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Breit S, Kupferberg A, Rogler G, Hasler G. Vagus Nerve as Modulator of the Brain-Gut Axis in Psychiatric and Inflammatory Disorders. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:44. [PMID: 29593576 PMCID: PMC5859128 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 468] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The vagus nerve represents the main component of the parasympathetic nervous system, which oversees a vast array of crucial bodily functions, including control of mood, immune response, digestion, and heart rate. It establishes one of the connections between the brain and the gastrointestinal tract and sends information about the state of the inner organs to the brain via afferent fibers. In this review article, we discuss various functions of the vagus nerve which make it an attractive target in treating psychiatric and gastrointestinal disorders. There is preliminary evidence that vagus nerve stimulation is a promising add-on treatment for treatment-refractory depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, and inflammatory bowel disease. Treatments that target the vagus nerve increase the vagal tone and inhibit cytokine production. Both are important mechanism of resiliency. The stimulation of vagal afferent fibers in the gut influences monoaminergic brain systems in the brain stem that play crucial roles in major psychiatric conditions, such as mood and anxiety disorders. In line, there is preliminary evidence for gut bacteria to have beneficial effect on mood and anxiety, partly by affecting the activity of the vagus nerve. Since, the vagal tone is correlated with capacity to regulate stress responses and can be influenced by breathing, its increase through meditation and yoga likely contribute to resilience and the mitigation of mood and anxiety symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrid Breit
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Translational Research Center, University Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Aleksandra Kupferberg
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Translational Research Center, University Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gerhard Rogler
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gregor Hasler
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Translational Research Center, University Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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46
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Dunn JP, Abumrad NN, Kessler RM, Patterson BW, Li R, Marks-Shulman P, Tamboli RA. Caloric Restriction-Induced Decreases in Dopamine Receptor Availability are Associated with Leptin Concentration. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2017; 25:1910-1915. [PMID: 28944597 PMCID: PMC5718041 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It has been previously reported that early after Roux-en-Y-gastric bypass, dopamine (DA) type 2 and 3 receptor (D2/3R) binding potential (BPND ) was decreased from preoperative levels. The current study aimed to determine whether calorie restriction without weight loss modifies D2/3R BPND and whether such changes are explained by neuroendocrine regulation. METHODS Fifteen females with obesity (BMI = 39 ± 6 kg/m2 ) were studied before and after ∼10 days of a very-low-calorie-diet (VLCD). Outcome measures included fasting insulin, leptin, acyl ghrelin, and glucose, and insulin sensitivity and disposition index were estimated using the oral-minimal model (OMM) method. Participants underwent positron emission tomography scanning with the displaceable radioligand [18 F]fallypride to estimate available regional D2/3R levels. Regions of interest included the caudate, putamen, ventral striatum, hypothalamus, and substantia nigra (SN). RESULTS With the VLCD, weight decreased slightly (-3 kg). Insulin, glucose, and leptin decreased significantly, but there was no change in acyl ghrelin or measures from OMM. SN D2/3R BPND decreased significantly, with trends toward decreased levels in the remaining regions. The decrease in leptin concentration strongly predicted the change in D2/3R BPND in all regions (all P ≤ 0.004). CONCLUSIONS In obesity, reductions in regional D2/3R availability after VLCD are suggestive of increased endogenous DA competing with the radioligand. Changes in regional D2/3R availability were associated with decreases in leptin concentrations that occurred before clinically significant weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia P. Dunn
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, U.S.A
- Veterans Administration St. Louis Health Care System, St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.A
| | - Naji N. Abumrad
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, U.S.A
| | - Robert M. Kessler
- Department of Radiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, U.S.A
| | - Bruce W. Patterson
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.A
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Radiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, U.S.A
| | - Pamela Marks-Shulman
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, U.S.A
| | - Robyn A. Tamboli
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, U.S.A
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47
