1
|
Chincarini G, Walker DW, Wong F, Richardson SJ, Cumberland A, Tolcos M. Thyroid hormone analogues: Promising therapeutic avenues to improve the neurodevelopmental outcomes of intrauterine growth restriction. J Neurochem 2024. [PMID: 38742992 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is a pregnancy complication impairing fetal growth and development. The compromised development is often attributed to disruptions of oxygen and nutrient supply from the placenta, resulting in a number of unfavourable physiological outcomes with impaired brain and organ growth. IUGR is associated with compromised development of both grey and white matter, predisposing the infant to adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes, including long-lasting cognitive and motor difficulties. Cerebral thyroid hormone (TH) signalling, which plays a crucial role in regulating white and grey matter development, is dysregulated in IUGR, potentially contributing to the neurodevelopmental delays associated with this condition. Notably, one of the major TH transporters, monocarboxylate transporter-8 (MCT8), is deficient in the fetal IUGR brain. Currently, no effective treatment to prevent or reverse IUGR exists. Management strategies involve close antenatal monitoring, management of maternal risk factors if present and early delivery if IUGR is found to be severe or worsening in utero. The overall goal is to determine the most appropriate time for delivery, balancing the risks of preterm birth with further fetal compromise due to IUGR. Drug candidates have shown either adverse effects or little to no benefits in this vulnerable population, urging further preclinical and clinical investigation to establish effective therapies. In this review, we discuss the major neuropathology of IUGR driven by uteroplacental insufficiency and the concomitant long-term neurobehavioural impairments in individuals born IUGR. Importantly, we review the existing clinical and preclinical literature on cerebral TH signalling deficits, particularly the impaired expression of MCT8 and their correlation with IUGR. Lastly, we discuss the current evidence on MCT8-independent TH analogues which mimic the brain actions of THs by being metabolised in a similar manner as promising, albeit underappreciated approaches to promote grey and white matter development and improve the neurobehavioural outcomes following IUGR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ginevra Chincarini
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - David W Walker
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
- Monash Newborn Health, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Flora Wong
- Monash Newborn Health, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Angela Cumberland
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mary Tolcos
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wagenaars F, Cenijn P, Scholze M, Frädrich C, Renko K, Köhrle J, Hamers T. Screening for endocrine disrupting chemicals inhibiting monocarboxylate 8 (MCT8) transporter facilitated thyroid hormone transport using a modified nonradioactive assay. Toxicol In Vitro 2024; 96:105770. [PMID: 38151217 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2023.105770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Early neurodevelopmental processes are strictly dependent on spatial and temporally modulated of thyroid hormone (TH) availability and action. Thyroid hormone transmembrane transporters (THTMT) are critical for regulating the local concentrations of TH, namely thyroxine (T4) and 3,5,3'-tri-iodothyronine (T3), in the brain. Monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8) is one of the most prominent THTMT. Genetically induced deficiencies in expression, function or localization of MCT8 are associated with irreversible and severe neurodevelopmental adversities. Due to the importance of MCT8 in brain development, studies addressing chemical interferences of MCT8 facilitated T3 uptake are a crucial step to identify TH system disrupting chemicals with this specific mode of action. Recently a non-radioactive in vitro assay has been developed to rapidly screen for endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) acting upon MCT8 mediated transport. This study explored the use of an UV-light digestion step as an alternative for the original ammonium persulfate (APS) digestion step. The non-radioactive TH uptake assay, with the incorporated UV-light digestion step of TH, was then used to screen a set of 31 reference chemicals and environmentally relevant substances to detect inhibition of MCT8-depending T3 uptake. This alternative assay identified three novel MCT8 inhibitors: methylmercury, bisphenol-AF and bisphenol-Z and confirmed previously known MCT8 inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Wagenaars
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment (A-Life), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU), De Boelelaan 1085, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Cenijn
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment (A-Life), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU), De Boelelaan 1085, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Martin Scholze
- Brunel University London, Centre for Pollution Research and Policy, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Caroline Frädrich
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Hessische Strasse 3-4, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kostja Renko
- German Centre for the Protection of Laboratory Animals (Bf3R), Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Josef Köhrle
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Hessische Strasse 3-4, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Timo Hamers
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment (A-Life), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU), De Boelelaan 1085, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Page L, Younge N, Freemark M. Hormonal Determinants of Growth and Weight Gain in the Human Fetus and Preterm Infant. Nutrients 2023; 15:4041. [PMID: 37764824 PMCID: PMC10537367 DOI: 10.3390/nu15184041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The factors controlling linear growth and weight gain in the human fetus and newborn infant are poorly understood. We review here the changes in linear growth, weight gain, lean body mass, and fat mass during mid- and late gestation and the early postnatal period in the context of changes in the secretion and action of maternal, placental, fetal, and neonatal hormones, growth factors, and adipocytokines. We assess the effects of hormonal determinants on placental nutrient delivery and the impact of preterm delivery on hormone expression and postnatal growth and metabolic function. We then discuss the effects of various maternal disorders and nutritional and pharmacologic interventions on fetal and perinatal hormone and growth factor production, growth, and fat deposition and consider important unresolved questions in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Page
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA;
| | - Noelle Younge
- Neonatology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA;
| | - Michael Freemark
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA;
- The Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kent NL, Atluri SC, Moritz KM, Cuffe JSM. Maternal hypothyroidism in rats impairs placental nutrient transporter expression, increases labyrinth zone size, and impairs fetal growth. Placenta 2023; 139:148-158. [PMID: 37406552 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2023.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hypothyroidism during pregnancy is associated with fetal growth restriction (FGR). FGR is commonly caused by placental insufficiency and yet the role of hypothyroidism in placental regulation of fetal growth is unknown. This study aimed to investigate the effects of maternal hypothyroidism on placental nutrient transporter expression, placental morphology, and placental metabolism. METHODS Hypothyroidism was induced in female Sprague-Dawley rats by adding methimazole (MMI) to drinking water at moderate (MOD, MMI at 0.005% w/v) and severe (SEV, MMI at 0.02% w/v) doses from one week prior to pregnancy and throughout gestation. Maternal and fetal tissues were collected on embryonic day 20 (E20). RESULTS Hypothyroidism reduced fetal weight (PTrt<0.001) despite causing fetal hyperglycaemia (PTrt = 0.016). Placental weight was not affected by hypothyroidism however placental efficiency was reduced (PTrt<0.001), as was the junctional zone (JZ):labyrinth zone (LZ) weight ratio (PTrt = 0.005). LZ glycogen content was increased (PTrt = 0.029) and while mRNA expression of glucose transporters was reduced by hypothyroidism, only GLUT1 protein expression was reduced in male LZs. Maternal hypothyroidism reduced mitochondrial content (PTrt = 0.031), particularly in SEV males relative to CON males (P = 0.004). Protein expression of Complex V (P < 0.001) and Complex III (P = 0.002) of the electron transport chain were also reduced in males. Maternal hypothyroidism reduced LZ (PTrt<0.001) and fetal plasma triglycerides (P = 0.019) while fetal free fatty acids and the expression of LZ lipid transporters was not affected. DISCUSSION Overall, maternal hypothyroidism may lead to FGR through reduced maternal T4 availability, changes to placental morphology, altered nutrient transporter expression and sex-specific effects on placental metabolism. Changes to LZ glycogen and triglyceride stores as well as mitochondrial content suggest a metabolic shift from oxidative phosphorylation to anaerobic glycolysis in males. These changes also likely impact fetal substrate availability and therefore fetal growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nykola L Kent
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Sharat C Atluri
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Karen M Moritz
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - James S M Cuffe
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Thyroid Hormone Transporters in Pregnancy and Fetal Development. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315113. [PMID: 36499435 PMCID: PMC9737226 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormone is essential for fetal (brain) development. Plasma membrane transporters control the intracellular bioavailability of thyroid hormone. In the past few decades, 15 human thyroid hormone transporters have been identified, and among them, mutations in monocarboxylate transporter (MCT)8 and organic anion transporting peptide (OATP)1C1 are associated with clinical phenotypes. Different animal and human models have been employed to unravel the (patho)-physiological role of thyroid hormone transporters. However, most studies on thyroid hormone transporters focus on postnatal development. This review summarizes the research on the thyroid hormone transporters in pregnancy and fetal development, including their substrate preference, expression and tissue distribution, and physiological and pathophysiological role in thyroid homeostasis and clinical disorders. As the fetus depends on the maternal thyroid hormone supply, especially during the first half of pregnancy, the review also elaborates on thyroid hormone transport across the human placental barrier. Future studies may reveal how the different transporters contribute to thyroid hormone homeostasis in fetal tissues to properly facilitate development. Employing state-of-the-art human models will enable a better understanding of their roles in thyroid hormone homeostasis.
