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Ma LH, Li S, Jiao XH, Li ZY, Zhou Y, Zhou CR, Zhou CH, Zheng H, Wu YQ. BLA-involved circuits in neuropsychiatric disorders. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 99:102363. [PMID: 38838785 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
The basolateral amygdala (BLA) is the subregion of the amygdala located in the medial of the temporal lobe, which is connected with a wide range of brain regions to achieve diverse functions. Recently, an increasing number of studies have focused on the participation of the BLA in many neuropsychiatric disorders from the neural circuit perspective, aided by the rapid development of viral tracing methods and increasingly specific neural modulation technologies. However, how to translate this circuit-level preclinical intervention into clinical treatment using noninvasive or minor invasive manipulations to benefit patients struggling with neuropsychiatric disorders is still an inevitable question to be considered. In this review, we summarized the role of BLA-involved circuits in neuropsychiatric disorders including Alzheimer's disease, perioperative neurocognitive disorders, schizophrenia, anxiety disorders, depressive disorders, posttraumatic stress disorders, autism spectrum disorders, and pain-associative affective states and cognitive dysfunctions. Additionally, we provide insights into future directions and challenges for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Hui Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Shuai Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Xin-Hao Jiao
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Narcotic and Psychotropic Drugs, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Zi-Yi Li
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Narcotic and Psychotropic Drugs, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Yue Zhou
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Narcotic and Psychotropic Drugs, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Chen-Rui Zhou
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Narcotic and Psychotropic Drugs, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Cheng-Hua Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China.
| | - Hui Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China.
| | - Yu-Qing Wu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Narcotic and Psychotropic Drugs, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China.
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2
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Woodward EM, Ringland A, Ackerman J, Coutellier L. Prepubertal ovariectomy confers resilience to stress-induced anxiety in adult female mice. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2023; 148:105997. [PMID: 36470154 PMCID: PMC9898172 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2022.105997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The increased vulnerability to stress-induced neuropsychiatric disorders in women, including anxiety disorders, does not emerge until pubertal onset, suggesting a role for ovarian hormones in organizing sex-specific vulnerability to anxiety. Parvalbumin (PV) interneurons in the prefrontal cortex are a potential target for these ovarian hormones. PV+ interneurons undergo maturation during the adolescent period and have been shown to be sensitive to stress and to mediate stress-induced anxiety in female mice. To test the idea that ovarian hormones at puberty are necessary for the acquisition of sensitivity to stress, hypothetically driving the response of PV+ interneurons to stress, we performed ovariectomy or sham surgery before pubertal onset in female mice. These mice then were exposed to four weeks of unpredictable chronic mild stress in adulthood. We then assessed anxiety-like behavior and PV/FosB colocalization in the medial PFC. Additionally, we assessed stress-induced anxiety-like behavior in female mice following ovariectomy in adulthood to determine if puberty is a sensitive period for ovarian hormones in mediating vulnerability to stress. We found that prepubertal ovariectomy protects against the development of anxiety-like behavior in adulthood, an effect not found following ovariectomy in adulthood. This effect may be independent of ovarian hormones on prefrontal PV+ interneurons response to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma M Woodward
- Department of Neuroscience, Ohio State University, 255 Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research Building, 460 Medical Center Drive, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Amanda Ringland
- Department of Neuroscience, Ohio State University, 255 Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research Building, 460 Medical Center Drive, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Psychology, Ohio State University, 1835 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Jennifer Ackerman
- Department of Neuroscience, Ohio State University, 255 Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research Building, 460 Medical Center Drive, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Psychology, Ohio State University, 1835 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Laurence Coutellier
- Department of Neuroscience, Ohio State University, 255 Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research Building, 460 Medical Center Drive, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Psychology, Ohio State University, 1835 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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3
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Moretti J, Terstege DJ, Poh EZ, Epp JR, Rodger J. Low intensity repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation modulates brain-wide functional connectivity to promote anti-correlated c-Fos expression. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20571. [PMID: 36446821 PMCID: PMC9708643 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24934-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) induces action potentials to induce plastic changes in the brain with increasing evidence for the therapeutic importance of brain-wide functional network effects of rTMS; however, the influence of sub-action potential threshold (low-intensity; LI-) rTMS on neuronal activity is largely unknown. We investigated whether LI-rTMS modulates neuronal activity and functional connectivity and also specifically assessed modulation of parvalbumin interneuron activity. We conducted a brain-wide analysis of c-Fos, a marker for neuronal activity, in mice that received LI-rTMS to visual cortex. Mice received single or multiple sessions of excitatory 10 Hz LI-rTMS with custom rodent coils or were sham controls. We assessed changes to c-Fos positive cell densities and c-Fos/parvalbumin co-expression. Peak c-Fos expression corresponded with activity during rTMS. We also assessed functional connectivity changes using brain-wide c-Fos-based network analysis. LI-rTMS modulated c-Fos expression in cortical and subcortical regions. c-Fos density changes were most prevalent with acute stimulation, however chronic stimulation decreased parvalbumin interneuron activity, most prominently in the amygdala and striatum. LI-rTMS also increased anti-correlated functional connectivity, with the most prominent effects also in the amygdala and striatum following chronic stimulation. LI-rTMS induces changes in c-Fos expression that suggest modulation of neuronal activity and functional connectivity throughout the brain. Our results suggest that LI-rTMS promotes anticorrelated functional connectivity, possibly due to decreased parvalbumin interneuron activation induced by chronic stimulation. These changes may underpin therapeutic rTMS effects, therefore modulation of subcortical activity supports rTMS for treatment of disorders involving subcortical dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Moretti
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Perth, WA, Australia.
| | - Dylan J Terstege
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Eugenia Z Poh
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Perth, WA, Australia
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jonathan R Epp
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jennifer Rodger
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Perth, WA, Australia.
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4
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Godoy LD, Prizon T, Rossignoli MT, Leite JP, Liberato JL. Parvalbumin Role in Epilepsy and Psychiatric Comorbidities: From Mechanism to Intervention. Front Integr Neurosci 2022; 16:765324. [PMID: 35250498 PMCID: PMC8891758 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2022.765324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Parvalbumin is a calcium-binding protein present in inhibitory interneurons that play an essential role in regulating many physiological processes, such as intracellular signaling and synaptic transmission. Changes in parvalbumin expression are deeply related to epilepsy, which is considered one of the most disabling neuropathologies. Epilepsy is a complex multi-factor group of disorders characterized by periods of hypersynchronous activity and hyperexcitability within brain networks. In this scenario, inhibitory neurotransmission dysfunction in modulating excitatory transmission related to the loss of subsets of parvalbumin-expressing inhibitory interneuron may have a prominent role in disrupted excitability. Some studies also reported that parvalbumin-positive interneurons altered function might contribute to psychiatric comorbidities associated with epilepsy, such as depression, anxiety, and psychosis. Understanding the epileptogenic process and comorbidities associated with epilepsy have significantly advanced through preclinical and clinical investigation. In this review, evidence from parvalbumin altered function in epilepsy and associated psychiatric comorbidities were explored with a translational perspective. Some advances in potential therapeutic interventions are highlighted, from current antiepileptic and neuroprotective drugs to cutting edge modulation of parvalbumin subpopulations using optogenetics, designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADD) techniques, transcranial magnetic stimulation, genome engineering, and cell grafting. Creating new perspectives on mechanisms and therapeutic strategies is valuable for understanding the pathophysiology of epilepsy and its psychiatric comorbidities and improving efficiency in clinical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lívea Dornela Godoy
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Tamiris Prizon
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Matheus Teixeira Rossignoli
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - João Pereira Leite
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- João Pereira Leite,
| | - José Luiz Liberato
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- *Correspondence: José Luiz Liberato,
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5
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Woodward EM, Coutellier L. Age- and sex-specific effects of stress on parvalbumin interneurons in preclinical models: Relevance to sex differences in clinical neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 131:1228-1242. [PMID: 34718048 PMCID: PMC8642301 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Stress is a major risk factor for neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders, with the capacity to impact susceptibility to disease as well as long-term neurobiological and behavioral outcomes. Parvalbumin (PV) interneurons, the most prominent subtype of GABAergic interneurons in the cortex, are uniquely responsive to stress due to their protracted development throughout the highly plastic neonatal period and into puberty and adolescence. Additionally, PV + interneurons appear to respond to stress in a sex-specific manner. This review aims to discuss existing preclinical studies that support our overall hypothesis that the sex-and age-specific impacts of stress on PV + interneurons contribute to differences in individual vulnerability to stress across the lifespan, particularly in regard to sex differences in the diagnostic rate of neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric diseases in clinical populations. We also emphasize the importance of studying sex as a biological variable to fully understand the mechanistic and behavioral differences between males and females in models of neuropsychiatric disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma M Woodward
- Department of Neuroscience, Ohio State University, 255 Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research Building, 460 Medical Center Drive, Columbus, OH, 43210, United States
| | - Laurence Coutellier
- Department of Neuroscience, Ohio State University, 255 Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research Building, 460 Medical Center Drive, Columbus, OH, 43210, United States; Department of Psychology, Ohio State University, 53 Psychology Building, 1835 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, United States.
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6
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Downregulation of kainate receptors regulating GABAergic transmission in amygdala after early life stress is associated with anxiety-like behavior in rodents. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:538. [PMID: 34663781 PMCID: PMC8523542 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01654-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Early life stress (ELS) is a well-characterized risk factor for mood and anxiety disorders. GABAergic microcircuits in the amygdala are critically implicated in anxiety; however, whether their function is altered after ELS is not known. Here we identify a novel mechanism by which kainate receptors (KARs) modulate feedforward inhibition in the lateral amygdala (LA) and show that this mechanism is downregulated after ELS induced by maternal separation (MS). Specifically, we show that in control rats but not after MS, endogenous activity of GluK1 subunit containing KARs disinhibit LA principal neurons during activation of cortical afferents. GluK1 antagonism attenuated excitability of parvalbumin (PV)-expressing interneurons, resulting in loss of PV-dependent inhibitory control and an increase in firing of somatostatin-expressing interneurons. Inactivation of Grik1 expression locally in the adult amygdala reduced ongoing GABAergic transmission and was sufficient to produce a mild anxiety-like behavioral phenotype. Interestingly, MS and GluK1-dependent phenotypes showed similar gender specificity, being detectable in male but not female rodents. Our data identify a novel KAR-dependent mechanism for cell-type and projection-specific functional modulation of the LA GABAergic microcircuit and suggest that the loss of GluK1 KAR function contributes to anxiogenesis after ELS.