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Patrono E, Matsumoto J, Nishimaru H, Takamura Y, Chinzorig IC, Ono T, Nishijo H. Rewarding Effects of Operant Dry-Licking Behavior on Neuronal Firing in the Nucleus Accumbens Core. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:536. [PMID: 28860992 PMCID: PMC5559468 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Certain eating behaviors are characterized by a trend of elevated food consumption. However, neural mechanisms mediating the motivation for food consumption are not fully understood. Food impacts the brain-rewarding-system via both oral-sensory and post-ingestive information. Recent studies have reported an important role of visceral gut information in mediating dopamine (DA) release in the brain rewarding system. This is independent of oral sensation, suggesting a role of the gut-brain-DA-axis in feeding behavior. In this study, we investigated the effects of intra-gastric (IG) self-administration of glucose on neuronal firings in the nucleus accumbens (NA) of water-deprived rats. Rats were trained in an operant-licking paradigm. During training, when the light was on for 2 min (light-period), rats were required to lick a spout to acquire the water oral-intake learning, and either an IG self-infusion of 0.4 M glucose (GLU group) or water (H2O group). Rats rested in the dark-period (3 min) following the light-period. Four cycles of the operant-licking paradigm consisting of the light–dark periods were performed per day, for 4 consecutive days. In the test session, the same rats licked the same spout to acquire the IG self-administration of the corresponding solutions, without oral water ingestion (dry licking). Behavioral results indicated IG self-administration of glucose elicits more dry-licking behavior than that of water. Neurophysiological results indicated in the dark period, coefficient of variance (CV) measuring the inter-spike interval variability of putative medial spiny neurons (pMSNs) in the NA was reduced in the H2O group compared to the GLU group, while there was no significant difference in physical behaviors in the dark period between the two groups. Since previous studies reported that DA release increases CV of MSNs, the present results suggest that greater CV of pMSNs in the GLU group reflects greater DA release in the NA and elevated motivation in the GLU group, which might increase lickings in the test session in the GLU group compared to the H2O group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Patrono
- System Emotional Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of ToyamaToyama, Japan
| | - Jumpei Matsumoto
- System Emotional Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of ToyamaToyama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nishimaru
- System Emotional Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of ToyamaToyama, Japan
| | - Yusaku Takamura
- System Emotional Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of ToyamaToyama, Japan
| | - Ikhruud C Chinzorig
- System Emotional Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of ToyamaToyama, Japan
| | - Taketoshi Ono
- System Emotional Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of ToyamaToyama, Japan
| | - Hisao Nishijo
- System Emotional Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of ToyamaToyama, Japan
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Drenowatz C, Evensen LH, Ernstsen L, Blundell JE, Hand GA, Shook RP, Hébert JR, Burgess S, Blair SN. Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between different exercise types and food cravings in free-living healthy young adults. Appetite 2017; 118:82-89. [PMID: 28797701 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION An increase in energy intake due to alterations in hedonic appetite sensations may, at least in part, contribute to lower-than-expected weight loss in exercise interventions. The aim of this study was to examine cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between habitual exercise participation and food cravings in free-living young adults. METHODS A total of 417 adults (49% male, 28 ± 4 years) reported frequency and duration of walking, aerobic exercise, resistance exercise and other exercise at baseline and every 3 months over a 12-month period. Food cravings were assessed via the Control of Eating Questionnaire at baseline and 12-month follow-up. RESULTS Cross-sectional analyses revealed more frequent cravings for chocolate and a greater difficulty to resist food cravings in women compared to men (p < 0.01). Only with resistance exercise significant sex by exercise interaction effects were observed with favorable responses in men but not in women. Significant main effects were shown for walking and aerobic exercise with exercisers reporting more frequent food cravings for chocolate and fruits and greater difficulty to resist eating compared to non-exercisers (p < 0.05). Longitudinal analyses revealed significant interaction effects for other exercise (p < 0.05) with favorable results in men but not women. Furthermore, significant main effects were observed for aerobic exercise, resistance exercise and total exercise with an increase in exercise being associated with a reduced difficulty to resist food cravings (p < 0.05). DISCUSSION The association between exercise participation and hedonic appetite sensations varies by exercise type and sex. Even though exercise was associated with more frequent and greater difficulty to food cravings in the cross-sectional analyses, which may be attributed to greater energy demands, longitudinal results indicate beneficial effects of increased exercise on appetite control, particularly in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Drenowatz
- Division of Physical Education, Educational College Vorarlberg, Feldkirch, Austria; Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States.