Collapse
|
6
|
Zuñiga LFF, Muñoz YS, Pustovrh MC. Thyroid hormones: Metabolism and transportation in the fetoplacental unit. Mol Reprod Dev 2022; 89:526-539. [PMID: 36208482 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The thyroid hormones (THs), thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), are of vital importance for fetal development. The concentration of THs in fetal circulation varies throughout gestation and differs from the concentration in the maternal serum, indicating the presence of maternal-fetal thyroid homeostasis regulatory mechanisms in the placenta. The passage of THs from maternal circulation to fetal circulation is modulated by plasma membrane transporters, enzymes, and carrier proteins. Monocarboxylate transporter 8, iodothyronine deiodinases (DIO2 and DIO3), and transthyretin are especially involved in this maternal-fetal thyroid modulation, shown by a greater expression in the placenta. THs also play a role in placental development and as expected, abnormal variations in TH levels are associated with pregnancy complications and can result in damage to the fetus. Although new evidence regarding TH regulation during pregnancy and its effects in the mother, placenta, and fetus has been published, many aspects of these interactions are still poorly understood. The objective of this review is to provide an evidence-based update, drawn from current data, on the metabolism and transport of THs in the placenta and their vital role in the maternal-fetal relationship.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Felipe Falla Zuñiga
- Department of Morphology, College of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Health, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
| | - Yhoiss Smiht Muñoz
- Department of Morphology, College of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Health, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
| | - Maria Carolina Pustovrh
- Department of Morphology, College of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Health, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yang J, Xu A, Zhang Y, Deng J, Lin X, Xie L, Deng X, Liu H, Chen P, Huang Y. Promoter methylation changes in the placenta involved in the relationship between prenatal depression and small for gestational age. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2022; 22:741. [PMID: 36184597 PMCID: PMC9528156 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-022-05066-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies suggest that the incidence of small for gestational age (SGA) birth related to maternal depression, but the mechanism is unclear. The aim of this study was to explore the changes of promoter methylation in the placenta which may be involved in the relationship between prenatal depression and SGA. METHODS Three hundred forty-five pregnant women were enrolled in this prospective cohort study. Perinatal emotion and sleep quality in the second and third trimesters were assessed using self-rating depression scale, self-rating anxiety scale, and Pittsburgh sleep quality index. According to the exposure (depressed emotion of mother) and outcome (SGA), the placentas were divided into four groups. Methylation of the promoter regions of the placental CRH, HSD11β2, SLA16A10, DIO3, and MTNR1B genes was determined using next generation sequencing based on bisulfite sequencing PCR. RESULTS There were 97 (28.1%) and 95 (27.5%) pregnant women who had depression in the second trimester and third trimester, respectively. Thirty-five pregnant women had an SGA birth. The incidence of SGA births in this prospective cohort was 10.1%. The risk factors of SGA birth were low BMI of pregnancy women (RR = 0.71, 95%CI = 0.54 ~ 0.92), hypertensive disorder complicating pregnancy (HDCP, RR = 4.7, 95%CI = 1.18 ~ 18.72), and maternal depression in the second trimester (RR = 3.71, 95%CI = 1.31 ~ 12.16). We found that the CRH and HSD11β2 methylation levels were higher in the depression group than those in the non-depression group. Methylation levels of DIO3 were higher in SGA group than that in the non-SGA group. Higher methylation levels of CRH correlated with higher methylation levels of DIO3 in the placenta. CONCLUSIONS Maternal depression in the second trimester may lead to the changes of methylation levels in the promoter region of CRH and HSD11β2 gene, while the changes of methylation of DIO3 in subsequent could related to SGA. This study suggests that maternal depressed emotion during pregnancy may result in SGA due to the epigenetic changes of placenta.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianhui Yang
- Department of Neonatology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, North Dongxia Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
- Huizhou Central People's Hospital, North Erling Road, Huizhou, 516003, Guangdong, China
| | - Aitong Xu
- Shantou University Medical College, Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - YuMin Zhang
- Department of Neonatology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, North Dongxia Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiahui Deng
- Department of Neonatology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, North Dongxia Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Xuemei Lin
- Department of Neonatology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, North Dongxia Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Lili Xie
- Department of Obstetrics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, North Dongxia Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaochun Deng
- Department of Obstetrics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, North Dongxia Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Honglin Liu
- Department of Obstetrics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, North Dongxia Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Peishan Chen
- Department of Obstetrics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, North Dongxia Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuejun Huang
- Department of Neonatology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, North Dongxia Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chen Z, van der Sman AE, Groeneweg S, de Rooij LJ, Visser WE, Peeters RP, Meima ME. Thyroid Hormone Transporters in a Human Placental Cell Model. Thyroid 2022; 32:1129-1137. [PMID: 35699060 PMCID: PMC9526468 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2021.0503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Background: Fetal brain development in the first half of pregnancy is dependent on maternal thyroid hormone (TH), highlighting the importance of trans-placental TH transport. It is yet unclear which transporters are involved in this process. We aimed to identify the major TH transporters in a human placental cell model (BeWo cells). Methods: Messenger RNA expression of the known TH transporters (the monocarboxylate transporter [MCT]8, MCT10, the L-type amino acid transporter [LAT]1, LAT2, the organic anion transporting peptide [OATP]1A2 and OATP4A1) in BeWo cells and human placenta were determined by quantitative PCR. To determine the specificity and efficacy of transporter inhibitors, we first determined TH uptake at different inhibitor concentrations in African green monkey kidney fibroblast-like cells (COS1 cells) overexpressing TH transporters. We then tested TH uptake in BeWo cells in the presence or absence of the optimal inhibitor concentrations. Results: All tested TH transporters were expressed in human term placentas, whereas MCT8 was absent in BeWo cells. Both 2-amino-2-norbornanecarboxylic acid (BCH) and L-tryptophan at 1 mM inhibited LATs, whereas at the highest concentration (10 mM) L-tryptophan also inhibited MCT10. Verapamil inhibited OATP1A2 and less efficiently both MCTs, but not LATs. Both rifampicin and naringin reduced OATP1A2 activity. Finally, silychristin inhibited MCT8 at submicromolar concentrations and OATP1A2 partially only at the highest concentration tested (10 μM). In BeWo cells, verapamil reduced triiodothyronine (T3) uptake by 24%, BCH by 31%, and 1 mM L-tryptophan by 41%. The combination of BCH and verapamil additively decreased T3 uptake by 53% and the combination of BCH and 10 mM L-tryptophan by 60%, suggesting a major role for MCT10 and LATs in placental T3 uptake. Indeed, transfection of BeWo cells with MCT10-specific small interfering RNA significantly reduced T3 uptake. Only the combination of BCH and verapamil significantly reduced thyroxine (T4) uptake in BeWo cells, by 32%. Conclusions: Using pharmacological inhibitors, we show that MCT10 and LATs play a major role in T3 uptake in BeWo cells. T4 uptake appears independent of known TH transporters, suggesting the presence of, currently unknown, alternative transporter(s).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongli Chen
- Erasmus MC Academic Centre for Thyroid Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A.S. Elise van der Sman
- Erasmus MC Academic Centre for Thyroid Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Groeneweg
- Erasmus MC Academic Centre for Thyroid Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Linda Johanna de Rooij
- Erasmus MC Academic Centre for Thyroid Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - W. Edward Visser
- Erasmus MC Academic Centre for Thyroid Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robin P. Peeters
- Erasmus MC Academic Centre for Thyroid Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel E. Meima
- Erasmus MC Academic Centre for Thyroid Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Address correspondence to: Marcel E. Meima, PhD, Erasmus MC Academic Centre for Thyroid Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015 CN, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Balhara A, Kumar AR, Unadkat JD. Predicting Human Fetal Drug Exposure Through Maternal-Fetal PBPK Modeling and In Vitro or Ex Vivo Studies. J Clin Pharmacol 2022; 62 Suppl 1:S94-S114. [PMID: 36106781 PMCID: PMC9494623 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.2117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Medication (drug) use in human pregnancy is prevalent. Determining fetal safety and efficacy of drugs is logistically challenging. However, predicting (not measuring) fetal drug exposure (systemic and tissue) throughout pregnancy is possible through maternal-fetal physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling and simulation. Such prediction can inform fetal drug safety and efficacy. Fetal drug exposure can be quantified in 2 complementary ways. First, the ratio of the steady-state unbound plasma concentration in the fetal plasma (or area under the plasma concentration-time curve) to the corresponding maternal plasma concentration (ie, Kp,uu ). Second, the maximum unbound peak (Cu,max,ss,f ) and trough (Cu,min,ss,f ) fetal steady-state plasma concentrations. We (and others) have developed a maternal-fetal PBPK model that can successfully predict maternal drug exposure. To predict fetal drug exposure, the model needs to be populated with drug specific parameters, of which transplacental clearances (active and/or passive) and placental/fetal metabolism of the drug are critical. Herein, we describe in vitro studies in cells/tissue fractions or the perfused human placenta that can be used to determine these drug-specific parameters. In addition, we provide examples whereby this approach has successfully predicted systemic fetal exposure to drugs that passively or actively cross the placenta. Apart from maternal-fetal PBPK models, animal studies also have the potential to estimate fetal drug exposure by allometric scaling. Whether such scaling will be successful is yet to be determined. Here, we review the above approaches to predict fetal drug exposure, outline gaps in our knowledge to make such predictions and map out future research directions that could fill these gaps.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Balhara
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Aditya R Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jashvant D Unadkat
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ortega-Contreras B, Armella A, Appel J, Mennickent D, Araya J, González M, Castro E, Obregón AM, Lamperti L, Gutiérrez J, Guzmán-Gutiérrez E. Pathophysiological Role of Genetic Factors Associated With Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Front Physiol 2022; 13:769924. [PMID: 35450164 PMCID: PMC9016477 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.769924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is a highly prevalent maternal pathology characterized by maternal glucose intolerance during pregnancy that is, associated with severe complications for both mother and offspring. Several risk factors have been related to GDM; one of the most important among them is genetic predisposition. Numerous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes that act at different levels on various tissues, could cause changes in the expression levels and activity of proteins, which result in glucose and insulin metabolism dysfunction. In this review, we describe various SNPs; which according to literature, increase the risk of developing GDM. These SNPs include: (1) those associated with transcription factors that regulate insulin production and excretion, such as rs7903146 (TCF7L2) and rs5015480 (HHEX); (2) others that cause a decrease in protective hormones against insulin resistance such as rs2241766 (ADIPOQ) and rs6257 (SHBG); (3) SNPs that cause modifications in membrane proteins, generating dysfunction in insulin signaling or cell transport in the case of rs5443 (GNB3) and rs2237892 (KCNQ1); (4) those associated with enzymes such as rs225014 (DIO2) and rs9939609 (FTO) which cause an impaired metabolism, resulting in an insulin resistance state; and (5) other polymorphisms, those are associated with growth factors such as rs2146323 (VEGFA) and rs755622 (MIF) which could cause changes in the expression levels of these proteins, producing endothelial dysfunction and an increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines, characteristic on GDM. While the pathophysiological mechanism is unclear, this review describes various potential effects of these polymorphisms on the predisposition to develop GDM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B. Ortega-Contreras
- Pregnancy Diseases Laboratory, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - A. Armella
- Pregnancy Diseases Laboratory, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - J. Appel
- Pregnancy Diseases Laboratory, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - D. Mennickent
- Pregnancy Diseases Laboratory, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Department of Instrumental Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - J. Araya
- Department of Instrumental Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - M. González
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - E. Castro
- Departamento de Obstetricia y Puericultura, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Atacama, Copiapó, Chile
| | - A. M. Obregón
- Faculty of Health Care, Universidad San Sebastián, Concepción, Chile
| | - L. Lamperti
- Pregnancy Diseases Laboratory, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - J. Gutiérrez
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago,Chile
| | - E. Guzmán-Gutiérrez
- Pregnancy Diseases Laboratory, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- *Correspondence: E. Guzmán-Gutiérrez,
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Blanco-Castañeda R, Zapata-Vázquez Y, Lazalde-Ramos BP, Enríquez-Mendiola D, Lares-Asseff I, Galaviz-Hernández C, Martínez G, Sosa-Macías M. Effect of levetiracetam on the gene expression of placental transporters in a murine model. Epilepsia 2022; 63:1266-1275. [PMID: 35174498 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Levetiracetam (LEV) is an antiseizure medication prescribed to women during childbearing age. The impact of LEV on placental transporters is poorly understood. This study aimed to assess the effect of LEV exposure on the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of placental transporters for hormones and nutrients and to correlate their expression with the drug's serum concentration in pregnant mice. METHODS Studies were conducted on gestational days (GD) 13 and 18, following oral treatment with 100 mg/kg LEV or the vehicle every 24 h after weaning. Serum LEV measurements were performed by High-performance liquid chromatography with a UV detector (HPLC-UV). The weight, height, and width of the fetuses were also analyzed. In addition, the placental expression of transporters xCt, Lat1, Oatp4a1, Fr-α, Rfc, and Snat4 was evaluated through semi-quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The Kruskal-Wallis and the Mann-Whitney U tests were used to determine the statistical significance (p < .05). The correlation between serum LEV concentration and placental gene expression was evaluated using the Spearman test. RESULTS The weight, height, and width were lower in the fetuses exposed to LEV compared with the control group (p < .05). The number of fetuses was lower in the LEV-exposed group than in the control GD 13 group (p < .001). No significant differences were detected in the mRNA expression level at GD 13. At GD 18, the expression of Lat1, Oatp4a1, xCT, and Snat4 was higher in the group treated with LEV compared with the control group (p < .05), whereas the expression of Rfc was lower (p < .05). No correlation was identified between serum LEV concentrations and gene expression levels. SIGNIFICANCE The repression of the Rfc transcript by LEV at GD 18 suggests that the protein expression would be abolished contributing to the observed intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). Furthermore, the significant increase in mRNA of xCt, Snat4, Oatp4a1, and Lat1 might be a compensatory mechanism for fetal survival at GD 18.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yessica Zapata-Vázquez