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7
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Yamaguchi T, Minami S, Ueda S. Effects of methylazoxymethanol-induced micrencephaly on parvalbumin-positive GABAergic interneurons in the rat rostral basolateral amygdala. Brain Res 2021; 1762:147425. [PMID: 33737065 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The amygdala plays a crucial role in anxiety-related behavior and various neuropsychiatric disorders. The offspring of dams, administered methylazoxymethanol acetate (MAM) intraperitoneally at gestational day 15, exhibit micrencephaly and anxiety-related behavior, such as hyperactivity in rearing and crossing behavior, alongside a distinct Fos expression profile in the basolateral (BLA) and central amygdala. However, the histochemical underpinnings of these changes remain to be elucidated. To determine the histochemical alterations in MAM-induced model rats, we performed Nissl staining, immunohistochemistry for parvalbumin (PV) or calbindin (Calb), and immunohistochemistry for PV in conjunction with in situ hybridization for glutamate decarboxylase (GAD). We compared immunoreactivity in the BLA between normal and MAM-induced model rats and observed a significant decrease in the number of PV-positive neurons in MAM-induced model rats; however, no significant differences in the number of Nissl- and Calb-positive neurons were observed. We did not detect any significant between-group differences with regards to the effects of environmental enrichment on the number of PV-positive neurons in the BLA. Double-labeling for GAD and PV revealed that many PV-positive neurons colocalized with digoxigenin-GAD65/67 signals. In addition, GAD/PV double-positive neurons and the total number of GAD-positive neurons in the BLA were lower in the MAM-induced model rats. These results indicate that histochemical alterations observed in the BLA of the MAM-induced model rats may attribute to an aberrant GABAergic inhibitory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Yamaguchi
- Department of Histology and Neurobiology, Dokkyo Medical University, School of Medicine, 880 Kitakobayashi, Mibu-machi, Shimotsuga-gun, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan.
| | - Shukuko Minami
- Department of Histology and Neurobiology, Dokkyo Medical University, School of Medicine, 880 Kitakobayashi, Mibu-machi, Shimotsuga-gun, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan
| | - Shuichi Ueda
- Department of Histology and Neurobiology, Dokkyo Medical University, School of Medicine, 880 Kitakobayashi, Mibu-machi, Shimotsuga-gun, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan
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8
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Stimulatory, but not anxiogenic, doses of caffeine act centrally to activate interscapular brown adipose tissue thermogenesis in anesthetized male rats. Sci Rep 2021; 11:113. [PMID: 33420284 PMCID: PMC7794454 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80505-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of central orexin in the sympathetic control of interscapular brown adipose tissue (iBAT) thermogenesis has been established in rodents. Stimulatory doses of caffeine activate orexin positive neurons in the lateral hypothalamus, a region of the brain implicated in stimulating BAT thermogenesis. This study tests the hypothesis that central administration of caffeine is sufficient to activate BAT. Low doses of caffeine administered either systemically (intravenous [IV]; 10 mg/kg) and centrally (intracerebroventricular [ICV]; 5-10 μg) increases BAT thermogenesis, in anaesthetised (1.5 g/kg urethane, IV) free breathing male rats. Cardiovascular function was monitored via an indwelling intra-arterial cannula and exhibited no response to the caffeine. Core temperature did not significantly differ after administration of caffeine via either route of administration. Caffeine administered both IV and ICV increased neuronal activity, as measured by c-Fos-immunoreactivity within subregions of the hypothalamic area, previously implicated in regulating BAT thermogenesis. Significantly, there appears to be no neural anxiety response to the low dose of caffeine as indicated by no change in activity in the basolateral amygdala. Having measured the physiological correlate of thermogenesis (heat production) we have not measured indirect molecular correlates of BAT activation. Nevertheless, our results demonstrate that caffeine, at stimulatory doses, acting via the central nervous system can increase thermogenesis, without adverse cardio-dynamic impact.
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Baeken C, Xu Y, Wu GR, Dockx R, Peremans K, De Raedt R. Hostility in medication-resistant major depression and comorbid generalized anxiety disorder is related to increased hippocampal-amygdala 5-HT 2A receptor density. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2021; 271:1369-1378. [PMID: 33904978 PMCID: PMC8429407 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-021-01243-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) are severe and difficult-to-treat psychiatric illnesses with high rates of comorbidity. Although both disorders are treated with serotonergic based psychotropic agents, little is known on the influence of the serotonergic neurotransmitter system on the occurrence of comorbid GAD when clinically depressed. To investigate this poorly understood clinical question, we examined the involvement of frontolimbic post-synaptic 5-HT2A receptors in 20 medication-resistant depressed (MRD) patients with half of them diagnosed with comorbid GAD with 123I-5-I-R91150 SPECT. To explore whether 5-HT2A receptor-binding indices (BI) associated with comorbid GAD could be related to distinct psychopathological symptoms, all were assessed with the symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R). MRD patients with comorbid GAD displayed significantly higher 5-HT2A receptor BI in the hippocampal-amygdala complex, compared to MRD patients without GAD. Correlation analyses revealed that the 5-HT2A receptor BI in these areas were significantly related to the SCL-90-R subscale hostility (HOS), especially for those MRD patients with comorbid GAD. Comorbid MRD-GAD may be characterized with increased hippocampal-amygdala 5-HT2A receptor BI which could represent enhanced levels in hostility in such kinds of patients. Adapted psychotherapeutic interventions may be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Baeken
- grid.5342.00000 0001 2069 7798Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Ghent Experimental Psychiatry (GHEP) Lab, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium ,grid.8767.e0000 0001 2290 8069Department of Psychiatry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZBrussel), Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium ,grid.6852.90000 0004 0398 8763Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Yanfeng Xu
- grid.5342.00000 0001 2069 7798Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Ghent Experimental Psychiatry (GHEP) Lab, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium ,grid.5342.00000 0001 2069 7798Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging and Small Animal Orthopaedics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Guo-Rong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Robrecht Dockx
- grid.5342.00000 0001 2069 7798Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Kathelijne Peremans
- grid.5342.00000 0001 2069 7798Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging and Small Animal Orthopaedics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Rudi De Raedt
- grid.5342.00000 0001 2069 7798Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Regev-Tsur S, Demiray YE, Tripathi K, Stork O, Richter-Levin G, Albrecht A. Region-specific involvement of interneuron subpopulations in trauma-related pathology and resilience. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 143:104974. [PMID: 32561495 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Only a minority of trauma-exposed individuals develops Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and active processes may support trauma resilience. Individual behavioral profiling allows investigating neurobiological alterations related to resilience or pathology in animal models of PTSD and is utilized here to examine the activation of different interneuron subpopulations of the dentate gyrus-amygdala system associated with trauma resilience or pathology. To model PTSD, rats were exposed to juvenile stress combined with underwater trauma (UWT) in adulthood. Four weeks later, individual anxiety levels were assessed in the elevated plus maze test for classifying rats as highly anxious 'affected' vs. 'non-affected', i.e. behaving as control animals. Analyzing the activation of specific interneuron subpopulations in the dorsal and ventral dentate gyrus (DG), the basolateral (BLA) and central amygdala by immunohistochemical double-labeling for cFos and different interneuron markers, revealed an increased activation of cholecystokinin (CCK)-positive interneurons in the ventral DG, together with increased activation of parvalbumin- and CCK-positive interneurons in the BLA of affected trauma-exposed rats. By contrast, increased activation of neuropeptide Y (NPY)-positive interneurons was observed in the dorsal DG of trauma-exposed, but non-affected rats. To test for a direct contribution of NPY in the dorsal DG to trauma resilience, a local shRNA-mediated knock down was performed after UWT. Such a treatment significantly reduced the prevalence of resilient animals. Our results suggest that distinct interneuron populations are associated with resilience or pathology in PTSD with high regional specificity. NPY within the dorsal DG was found to significantly contribute to trauma resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stav Regev-Tsur
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, University of Haifa, Israel; The Integrated Brain and Behavior Research Center (IBBR), University of Haifa, Israel; Psychology Department, University of Haifa, Israel
| | - Yunus Emre Demiray
- Department of Genetics & Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Oliver Stork
- Department of Genetics & Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Germany; Center for Behavioral Brain Science, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Gal Richter-Levin
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, University of Haifa, Israel; The Integrated Brain and Behavior Research Center (IBBR), University of Haifa, Israel; Psychology Department, University of Haifa, Israel.
| | - Anne Albrecht
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, University of Haifa, Israel; The Integrated Brain and Behavior Research Center (IBBR), University of Haifa, Israel; Department of Genetics & Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Germany; Center for Behavioral Brain Science, Magdeburg, Germany
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11
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Dulka BN, Bagatelas ED, Bress KS, Grizzell JA, Cannon MK, Whitten CJ, Cooper MA. Chemogenetic activation of an infralimbic cortex to basolateral amygdala projection promotes resistance to acute social defeat stress. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6884. [PMID: 32327679 PMCID: PMC7181792 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63879-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tremendous individual differences exist in stress responsivity and social defeat stress is a key approach for identifying cellular mechanisms of stress susceptibility and resilience. Syrian hamsters show reliable territorial aggression, but after social defeat they exhibit a conditioned defeat (CD) response characterized by increased submission and an absence of aggression in future social interactions. Hamsters that achieve social dominance prior to social defeat exhibit greater defeat-induced neural activity in infralimbic (IL) cortex neurons that project to the basolateral amygdala (BLA) and reduced CD response compared to subordinate hamsters. Here, we hypothesize that chemogenetic activation of an IL-to-BLA neural projection during acute social defeat will reduce the CD response in subordinate hamsters and thereby produce dominant-like behavior. We confirmed that clozapine-N-oxide (CNO) itself did not alter the CD response and validated a dual-virus, Cre-dependent, chemogenetic approach by showing that CNO treatment increased c-Fos expression in the IL and decreased it in the BLA. We found that CNO treatment during social defeat reduced the acquisition of CD in subordinate, but not dominant, hamsters. This project extends our understanding of the neural circuits underlying resistance to acute social stress, which is an important step toward delineating circuit-based approaches for the treatment of stress-related psychopathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke N Dulka
- Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, USA
| | - Elena D Bagatelas
- Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Kimberly S Bress
- Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - J Alex Grizzell
- Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Megan K Cannon
- Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Conner J Whitten
- Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Matthew A Cooper
- Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.