| | - Line H Evensen
- K.G. Jebsen Thrombosis Research and Expertise Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Linda Ernstsen
- Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - John E Blundell
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Gregory A Hand
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Robin P Shook
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospital and Clinics, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - James R Hébert
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States; Connecting Health Innovations LLC, Columbia, SC, United States
| | | | - Steven N Blair
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
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Wiss DA, Criscitelli K, Gold M, Avena N. Preclinical evidence for the addiction potential of highly palatable foods: Current developments related to maternal influence. Appetite 2017; 115:19-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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50
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Morin JP, Rodríguez-Durán LF, Guzmán-Ramos K, Perez-Cruz C, Ferreira G, Diaz-Cintra S, Pacheco-López G. Palatable Hyper-Caloric Foods Impact on Neuronal Plasticity. Front Behav Neurosci 2017; 11:19. [PMID: 28261067 PMCID: PMC5306218 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural plasticity is an intrinsic and essential characteristic of the nervous system that allows animals “self-tuning” to adapt to their environment over their lifetime. Activity-dependent synaptic plasticity in the central nervous system is a form of neural plasticity that underlies learning and memory formation, as well as long-lasting, environmentally-induced maladaptive behaviors, such as drug addiction and overeating of palatable hyper-caloric (PHc) food. In western societies, the abundance of PHc foods has caused a dramatic increase in the incidence of overweight/obesity and related disorders. To this regard, it has been suggested that increased adiposity may be caused at least in part by behavioral changes in the affected individuals that are induced by the chronic consumption of PHc foods; some authors have even drawn attention to the similarity that exists between over-indulgent eating and drug addiction. Long-term misuse of certain dietary components has also been linked to chronic neuroimmune maladaptation that may predispose individuals to neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease. In this review article, we discuss recent evidence that shows how consumption of PHc food can cause maladaptive neural plasticity that converts short-term ingestive drives into compulsive behaviors. We also discuss the neural mechanisms of how chronic consumption of PHc foods may alter brain function and lead to cognitive impairments, focusing on prenatal, childhood and adolescence as vulnerable neurodevelopmental stages to dietary environmental insults. Finally, we outline a societal agenda for harnessing permissive obesogenic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pascal Morin
- Department of Health Sciences, Metropolitan Autonomous University (UAM)Lerma, Mexico; Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-EssenEssen, Germany
| | - Luis F Rodríguez-Durán
- Department of Health Sciences, Metropolitan Autonomous University (UAM)Lerma, Mexico; Laboratory of Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, Division of Research and Graduate Studies, Faculty of Psychology, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM)Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Kioko Guzmán-Ramos
- Department of Health Sciences, Metropolitan Autonomous University (UAM) Lerma, Mexico
| | - Claudia Perez-Cruz
- Department of Pharmacology, Center of Research and Advance Studies (CINVESTAV) Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Guillaume Ferreira
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, National Institute of Agricultural Research (INRA), UMR 1286Bordeaux, France; Laboratory of Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, Université de BordeauxBordeaux, France
| | - Sofia Diaz-Cintra
- Institute of Neurobiology, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) Queretaro, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Pacheco-López
- Department of Health Sciences, Metropolitan Autonomous University (UAM)Lerma, Mexico; Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) ZurichSchwerzenbach, Switzerland
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