- Laboratory of Biomedical Ethnopharmacology, Academic Unit of Chemical Sciences, Autonomous University of Zacatecas, Zacatecas, Mexico
| | - Blanca P Lazalde-Ramos
- Laboratory of Biomedical Ethnopharmacology, Academic Unit of Chemical Sciences, Autonomous University of Zacatecas, Zacatecas, Mexico
| | | | - Ismael Lares-Asseff
- Genomics Academy, CIIDIR Durango Unit, National Polytechnic Institute, Durango, Mexico
| | | | - Gerardo Martínez
- Biomedical Research Unit - Mexican Institute of Social Security (IMSS) Durango, Durango, Mexico
| | - Martha Sosa-Macías
- Genomics Academy, CIIDIR Durango Unit, National Polytechnic Institute, Durango, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Schäfer AM, Gilgen PM, Spirgi C, Potterat O, Meyer Zu Schwabedissen HE. Constituents of Passiflora incarnata, but Not of Valeriana officinalis, Interact with the Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptides (OATP)2B1 and OATP1A2. PLANTA MEDICA 2022; 88:152-162. [PMID: 33511622 DOI: 10.1055/a-1305-3936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Herbal medication used in the treatment of sleep disorders and anxiety often contain extracts of Valeriana officinalis or Passiflora incarnata. Valerenic acid in V. officinalis and apigenin, orientin, and vitexin in P. incarnata are thought to contribute to their therapeutic effect. It was the aim of this study to test whether these constituents of herbal extracts are interacting with the uptake of estrone 3-sulfate, pregnenolone sulfate, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate mediated by the uptake transporters organic anion transporting polypeptide 2B1 (OATP2B1) or organic anion transporting polypeptide 1A2 (OATP1A2). Madin-Darby canine kidney cells overexpressing OATP2B1 or OATP1A2 were used to determine the influence of the constituents on the cellular accumulation of the sulfated steroids. Subsequently, competitive counterflow experiments were applied to test whether identified inhibitors are also substrates of the transporters. Valerenic acid only interacted with OATP2B1, whereas apigenin, orientin, and vitexin interacted with OATP2B1 and OATP1A2. Competitive counterflow revealed that orientin is a substrate of both transporters, while apigenin was transported by OATP1A2 and vitexin by OATP2B1. In a next step, commercially available P. incarnata preparations were assessed for their influence on the transporters, revealing inhibition of transporter-mediated estrone 3-sulfate uptake. HPLC-UV-MS analysis confirmed the presence of orientin and vitexin in these preparations, thereby suggesting that these constituents are involved in the interaction. Our data indicate that constituents of P. incarnata may alter the function of OATP2B1 and OATP1A2, which could affect the uptake of other compounds relying on uptake mediated by the transporters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anima M Schäfer
- Biopharmacy, Department Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pierrine M Gilgen
- Biopharmacy, Department Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Clara Spirgi
- Biopharmacy, Department Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Potterat
- Pharmaceutical Biology, Department Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Carvalho DP, Dias AF, Sferruzzi-Perri AN, Ortiga-Carvalho TM. Gaps in the knowledge of thyroid hormones and placental biology. Biol Reprod 2022; 106:1033-1048. [DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioac006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) are required for the growth and development of the foetus, stimulating anabolism and oxygen consumption from the early stages of pregnancy to the period of foetal differentiation close to delivery. Maternal changes in the hypothalamic–pituitary thyroid axis are also well known. In contrast, several open questions remain regarding the relationships between the placenta and the maternal and foetal TH systems. The exact mechanism by which the placenta participates in regulating the TH concentration in the foetus and mother and the role of TH in the placenta are still poorly studied. In this review, we aim to summarize the available data in the area and highlight significant gaps in our understanding of the ontogeny and cell-specific localization of TH transporters, TH receptors and TH metabolic enzymes in the placenta in both human and rodent models. Significant deficiencies also exist in knowledge of the contribution of genomic and nongenomic effects of TH on the placenta and finally how the placenta reacts during pregnancy when the mother has thyroid disease. By addressing these key knowledge gaps, improved pregnancy outcomes and management of women with thyroid alterations may be possible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Pereira Carvalho
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Laboratório de Endocrinologia Translacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ariane Fontes Dias
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Laboratório de Endocrinologia Translacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Amanda Nancy Sferruzzi-Perri
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Tania Maria Ortiga-Carvalho
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Laboratório de Endocrinologia Translacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Shi Q, Wu M, Chen P, Wei B, Tan H, Huang P, Chang S. Criminal of Adverse Pregnant Outcomes: A Perspective From Thyroid Hormone Disturbance Caused by SARS-CoV-2. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:791654. [PMID: 35047419 PMCID: PMC8761741 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.791654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, emerging evidence has shown adverse pregnancy outcomes, including preterm birth, preeclampsia, cesarean, and perinatal death, occurring in pregnant women after getting infected by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Thyroid hormone disturbance has been unveiled consistently in various studies. As commonly known, thyroid hormone is vital for promoting pregnancy and optimal fetal growth and development. Even mild thyroid dysfunction can cause adverse pregnancy outcomes. We explored and summarized possible mechanisms of thyroid hormone abnormality in pregnant women after coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection and made a scientific thypothesis that adverse pregnancy outcomes can be the result of thyroid hormone disorder during COVID-19. In which case, we accentuate the importance of thyroid hormone surveillance for COVID-19-infected pregnant women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiman Shi
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Min Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Pei Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bo Wei
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hailong Tan
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Peng Huang
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shi Chang
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, China.,Clinical Research Center for Thyroid Disease in Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Thyroid and Related Diseases Treatment Technology, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Levy SB, Leonard WR. The evolutionary significance of human brown adipose tissue: Integrating the timescales of adaptation. Evol Anthropol 2021; 31:75-91. [PMID: 34910348 DOI: 10.1002/evan.21930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
While human adaptability is regarded as a classical topic in anthropology, recent work provides new insight into metabolic adaptations to cold climates and the role of phenotypic plasticity in human evolution. A growing body of literature demonstrates that adults retain brown adipose tissue (BAT) which may play a role in non-shivering thermogenesis. In this narrative review, we apply the timescales of adaptation framework in order to explore the adaptive significance of human BAT. Human variation in BAT is shaped by multiple adaptive modes (i.e., allostasis, acclimatization, developmental adaptation, epigenetic inheritance, and genetic adaptation), and together the adaptive modes act as an integrated system. We hypothesize that plasticity in BAT facilitated the successful expansion of human populations into circumpolar regions, allowing for selection of genetic adaptations to cold climates to take place. Future research rooted in human energetics and biocultural perspectives is essential for understanding BAT's adaptive and health significance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie B Levy
- Department of Anthropology, CUNY Hunter College, New York, New York, USA.,New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, New York, USA
| | - William R Leonard
- Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Yamashita M, Markert UR. Overview of Drug Transporters in Human Placenta. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222313149. [PMID: 34884954 PMCID: PMC8658420 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222313149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The transport of drugs across the placenta is a point of great importance in pharmacotherapy during pregnancy. However, the knowledge of drug transport in pregnancy is mostly based on experimental clinical data, and the underlying biological mechanisms are not fully understood. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of drug transporters in the human placenta. We only refer to human data since the placenta demonstrates great diversity among species. In addition, we describe the experimental models that have been used in human placental transport studies and discuss their availability. A better understanding of placental drug transporters will be beneficial for the health of pregnant women who need drug treatment and their fetuses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michiko Yamashita
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 5650871, Japan
- Placenta Lab, Department of Obstetrics, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany;
- Correspondence:
| | - Udo R. Markert
- Placenta Lab, Department of Obstetrics, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany;
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Steinhauser CB, Askelson K, Hobbs KC, Bazer FW, Satterfield MC. Maternal nutrient restriction alters thyroid hormone dynamics in placentae of sheep having small for gestational age fetuses. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2021; 77:106632. [PMID: 34062290 PMCID: PMC8380679 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2021.106632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones regulate a multitude of metabolic and cellular processes involved in placental and fetal growth, while maternal nutrient restriction (NR) has the potential to influence these processes. Those fetuses most impacted by NR, as categorized by weight, are termed small for gestational age (SGA), but the role of thyroid hormones in these pregnancies is not fully understood. Therefore, the aims of the present study were to determine effects of NR during pregnancy on maternal and fetal thyroid hormone concentrations, as well as temporal and cell-specific expression of mRNAs and proteins for placental thyroid hormone transporters, thyroid hormone receptors, and deiodinases in ewes having either SGA or normal weight fetuses. Ewes with singleton pregnancies were fed either a 100% NRC (n = 8) or 50% NRC (NR; n = 28) diet from Days 35 to 135 of pregnancy with a single placentome surgically collected on Day 70. Fetal weight at necropsy on Day 135 was used to designate the fetuses as NR NonSGA (n = 7; heaviest NR fetuses) or NR SGA (n = 7; lightest NR fetuses). Thyroid hormone levels were lower in NR SGA compared to NR NonSGA ewes, while all NR fetuses had lower concentrations of thyroxine at Day 135. Expression of mRNAs for thyroid hormone transporters SLC16A2, SLC16A10, SLCO1C1, and SLCO4A1 were altered by day, but not nutrient restriction. Expression of THRA mRNA and protein was dysregulated in NR SGA fetuses with protein localized to syncytial and stromal cells in placentomes in all groups. The ratio of deiodinases DIO2 and DIO3 was greater for NR SGA placentae at Day 70, while DIO3 protein was less abundant in placentae from NR SGA than 100% NRC ewes. These results identify mid-gestational modifications in thyroid hormone-associated proteins in placentomes of ewes having SGA fetuses, as well as a potential for placentomes from NonSGA pregnancies to adapt to, and overcome, nutritional restrictions during pregnancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C B Steinhauser
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, 2471 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - K Askelson
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, 2471 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - K C Hobbs
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, 2471 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - F W Bazer
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, 2471 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - M C Satterfield
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, 2471 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Adu-Gyamfi EA, Wang YX, Ding YB. The interplay between thyroid hormones and the placenta: a comprehensive review†. Biol Reprod 2021; 102:8-17. [PMID: 31494673 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioz182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) regulate a number of metabolic processes during pregnancy. After implantation, the placenta forms and enhances embryonic growth and development. Dysregulated maternal THs signaling has been observed in malplacentation-mediated pregnancy complications such as preeclampsia, miscarriage, and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), but the molecular mechanisms involved in this association have not been fully characterized. In this review, we have discussed THs signaling and its roles in trophoblast proliferation, trophoblast differentiation, trophoblast invasion of the decidua, and decidual angiogenesis. We have also explored the relationship between specific pregnancy complications and placental THs transporters, deiodinases, and THs receptors. In addition, we have examined the effects of specific endocrine disruptors on placental THs signaling. The available evidence indicates that THs signaling is involved in the formation and functioning of the placenta and serves as the basis for understanding the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of dysthyroidism-associated pregnancy complications such as preeclampsia, miscarriage, and IUGR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enoch Appiah Adu-Gyamfi
- Department of Reproductive Sciences, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction & Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Xiong Wang
- Department of Reproductive Sciences, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction & Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Bin Ding