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12
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Beyeler A, Dabrowska J. Neuronal diversity of the amygdala and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. HANDBOOK OF BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2020; 26:63-100. [PMID: 32792868 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-815134-1.00003-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Beyeler
- Neurocentre Magendie, French National Institutes of Health (INSERM) unit 1215, Neurocampus of Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
| | - Joanna Dabrowska
- Center for the Neurobiology of Stress Resilience and Psychiatric Disorders, Discipline of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, The Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, United States
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13
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Arnold MR, Greenwood BN, McArthur JA, Clark PJ, Fleshner M, Lowry CA. Effects of repeated voluntary or forced exercise on brainstem serotonergic systems in rats. Behav Brain Res 2019; 378:112237. [PMID: 31525404 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Voluntary exercise increases stress resistance by modulating stress-responsive neurocircuitry, including brainstem serotonergic systems. However, it remains unknown how exercise produces adaptations to serotonergic systems. Recruitment of serotonergic systems during repeated, daily exercise could contribute to the adaptations in serotonergic systems following exercise, but whether repeated voluntary exercise recruits serotonergic systems is unknown. In this study, we investigated the effects of six weeks of voluntary or forced exercise on rat brain serotonergic systems. Specifically, we analyzed c-Fos and FosB/ΔFosB as markers of acute and chronic cellular activation, respectively, in combination with tryptophan hydroxylase, a marker of serotonergic neurons, within subregions of the dorsal raphe nucleus using immunohistochemical staining. Compared to sedentary controls, rats exposed to repeated forced exercise, but not repeated voluntary exercise, displayed decreased c-Fos expression in serotonergic neurons in the rostral dorsal portion of the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRD) and increased c-Fos expression in serotonergic neurons in the caudal DR (DRC), and interfascicular part of the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRI) during the active phase of the diurnal activity rhythm. Similarly, increases in c-Fos expression in serotonergic neurons in the DRC, DRI, and ventral portion of the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRV) were observed in rats exposed to repeated forced exercise, compared to rats exposed to repeated voluntary exercise. Six weeks of forced exercise, relative to the sedentary control condition, also increased FosB/ΔFosB expression in DRD, DRI, and DRV serotonergic neurons. While both voluntary and forced exercise increase stress resistance, these results suggest that repeated forced exercise, but not repeated voluntary exercise, increases activation of DRI serotonergic neurons, an effect that may contribute to the stress resistance effects of forced exercise. These results also suggest that mechanisms of exercise-induced stress resistance may differ depending on the controllability of the exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Arnold
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
| | - B N Greenwood
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
| | - J A McArthur
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
| | - P J Clark
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
| | - M Fleshner
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
| | - C A Lowry
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Veterans Health Administration, Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center (RMRVAMC), Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Military and Veteran Microbiome Consortium for Research and Education (MVM-CoRE), Aurora, CO 80045, USA; inVIVO Planetary Health of the Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), West New York, NJ 07093, USA.
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14
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Weidner MT, Lardenoije R, Eijssen L, Mogavero F, De Groodt LPMT, Popp S, Palme R, Förstner KU, Strekalova T, Steinbusch HWM, Schmitt-Böhrer AG, Glennon JC, Waider J, van den Hove DLA, Lesch KP. Identification of Cholecystokinin by Genome-Wide Profiling as Potential Mediator of Serotonin-Dependent Behavioral Effects of Maternal Separation in the Amygdala. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:460. [PMID: 31133792 PMCID: PMC6524554 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Converging evidence suggests a role of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) and tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH2), the rate-limiting enzyme of 5-HT synthesis in the brain, in modulating long-term, neurobiological effects of early-life adversity. Here, we aimed at further elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying this interaction, and its consequences for socio-emotional behaviors, with a focus on anxiety and social interaction. In this study, adult, male Tph2 null mutant (Tph2 -/-) and heterozygous (Tph2 +/-) mice, and their wildtype littermates (Tph2 +/+) were exposed to neonatal, maternal separation (MS) and screened for behavioral changes, followed by genome-wide RNA expression and DNA methylation profiling. In Tph2 -/- mice, brain 5-HT deficiency profoundly affected socio-emotional behaviors, i.e., decreased avoidance of the aversive open arms in the elevated plus-maze (EPM) as well as decreased prosocial and increased rule breaking behavior in the resident-intruder test when compared to their wildtype littermates. Tph2 +/- mice showed an ambiguous profile with context-dependent, behavioral responses. In the EPM they showed similar avoidance of the open arm but decreased prosocial and increased rule breaking behavior in the resident-intruder test when compared to their wildtype littermates. Notably, MS effects on behavior were subtle and depended on the Tph2 genotype, in particular increasing the observed avoidance of EPM open arms in wildtype and Tph2 +/- mice when compared to their Tph2 -/- littermates. On the genomic level, the interaction of Tph2 genotype with MS differentially affected the expression of numerous genes, of which a subset showed an overlap with DNA methylation profiles at corresponding loci. Remarkably, changes in methylation nearby and expression of the gene encoding cholecystokinin, which were inversely correlated to each other, were associated with variations in anxiety-related phenotypes. In conclusion, next to various behavioral alterations, we identified gene expression and DNA methylation profiles to be associated with TPH2 inactivation and its interaction with MS, suggesting a gene-by-environment interaction-dependent, modulatory function of brain 5-HT availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena T. Weidner
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Laboratory of Translational Neuroscience, Center of Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Roy Lardenoije
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, United States
| | - Lars Eijssen
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Departments of Bioinformatics, Psychiatry & Neuro Psychology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Floriana Mogavero
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | | | - Sandy Popp
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Laboratory of Translational Neuroscience, Center of Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Rupert Palme
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Konrad U. Förstner
- Core Unit Systems Medicine, Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- ZB MED – Information Centre for Life Sciences, Cologne, Germany
- TH Köln, Faculty of Information Science and Communication Studies, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tatyana Strekalova
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Laboratory of Translational Neuroscience, Center of Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University and Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Harry W. M. Steinbusch
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Angelika G. Schmitt-Böhrer
- Center of Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jeffrey C. Glennon
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Jonas Waider
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Laboratory of Translational Neuroscience, Center of Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Daniel L. A. van den Hove
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Laboratory of Translational Neuroscience, Center of Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Klaus-Peter Lesch
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Laboratory of Translational Neuroscience, Center of Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University and Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia
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15
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Arnold MR, Williams PH, McArthur JA, Archuleta AR, O'Neill CE, Hassell JE, Smith DG, Bachtell RK, Lowry CA. Effects of chronic caffeine exposure during adolescence and subsequent acute caffeine challenge during adulthood on rat brain serotonergic systems. Neuropharmacology 2019; 148:257-271. [PMID: 30579884 PMCID: PMC6438184 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Caffeine is the most commonly used drug in the world. However, animal studies suggest that chronic consumption of caffeine during adolescence can result in enhanced anxiety-like behavioral responses during adulthood. One mechanism through which chronic caffeine administration may influence subsequent anxiety-like responses is through actions on brainstem serotonergic systems. In order to explore potential effects of chronic caffeine consumption on brainstem serotonergic systems, we evaluated the effects of a 28-day exposure to chronic caffeine (0.3 g/L; postnatal day 28-56) or vehicle administration in the drinking water, followed by 24 h caffeine withdrawal, and subsequent challenge with caffeine (30 mg/kg; s.c.) or vehicle in adolescent male rats. In Experiment 1, acute caffeine challenge induced a widespread activation of serotonergic neurons throughout the dorsal raphe nucleus (DR); this effect was attenuated in rats that had been exposed to chronic caffeine consumption. In Experiment 2, acute caffeine administration profoundly decreased tph2 and slc22a3 mRNA expression throughout the DR, with no effects on htr1a or slc6a4 mRNA expression. Chronic caffeine exposure for four weeks during adolescence was sufficient to decrease tph2 mRNA expression in the DR measured 28 h after caffeine withdrawal. Chronic caffeine administration during adolescence did not impact the ability of acute caffeine to decrease tph2 or slc22a3 mRNA expression. Together, these data suggest that both chronic caffeine administration during adolescence and acute caffeine challenge during adulthood are important determinants of serotonergic function and serotonergic gene expression, effects that may contribute to chronic effects of caffeine on anxiety-like responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Arnold
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA; Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.
| | - P H Williams
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.
| | - J A McArthur
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.
| | - A R Archuleta
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.
| | - C E O'Neill
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.
| | - J E Hassell
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.
| | - D G Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.
| | - R K Bachtell
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.
| | - C A Lowry
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA; Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA; Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA; Veterans Health Administration, Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center (VAMC), Denver, CO, 80220, USA; Military and Veteran Microbiome Consortium for Research and Education (MVM-CoRE), Denver, CO, 80220, USA.
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16
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Butler JL, Barham BJ, Heidenreich BA. Comparison of indirect peroxidase and avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex (ABC) immunohistochemical staining procedures for c-fos in rat brain. J Anat 2019; 234:936-942. [PMID: 30861576 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
c-Fos is the product of a gene expressed within neurons in the brain that serves as an anatomical marker of cellular activation. Immunohistochemical staining for c-fos allows a characterization of the effects of many different types of experimental manipulations on neuronal activity, making it a powerful technique for understanding brain, drug and behavior relationships. This study compared visualization of an anti-c-fos primary antibody in 40-μm-thick cryostat sections of formaldehyde-fixed rat brainstem using either a peroxidase enzyme-conjugated secondary antibody (indirect peroxidase) or the peroxidase-conjugated avidin-biotin complex (ABC) method. All sections were treated with H2 O2 to quench endogenous peroxidase enzyme and sodium borohydride to enhance permeability of the tissue and improve staining quality. Every other section was used to examine either the indirect peroxidase or the ABC method. Sections for the indirect peroxidase method were treated with Triton X-100 detergent to increase tissue permeability, goat serum to reduce non-specific binding of the secondary antibody and, in some cases, bovine serum albumin (BSA) to reduce non-specific binding of the primary antibody. Sections for the ABC method were treated with dilute normal serum, and avidin and biotin solutions and, in some cases BSA. Alternate sections were incubated for 72 h in either rabbit anti-c-fos primary antibody (1 : 20 000) or its vehicle (negative control). For the indirect peroxidase protocol, tissues were treated with peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-rabbit secondary antibody. For the ABC protocol, tissues were treated with biotinylated goat anti-rabbit secondary antibody and ABC peroxidase complex. All sections were reacted with 3,3'-diaminobenzadine (DAB) and H2 O2 , mounted and coverslipped. Both methods produced specific staining of c-fos-containing neurons, relative to the negative control sections. The indirect peroxidase protocol produced clear staining of c-fos-containing neurons, with very little background in the negative control sections. Staining for c-fos was enhanced using the ABC method in that c-fos stained neurons were darker and more clearly visible after shorter treatment with DAB. However, negative control sections showed a greater amount of non-specific staining with the ABC method. Thus, the ABC method was more sensitive but showed reduced specificity, with BSA treatment slightly reducing the level of non-specific staining. Overall, the ABC method produced better visualization and contrast of c-fos-containing neurons against the background color of the tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae L Butler
- Medical Laboratory Science Program, Department of Health Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, USA
| | - Beverly J Barham
- Medical Laboratory Science Program, Department of Health Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, USA
| | - Byron A Heidenreich
- Department of Psychology and School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, USA
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17
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Melón LC, Nasman JT, John AS, Mbonu K, Maguire JL. Interneuronal δ-GABA A receptors regulate binge drinking and are necessary for the behavioral effects of early withdrawal. Neuropsychopharmacology 2019; 44:425-434. [PMID: 30089884 PMCID: PMC6300562 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-018-0164-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Extensive evidence points to a role for GABAergic signaling in the amygdala in mediating the effects of alcohol, including presynaptic changes in GABA release, suggesting effects on GABAergic neurons. However, the majority of studies focus solely on the effects of alcohol on principal neurons. Here we demonstrate that δ-GABAARs, which have been suggested to confer ethanol sensitivity, are expressed at a high density on parvalbumin (PV) interneurons in the basolateral amygdala (BLA). Thus, we hypothesized that δ-GABAARs on PV interneurons may represent both an initial pharmacological target for alcohol and a site for plasticity associated with the expression of various behavioral maladaptations during withdrawal from binge drinking. To investigate this, we used a mouse model of voluntary alcohol intake (Drinking-in-the-Dark-Multiple Scheduled Access) to induce escalating heavy binge drinking and anxiety-like behavior in mice. This pattern of intake was associated with increased δ protein expression on parvalbumin positive interneurons in both the BLA and hippocampus. Loss of δ-GABAARs specifically in PV interneurons (PV:δ-/-) increased binge drinking behavior, reduced sensitivity to alcohol-induced motor incoordination, enhanced sensitivity to alcohol-induced hyperlocomotion and blocked the expression of withdrawal from binge drinking. This study is the first to demonstrate a role for δGABAARs specifically in PV-expressing interneurons in modulating binge alcohol intake and withdrawal-induced anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laverne C. Melón
- 0000 0000 8934 4045grid.67033.31Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111 USA
| | - James T. Nasman
- 0000 0000 8934 4045grid.67033.31Building Diversity in Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111 USA
| | - Ashley St. John
- 0000 0000 8934 4045grid.67033.31Building Diversity in Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111 USA
| | - Kenechukwu Mbonu
- 0000 0000 8934 4045grid.67033.31Building Diversity in Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111 USA
| | - Jamie L. Maguire
- 0000 0000 8934 4045grid.67033.31Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111 USA
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18
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Chandrasekhar Y, Phani Kumar G, Navya K, Ramya EM, Anilakumar KR. Tannins from Terminalia chebula fruits attenuates GABA antagonist-induced anxiety-like behaviour via modulation of neurotransmitters. J Pharm Pharmacol 2018; 70:1662-1674. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.13007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
This article investigates the anxiolytic activity of Terminalia chebula tannin-rich extract against picrotoxin (PTX; GABA antagonist)-induced anxiety in mice model.