- Department of Reproductive Sciences, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction & Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Levy SB, Klimova TM, Zakharova RN, Fedorov AI, Fedorova VI, Baltakhinova ME, Leonard WR. Evidence for a sensitive period of plasticity in brown adipose tissue during early childhood among indigenous Siberians. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2021; 175:834-846. [PMID: 33913150 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Evolutionary theorists have debated the adaptive significance of developmental plasticity in organisms with long lifespans such as humans. This debate in part stems from uncertainty regarding the timing of sensitive periods. Does sensitivity to environmental signals fluctuate across development or does it steadily decline? We investigated developmental plasticity in brown adipose tissue (BAT) among indigenous Siberians in order to explore the timing of phenotypic sensitivity to cold stress. METHODS BAT thermogenesis was quantified using infrared thermal imaging in 78 adults (25 men; 33 women). Cold exposure during gestation, infancy, early childhood, middle childhood, and adolescence was quantified using: (1) the average ambient temperature across each period; (2) the number of times daily temperature dropped below -40°F during each period. We also assessed past cold exposure with a retrospective survey of participation in outdoor activities. RESULTS Adult BAT thermogenesis was significantly associated with the average temperature (p = 0.021), the number of times it was below -40°F (p = 0.026), and participation in winter outdoor activities (p = 0.037) during early childhood. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that early childhood represents an important stage for developmental plasticity, and that culture may play a critical role in shaping the timing of environmental signals. The findings highlight a new pathway through which the local consequences of global climate change may influence human biology, and they suggest that ambient temperature may represent an understudied component of the developmental origins of health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie B Levy
- Department of Anthropology, CUNY Hunter College, New York, New York, USA
- New York Consortium in Evolution Primatology, New York, New York, USA
| | - Tatiana M Klimova
- North-Eastern Federal University Named M. K. Ammosov, Yakutsk, Russia
- Yakutsk Scientific Center for Complex Medical Problems, Yakutsk, Russia
| | - Raisa N Zakharova
- North-Eastern Federal University Named M. K. Ammosov, Yakutsk, Russia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Pillai RA, Islam MO, Selvam P, Sharma N, Chu AHY, Watkins OC, Godfrey KM, Lewis RM, Chan SY. Placental Inositol Reduced in Gestational Diabetes as Glucose Alters Inositol Transporters and IMPA1 Enzyme Expression. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:e875-e890. [PMID: 33165596 PMCID: PMC7116629 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Perturbed inositol physiology in insulin-resistant conditions has led to proposals of inositol supplementation for gestational diabetes (GDM) prevention, but placental inositol biology is poorly understood. OBJECTIVE Investigate associations of maternal glycemia with placental inositol content, determine glucose effects on placental expression of inositol enzymes and transporters, and examine relations with birthweight. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS Case-control study of placentae from term singleton pregnancies (GDM n = 24, non-GDM n = 26), and culture of another 9 placentae in different concentrations of glucose and myo-inositol for 48 hours. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Placental inositol was quantified by the Megazyme assay. Relative expression of enzymes involved in myo-inositol metabolism and plasma membrane inositol transport was determined by quantitative RT-PCR and immunoblotting. Linear regression analyses were adjusted for maternal age, body mass index, ethnicity, gestational age, and sex. RESULTS Placental inositol content was 17% lower in GDM compared with non-GDM. Higher maternal mid-gestation glycemia were associated with lower placental inositol. Increasing fasting glycemia was associated with lower protein levels of the myo-inositol synthesis enzyme, IMPA1, and the inositol transporters, SLC5A11 and SLC2A13, the expression of which also correlated with placental inositol content. In vitro, higher glucose concentrations reduced IMPA1 and SLC5A11 mRNA expression. Increasing fasting glycemia positively associated with customized birthweight percentile as expected in cases with low placental inositol, but this association was attenuated with high placental inositol. CONCLUSION Glycemia-induced dysregulation of placental inositol synthesis and transport may be implicated in reduced placental inositol content in GDM, and this may in turn be permissive to accelerated fetal growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reshma A Pillai
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mohammed O Islam
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Preben Selvam
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Neha Sharma
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anne H Y Chu
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Oliver C Watkins
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Keith M Godfrey
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit and NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Rohan M Lewis
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Shiao Y Chan
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Gorczyca L, Du J, Bircsak KM, Wen X, Vetrano AM, Aleksunes LM. Low oxygen tension differentially regulates the expression of placental solute carriers and ABC transporters. FEBS Lett 2020; 595:811-827. [PMID: 32978975 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Low oxygen concentration, or hypoxia, is an important physiological regulator of placental function including chemical disposition. Here, we compared the ability of low oxygen tension to alter the expression of solute carriers (SLC) and ABC transporters in two human placental models, namely BeWo cells and term placental explants. We found that exposure to low oxygen concentration differentially regulates transporter expression in BeWo cells, including downregulation of ENT1, OATP4A1, OCTN2, BCRP, and MRP2/3/5, and upregulation of CNT1, OAT4, OATP2B1, SERT, SOAT, and MRP1. Similar upregulation of MRP1 and downregulation of MRP5 and BCRP were observed in explants, whereas uptake transporters were decreased or unchanged. Furthermore, a screening of transcriptional regulators of transporters revealed that hypoxia leads to a decrease in the mRNA levels of aryl hydrocarbon receptor, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, and retinoid x receptor alpha in both human placental models. These data suggest that transporter expression is differentially regulated by oxygen concentration across experimental human placental models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ludwik Gorczyca
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA.,Joint Graduate Program in Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Jianyao Du
- China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kristin M Bircsak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA.,Joint Graduate Program in Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Xia Wen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Anna M Vetrano
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Lauren M Aleksunes
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA.,Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.,Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Rao M, Zeng Z, Zhou F, Wang H, Liu J, Wang R, Wen Y, Yang Z, Su C, Su Z, Zhao S, Tang L. Effect of levothyroxine supplementation on pregnancy loss and preterm birth in women with subclinical hypothyroidism and thyroid autoimmunity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update 2020; 25:344-361. [PMID: 30951172 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmz003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) and thyroid autoimmunity (TAI) are associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes such as pregnancy loss and preterm birth. However, the ability of levothyroxine (LT4) supplementation to attenuate the risks of these outcomes remains controversial. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to determine the effect of LT4 supplementation on pregnancy loss rate (PLR) and preterm birth rate (PBR) among pregnant women with SCH and TAI. SEARCH METHODS A systematic literature search of the PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science and Cochrane Controlled Trials Register databases and Clinicaltrials.gov was performed to identify all relevant English studies published up to April 2018. The following terms were used for the search: [subclinical hypothyroidism OR thyroid autoimmunity OR thyroperoxidase antibody (TPO-Ab) OR thyroglobulin antibodies (Tg-Ab)] AND (levothyroxine OR euthyrox) AND [pregnancy outcome OR miscarriage OR abortion OR pregnancy loss OR preterm birth OR premature delivery OR early labo(u)r]. The reference lists of the relevant publications were also manually searched for related studies. Published manuscripts were included if they reported data on pregnancy loss, preterm birth or both. We separately analysed the pooled effects of LT4 supplementation on PLR and PBR in women with SCH and TAI. OUTCOMES Overall, 13 eligible studies including 7970 women were included in the meta-analysis. Eight and five of these studies were randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and retrospective studies, respectively. The pooled results indicated that LT4 supplementation significantly decreased the PLR [relative risk (RR) = 0.56, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.42-0.75, I2 = 1%, 12 studies] and PBR (RR = 0.68, 95% CI: 0.51-0.91, I2 = 21%, eight studies) in women with SCH and/or TAI. We further found that LT4 supplementation significantly decreased the risk of pregnancy loss (RR = 0.43, 95% CI: 0.26-0.72, P = 0.001, I2 = 0%) but not of preterm birth (RR = 0.67, 95% CI: 0.41-1.12, P = 0.13, I2 = 0%) in women with SCH. Furthermore, LT4 supplementation significantly decreased the risks of both pregnancy loss (RR = 0.63, 95% CI: 0.45-0.89, P = 0.009, I2 = 0%) and preterm birth (RR = 0.68 95% CI: 0.48-0.98, P = 0.04, I2 = 46%) in women with TAI. These results were consistent when only RCTs were included in the analysis. Further, in women with SCH, LT4 supplementation reduced the risk of pregnancy loss in pregnancies achieved by assisted reproduction (RR = 0.27, 95% CI: 0.14-0.52, P < 0.001, I2 = 14%) but not in naturally conceived pregnancies (RR = 0.60, 95% CI: 0.28-1.30, P = 0.13, I2 = 0%). By contrast, in women with TAI, LT4 supplementation reduced the risks of both pregnancy loss (RR = 0.61, 95% CI: 0.39-0.96, P = 0.03, I2 = 0%) and preterm birth (RR = 0.49, 95% CI: 0.30-0.79, P = 0.003, I2 = 0%) in naturally conceived pregnancies but not in pregnancies achieved by assisted reproduction (RR = 0.68, 95% CI: 0.40-1.15, P = 0.15, I2 = 0% for pregnancy loss and RR = 1.20, 95% CI: 0.68-2.13, P = 0.53, I2 not applicable for preterm birth). WIDER IMPLICATIONS This meta-analysis confirmed the beneficial effects of LT4 supplementation, namely the reduced risks of pregnancy loss and preterm birth, among pregnant women with SCH and/or TAI. The different effects of LT4 supplementation on naturally conceived pregnancies and pregnancies achieved by assisted reproduction in women with SCH and/or TAI suggest that these women should be managed separately. Due to the limited number of studies included in this meta-analysis, especially in the subgroup analysis, further large RCTs and fundamental studies are warranted to confirm the conclusions and better clarify the molecular mechanism underlying these associations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Rao
- Department of Reproduction and Genetics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 295 Xi Chang road, Kunming, China
| | - Zhengyan Zeng
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 295 Xi Chang road, Kunming, China
| | - Fang Zhou
- Family Planning Research Institute, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 13 Hang Kong road, Wuhan, China
| | - Huawei Wang
- Department of Reproduction and Genetics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 295 Xi Chang road, Kunming, China
| | - Jiang Liu
- Department of Reproduction and Genetics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 295 Xi Chang road, Kunming, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Reproduction and Genetics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 295 Xi Chang road, Kunming, China
| | - Ya Wen
- Department of Reproduction and Genetics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 295 Xi Chang road, Kunming, China
| | - Zexing Yang
- Department of Reproduction and Genetics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 295 Xi Chang road, Kunming, China
| | - Cunmei Su
- Department of Reproduction and Genetics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 295 Xi Chang road, Kunming, China
| | - Zhenfang Su
- Department of Reproduction and Genetics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 295 Xi Chang road, Kunming, China
| | - Shuhua Zhao
- Department of Reproduction and Genetics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 295 Xi Chang road, Kunming, China
| | - Li Tang
- Department of Reproduction and Genetics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 295 Xi Chang road, Kunming, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
López-Muñoz E, Mateos-Sánchez L, Mejía-Terrazas GE, Bedwell-Cordero SE. Hypothyroidism and isolated hypothyroxinemia in pregnancy, from physiology to the clinic. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2020; 58:757-763. [PMID: 31759523 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2019.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Many changes occur in the physiology of the maternal thyroid gland to maintain an adequate level of thyroid hormones (THs) at each stage of gestation during normal pregnancy, however, some factors can produce low levels of these hormones, which can alter the onset and progression of pregnancy. Deficiency of THs can be moderate or severe, and classified as overt or clinical hypothyroidism, subclinical hypothyroidism, and isolated hypothyroxinemia. Overt hypothyroidism has been reported in 0.3-1.9% and subclinical hypothyroidism in approximately 1.5-5% of pregnancies. With respect to isolated hypothyroxinemia, the frequency has been reported in approximately 1.3% of pregnant women, however it can be as high as 25.4%. Worldwide, iodine deficiency is the most common cause of hypothyroidism, however, in iodine-sufficient countries like the United States, the most common cause is autoimmune thyroiditis or Hashimoto's thyroiditis. The diagnosis and timely treatment of deficiency of THs (before or during the first weeks of gestation) can significantly reduce some of the related adverse effects, such as recurrent pregnancy loss, preterm delivery, gestational hypertension, and alterations in the offspring. However, so far there is no consensus on the reference levels of thyroid hormones during pregnancy to establish the diagnosis and there is no consensus on universal screening of women during first trimester of pregnancy to identify thyroid dysfunction, to give treatment and to reduce adverse perinatal events, so it is necessary to carry out specific studies for each population that provide information about it.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eunice López-Muñoz
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Medicina Reproductiva, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad, Hospital de Gineco Obstetricia No. 4, Luis Castelazo Ayala, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Río Magdalena 289, 6° Piso, Laboratorio K, Colonia Tizapan San Ángel, Alcaldía Álvaro Obregón, C.P. 01090, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Leovigildo Mateos-Sánchez
- Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Neonatales, UMAE Hospital de Gineco Obstetricia No. 4, Luis Castelazo Ayala, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Río Magdalena 289, 6° Piso, Laboratorio K, Colonia Tizapan San Ángel, Alcaldía Álvaro Obregón, C.P. 01090, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Gabriel Enrique Mejía-Terrazas
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Medicina Reproductiva, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad, Hospital de Gineco Obstetricia No. 4, Luis Castelazo Ayala, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Río Magdalena 289, 6° Piso, Laboratorio K, Colonia Tizapan San Ángel, Alcaldía Álvaro Obregón, C.P. 01090, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Sharon Esperanza Bedwell-Cordero