Methods
Anxiolytic activity was studied by elevated plus maze (EPM), open field test (OFT), light/dark box test (LDT) and Vogel's conflict test (VCT). Electroencephalogram (EEG) was performed to know the changes in brain activity instigated by GABA antagonist. 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), dopamine and norepinephrine levels in brain tissues were estimated by HPLC. The mRNA (CREB, BDNF, GABA, and 5-HT1A) and protein expression (CREB, p-CREB, BDNF, ERK ½, p-ERK ½, GABAARα1, 5-HT1A and GAPDH) levels in brain tissue were determined by RT-PCR and Western blot analysis, respectively.
Key findings
Terminalia chebula tannin-rich extract (TCHE) supplementation increased locomotion in mice towards open arm (EPM), time spent in illuminated area (LDT), rearing frequency (OFT) and number of shocks (VCT) compared to PTX (P < 0.05). Furthermore, TCHE down-regulated serum cortisol levels and showed increased levels of 5-HT, DA and NE. Gene expressions such as BDNF, CREB, GABAA and 5-HT1A were up-regulated by TCHE treatment compared to PTX.
Conclusions
Terminalia chebula tannin-rich extract showed significant anxiolytic activity against picrotoxin and could be used as natural therapy in neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Katram Navya
- Defence Food Research Laboratory, Applied Nutrition Division, DRDO, Mysore, India
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19
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Babaev O, Piletti Chatain C, Krueger-Burg D. Inhibition in the amygdala anxiety circuitry. Exp Mol Med 2018; 50:1-16. [PMID: 29628509 PMCID: PMC5938054 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-018-0063-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibitory neurotransmission plays a key role in anxiety disorders, as evidenced by the anxiolytic effect of the benzodiazepine class of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor agonists and the recent discovery of anxiety-associated variants in the molecular components of inhibitory synapses. Accordingly, substantial interest has focused on understanding how inhibitory neurons and synapses contribute to the circuitry underlying adaptive and pathological anxiety behaviors. A key element of the anxiety circuitry is the amygdala, which integrates information from cortical and thalamic sensory inputs to generate fear and anxiety-related behavioral outputs. Information processing within the amygdala is heavily dependent on inhibitory control, although the specific mechanisms by which amygdala GABAergic neurons and synapses regulate anxiety-related behaviors are only beginning to be uncovered. Here, we summarize the current state of knowledge and highlight open questions regarding the role of inhibition in the amygdala anxiety circuitry. We discuss the inhibitory neuron subtypes that contribute to the processing of anxiety information in the basolateral and central amygdala, as well as the molecular determinants, such as GABA receptors and synapse organizer proteins, that shape inhibitory synaptic transmission within the anxiety circuitry. Finally, we conclude with an overview of current and future approaches for converting this knowledge into successful treatment strategies for anxiety disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Babaev
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str. 3, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Carolina Piletti Chatain
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str. 3, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dilja Krueger-Burg
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str. 3, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.
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20
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Ravenelle R, Berman AK, La J, Mason B, Asumadu E, Yelleswarapu C, Donaldson ST. Sex matters: females in proestrus show greater diazepam anxiolysis and brain-derived neurotrophin factor- and parvalbumin-positive neurons than males. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 47:994-1002. [PMID: 29461650 PMCID: PMC5902654 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In humans and animal models, sex differences are reported for anxiety-like behavior and response to anxiogenic stimuli. In the current work, we studied anxiety-like behavior and response to the prototypical anti-anxiety drug, diazepam. We used 6th generation outbred lines of adult Long Evans rats with high and low anxiety-like behavior phenotypes to investigate the impact of proestrus on the baseline and diazepam-induced behavior. At three doses of diazepam (0, 0.1, and 1.0 mg/kg, i.p.), we measured anxiogenic responses on the elevated plus maze of adult male and female rats. We assessed parvalbumin and brain-derived neurotrophin protein levels in forebrain and limbic structures implicated in anxiety/stress using immunohistochemistry. At baseline, we saw significant differences between anxiety lines, with high anxiety lines displaying less time on the open arms of the elevated plus maze, and less open arm entries, regardless of sex. During proestrus, high anxiety females showed less anxiety-like behavior at 0.1 mg/kg, while low anxiety females displayed less anxiety-like behavior at 0.1 and 1.0 doses, relative to males. Brain-derived neurotrophin protein was elevated in females in the medial prefrontal cortex and central amygdala, while parvalbumin-immunoreactive cells were greater in males in the medial prefrontal cortex. Parvalbumin-positive cells in high anxiety females were higher in CA2 and dentate gyrus relative to males from the same line. In sum, when tested in proestrus, females showed greater anxiolytic effects of diazepam relative to males, and this correlated with increases in neurotrophin and parvalbumin neuron density in corticolimbic structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Ravenelle
- City University of New York, CUNY Neuroscience Collaborative, The Graduate Center, 365 Fifth Ave., New York, NY 10016 USA
| | - Ariel K. Berman
- Department of Psychology, Western Michigan University, 1526 Wood Hall, Kalamazoo, MI 49008 USA
| | - Jeffrey La
- Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Boulevard, Boston, MA 02125 USA
| | - Briana Mason
- Developmental and Brain Sciences, Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Boulevard, Boston, MA 02125 USA
| | - Evans Asumadu
- Developmental and Brain Sciences, Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Boulevard, Boston, MA 02125 USA
| | - Chandra Yelleswarapu
- Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Boulevard, Boston, MA 02125 USA
| | - S. Tiffany Donaldson
- Developmental and Brain Sciences, Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Boulevard, Boston, MA 02125 USA
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21
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Rogers TD, Anacker AMJ, Kerr TM, Forsberg CG, Wang J, Zhang B, Veenstra-VanderWeele J. Effects of a social stimulus on gene expression in a mouse model of fragile X syndrome. Mol Autism 2017. [PMID: 28649315 PMCID: PMC5481916 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-017-0148-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with fragile X syndrome (FXS) often have deficits in social behavior, and a substantial portion meet criteria for autism spectrum disorder. Though the genetic cause of FXS is known to be due to the silencing of FMR1, and the Fmr1 null mouse model representing this lesion has been extensively studied, the contributions of this gene and its protein product, FMRP, to social behavior are not well understood. METHODS Fmr1 null mice and wildtype littermates were exposed to a social or non-social stimulus. In one experiment, subjects were assessed for expression of the inducible transcription factor c-Fos in response to the stimulus, to detect brain regions with social-specific activity. In a separate experiment, tissue was taken from those brain regions showing differential activity, and RNA sequencing was performed. RESULTS Immunohistochemistry revealed a significantly greater number of c-Fos-positive cells in the lateral amygdala and medial amygdala in the brains of mice exposed to a social stimulus, compared to a non-social stimulus. In the prelimbic cortex, there was no significant effect of social stimulus; although the number of c-Fos-positive cells was lower in the social condition compared to the non-social condition, and negatively correlated with c-Fos in the amygdala. RNA sequencing revealed differentially expressed genes enriched for molecules known to interact with FMRP and also for autism-related genes identified in the Simons Foundation Autism Research Initiative gene database. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis detected enrichment of differentially expressed genes in networks and pathways related to neuronal development, intracellular signaling, and inflammatory response. CONCLUSIONS Using the Fmr1 null mouse model of fragile X syndrome, we have identified brain regions, gene networks, and molecular pathways responsive to a social stimulus. These findings, and future experiments following up on the role of specific gene networks, may shed light on the neural mechanisms underlying dysregulated social behaviors in fragile X syndrome and more broadly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany D Rogers
- Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University, 7158 MRBIII, 465 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37232 USA.,Department of Psychology, Middle Tennessee State University, 355 Jones Hall, 624 Old Main Circle, Murfreesboro, TN 37132 USA
| | - Allison M J Anacker
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University; New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Dr, Unit 78, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Travis M Kerr
- The University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Medicine, 910 Madison Ave, Suite 1002, Memphis, TN 38163 USA
| | - C Gunnar Forsberg
- College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425 USA
| | - Jing Wang
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030 USA.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Bing Zhang
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030 USA.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Jeremy Veenstra-VanderWeele
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University; New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Dr, Unit 78, New York, NY 10032 USA
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22
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Liu ZP, He QH, Pan HQ, Xu XB, Chen WB, He Y, Zhou J, Zhang WH, Zhang JY, Ying XP, Han RW, Li BM, Gao TM, Pan BX. Delta Subunit-Containing Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid A Receptor Disinhibits Lateral Amygdala and Facilitates Fear Expression in Mice. Biol Psychiatry 2017; 81:990-1002. [PMID: 27591789 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maintaining gamma-aminobutyric acidergic (GABAergic) inhibition in the amygdala within a physiological range is critical for the appropriate expression of emotions such as fear and anxiety. The synaptic GABA type A receptor (GABAAR) is generally known to mediate the primary component of amygdala inhibition and prevent inappropriate expression of fear. However, little is known about the contribution of the extrasynaptic GABAAR to amygdala inhibition and fear. METHODS By using mice expressing green fluorescent protein in interneurons (INs) and lacking the δ subunit-containing GABAAR (GABAA(δ)R), which is exclusively situated in the extrasynaptic membrane, we systematically investigated the role of GABAA(δ)R in regulating inhibition in the lateral amygdala (LA) and fear learning using the combined approaches of immunohistochemistry, electrophysiology, and behavior. RESULTS In sharp contrast to the established role of synaptic GABAAR in mediating LA inhibition, we found that either pharmacological or physiological recruitment of GABAA(δ)R resulted in the weakening of GABAergic transmission onto projection neurons in LA while leaving the glutamatergic transmission unaltered, suggesting disinhibition by GABAA(δ)R. The disinhibition arose from IN-specific expression of GABAA(δ)R with its activation decreasing the input resistance of local INs and suppressing their activation. Genetic deletion of GABAA(δ)R attenuated its role in suppressing LA INs and disinhibiting LA. Importantly, the GABAA(δ)R facilitated long-term potentiation in sensory afferents to LA and permitted the expression of learned fear. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that GABAA(δ)R serves as a brake rather than a mediator of GABAergic inhibition in LA. The disinhibition by GABAA(δ)R may help to prevent excessive suppression of amygdala activity and thus ensure the expression of emotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Peng Liu
- Laboratory of Fear and Anxiety Disorders, Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang
| | - Qing-Hai He
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders of Guangdong Province; Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou
| | - Han-Qing Pan
- Laboratory of Fear and Anxiety Disorders, Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang
| | - Xiao-Bin Xu
- Laboratory of Fear and Anxiety Disorders, Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang
| | - Wen-Bing Chen
- Laboratory of Fear and Anxiety Disorders, Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang
| | - Ye He
- Medical Experiment Center, Nanchang University, Nanchang
| | - Jin Zhou
- Laboratory of Fear and Anxiety Disorders, Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang
| | - Wen-Hua Zhang
- Laboratory of Fear and Anxiety Disorders, Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang
| | - Jun-Yu Zhang
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang
| | - Xiao-Ping Ying
- Department of Neurology, the 2nd Affiliated Hospital, , Nanchang University, Nanchang
| | - Ren-Wen Han
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang
| | - Bao-Ming Li
- Laboratory of Fear and Anxiety Disorders, Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang
| | - Tian-Ming Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders of Guangdong Province; Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou
| | - Bing-Xing Pan
- Laboratory of Fear and Anxiety Disorders, Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang; Department of Neurology, the 2nd Affiliated Hospital, , Nanchang University, Nanchang; Jiangxi Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular, Digestive and Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Jiangxi, China.