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Medicina Reproductiva, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad, Hospital de Gineco Obstetricia No. 4, Luis Castelazo Ayala, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Río Magdalena 289, 6° Piso, Laboratorio K, Colonia Tizapan San Ángel, Alcaldía Álvaro Obregón, C.P. 01090, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Peng S, Li C, Xie X, Zhang X, Wang D, Lu X, Sun M, Meng T, Wang S, Jiang Y, Shan Z, Teng W. Divergence of Iodine and Thyroid Hormones in the Fetal and Maternal Parts of Human-Term Placenta. Biol Trace Elem Res 2020; 195:27-38. [PMID: 31502179 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-019-01834-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The human placenta is an important organ that forms a barrier where maternal and fetal exchange takes place. The placenta transport iodine to the fetal circulation by transfer of maternal iodine and deiodination of thyroid hormones (THs). The aim of the study was to examine the distribution of iodine and thyroid hormone transporters in the maternal and fetal sides of human-term placenta. A cross-sectional study was performed at the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University. Placental samples (maternal and fetal surfaces) were collected from 113 healthy-term pregnant women. The iodine content; the concentration of thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), and reverse T3 (rT3); and the enzyme activity of placental type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase (D2) and D3 were examined. The mRNA and protein localization/expression of iodine and thyroid hormone transporters in the placenta were also studied. We also analyzed the association between expression level of Na+/I- symporter (NIS), thyroid hormone transporter protein, D3 activity in maternal and fetal surfaces of placenta with iodine content, and thyroid hormone levels. Iodine levels in placental samples from the maternal side were significantly higher than those in samples from the fetal side. T3 and T4 expression in fetal placenta was significantly lower than in maternal placenta. D3 activity in the fetal side of the placentas was significantly higher than that in the maternal side. The mRNA and protein expression of monocarboxylate transporters 8 (MCT8), L-amino acid transporters 1 (LAT1), organic anion transporting polypeptides 4A1 (OATP4A1), and TH binding protein transthyretin (TTR) were significantly increased in maternal side, while the NIS expression was higher in fetal side of human-term placenta. In conclusion, the enzymatic deiodination of thyroid hormones forms a barrier which reduces transplacental passage of the hormones and that the maternal part of the placenta is the primary factor in the mechanism regulating the hormonal transfer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiqiao Peng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenyan Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaochen Xie
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaomei Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University International Hospital, Haidian, Beijing, 100000, People's Republic of China
| | - Danyang Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Dandong, Dandong, 118000, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Xixuan Lu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Manni Sun
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Meng
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiwei Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaqiu Jiang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongyan Shan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiping Teng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Groeneweg S, van Geest FS, Peeters RP, Heuer H, Visser WE. Thyroid Hormone Transporters. Endocr Rev 2020; 41:5637505. [PMID: 31754699 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnz008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone transporters at the plasma membrane govern intracellular bioavailability of thyroid hormone. Monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) 8 and MCT10, organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) 1C1, and SLC17A4 are currently known as transporters displaying the highest specificity toward thyroid hormones. Structure-function studies using homology modeling and mutational screens have led to better understanding of the molecular basis of thyroid hormone transport. Mutations in MCT8 and in OATP1C1 have been associated with clinical disorders. Different animal models have provided insight into the functional role of thyroid hormone transporters, in particular MCT8. Different treatment strategies for MCT8 deficiency have been explored, of which thyroid hormone analogue therapy is currently applied in patients. Future studies may reveal the identity of as-yet-undiscovered thyroid hormone transporters. Complementary studies employing animal and human models will provide further insight into the role of transporters in health and disease. (Endocrine Reviews 41: 1 - 55, 2020).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Groeneweg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ferdy S van Geest
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Robin P Peeters
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Heike Heuer
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - W Edward Visser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Tosun G, Kose S, İşbilen Başok B, Altunyurt S. First-trimester placental function in levothyroxine-using pregnant women: a case-control study. Gynecol Endocrinol 2020; 36:233-237. [PMID: 31888411 DOI: 10.1080/09513590.2019.1708317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to compare the pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) and the uterine artery pulsatility index (UtA PI) levels of euthyroid pregnant women using levothyroxine vs. a control group of uncomplicated pregnancies and to evaluate the effects of different levothyroxine dosages on pregnancy outcomes. We retrospectively evaluated 206 levothyroxine-using pregnant women by looking at their basic placental function markers and obstetric outcomes. A sample of 449 women whose pregnancies concluded with uncomplicated term deliveries composed of our control group. To examine the relationship between the levothyroxine dosages and the frequency of pregnancy complications, levothyroxine users were divided into different groups according to the 75, 100, and 150 mcg cutoffs. The median PAPP-A MoM levels of levothyroxine users were significantly lower at 0.94 vs. 1.11 (p < .001) and the median mean UtA PI was significantly higher than the control group at 2.08 vs. 1.74 (p < .0001). The median birth weight was significantly lower for the levothyroxine users' group at 3292 g vs. 3427 g (p < .0001). Using 75, 100, and 150 mcg dose cutoffs, PAPP-A MoM, mean UtA PI and obstetric complication frequencies were not significantly different among levothyroxine users. Significant changes in placental function markers have been observed in euthyroid levothyroxine-using pregnant women during the first trimester. However, the frequency of obstetric complications does not appear to be dose dependent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gökhan Tosun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Buca Maternity and Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Semir Kose
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Perinatology, Buca Maternity and Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Banu İşbilen Başok
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Sabahattin Altunyurt
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Perinatology, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Ruis MT, Rock KD, Hall SM, Horman B, Patisaul HB, Stapleton HM. PBDEs Concentrate in the Fetal Portion of the Placenta: Implications for Thyroid Hormone Dysregulation. Endocrinology 2019; 160:2748-2758. [PMID: 31555822 PMCID: PMC6821203 DOI: 10.1210/en.2019-00463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
During pregnancy, the supply of thyroid hormone (TH) to the fetus is critically important for fetal growth, neural development, metabolism, and maintenance of pregnancy. Additionally, in cases where maternal and placental TH regulation is significantly altered, there is an increased risk of several adverse pregnancy outcomes. It is unclear what may be disrupting placental TH regulation; however, studies suggest that environmental contaminants, such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), could be playing a role. In this study, Wistar rats were gestationally exposed to a mixture of PBDEs for 10 days. THs and PBDEs were quantified in paired maternal serum, dissected placenta, and fetuses, and mRNA expression of transporters in the placenta was assessed. Significantly higher concentrations of PBDEs were observed in the fetal portion of the placenta compared with the maternal side, suggesting that PBDEs are actively transported across the interface. PBDEs were also quantified in 10 recently collected human maternal and fetal placental tissues; trends paralleled observations in the rat model. We also observed an effect of PBDEs on T3 levels in dam serum, as well as suggestive changes in the T3 levels of the placenta and fetus that varied by fetal sex. mRNA expression in the placenta also significantly varied by fetal sex and dose. These observations suggest the placenta is a significant modifier of fetal exposures, and that PBDEs are impacting TH regulation in a sex-specific manner during this critical window of development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Ruis
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Levine Science Research Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Kylie D Rock
- Department of Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Samantha M Hall
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Levine Science Research Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Brian Horman
- Department of Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Heather B Patisaul
- Department of Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Heather M Stapleton
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Levine Science Research Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
- Children’s Health Discovery Initiative, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
- Correspondence: Heather M. Stapleton, PhD, 9 Circuit Drive, Box 90328, Durham, North Carolina 27708. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Liu L, Liu X. Contributions of Drug Transporters to Blood-Placental Barrier. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1141:505-548. [PMID: 31571173 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-7647-4_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The placenta is the only organ linking two different individuals, mother and fetus, termed as blood-placental barrier. The functions of the blood-placental barrier are to regulate material transfer between the maternal and fetal circulation. The main functional units are the chorionic villi within which fetal blood is separated by only three or four cell layers (placental membrane) from maternal blood in the surrounding intervillous space. A series of drug transporters such as P-glycoprotein (P-GP), breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRP1, MRP2, MRP3, MRP4, and MRP5), organic anion-transporting polypeptides (OATP4A1, OATP1A2, OATP1B3, and OATP3A1), organic anion transporter 4 (OAT4), organic cation transporter 3 (OCT3), organic cation/carnitine transporters (OCTN1 and OCTN2), multidrug and toxin extrusion 1 (MATE1), and equilibrative nucleoside transporters (ENT1 and ENT2) have been demonstrated on the apical membrane of syncytiotrophoblast, some of which also expressed on the basolateral membrane of syncytiotrophoblast or fetal capillary endothelium. These transporters are involved in transport of most drugs in the placenta, in turn, affecting drug distribution in fetus. Moreover, expressions of these transporters in the placenta often vary along with the gestational ages and are also affected by pathophysiological factor. This chapter will mainly illustrate function and expression of these transporters in placentas, their contribution to drug distribution in fetus, and their clinical significance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Eerdekens A, Langouche L, Van den Berghe G, Verhaeghe J, Naulaers G, Vanhole C. Review shows that thyroid hormone substitution could benefit transient hypothyroxinaemia of prematurity but treatment strategies need to be clarified. Acta Paediatr 2019; 108:792-805. [PMID: 30537292 DOI: 10.1111/apa.14685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
AIM Thyroid hormones are crucial for foetal and neonatal brain development. This paper provides an overview of the normal role of thyroid hormones in foetal brain development and the pathophysiology of transient hypothyroxinaemia of prematurity (THOP). It also discusses the diagnostic and therapeutic controversies around THOP and looks at directions for future research. METHODS We used the PubMed and Embase databases to identify papers published in English from 1969 to June 2018. This identified 20 papers about the impact of THOP on neurodevelopment and seven randomised controlled trials about therapeutic approaches from 1981-2016. RESULTS THOP has been researched for more than three decades. The impact of temporarily low thyroxine levels, without any increase in pituitary-secreted thyroid-stimulating hormone at a critical timeframe in an infant's brain development, is still debated. Heterogeneity in THOP definitions, difficulties with thyroid hormone assessment, identifying patients at risk and a clear lack of sufficiently powered studies add to the current controversy. There are indications that thyroid hormone substitution might be useful in extremely low gestational age neonates with THOP. CONCLUSION Some preterm infants could benefit from THOP treatment, but more studies are needed to clarify further treatment strategies, including the optimal timing of initiation and duration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- An Eerdekens
- Department of Neonatology University Hospitals Leuven KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Lies Langouche
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine Clinical Division and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Greet Van den Berghe
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine Clinical Division and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Johan Verhaeghe
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology University Hospitals Leuven KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Gunnar Naulaers
- Department of Neonatology University Hospitals Leuven KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Christine Vanhole
- Department of Neonatology University Hospitals Leuven KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Li AA, Makris SL, Marty MS, Strauss V, Gilbert ME, Blacker A, Zorrilla LM, Coder PS, Hannas B, Lordi S, Schneider S. Practical considerations for developmental thyroid toxicity assessments: What's working, what's not, and how can we do better? Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 106:111-136. [PMID: 31018155 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs; T3 and T4) play a role in development of cardiovascular, reproductive, immune and nervous systems. Thus, interpretation of TH changes from rodent studies (during pregnancy, in fetuses, neonates, and adults) is critical in hazard characterization and risk assessment. A roundtable session at the 2017 Society of Toxicology (SOT) meeting brought together academic, industry and government scientists to share knowledge and different perspectives on technical and data interpretation issues. Data from a limited group of laboratories were compiled for technical discussions on TH measurements, including good practices for reliable serum TH data. Inter-laboratory historical control data, derived from immunoassays or mass spectrometry methods, revealed: 1) assay sensitivities vary within and across methodologies; 2) TH variability is similar across animal ages; 3) laboratories generally achieve sufficiently sensitive TH quantitation levels, although issues remain for lower levels of serum TH and TSH in fetuses and postnatal day 4 pups; thus, assay sensitivity is critical at these life stages. Best practices require detailed validation of rat serum TH measurements across ages to establish assay sensitivity and precision, and identify potential matrix effects. Finally, issues related to data interpretation for biological understanding and risk assessment were discussed, but their resolution remains elusive.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abby A Li
- Exponent Inc., 1010 14th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94114, USA.
| | - Susan L Makris
- US Environmental Protection Agency Office of Research and Development, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave NW 8623R, Washington, DC, 20460, USA.
| | - M Sue Marty
- The Dow Chemical Company, Toxicology & Environmental Research and Consulting, 1803 Building, Midland, MI, 48674, USA.
| | - Volker Strauss
- BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany.
| | - Mary E Gilbert
- US Environmental Protection Agency, National Health Environmental Effects Research Lab, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, MD B105 05, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA.
| | - Ann Blacker
- Bayer CropScience, P.O. Box 12014, RTP, NC, 27709, USA.
| | | | - Pragati S Coder
- Charles River Laboratories, Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology, 1407 George Road, Ashland, OH, 44805, USA.
| | - Bethany Hannas
- The Dow Chemical Company, Toxicology & Environmental Research and Consulting, 1803 Building, Midland, MI, 48674, USA.
| | - Sheri Lordi
- Charles River Laboratories International, 251 Ballardvale Street, Wilmington, MA, 01887, USA.
| | - Steffen Schneider
- BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Eerdekens A, Verhaeghe J, Darras V, Naulaers G, Van den Berghe G, Langouche L, Vanhole C. The placenta in fetal thyroid hormone delivery: from normal physiology to adaptive mechanisms in complicated pregnancies. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2019; 33:3857-3866. [PMID: 30821546 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2019.1586875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Context: Thyroid hormones are indispensable for normal fetal development. Since the fetus depends to a large extent on maternal thyroid hormone supply through the placenta, this challenges maternal thyroid economy. Several molecular mechanisms are involved in placental thyroid hormone transport and metabolism. Chronic pregnancy complications, associated with utero-placental hypoxia, trigger the development of accelerated placental maturation in order to improve fetal-placental exchange to strengthen the offspring's chance of survival. This review provides an overview of normal maternal-fetal thyroid hormone supply and explores the presence of placental adaptive mechanisms in complicated pregnancies with chronical utero-placental hypoxia to improve the thyroid hormone supply to the fetus under pressure, to end with reflections about the long term health consequences.Evidence acquisition: This work is based on a comprehensive literature review of the PubMed and Embase database, including relevant articles from 1969 to June 2018.Conclusions: The placenta is actively involved in fetal thyroid hormone delivery through a combination of stimulatory and inhibitory mechanisms. Parallel with histological adaptations to improve transplacental fetal-maternal exchange, there are indications of placental adaptive mechanisms in thyroid hormone transport and metabolism in case of complicated pregnancies, from animal models and in-vitro experiments. Evidence from human in-vivo studies is limited due to heterogeneity in study populations, small study samples, and technical limitations. Further research is necessary to reveal the role of the placenta in pathological circumstances. The placenta might thus be considered as the infants' black box of pregnancy. Results will contribute to more insights in the concept of fetal programming, which lays the foundations of optimum health, growth, and neurodevelopment across the lifespan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- An Eerdekens
- Neonatology, Universitaire Ziekenhuizen Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Verhaeghe
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Universitaire Ziekenhuizen Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Veerle Darras
- Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gunnar Naulaers
- Department of Neonatology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Lies Langouche
- Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Catholic University Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christine Vanhole
- Department of Neonatology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Darras VM. The Role of Maternal Thyroid Hormones in Avian Embryonic Development. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:66. [PMID: 30800099 PMCID: PMC6375826 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
During avian embryonic development, thyroid hormones (THs) coordinate the expression of a multitude of genes thereby ensuring that the correct sequence of cell proliferation, differentiation and maturation is followed in each tissue and organ. Although THs are needed from the start of development, the embryonic thyroid gland only matures around mid-incubation in precocial birds and around hatching in altricial species. Therefore, maternal THs deposited in the egg yolk play an essential role in embryonic development. They are taken up by the embryo throughout its development, from the first day till hatching, and expression of TH regulators such as distributor proteins, transporters, and deiodinases in the yolk sac membrane provide the tools for selective metabolism and transport starting from this level. TH receptors and regulators of local TH availability are expressed in avian embryos in a dynamic and tissue/cell-specific pattern from the first stages studied, as shown in detail in chicken. Maternal hyperthyroidism via TH supplementation as well as injection of THs into the egg yolk increase TH content in embryonic tissues while induction of maternal hypothyroidism by goitrogen treatment results in a decrease. Both increase and decrease of maternal TH availability were shown to alter gene expression in early chicken embryos. Knockdown of the specific TH transporter monocarboxylate transporter 8 at early stages in chicken cerebellum, optic tectum, or retina allowed to reduce local TH availability, interfering with gene expression and confirming that development of the central nervous system (CNS) is highly dependent on maternal THs. While some of the effects on cell proliferation, migration and differentiation seem to be transient, others result in persistent defects in CNS structure. In addition, a number of studies in both precocial and altricial birds showed that injection of THs into the yolk at the start of incubation influences a number of parameters in posthatch performance and fitness. In conclusion, the data presently available clearly indicate that maternal THs play an important role in avian embryonic development, but how exactly their influence on cellular and molecular processes in the embryo is linked to posthatch fitness needs to be further explored.
Collapse
|
33
|
Berveiller P, Mir O, Degrelle SA, Tsatsaris V, Selleret L, Guibourdenche J, Evain-Brion D, Fournier T, Gil S. Chemotherapy in pregnancy: exploratory study of the effects of paclitaxel on the expression of placental drug transporters. Invest New Drugs 2018; 37:1075-1085. [PMID: 30367323 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-018-0677-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Introduction The use of paclitaxel in pregnant cancer patients is feasible in terms of fetal safety, but little is known about the effects of paclitaxel on the placenta. Using three experimental models, we aimed to assess the effects of paclitaxel on the expression of placental drug transporters. Methods In the in vitro model (human primary trophoblast culture), trophoblasts were isolated from normal term placentas and subsequently exposed to paclitaxel. The transcriptional regulation of 84 genes encoding for drug transporters, and the protein expression of ABCB1/P-gp and ABCG2/BCRP were assessed. In the in vivo model, placental tissues isolated from pregnant cancer patients treated with paclitaxel were analyzed to assess the protein expression of ABCB1/P-gp and ABCG2/BCRP. The same parameters were assessed in extracts from human placental cotyledons perfused ex vivo with paclitaxel. Results In the in vitro model, the expression of twelve drug-transporters genes was found to be significantly down-regulated after exposure to paclitaxel, including ABCC10, SLC28A3, SLC29A2, and ATP7B (involved in the transport of taxanes, antimetabolites, and cisplatin, respectively). The protein expression of ABCB1/P-gp increased by 1.3-fold after paclitaxel administration. Finally, the protein expression of ABCB1/P-gp and ABCG2/BCRP was higher in cotyledons from mothers treated with multiple doses of paclitaxel during pregnancy than in cotyledons perfused with a single dose of paclitaxel. Discussion Paclitaxel modulates the expression of placental drug transporters involved in the disposition of various anticancer agents. Further studies will be needed to assess the impact of repeated or prolonged exposure to paclitaxel on the expression and function of placental drug transporters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Berveiller
- INSERM, UMR-S1139, Paris, France.
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Poissy Saint Germain, 10, rue du champ Gaillard, F78300, Poissy, France.
| | - Olivier Mir
- Department of Cancer Medicine, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Séverine A Degrelle
- INSERM, UMR-S1139, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Vassilis Tsatsaris
- INSERM, UMR-S1139, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Department of Obstetrics, Port-Royal Maternity, Cochin Teaching Hospital, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
- PremUp Foundation, Paris, France
| | - Lise Selleret
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tenon Teaching Hospital, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Jean Guibourdenche
- Department of Hormonal Biology, Cochin Teaching Hospital, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Danièle Evain-Brion
- INSERM, UMR-S1139, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- PremUp Foundation, Paris, France
| | - Thierry Fournier
- INSERM, UMR-S1139, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- PremUp Foundation, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Gil
- INSERM, UMR-S1139, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- PremUp Foundation, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Eerdekens A, Langouche L, Güiza F, Verhaeghe J, Naulaers G, Vanhole C, Van den Berghe G. Maternal and placental responses before preterm birth: adaptations to increase fetal thyroid hormone availability? J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2018; 32:2746-2757. [DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2018.1449199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- An Eerdekens
- Department of Neonatology, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lies Langouche
- Clinical Division and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Fabian Güiza
- Clinical Division and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Verhaeghe
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gunnar Naulaers
- Department of Neonatology, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christine Vanhole
- Department of Neonatology, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Greet Van den Berghe
- Clinical Division and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Huang X, Anderle P, Hostettler L, Baumann MU, Surbek DV, Ontsouka EC, Albrecht C. Identification of placental nutrient transporters associated with intrauterine growth restriction and pre-eclampsia. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:173. [PMID: 29499643 PMCID: PMC5833046 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4518-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gestational disorders such as intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and pre-eclampsia (PE) are main causes of poor perinatal outcomes worldwide. Both diseases are related with impaired materno-fetal nutrient transfer, but the crucial transport mechanisms underlying IUGR and PE are not fully elucidated. In this study, we aimed to identify membrane transporters highly associated with transplacental nutrient deficiencies in IUGR/PE. Results In silico analyses on the identification of differentially expressed nutrient transporters were conducted using seven eligible microarray datasets (from Gene Expression Omnibus), encompassing control and IUGR/PE placental samples. Thereby 46 out of 434 genes were identified as potentially interesting targets. They are involved in the fetal provision with amino acids, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins and microelements. Targets of interest were clustered into a substrate-specific interaction network by using Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes. The subsequent wet-lab validation was performed using quantitative RT-PCR on placentas from clinically well-characterized IUGR/PE patients (IUGR, n = 8; PE, n = 5; PE+IUGR, n = 10) and controls (term, n = 13; preterm, n = 7), followed by 2D-hierarchical heatmap generation. Statistical evaluation using Kruskal-Wallis tests was then applied to detect significantly different expression patterns, while scatter plot analysis indicated which transporters were predominantly influenced by IUGR or PE, or equally affected by both diseases. Identified by both methods, three overlapping targets, SLC7A7, SLC38A5 (amino acid transporters), and ABCA1 (cholesterol transporter), were further investigated at the protein level by western blotting. Protein analyses in total placental tissue lysates and membrane fractions isolated from disease and control placentas indicated an altered functional activity of those three nutrient transporters in IUGR/PE. Conclusions Combining bioinformatic analysis, molecular biological experiments and mathematical diagramming, this study has demonstrated systematic alterations of nutrient transporter expressions in IUGR/PE. Among 46 initially targeted transporters, three significantly regulated genes were further investigated based on the severity and the disease specificity for IUGR and PE. Confirmed by mRNA and protein expression, the amino acid transporters SLC7A7 and SLC38A5 showed marked differences between controls and IUGR/PE and were regulated by both diseases. In contrast, ABCA1 may play an exclusive role in the development of PE. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-4518-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Huang
- Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Pascale Anderle
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics and HSeT Foundation, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Sitem-insel AG, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lu Hostettler
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marc U Baumann
- Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Daniel V Surbek
- Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Edgar C Ontsouka
- Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christiane Albrecht
- Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland. .,Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Barjaktarovic M, Korevaar TIM, Chaker L, Jaddoe VWV, de Rijke YB, Visser TJ, Steegers EAP, Peeters RP. The association of maternal thyroid function with placental hemodynamics. Hum Reprod 2018; 32:653-661. [PMID: 28130433 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dew357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION What is the clinical association of maternal thyroid function with placental hemodynamic function? SUMMARY ANSWER A higher free thyroxine (FT4) concentration in early pregnancy is associated with higher placental vascular resistance. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Suboptimal placental function is associated with preeclampsia (which, in turn, further deteriorates placental hemodynamics and impairs the fetal blood supply), fetal growth restriction and premature delivery. Studies have suggested that thyroid hormone (TH) has a role in placental development through effects on trophoblast proliferation and invasion. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION This study was embedded in The Generation R cohort, a population-based prospective study from early fetal life onwards in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. In total, 7069 mothers with expected delivery date between April 2002 and January 2006 were enrolled during early pregnancy. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHOD Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT4) concentrations were measured during early pregnancy (median 13.4 weeks, 95% range 9.7-17.6 weeks). Placental function was assessed by Doppler ultrasound via measurement of arterial vascular resistance, i.e. umbilical artery pulsatility index (PI) and uterine artery resistance index (RI) (both measured twice, between 18-25th and after 25th gestational weeks) and the presence of uterine artery notching (once after the 25th gestational week) in 5184 pregnant women. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE FT4 was positively linearly associated with umbilical artery PI in the second and third trimesters as well as with uterine artery RI in the second trimester and the risk of uterine artery notching in the third trimester (P < 0.05 for all). The association of thyroid function with preeclampsia and birth weight was partially mediated through changes in placental function, with the percentages of mediated effects being 10.4% and 12.5%, respectively. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION A potential limitation is the availability of only a single time point for TH measurements and different numbers of missing placental ultrasound measurements for the adverse outcomes. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS A higher FT4 concentration in early pregnancy is associated with higher vascular resistance in the second and third trimesters in both the maternal and fetal placental compartment. These effects on placental function might explain the association of FT4 with adverse pregnancy outcomes, including preeclampsia and fetal growth restriction. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This work was supported by a fellowship from ERAWEB, a project funded by the European Commission (to M.B.) and by clinical fellowship from The Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development (ZonMw), Project 90700412 (to R.P.P.). The authors have no conflict of interest. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER N/A.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Barjaktarovic
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Dr Molewaterplein 50, Room Ee 502a, 3015 GE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Rotterdam Thyroid Center, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - T I M Korevaar
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Dr Molewaterplein 50, Room Ee 502a, 3015 GE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Rotterdam Thyroid Center, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L Chaker
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Dr Molewaterplein 50, Room Ee 502a, 3015 GE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Rotterdam Thyroid Center, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - V W V Jaddoe
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Y B de Rijke