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23
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Packard AEB, Di S, Egan AE, Fourman SM, Tasker JG, Ulrich-Lai YM. Sucrose-induced plasticity in the basolateral amygdala in a 'comfort' feeding paradigm. Brain Struct Funct 2017; 222:4035-4050. [PMID: 28597100 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-017-1454-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A history of intermittent, limited sucrose intake (LSI) attenuates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis stress response, and neuronal activity in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) is necessary for this HPA-dampening. LSI increases the expression of plasticity-associated genes in the BLA; however, the nature of this plasticity is unknown. As BLA principal neuron activity normally promotes HPA responses, the present study tests the hypothesis that LSI decreases stress-excitatory BLA output by decreasing glutamatergic and/or increasing GABAergic inputs to BLA principal neurons. Male rats with unlimited access to chow and water were given additional access to 4 ml of sucrose (30%) or water twice daily for 14 days, and BLA structural and functional plasticity was assessed by quantitative dual immunolabeling and whole-cell recordings in brain slices. LSI increased vesicular glutamate transporter 1-positive (glutamatergic) appositions onto parvalbumin-positive inhibitory interneurons, and this was accompanied by increased expression of pCREB, a marker of neuronal activation that is mechanistically linked with plasticity, within parvalbumin interneurons. LSI also increased the paired-pulse facilitation of excitatory, but not inhibitory synaptic inputs to BLA principal neurons, without affecting postsynaptic excitatory or miniature excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic currents, suggesting a targeted decrease in the probability of evoked synaptic excitation onto these neurons. Collectively, these results suggest that LSI decreases BLA principal neuron output by increasing the excitatory drive to parvalbumin inhibitory interneurons, and decreasing the probability of evoked presynaptic glutamate release onto principal neurons. Our data further imply that palatable food consumption blunts HPA stress responses by decreasing the excitation-inhibition balance and attenuating BLA output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E B Packard
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Metabolic Diseases Institute, 2170 East Galbraith Road, ML0506, Cincinnati, OH, 45237, USA
| | - Shi Di
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, 2000 Percival Stern Hall, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA
| | - Ann E Egan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Metabolic Diseases Institute, 2170 East Galbraith Road, ML0506, Cincinnati, OH, 45237, USA
| | - Sarah M Fourman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Metabolic Diseases Institute, 2170 East Galbraith Road, ML0506, Cincinnati, OH, 45237, USA
| | - Jeffrey G Tasker
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, 2000 Percival Stern Hall, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA.,Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, Flower Hall, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA
| | - Yvonne M Ulrich-Lai
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Metabolic Diseases Institute, 2170 East Galbraith Road, ML0506, Cincinnati, OH, 45237, USA.
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24
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Kreiss DS, De Deurwaerdère P. Purposeless oral activity induced by meta-chlorophenylpiperazine (m-CPP): Undefined tic-like behaviors? J Neurosci Methods 2017; 292:30-36. [PMID: 28483714 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathophysiological hypothesis underlying tic disorders in Tourette syndrome (TS) is that basal ganglia are not capable of properly filtering cortical information, leading patients with difficulties in inhibiting unwanted behaviors or impulses. One of the main challenges for furthering such a hypothesis is to find appropriate animal models summarizing some aspects of the disease. METHODS It has been established for more than 25 years in rodents that the prototypical serotonin (5-HT) agonist meta-chlorophenylpiperazine (m-CPP) elicits purposeless oral movements including chewing behavior. These bouts of oral movements, originally thought to mimic human oral dyskinesia consequent to long-term administration of antipsychotic drugs or parkinsonian tremor, could correspond to an undefined form of tics. Here, we describe the nature of the purposeless oral movements triggered by m-CPP and other agonists which could be associated with obsessive compulsive disorders. We report the pharmacology of this response with a focus on the 5-HT2C receptor subtype and the degree to which the dopaminergic and cholinergic systems are involved. The orofacial dyskinetic effects are related to the action of these compounds in associative/limbic territories of the basal ganglia, rather than sensorimotor ones, as expected from the human disease. CONCLUSION In spite of the low translational value of these oral movements, the neurobiological analysis of these oral movements could help to a better understanding of the pathophysiology of tics and compulsive disorders often cormorbid with TS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah S Kreiss
- Washington and Lee University, Dept. of Psychology, Neuroscience Program, Lexington, VA, United States
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25
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Calakos KC, Blackman D, Schulz AM, Bauer EP. Distribution of type I corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF1) receptors on GABAergic neurons within the basolateral amygdala. Synapse 2017; 71:10.1002/syn.21953. [PMID: 27997737 PMCID: PMC7876706 DOI: 10.1002/syn.21953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The neuropeptide corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) plays a critical role in mediating anxiety-like responses to stressors, and dysfunction of the CRF system has been linked to the etiology of several psychiatric disorders. Extra-hypothalamic CRF can also modulate learning and memory formation, including amygdala-dependent learning. The basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA) contains dense concentrations of CRF receptors, yet the distribution of these receptors on specific neuronal subtypes within the BLA has not been characterized. Here, we quantified the expression of CRF receptors on three nonoverlapping classes of GABAergic interneurons: those containing the calcium-binding protein parvalbumin (PV), and those expressing the neuropeptides somatostatin (SOM) or cholecystokinin (CCK). While the majority of PV+ neurons and roughly half of CCK+ neurons expressed CRF receptors, they were expressed to a much lesser extent on SOM+ interneurons. Knowledge of the distribution of CRF receptors within the BLA can provide insight into how manipulations of the CRF system modulate fear and anxiety-like behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katina C Calakos
- Barnard College Columbia University, 3009 Broadway, New York, New York, 10027
| | - Dakota Blackman
- Barnard College Columbia University, 3009 Broadway, New York, New York, 10027
| | - Alexandra M Schulz
- Barnard College Columbia University, 3009 Broadway, New York, New York, 10027
| | - Elizabeth P Bauer
- Barnard College Columbia University, 3009 Broadway, New York, New York, 10027
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26
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Rosa SG, Quines CB, Stangherlin EC, Nogueira CW. Diphenyl diselenide ameliorates monosodium glutamate induced anxiety-like behavior in rats by modulating hippocampal BDNF-Akt pathway and uptake of GABA and serotonin neurotransmitters. Physiol Behav 2016; 155:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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27
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Zohar I, Shoham S, Weinstock M. Perinatal citalopram does not prevent the effect of prenatal stress on anxiety, depressive-like behaviour and serotonergic transmission in adult rat offspring. Eur J Neurosci 2016; 43:590-600. [PMID: 26669896 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
It is still not clear whether the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors frequently prescribed to depressed pregnant women improve the behavioural outcome in their children. The current study investigated whether administration of citalopram to pregnant rats could prevent anxiety and depressive-like behaviour induced by gestational stress in their offspring, and restore the expression of serotonin 1A autoreceptors in GABAergic interneurons in the medial prefrontal cortex and dorsal raphe nuclei in males, and of corticotropin-releasing factor type 2 receptors in GABAergic interneurons in the dorsal raphe nuclei in females. Activation of these receptors modulates serotonergic transmission to target areas and is reduced in a sex-dependent manner by prenatal stress. Citalopram (10 mg/kg/day), administered orally from day 7 of gestation until 21 days postpartum, prevented the increase in anxiety in stressed mothers but did not reduce anxiety and depressive-like behaviour in their offspring and even induced depressive-like behaviour in the offspring of control mothers. Citalopram failed to restore the reduction in the expression of serotonin 1A autoreceptors in the prefrontal cortex of males and in corticotropin-releasing factor type 2 receptors in the dorsal raphe nuclei of females induced by prenatal stress. Prenatal citalopram did not prevent the behavioural changes or reduction in serotonergic transmission to target areas induced by prenatal stress. It had adverse behavioural effects in the offspring of control rats, which, together with the lack of any change in prenatally-stressed rats, may be due to inhibition of the foetal serotonin transporter thereby preventing normal development of the serotonin system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inbar Zohar
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Drug Research, Hebrew University Medical Centre, Ein Kerem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shai Shoham
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Drug Research, Hebrew University Medical Centre, Ein Kerem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Marta Weinstock
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Drug Research, Hebrew University Medical Centre, Ein Kerem, Jerusalem, Israel
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28
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Quarta E, Bravi R, Scambi I, Mariotti R, Minciacchi D. Increased anxiety-like behavior and selective learning impairments are concomitant to loss of hippocampal interneurons in the presymptomatic SOD1(G93A) ALS mouse model. J Comp Neurol 2015; 523:1622-38. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.23759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eros Quarta
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Physiological Sciences Section; University of Florence; Florence I-50134 Italy
| | - Riccardo Bravi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Physiological Sciences Section; University of Florence; Florence I-50134 Italy
| | - Ilaria Scambi
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences; University of Verona; Verona I-37134 Italy
| | - Raffaella Mariotti
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences; University of Verona; Verona I-37134 Italy
| | - Diego Minciacchi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Physiological Sciences Section; University of Florence; Florence I-50134 Italy
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29
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Patki G, Salvi A, Liu H, Atrooz F, Alkadhi I, Kelly M, Salim S. Tempol treatment reduces anxiety-like behaviors induced by multiple anxiogenic drugs in rats. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117498. [PMID: 25793256 PMCID: PMC4367986 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We have published that pharmacological induction of oxidative stress (OS) causes anxiety-like behavior in rats. Using animal models, we also have established that psychological stress induces OS and leads to anxiety-like behaviors. All evidence points towards the causal role of OS in anxiety-like behaviors. To fully ascertain the role of OS in anxiety-like behaviors, it is reasonable to test whether the pro-anxiety effects of anxiogenic drugs caffeine or N-methyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxamide (FG-7142) can be mitigated using agents that minimize OS. In this study, osmotic pumps were either filled with antioxidant tempol or saline. The pumps were attached to the catheter leading to the brain cannula and inserted into the subcutaneous pocket in the back pocket of the rat. Continuous i.c.v. infusion of saline or tempol in the lateral ventricle of the brain (4.3 mmol/day) was maintained for 1 week. Rats were intraperitoneally injected either with saline or an anxiogenic drug one at a time. Two hours later all groups were subjected to behavioral assessments. Anxiety-like behavior tests (open-field, light-dark and elevated plus maze) suggested that tempol prevented anxiogenic drug-induced anxiety-like behavior in rats. Furthermore, anxiogenic drug-induced increase in stress examined via plasma corticosterone and increased oxidative stress levels assessed via plasma 8-isoprostane were prevented with tempol treatment. Protein carbonylation assay also suggested preventive effect of tempol in the prefrontal cortex brain region of rats. Antioxidant protein expression and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels indicate compromised antioxidant defense as well as an imbalance of inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Patki