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Dr Molewaterplein 50, Room Ee 502a, 3015 GE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Chemistry, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - T J Visser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Dr Molewaterplein 50, Room Ee 502a, 3015 GE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Rotterdam Thyroid Center, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E A P Steegers
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R P Peeters
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Dr Molewaterplein 50, Room Ee 502a, 3015 GE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Rotterdam Thyroid Center, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Bienertová-Vašků J, Grulichová M, Mikeš O, Zlámal F, Pruša T, Pohořalá A, Andrýsková L, Pikhart H. Estimated dietary iodine intake as a predictor of placental size: evidence from the ELSPAC study. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2018; 15:5. [PMID: 29375646 PMCID: PMC5773185 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-018-0240-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The relationship between low iodine status and pregnancy-associated comorbidities has been known for decades. The relationship between iodine intake and placental pathologies is, however, far less clear. This study was designed to examine the relationship between dietary iodine intake and placental size while also focusing on typical adverse pregnancy outcomes. Method The dietary iodine intake of 4711 pregnant women enrolled in the Czech part of the European Longitudinal Study of Pregnancy and Childhood (ELSPAC) in 1990–1991 was established using a 145-item food frequency questionnaire. Multivariate linear regression models were used to estimate the relationship between dietary iodine intake during pregnancy and placental weight. Additional models were constructed to investigate the relationship between estimated dietary iodine intake and adverse birth outcomes. Results The estimated average iodine intake in the ELSPAC cohort was 106.6 μg/day. In the fully adjusted model, estimated dietary iodine intake was found to be significantly negatively associated with placental weight (β = −0.025, 95% CI: -0.044; −0.006, p = 0.011). Moreover, estimated dietary iodine intake was found to be significantly positively associated with the birth weight / placental weight ratio in the fully adjusted model (β = −0.024, 95% CI: 0.004; 0.043, p = 0.016). Conclusions This study provides evidence of a relationship between estimated dietary iodine intake and placental weight and the birth weight / placental weight ratio. Additional research is warranted to provide more insight into the role of iodine in early as well as late placentation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Bienertová-Vašků
- 1Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, building A29, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.,2Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, building A18, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Grulichová
- 2Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, building A18, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Mikeš
- 1Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, building A29, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Zlámal
- 1Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, building A29, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Pruša
- 1Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, building A29, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Aneta Pohořalá
- 1Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, building A29, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Andrýsková
- 1Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, building A29, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hynek Pikhart
- 1Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, building A29, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.,3Research Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, WC1E 6BT UK
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Landers K, Richard K. Traversing barriers - How thyroid hormones pass placental, blood-brain and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barriers. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 458:22-28. [PMID: 28153799 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone is essential for normal human fetal growth and brain development. As the fetal thyroid does not secrete thyroid hormones until about 18 weeks gestation, early fetal brain development depends on passage of maternal hormone across the placenta into the fetal circulation. To reach the fetal brain, maternally derived and endogenously produced thyroid hormone has to cross the blood-brain and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barriers. In this review we will discuss the complex biological barriers (involving membrane transporters, enzymes and distributor proteins) that must be overcome to ensure that the developing human brain has adequate exposure to thyroid hormone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Landers
- Conjoint Endocrine Laboratory, Chemical Pathology, Pathology Queensland, Queensland Health, Herston, Qld 4029, Australia
| | - Kerry Richard
- Conjoint Endocrine Laboratory, Chemical Pathology, Pathology Queensland, Queensland Health, Herston, Qld 4029, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, Qld 4029, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Qld 4000, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Simner C, Novakovic B, Lillycrop KA, Bell CG, Harvey NC, Cooper C, Saffery R, Lewis RM, Cleal JK. DNA methylation of amino acid transporter genes in the human placenta. Placenta 2017; 60:64-73. [PMID: 29208242 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Placental transfer of amino acids via amino acid transporters is essential for fetal growth. Little is known about the epigenetic regulation of amino acid transporters in placenta. This study investigates the DNA methylation status of amino acid transporters and their expression across gestation in human placenta. METHODS BeWo cells were treated with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine to inhibit methylation and assess the effects on amino acid transporter gene expression. The DNA methylation levels of amino acid transporter genes in human placenta were determined across gestation using DNA methylation array data. Placental amino acid transporter gene expression across gestation was also analysed using data from publically available Gene Expression Omnibus data sets. The expression levels of these transporters at term were established using RNA sequencing data. RESULTS Inhibition of DNA methylation in BeWo cells demonstrated that expression of specific amino acid transporters can be inversely associated with DNA methylation. Amino acid transporters expressed in term placenta generally showed low levels of promoter DNA methylation. Transporters with little or no expression in term placenta tended to be more highly methylated at gene promoter regions. The transporter genes SLC1A2, SLC1A3, SLC1A4, SLC7A5, SLC7A11 and SLC7A10 had significant changes in enhancer DNA methylation across gestation, as well as gene expression changes across gestation. CONCLUSION This study implicates DNA methylation in the regulation of amino acid transporter gene expression. However, in human placenta, DNA methylation of these genes remains low across gestation and does not always play an obvious role in regulating gene expression, despite clear evidence for differential expression as gestation proceeds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Simner
- The Institute of Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, UK
| | - B Novakovic
- Cancer and Disease Epigenetics, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital and Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - K A Lillycrop
- The Institute of Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, UK; Centre for Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - C G Bell
- The Institute of Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, UK; MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, UK
| | - N C Harvey
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, UK; NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton, University Hospital Southampton, NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - C Cooper
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, UK; NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton, University Hospital Southampton, NHS Foundation Trust, UK; NIHR Oxford Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, University of Oxford, UK
| | - R Saffery
- Cancer and Disease Epigenetics, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital and Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - R M Lewis
- The Institute of Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, UK
| | - J K Cleal
- The Institute of Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Korevaar TIM, Steegers EAP, Chaker L, Medici M, Jaddoe VWV, Visser TJ, de Rijke YB, Peeters RP. Thyroid Function and Premature Delivery in TPO Antibody-Negative Women: The Added Value of hCG. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 102:3360-3367. [PMID: 28911134 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2017-00846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) stimulates thyroid function during pregnancy. We recently showed that thyroid autoimmunity severely attenuated the thyroidal response to hCG stimulation and that this may underlie the higher risk of premature delivery in thyroperoxidase antibody (TPOAb)-positive women. We hypothesized that a lower thyroidal response to hCG stimulation in TPOAb-negative women is also associated with a higher risk of premature delivery and preterm premature rupture of membranes (pPROM). DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Thyrotropin (TSH), free thyroxine (FT4), and hCG concentrations were available in 5644 TPOAb-negative women from a prospective cohort. We tested for interaction between TSH or FT4 and hCG in linear regression models for duration of pregnancy and logistic regression models for premature delivery/pPROM. Accordingly, analyses were stratified per TSH percentile (TSH ≥ 85th percentile) and hCG per 10,000 IU/L. RESULTS Women with high TSH and low hCG concentrations did not have a higher risk of premature delivery or pPROM, with protective effect estimates. In contrast, women with a high TSH concentration despite a high hCG concentration had twofold to 10-fold higher risk of premature delivery (Pdifference = 0.022) and an up to fourfold higher risk of pPROM (Pdifference = 0.079). hCG concentrations were not associated with premature delivery or pPROM. CONCLUSION In TPOAb-negative women with high-normal TSH concentrations, only women with high hCG concentrations had a higher risk of premature delivery or pPROM. These results suggest a lower thyroidal response to hCG stimulation is also associated with premature delivery in TPOAb-negative women and that an additional measurement of hCG may improve thyroid-related risk assessments during pregnancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tim I M Korevaar
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center and/or Sophia Children's Hospital, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eric A P Steegers
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Erasmus Medical Center and/or Sophia Children's Hospital, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Layal Chaker
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marco Medici
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center and/or Sophia Children's Hospital, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent W V Jaddoe
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center and/or Sophia Children's Hospital, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center and/or Sophia Children's Hospital, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Theo J Visser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yolanda B de Rijke
- Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robin P Peeters
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Geyer J, Bakhaus K, Bernhardt R, Blaschka C, Dezhkam Y, Fietz D, Grosser G, Hartmann K, Hartmann MF, Neunzig J, Papadopoulos D, Sánchez-Guijo A, Scheiner-Bobis G, Schuler G, Shihan M, Wrenzycki C, Wudy SA, Bergmann M. The role of sulfated steroid hormones in reproductive processes. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 172:207-221. [PMID: 27392637 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Sulfated steroid hormones, such as dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate or estrone-3-sulfate, have long been regarded as inactive metabolites as they cannot activate classical steroid receptors. Some of them are present in the blood circulation at quite high concentrations, but generally sulfated steroids exhibit low membrane permeation due to their hydrophilic properties. However, sulfated steroid hormones can actively be imported into specific target cells via uptake carriers, such as the sodium-dependent organic anion transporter SOAT, and, after hydrolysis by the steroid sulfatase (so-called sulfatase pathway), contribute to the overall regulation of steroid responsive organs. To investigate the biological significance of sulfated steroid hormones for reproductive processes in humans and animals, the research group "Sulfated Steroids in Reproduction" was established by the German Research Foundation DFG (FOR1369). Projects of this group deal with transport of sulfated steroids, sulfation of free steroids, desulfation by the steroid sulfatase, effects of sulfated steroids on steroid biosynthesis and membrane receptors as well as MS-based profiling of sulfated steroids in biological samples. This review and concept paper presents key findings from all these projects and provides a broad overview over the current research on sulfated steroid hormones in the field of reproduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Geyer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Katharina Bakhaus
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Rita Bernhardt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Carina Blaschka
- Veterinary Clinic for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Andrology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Yaser Dezhkam
- Veterinary Clinic for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Andrology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Daniela Fietz
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Gary Grosser
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Katja Hartmann
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Michaela F Hartmann
- Steroid Research & Mass Spectrometry Unit, Laboratory for Translational Hormone Analytics, Pediatric Endocrinology & Diabetology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jens Neunzig
- Institute of Biochemistry, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Dimitrios Papadopoulos
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Alberto Sánchez-Guijo
- Steroid Research & Mass Spectrometry Unit, Laboratory for Translational Hormone Analytics, Pediatric Endocrinology & Diabetology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Georgios Scheiner-Bobis
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Gerhard Schuler
- Veterinary Clinic for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Andrology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Mazen Shihan
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christine Wrenzycki
- Veterinary Clinic for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Andrology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Stefan A Wudy
- Steroid Research & Mass Spectrometry Unit, Laboratory for Translational Hormone Analytics, Pediatric Endocrinology & Diabetology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Martin Bergmann
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Murray M, Zhou F. Trafficking and other regulatory mechanisms for organic anion transporting polypeptides and organic anion transporters that modulate cellular drug and xenobiotic influx and that are dysregulated in disease. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:1908-1924. [PMID: 28299773 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic anion transporters (OATs) and organic anion-transporting polypeptides (OATPs), encoded by a number of solute carrier (SLC)22A and SLC organic anion (SLCO) genes, mediate the absorption and distribution of drugs and other xenobiotics. The regulation of OATs and OATPs is complex, comprising both transcriptional and post-translational mechanisms. Plasma membrane expression is required for cellular substrate influx by OATs/OATPs. Thus, interest in post-translational regulatory processes, including membrane targeting, endocytosis, recycling and degradation of transporter proteins, is increasing because these are critical for plasma membrane expression. After being synthesized, transporters undergo N-glycosylation in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus and are delivered to the plasma membrane by vesicular transport. Their expression at the cell surface is maintained by de novo synthesis and recycling, which occurs after clathrin- and/or caveolin-dependent endocytosis of existing protein. Several studies have shown that phosphorylation by signalling kinases is important for the internalization and recycling processes, although the transporter protein does not appear to be directly phosphorylated. After internalization, transporters that are targeted for degradation undergo ubiquitination, most likely on intracellular loop residues. Epigenetic mechanisms, including methylation of gene regulatory regions and transcription from alternate promoters, are also significant in the regulation of certain SLC22A/SLCO genes. The membrane expression of OATs/OATPs is dysregulated in disease, which affects drug efficacy and detoxification. Several transporters are expressed in the cytoplasmic subcompartment in disease states, which suggests that membrane targeting/internalization/recycling may be impaired. This article focuses on recent developments in OAT and OATP regulation, their dysregulation in disease and the significance for drug therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Murray
- Pharmacogenomics and Drug Development Group, Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Fanfan Zhou
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Walker N, Filis P, Soffientini U, Bellingham M, O’Shaughnessy PJ, Fowler PA. Placental transporter localization and expression in the Human: the importance of species, sex, and gestational age differences†. Biol Reprod 2017; 96:733-742. [PMID: 28339967 PMCID: PMC5441296 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/iox012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The placenta is a critical organ during pregnancy, essential for the provision of an optimal intrauterine environment, with fetal survival, growth, and development relying on correct placental function. It must allow nutritional compounds and relevant hormones to pass into the fetal bloodstream and metabolic waste products to be cleared. It also acts as a semipermeable barrier to potentially harmful chemicals, both endogenous and exogenous. Transporter proteins allow for bidirectional transport and are found in the syncytiotrophoblast of the placenta and endothelium of fetal capillaries. The major transporter families in the human placenta are ATP-binding cassette (ABC) and solute carrier (SLC), and insufficiency of these transporters may lead to deleterious effects on the fetus. Transporter expression levels are gestation-dependent and this is of considerable clinical interest as levels of drug resistance may be altered from one trimester to the next. This highlights the importance of these transporters in mediating correct and timely transplacental passage of essential compounds but also for efflux of potentially toxic drugs and xenobiotics. We review the current literature on placental molecular transporters with respect to their localization and ontogeny, the influence of fetal sex, and the relevance of animal models. We conclude that a paucity of information exists, and further studies are required to unlock the enigma of this dynamic organ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Walker
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Panagiotis Filis
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Ugo Soffientini
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Michelle Bellingham
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Peter J O’Shaughnessy
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Paul A Fowler
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Visser TJ. Thyroid hormone transport across the placenta. ANNALES D'ENDOCRINOLOGIE 2016; 77:680-683. [PMID: 27659266 DOI: 10.1016/j.ando.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Theo J Visser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Casarini L, Brigante G, Simoni M, Santi D. Clinical Applications of Gonadotropins in the Female: Assisted Reproduction and Beyond. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2016; 143:85-119. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
46
|
Mueller JW, Gilligan LC, Idkowiak J, Arlt W, Foster PA. The Regulation of Steroid Action by Sulfation and Desulfation. Endocr Rev 2015; 36:526-63. [PMID: 26213785 PMCID: PMC4591525 DOI: 10.1210/er.2015-1036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Steroid sulfation and desulfation are fundamental pathways vital for a functional vertebrate endocrine system. After biosynthesis, hydrophobic steroids are sulfated to expedite circulatory transit. Target cells express transmembrane organic anion-transporting polypeptides that facilitate cellular uptake of sulfated steroids. Once intracellular, sulfatases hydrolyze these steroid sulfate esters to their unconjugated, and usually active, forms. Because most steroids can be sulfated, including cholesterol, pregnenolone, dehydroepiandrosterone, and estrone, understanding the function, tissue distribution, and regulation of sulfation and desulfation processes provides significant insights into normal endocrine function. Not surprisingly, dysregulation of these pathways is associated with numerous pathologies, including steroid-dependent cancers, polycystic ovary syndrome, and X-linked ichthyosis. Here we provide a comprehensive examination of our current knowledge of endocrine-related sulfation and desulfation pathways. We describe the interplay between sulfatases and sulfotransferases, showing how their expression and regulation influences steroid action. Furthermore, we address the role that organic anion-transporting polypeptides play in regulating intracellular steroid concentrations and how their expression patterns influence many pathologies, especially cancer. Finally, the recent advances in pharmacologically targeting steroidogenic pathways will be examined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan W Mueller
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Lorna C Gilligan
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Idkowiak
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Wiebke Arlt
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Paul A Foster
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Wong CT, Wais J, Crawford DA. Prenatal exposure to common environmental factors affects brain lipids and increases risk of developing autism spectrum disorders. Eur J Neurosci 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christine T. Wong
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science; York University; Toronto ON Canada M3J 1P3
- Neuroscience Graduate Diploma Program; York University; Toronto ON Canada M3J 1P3
| | - Joshua Wais
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science; York University; Toronto ON Canada M3J 1P3
| | - Dorota A. Crawford
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science; York University; Toronto ON Canada M3J 1P3
- Neuroscience Graduate Diploma Program; York University; Toronto ON Canada M3J 1P3
- Department of Biology; York University; Toronto ON Canada M3J 1P3
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Brabant G, Peeters RP, Chan SY, Bernal J, Bouchard P, Salvatore D, Boelaert K, Laurberg P. Management of subclinical hypothyroidism in pregnancy: are we too simplistic? Eur J Endocrinol 2015; 173:P1-P11. [PMID: 25650404 DOI: 10.1530/eje-14-1005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Guideline advice of many societies on the management of subclinical hypothyroidism in pregnancy suggests treatment when TSH serum levels exceed 2.5 mU/l. Justification of this procedure is based on limited experience, mainly from studies carried out in patients with positive thyroid-specific antibodies and higher TSH levels that classically define the condition in the non-pregnant state. Taking into account a lack of clear understanding of the regulation of thyroid hormone transport through the utero-placental unit and in the absence of foetal markers to monitor the adequacy of thyroxine treatment, this review attempts to discuss currently available data and suggests a more cautious approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georg Brabant
- Experimental and Clinical EndocrinologyUniversity of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lübeck, GermanyDepartment of EndocrinologyUniversity of Manchester, Manchester, UKDepartment of Internal MedicineRotterdam Thyroid Center, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of Obstetrics and GynaecologyNational University of Singapore, Singapore, SingaporeInstituto de Investigaciones BiomedicasConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas and Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, SpainCenter for Biomedical Research on Rare DiseasesMadrid, SpainPierre et Marie Curie UniversityParis, FranceDepartment of Clinical Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of Naples 'Federico II', Naples 80131, ItalyCollege of Medical and Dental SciencesInstitute for Biomedical Research, Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Level 2, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UKDepartment of EndocrinologyInstitute of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark Experimental and Clinical EndocrinologyUniversity of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lübeck, GermanyDepartment of EndocrinologyUniversity of Manchester, Manchester, UKDepartment of Internal MedicineRotterdam Thyroid Center, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of Obstetrics and GynaecologyNational University of Singapore, Singapore, SingaporeInstituto de Investigaciones BiomedicasConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas and Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, SpainCenter for Biomedical Research on Rare DiseasesMadrid, SpainPierre et Marie Curie UniversityParis, FranceDepartment of Clinical Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of Naples 'Federico II', Naples 80131, ItalyCollege of Medical and Dental SciencesInstitute for Biomedical Research, Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Level 2, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UKDepartment of EndocrinologyInstitute of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University Hos
| | - Robin P Peeters
- Experimental and Clinical EndocrinologyUniversity of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lübeck, GermanyDepartment of EndocrinologyUniversity of Manchester, Manchester, UKDepartment of Internal MedicineRotterdam Thyroid Center, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of Obstetrics and GynaecologyNational University of Singapore, Singapore, SingaporeInstituto de Investigaciones BiomedicasConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas and Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, SpainCenter for Biomedical Research on Rare DiseasesMadrid, SpainPierre et Marie Curie UniversityParis, FranceDepartment of Clinical Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of Naples 'Federico II', Naples 80131, ItalyCollege of Medical and Dental SciencesInstitute for Biomedical Research, Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Level 2, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UKDepartment of EndocrinologyInstitute of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Shiao Y Chan
- Experimental and Clinical EndocrinologyUniversity of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lübeck, GermanyDepartment of EndocrinologyUniversity of Manchester, Manchester, UKDepartment of Internal MedicineRotterdam Thyroid Center, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of Obstetrics and GynaecologyNational University of Singapore, Singapore, SingaporeInstituto de Investigaciones BiomedicasConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas and Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, SpainCenter for Biomedical Research on Rare DiseasesMadrid, SpainPierre et Marie Curie UniversityParis, FranceDepartment of Clinical Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of Naples 'Federico II', Naples 80131, ItalyCollege of Medical and Dental SciencesInstitute for Biomedical Research, Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Level 2, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UKDepartment of EndocrinologyInstitute of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Juan Bernal
- Experimental and Clinical EndocrinologyUniversity of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lübeck, GermanyDepartment of EndocrinologyUniversity of Manchester, Manchester, UKDepartment of Internal MedicineRotterdam Thyroid Center, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of Obstetrics and GynaecologyNational University of Singapore, Singapore, SingaporeInstituto de Investigaciones BiomedicasConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas and Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, SpainCenter for Biomedical Research on Rare DiseasesMadrid, SpainPierre et Marie Curie UniversityParis, FranceDepartment of Clinical Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of Naples 'Federico II', Naples 80131, ItalyCollege of Medical and Dental SciencesInstitute for Biomedical Research, Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Level 2, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UKDepartment of EndocrinologyInstitute of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark Experimental and Clinical EndocrinologyUniversity of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lübeck, GermanyDepartment of EndocrinologyUniversity of Manchester, Manchester, UKDepartment of Internal MedicineRotterdam Thyroid Center, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of Obstetrics and GynaecologyNational University of Singapore, Singapore, SingaporeInstituto de Investigaciones BiomedicasConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas and Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, SpainCenter for Biomedical Research on Rare DiseasesMadrid, SpainPierre et Marie Curie UniversityParis, FranceDepartment of Clinical Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of Naples 'Federico II', Naples 80131, ItalyCollege of Medical and Dental SciencesInstitute for Biomedical Research, Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Level 2, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UKDepartment of EndocrinologyInstitute of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University Hos
| | - Philippe Bouchard
- Experimental and Clinical EndocrinologyUniversity of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lübeck, GermanyDepartment of EndocrinologyUniversity of Manchester, Manchester, UKDepartment of Internal MedicineRotterdam Thyroid Center, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of Obstetrics and GynaecologyNational University of Singapore, Singapore, SingaporeInstituto de Investigaciones BiomedicasConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas and Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, SpainCenter for Biomedical Research on Rare DiseasesMadrid, SpainPierre et Marie Curie UniversityParis, FranceDepartment of Clinical Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of Naples 'Federico II', Naples 80131, ItalyCollege of Medical and Dental SciencesInstitute for Biomedical Research, Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Level 2, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UKDepartment of EndocrinologyInstitute of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Domenico Salvatore
- Experimental and Clinical EndocrinologyUniversity of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lübeck, GermanyDepartment of EndocrinologyUniversity of Manchester, Manchester, UKDepartment of Internal MedicineRotterdam Thyroid Center, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of Obstetrics and GynaecologyNational University of Singapore, Singapore, SingaporeInstituto de Investigaciones BiomedicasConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas and Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, SpainCenter for Biomedical Research on Rare DiseasesMadrid, SpainPierre et Marie Curie UniversityParis, FranceDepartment of Clinical Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of Naples 'Federico II', Naples 80131, ItalyCollege of Medical and Dental SciencesInstitute for Biomedical Research, Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Level 2, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UKDepartment of EndocrinologyInstitute of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Kristien Boelaert
- Experimental and Clinical EndocrinologyUniversity of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lübeck, GermanyDepartment of EndocrinologyUniversity of Manchester, Manchester, UKDepartment of Internal MedicineRotterdam Thyroid Center, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of Obstetrics and GynaecologyNational University of Singapore, Singapore, SingaporeInstituto de Investigaciones BiomedicasConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas and Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, SpainCenter for Biomedical Research on Rare DiseasesMadrid, SpainPierre et Marie Curie UniversityParis, FranceDepartment of Clinical Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of Naples 'Federico II', Naples 80131, ItalyCollege of Medical and Dental SciencesInstitute for Biomedical Research, Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Level 2, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UKDepartment of EndocrinologyInstitute of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Peter Laurberg
- Experimental and Clinical EndocrinologyUniversity of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lübeck, GermanyDepartment of EndocrinologyUniversity of Manchester, Manchester, UKDepartment of Internal MedicineRotterdam Thyroid Center, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of Obstetrics and GynaecologyNational University of Singapore, Singapore, SingaporeInstituto de Investigaciones BiomedicasConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas and Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, SpainCenter for Biomedical Research on Rare DiseasesMadrid, SpainPierre et Marie Curie UniversityParis, FranceDepartment of Clinical Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of Naples 'Federico II', Naples 80131, ItalyCollege of Medical and Dental SciencesInstitute for Biomedical Research, Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Level 2, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UKDepartment of EndocrinologyInstitute of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Maternal bacterial infections impact expression of drug transporters in human placenta. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 26:349-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
50
|
Berveiller P, Degrelle S, Segond N, Cohen H, Evain-Brion D, Gil S. Drug transporter expression during in vitro differentiation of first-trimester and term human villous trophoblasts. Placenta 2015; 36:93-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|