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, United States of America
| | - Ankita Salvi
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, United States of America
| | - Hesong Liu
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, United States of America
| | - Fatin Atrooz
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, United States of America
| | - Isam Alkadhi
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, United States of America
| | - Matthew Kelly
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, United States of America
| | - Samina Salim
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, United States of America
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30
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Activation of 5-HT2a receptors in the basolateral amygdala promotes defeat-induced anxiety and the acquisition of conditioned defeat in Syrian hamsters. Neuropharmacology 2014; 90:102-12. [PMID: 25458113 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Conditioned defeat is a model in Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) in which normal territorial aggression is replaced by increased submissive and defensive behavior following acute social defeat. The conditioned defeat response involves both a fear-related memory for a specific opponent as well as anxiety-like behavior indicated by avoidance of novel conspecifics. We have previously shown that systemic injection of a 5-HT2a receptor antagonist reduces the acquisition of conditioned defeat. Because neural activity in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) is critical for the acquisition of conditioned defeat and BLA 5-HT2a receptors can modulate anxiety but have a limited effect on emotional memories, we investigated whether 5-HT2a receptor modulation alters defeat-induced anxiety but not defeat-related memories. We injected the 5-HT2a receptor antagonist MDL 11,939 (0 mM, 1.7 mM or 17 mM) or the 5-HT2a receptor agonist TCB-2 (0 mM, 8 mM or 80 mM) into the BLA prior to social defeat. We found that injection of MDL 11,939 into the BLA impaired acquisition of the conditioned defeat response and blocked defeat-induced anxiety in the open field, but did not significantly impair avoidance of former opponents in the Y-maze. Furthermore, we found that injection of TCB-2 into the BLA increased the acquisition of conditioned defeat and increased anxiety-like behavior in the open field, but did not alter avoidance of former opponents. Our data suggest that 5-HT2a receptor signaling in the BLA is both necessary and sufficient for the development of conditioned defeat, likely via modulation of defeat-induced anxiety.
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31
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Conditional anterograde tracing reveals distinct targeting of individual serotonin cell groups (B5-B9) to the forebrain and brainstem. Brain Struct Funct 2014; 221:535-61. [PMID: 25403254 PMCID: PMC4750555 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-014-0924-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Serotoninergic innervation of the central nervous system is provided by hindbrain raphe nuclei (B1–B9). The extent to which each raphe subdivision has distinct topographic organization of their projections is still unclear. We provide a comprehensive description of the main targets of the rostral serotonin (5-HT) raphe subgroups (B5–B9) in the mouse brain. Adeno-associated viruses that conditionally express GFP under the control of the 5-HT transporter promoter were used to label small groups of 5-HT neurons in the dorsal (B7d), ventral (B7v), lateral (B7l), and caudal (B6) subcomponents of the dorsal raphe (DR) nucleus as well as in the rostral and caudal parts of the median raphe (MR) nucleus (B8 and B5, respectively), and in the supralemniscal (B9) cell group. We illustrate the distinctive and largely non-overlapping projection areas of these cell groups: for instance, DR (B7) projects to basal parts of the forebrain, such as the amygdala, whereas MR (B8) is the main 5-HT source to the hippocampus, septum, and mesopontine tegmental nuclei. Distinct subsets of B7 have preferential brain targets: B7v is the main source of 5-HT for the cortex and amygdala while B7d innervates the hypothalamus. We reveal for the first time the target areas of the B9 cell group, demonstrating projections to the caudate, prefrontal cortex, substantia nigra, locus coeruleus and to the raphe cell groups. The broad topographic organization of the different raphe subnuclei is likely to underlie the different functional roles in which 5-HT has been implicated in the brain. The present mapping study could serve as the basis for genetically driven specific targeting of the different subcomponents of the mouse raphe system.
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Chachua T, Goletiani C, Maglakelidze G, Sidyelyeva G, Daniel M, Morris E, Miller J, Shang E, Wolgemuth DJ, Greenberg DA, Velíšková J, Velíšek L. Sex-specific behavioral traits in the Brd2 mouse model of juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2014; 13:702-12. [PMID: 25130458 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic generalized epilepsy represents about 30-35% of all epilepsies in humans. The bromodomain BRD2 gene has been repeatedly associated with the subsyndrome of juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME). Our previous work determined that mice haploinsufficient in Brd2 (Brd2+/-) have increased susceptibility to provoked seizures, develop spontaneous seizures and have significantly decreased gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) markers in the direct basal ganglia pathway as well as in the neocortex and superior colliculus. Here, we tested male and female Brd2+/- and wild-type littermate mice in a battery of behavioral tests (open field, tube dominance test, elevated plus maze, Morris water maze and Barnes maze) to identify whether Brd2 haploinsufficiency is associated with the human behavioral patterns, the so-called JME personality. Brd2+/- females but not males consistently displayed decreased anxiety. Furthermore, we found a highly significant dominance trait (aggression) in the Brd2+/- mice compared with the wild type, more pronounced in females. Brd2+/- mice of either sex did not differ from wild-type mice in spatial learning and memory tests. Compared with wild-type littermates, we found decreased numbers of GABA neurons in the basolateral amygdala, which is consistent with the increase in aggressive behavior. Our results indicate that Brd2+/- haploinsufficient mice show no cognitive impairment but have behavioral traits similar to those found in patients with JME (recklessness, aggression). This suggests that either the BRD2 gene is directly responsible for influencing many traits of JME or it controls upstream regulators of individual phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Chachua
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
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33
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Godavarthi SK, Sharma A, Jana NR. Reversal of reduced parvalbumin neurons in hippocampus and amygdala of Angelman syndrome model mice by chronic treatment of fluoxetine. J Neurochem 2014; 130:444-54. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Swetha K. Godavarthi
- Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience Laboratory; National Brain Research Centre; Manesar Gurgaon India
| | - Ankit Sharma
- Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience Laboratory; National Brain Research Centre; Manesar Gurgaon India
| | - Nihar Ranjan Jana
- Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience Laboratory; National Brain Research Centre; Manesar Gurgaon India
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Tekko T, Lilleväli K, Luuk H, Sütt S, Truu L, Örd T, Möls M, Vasar E. Initiation and developmental dynamics of Wfs1 expression in the context of neural differentiation and ER stress in mouse forebrain. Int J Dev Neurosci 2014; 35:80-8. [PMID: 24694561 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2014.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2013] [Revised: 03/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Wolframin (Wfs1) is a membrane glycoprotein that resides in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and regulates cellular Ca(2+) homeostasis. In pancreas Wfs1 attenuates unfolded protein response (UPR) and protects cells from apoptosis. Loss of Wfs1 function results in Wolfram syndrome (OMIM 222300) characterized by early-onset diabetes mellitus, progressive optic atrophy, diabetes insipidus, deafness, and psychiatric disorders. Similarly, Wfs1-/- mice exhibit diabetes and increased basal anxiety. In the adult central nervous system Wfs1 is prominent in central extended amygdala, striatum and hippocampus, brain structures largely involved in behavioral adaptation of the organism. Here, we describe the initiation pattern of Wfs1 expression in mouse forebrain using mRNA in situ hybridization and compare it with Synaptophysin (Syp1), a gene encoding synaptic vesicle protein widely used as neuronal differentiation marker. We show that the expression of Wfs1 starts during late embryonic development in the dorsal striatum and amygdala, then expands broadly at birth, possessing several transitory regions during maturation. Syp1 expression precedes Wfs1 and it is remarkably upregulated during the period of Wfs1 expression initiation and maturation, suggesting relationship between neural activation and Wfs1 expression. Using in situ hybridization and quantitative real-time PCR we show that UPR-related genes (Grp78, Grp94, and Chop) display dynamic expression in the perinatal brain when Wfs1 is initiated and their expression pattern is not altered in the brain lacking functional Wfs1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Triin Tekko
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kersti Lilleväli
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; Department of Developmental Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu, 46 Vanemuise Street, 51014 Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Hendrik Luuk
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Silva Sütt
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Laura Truu
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu, 46 Vanemuise Street, 51014 Tartu, Estonia; Competence Centre for Cancer Research, Akadeemia tee 15, Tallinn 12618, Estonia
| | - Tiit Örd
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Riia 23, 51010 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Märt Möls
- Institute of Mathematical Statistics, University of Tartu, J. Liivi 2, 50409 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Eero Vasar
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
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Asparagus racemosus Attenuates Anxiety-Like Behavior in Experimental Animal Models. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2014; 34:511-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-014-0035-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Lotan A, Lifschytz T, Slonimsky A, Broner EC, Greenbaum L, Abedat S, Fellig Y, Cohen H, Lory O, Goelman G, Lerer B. Neural mechanisms underlying stress resilience in Ahi1 knockout mice: relevance to neuropsychiatric disorders. Mol Psychiatry 2014; 19:243-52. [PMID: 24042478 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2013.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The Abelson helper integration site 1 (AHI1) gene has a pivotal role in brain development. Studies by our group and others have demonstrated association of AHI1 with schizophrenia and autism. To elucidate the mechanism whereby alteration in AHI1 expression may be implicated in the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disorders, we studied Ahi1 heterozygous knockout (Ahi1(+/-)) mice. Although their performance was not different from wild-type mice on tests that model classical schizophrenia-related endophenotypes, Ahi1(+/-) mice displayed an anxiolytic-like phenotype across different converging modalities. Using behavioral paradigms that involve exposure to environmental and social stress, significantly decreased anxiety was evident in the open field, elevated plus maze and dark-light box, as well as during social interaction in pairs. Assessment of core temperature and corticosterone secretion revealed a significantly blunted response of the autonomic nervous system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in Ahi1(+/-) mice exposed to environmental and visceral stress. However, response to centrally acting anxiogenic compounds was intact. On resting-state functional MRI, connectivity of the amygdala with other brain regions involved in processing of anxiogenic stimuli and inhibitory avoidance learning, such as the lateral entorhinal cortex, ventral hippocampus and ventral tegmental area, was significantly reduced in the mutant mice. Taken together, our data link Ahi1 under-expression with a defect in the process of threat detection. Alternatively, the results could be interpreted as representing an anxiety-related endophenotype, possibly granting the Ahi1(+/-) mouse relative resilience to various types of stress. The current knockout model highlights the contribution of translational approaches to understanding the genetic basis of emotional regulation and its associated neurocircuitry, with possible relevance to neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lotan
- Biological Psychiatry Laboratory, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - T Lifschytz
- Biological Psychiatry Laboratory, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - A Slonimsky
- Biological Psychiatry Laboratory, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - E C Broner
- Biological Psychiatry Laboratory, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - L Greenbaum
- Biological Psychiatry Laboratory, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - S Abedat
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Y Fellig
- Department of Pathology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - H Cohen
- Anxiety and Stress Research Unit, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| | - O Lory
- MRI Lab, Medical Biophysics, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - G Goelman
- MRI Lab, Medical Biophysics, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - B Lerer
- Biological Psychiatry Laboratory, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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Paul ED, Lowry CA. Functional topography of serotonergic systems supports the Deakin/Graeff hypothesis of anxiety and affective disorders. J Psychopharmacol 2013; 27:1090-106. [PMID: 23704363 DOI: 10.1177/0269881113490328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Over 20 years ago, Deakin and Graeff hypothesized about the role of different serotonergic pathways in controlling the behavioral and physiologic responses to aversive stimuli, and how compromise of these pathways could lead to specific symptoms of anxiety and affective disorders. A growing body of evidence suggests these serotonergic pathways arise from topographically organized subpopulations of serotonergic neurons located in the dorsal and median raphe nuclei. We argue that serotonergic neurons in the dorsal/caudal parts of the dorsal raphe nucleus project to forebrain limbic regions involved in stress/conflict anxiety-related processes, which may be relevant for anxiety and affective disorders. Serotonergic neurons in the "lateral wings" of the dorsal raphe nucleus provide inhibitory control over structures controlling fight-or-flight responses. Dysfunction of this pathway could be relevant for panic disorder. Finally, serotonergic neurons in the median raphe nucleus, and the developmentally and functionally-related interfascicular part of the dorsal raphe nucleus, give rise to forebrain limbic projections that are involved in tolerance and coping with aversive stimuli, which could be important for affective disorders like depression. Elucidating the mechanisms through which stress activates these topographically and functionally distinct serotonergic pathways, and how dysfunction of these pathways leads to symptoms of neuropsychiatric disorders, may lead to the development of novel approaches to both the prevention and treatment of anxiety and affective disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan D Paul
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, USA
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Rostkowski AB, Leitermann RJ, Urban JH. Differential activation of neuronal cell types in the basolateral amygdala by corticotropin releasing factor. Neuropeptides 2013; 47:273-80. [PMID: 23688647 PMCID: PMC3736811 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2012.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Revised: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Enhanced corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) release in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) is strongly associated with the generation of behavioral stress responses through activation of the CRF-R1 receptor subtype. Stress and anxiety-like behavior are modulated in part by the balance of peptide actions such as excitatory CRF and inhibitory neuropeptide Y (NPY) receptor activation in the BLA. While the actions of CRF are clear, little is known about the cell type influenced by CRF receptor stimulation. These studies were designed to identify the cell types within the BLA activated by intra-BLA administration of CRF using multi-label immunohistochemistry for cFos and markers for pyramidal (CaMKII-immunopositive) and interneuronal [glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65)] cell populations. Administration of CRF into the BLA produced a dose-dependent increase in the expression of cFos-ir. Intra-BLA injection of CRF induced significant increases in cFos-ir in the CaMKII-ir population. Although increases in cFos-ir in GAD65-ir cells were observed, this did not reach statistical significance perhaps in part due to the decreased numbers of GAD65-ir cells within the BLA after CRF treatment. These findings demonstrate that CRF, when released into the BLA, activates projection neurons and that the activity of GABAergic interneurons is also altered by CRF treatment. Decreases in the number of GAD65-ir neurons could reflect either increased or decreased activity of these cells and future studies will more directly address these possibilities. The expression of cFos is associated with longer term regulation of gene expression which may be involved in the profound long term effects of neuropeptides, such as CRF, on the activity and plasticity of BLA pyramidal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda B. Rostkowski
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, The Chicago Medical School/Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064
| | - Randy J. Leitermann
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics; The Chicago Medical School/Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064
| | - Janice H. Urban
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, The Chicago Medical School/Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics; The Chicago Medical School/Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064
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Asan E, Steinke M, Lesch KP. Serotonergic innervation of the amygdala: targets, receptors, and implications for stress and anxiety. Histochem Cell Biol 2013; 139:785-813. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-013-1081-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Urakawa S, Takamoto K, Hori E, Sakai N, Ono T, Nishijo H. Rearing in enriched environment increases parvalbumin-positive small neurons in the amygdala and decreases anxiety-like behavior of male rats. BMC Neurosci 2013; 14:13. [PMID: 23347699 PMCID: PMC3599335 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-14-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early life experiences including physical exercise, sensory stimulation, and social interaction can modulate development of the inhibitory neuronal network and modify various behaviors. In particular, alteration of parvalbumin-expressing neurons, a gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic neuronal subpopulation, has been suggested to be associated with psychiatric disorders. Here we investigated whether rearing in enriched environment could modify the expression of parvalbumin-positive neurons in the basolateral amygdala and anxiety-like behavior. RESULTS Three-week-old male rats were divided into two groups: those reared in an enriched environment (EE rats) and those reared in standard cages (SE rats). After 5 weeks of rearing, the EE rats showed decreased anxiety-like behavior in an open field than the SE rats. Under another anxiogenic situation, in a beam walking test, the EE rats more quickly traversed an elevated narrow beam. Anxiety-like behavior in the open field was significantly and negatively correlated with walking time in the beam-walking test. Immunohistochemical tests revealed that the number of parvalbumin-positive neurons significantly increased in the basolateral amygdala of the EE rats than that of the SE rats, while the number of calbindin-D28k-positive neurons did not change. These parvalbumin-positive neurons had small, rounded soma and co-expressed the glutamate decarboxylase (GAD67). Furthermore, the number of parvalbumin-positive small cells in the basolateral amygdala tended to positively correlate with emergence in the center arena of the open field and negatively correlated with walking time in the beam walking test. CONCLUSION Rearing in the enriched environment augmented the number of parvalbumin-containing specific inhibitory neuron in the basolateral amygdala, but not that of calbindin-containing neuronal phenotype. Furthermore, the number of parvalbumin-positive small neurons in the basolateral amygdala was negatively correlated with walking time in the beam walking test and tended to be positively correlated with activity in the center arena in the open field test. The results suggest that rearing in the enriched environment augmented parvalbumin-positive specific neurons in the basolateral amygdala, which induced behavioral plasticity that was reflected by a decrease in anxiety-like behavior in anxiogenic situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Urakawa
- Department of Judo Neurophysiotherapy, Graduate school of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Sugitani 2630, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
- Department of System Emotional Science, Graduate school of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Sugitani 2630, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Kouich Takamoto
- Department of Judo Neurophysiotherapy, Graduate school of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Sugitani 2630, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Etsuro Hori
- Department of System Emotional Science, Graduate school of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Sugitani 2630, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Natsuko Sakai
- Department of System Emotional Science, Graduate school of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Sugitani 2630, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Taketoshi Ono
- Department of Judo Neurophysiotherapy, Graduate school of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Sugitani 2630, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Hisao Nishijo
- Department of System Emotional Science, Graduate school of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Sugitani 2630, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
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Lesch KP, Araragi N, Waider J, van den Hove D, Gutknecht L. Targeting brain serotonin synthesis: insights into neurodevelopmental disorders with long-term outcomes related to negative emotionality, aggression and antisocial behaviour. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2012; 367:2426-43. [PMID: 22826343 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggression, which comprises multi-faceted traits ranging from negative emotionality to antisocial behaviour, is influenced by an interaction of biological, psychological and social variables. Failure in social adjustment, aggressiveness and violence represent the most detrimental long-term outcome of neurodevelopmental disorders. With the exception of brain-specific tryptophan hydroxylase-2 (Tph2), which generates serotonin (5-HT) in raphe neurons, the contribution of gene variation to aggression-related behaviour in genetically modified mouse models has been previously appraised (Lesch 2005 Novartis Found Symp. 268, 111-140; Lesch & Merschdorf 2000 Behav. Sci. Law 18, 581-604). Genetic inactivation of Tph2 function in mice led to the identification of phenotypic changes, ranging from growth retardation and late-onset obesity, to enhanced conditioned fear response, increased aggression and depression-like behaviour. This spectrum of consequences, which are amplified by stress-related epigenetic interactions, are attributable to deficient brain 5-HT synthesis during development and adulthood. Human data relating altered TPH2 function to personality traits of negative emotionality and neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by deficits in cognitive control and emotion regulation are based on genetic association and are therefore not as robust as the experimental mouse results. Mouse models in conjunction with approaches focusing on TPH2 variants in humans provide unexpected views of 5-HT's role in brain development and in disorders related to negative emotionality, aggression and antisocial behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus-Peter Lesch
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry (MP), Laboratory of Translational Neuroscience (LTN), Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, , Fuechsleinstrasse 15, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany.
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Harvey ML, Swallows CL, Cooper MA. A double dissociation in the effects of 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors on the acquisition and expression of conditioned defeat in Syrian hamsters. Behav Neurosci 2012; 126:530-7. [PMID: 22708954 DOI: 10.1037/a0029047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Previous research indicates that serotonin enhances the development of stress-induced changes in behavior, although it is unclear which serotonin receptors mediate this effect. 5-HT2 receptors are potential candidates because activation at these receptors is associated with increased fear and anxiety. In this study, we investigated whether pharmacological treatments targeting 5-HT2 receptors would alter the acquisition and expression of conditioned defeat. Conditioned defeat is a social defeat model in Syrian hamsters in which individuals display increased submissive and defensive behavior and a loss of territorial aggression when tested with a novel intruder 24 hours after an acute social defeat. The nonselective 5-HT2 receptor agonist mCPP (0.0, 0.3, 1.0, or 3.0 mg/kg) was injected either prior to social defeat training or prior to conditioned defeat testing. Also, the 5-HT2A receptor antagonist MDL 11,939 (0.0, 0.5, or 2.0 mg/kg) was injected either prior to social defeat training or prior to conditioned defeat testing. Injection of mCPP prior to testing increased the expression of conditioned defeat, but injection of mCPP prior to training did not alter the acquisition of conditioned defeat. Conversely, injection of MDL 11,939 prior to training reduced the acquisition of conditioned defeat, but injection of MDL 11,939 prior to testing did not alter the expression of conditioned defeat. Our data suggest that mCPP activates 5-HT2C receptors during testing to enhance the display of submissive and defensive behavior, whereas MDL 11,939 blocks 5-HT2A receptors during social defeat to disrupt the development of the conditioned defeat response. In sum, these results suggest that serotonin acts at separate 5-HT2 receptors to facilitate the acquisition and expression of defeat-induced changes in social behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marquinta L Harvey
- Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA. mail:
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Lukkes JL, Burke AR, Zelin NS, Hale MW, Lowry CA. Post-weaning social isolation attenuates c-Fos expression in GABAergic interneurons in the basolateral amygdala of adult female rats. Physiol Behav 2012; 107:719-25. [PMID: 22583860 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2012.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2012] [Revised: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have found that adolescent social isolation of rats can lead to an increased anxiety state during adulthood, while chronic anxiety states are associated with dysregulated local GABAergic inhibition within the basolateral amygdala (BL). Therefore, we investigated the effects of post-weaning social isolation of female rats, in combination with a challenge with the anxiogenic drug, N-methyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxamide (FG-7142), on a subset of GABAergic interneurons in the BL in adulthood using dual immunohistochemical staining for c-Fos and parvalbumin. Juvenile female rats were reared in isolation or in groups of three for a 3-week period from weaning to mid-adolescence, after which all rats were group-housed for an additional 2 weeks. Group-reared rats and isolation-reared rats injected with FG-7142 had increased c-Fos expression in GABAergic interneurons in the anterior part of the BL compared to group-reared rats and isolation-reared rats, respectively, injected with vehicle. Isolation rearing had a main effect to decrease c-Fos expression in GABAergic interneurons in the anterior part of the BL compared to group-reared rats. These data suggest that post-weaning social isolation of female rats leads to dysregulation of a parvalbumin-containing subset of local GABAergic interneurons in the anterior part of the BL, which have previously been implicated in the pathophysiology of chronic anxiety states. These cellular changes may lead to an increased vulnerability to stress- and anxiety-related responses in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi L Lukkes
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
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Serotonergic innervation and serotonin receptor expression of NPY-producing neurons in the rat lateral and basolateral amygdaloid nuclei. Brain Struct Funct 2012; 218:421-35. [PMID: 22527118 PMCID: PMC3580143 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-012-0406-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacobehavioral studies in experimental animals, and imaging studies in humans, indicate that serotonergic transmission in the amygdala plays a key role in emotional processing, especially for anxiety-related stimuli. The lateral and basolateral amygdaloid nuclei receive a dense serotonergic innervation in all species studied to date. We investigated interrelations between serotonergic afferents and neuropeptide Y (NPY)-producing neurons, which are a subpopulation of inhibitory interneurons in the rat lateral and basolateral nuclei with particularly strong anxiolytic properties. Dual light microscopic immunolabeling showed numerous appositions of serotonergic afferents on NPY-immunoreactive somata. Using electron microscopy, direct membrane appositions and synaptic contacts between serotonin-containing axon terminals and NPY-immunoreactive cellular profiles were unequivocally established. Double in situ hybridization documented that more than 50 %, and about 30–40 % of NPY mRNA-producing neurons, co-expressed inhibitory 5-HT1A and excitatory 5-HT2C mRNA receptor subtype mRNA, respectively, in both nuclei with no gender differences. Triple in situ hybridization showed that individual NPY mRNA-producing interneurons co-express both 5-HT1A and 5-HT2C mRNAs. Co-expression of NPY and 5-HT3 mRNA was not observed. The results demonstrate that serotonergic afferents provide substantial innervation of NPY-producing neurons in the rat lateral and basolateral amygdaloid nuclei. Studies of serotonin receptor subtype co-expression indicate a differential impact of the serotonergic innervation on this small, but important, population of anxiolytic interneurons, and provide the basis for future studies of the circuitry underlying serotonergic modulation of emotional stimulus processing in the amygdala.
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Smith JE, Lawrence AD, Diukova A, Wise RG, Rogers PJ. Storm in a coffee cup: caffeine modifies brain activation to social signals of threat. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2011; 7:831-40. [PMID: 21972425 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsr058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Caffeine, an adenosine A₁ and A(2A) receptor antagonist, is the most popular psychostimulant drug in the world, but it is also anxiogenic. The neural correlates of caffeine-induced anxiety are currently unknown. This study investigated the effects of caffeine on brain regions implicated in social threat processing and anxiety. Participants were 14 healthy male non/infrequent caffeine consumers. In a double-blind placebo-controlled crossover design, they underwent blood oxygenation level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while performing an emotional face processing task 1 h after receiving caffeine (250 mg) or placebo in two fMRI sessions (counterbalanced, 1-week washout). They rated anxiety and mental alertness, and their blood pressure was measured, before and 2 h after treatment. Results showed that caffeine induced threat-related (angry/fearful faces > happy faces) midbrain-periaqueductal gray activation and abolished threat-related medial prefrontal cortex wall activation. Effects of caffeine on extent of threat-related amygdala activation correlated negatively with level of dietary caffeine intake. In concurrence with these changes in threat-related brain activation, caffeine increased self-rated anxiety and diastolic blood pressure. Caffeine did not affect primary visual cortex activation. These results are the first to demonstrate potential neural correlates of the anxiogenic effect of caffeine, and they implicate the amygdala as a key site for caffeine tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E Smith
- School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, 12a Priory Road, Bristol BS8 1TU, UK.
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46
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Waters RP, See RE. Chronic cocaine self-administration attenuates the anxiogenic-like and stress potentiating effects of the benzodiazepine inverse agonist, FG 7142. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2011; 99:408-13. [PMID: 21635914 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2011.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Revised: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Stress is a well-known risk factor in relapse to drug abuse. Several forms of stress in animals have been used with varied degrees of success to elicit reinstatement of drug-seeking after chronic drug self-administration. Here, we tested the ability of the benzodiazepine (BZ) inverse agonist, FG 7142, to elicit anxiety-like behavior and potentiate stress responses in rats as measured by standard behavioral and hormonal indices and for its ability to affect reinstatement of cocaine-seeking in rats with a prior history of cocaine self-administration. FG 7142 elicited anxiety-like behavior on the elevated plus maze (EPM) in cocaine-naïve rats, and cocaine-naïve rats injected with FG 7142 exhibited increased plasma corticosterone levels following EPM exposure. However, in animals with a history of cocaine self-administration, FG 7142 failed to affect elevated plus maze performance and did not affect plasma corticosterone response to the EPM. Furthermore, FG 7142 failed to reinstate cocaine-seeking, nor did it alter conditioned cue-induced reinstatement. These data indicate that the anxiety-related and stress potentiating qualities of BZ inverse agonism are attenuated in cocaine-experienced animals and do not lead to reinstatement of cocaine-seeking.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Parrish Waters
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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47
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Hale MW, Lowry CA. Functional topography of midbrain and pontine serotonergic systems: implications for synaptic regulation of serotonergic circuits. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2011; 213:243-64. [PMID: 21088958 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-010-2089-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Accepted: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Dysfunction of serotonergic systems is thought to play an important role in a number of neurological and psychiatric disorders. Recent studies suggest that there is anatomical and functional diversity among serotonergic systems innervating forebrain systems involved in the control of physiologic and behavioral responses, including the control of emotional states. OBJECTIVE Here, we highlight the methods that have been used to investigate the heterogeneity of serotonergic systems and review the evidence for the unique anatomical, hodological, and functional properties of topographically organized subpopulations of serotonergic neurons in the midbrain and pontine raphe complex. CONCLUSION The emerging understanding of the topographically organized synaptic regulation of brainstem serotonergic systems, the topography of the efferent projections of these systems, and their functional properties, should enable identification of novel therapeutic approaches to treatment of neurological and psychiatric conditions that are associated with dysregulation of serotonergic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W Hale
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0354, USA
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Houtepen LC, Peterse DP, Westphal KGC, Olivier B, Vinkers CH. The autonomic stress-induced hyperthermia response is not enhanced by several anxiogenic drugs. Physiol Behav 2010; 102:105-9. [PMID: 20828578 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2010.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2010] [Revised: 07/25/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
While anxiety models are often based on locomotor activity responses, the stress-induced hyperthermia (SIH) paradigm uses the autonomic stress response by measuring body temperature. The effects of putative anxiogenic compounds in the SIH paradigm are inconclusive in mice and have not been examined in rats. Furthermore, it has been suggested that drug-induced effects on body temperature could be dependent on locomotor activity levels. Therefore, the effects of three anxiogenic substances, yohimbine (an α(2) receptor antagonist), mCPP (a 5HT(2C) receptor agonist) and FG-7142 (a GABA(A) receptor inverse agonist acting at the benzodiazepine site) on the stress-induced body temperature and locomotor activity response were studied in rats using novel cage stress. All anxiogenic compounds resulted in hypothermia. In contrast, FG-7142 and yohimbine increased locomotor activity levels, whereas mCPP reduced locomotor activity levels. The lack of an increased body temperature response of anxiogenic compounds indicates that the anxiogenic capacity of a drug does not necessarily yield increased autonomic stress responsivity. Moreover, the present study shows that a drug-induced decreased body temperature can be accompanied by increased locomotor activity, suggesting that both parameters represent independent parameters of the stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotte C Houtepen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Sorbonnelaan 16, 3584CA Utrecht, The Netherlands
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