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Garner S, Davies E, Barkus E, Kraeuter AK. Ketogenic diet has a positive association with mental and emotional well-being in the general population. Nutrition 2024; 124:112420. [PMID: 38669832 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2024.112420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A ketogenic diet reduces pathologic stress and improves mood in neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders. However, the effects of a ketogenic diet for people from the general population have largely been unexplored. A ketogenic diet is increasingly used for weight loss. Research in healthy individuals primarily focuses on the physical implications of a ketogenic diet. It is important to understand the holistic effects of a ketogenic diet, not only the physiological but also the psychological effects, in non-clinical samples. The aim of this cross-sectional study with multiple cohorts was to investigate the association of a ketogenic diet with different aspects of mental health, including calmness, contentedness, alertness, cognitive and emotional stress, depression, anxiety, and loneliness, in a general healthy population. METHODS Two online surveys were distributed: cohort 1 used Bond-Lader visual analog scales and Perceived Stress Scale (n = 147) and cohort 2 the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale and revised UCLA Loneliness Scale (n = 276). RESULTS A ketogenic diet was associated with higher self-reported mental and emotional well-being behaviors, including calmness, contentedness, alertness, cognitive and emotional stress, depression, anxiety, and loneliness, compared with individuals on a non-specific diet in a general population. CONCLUSION This research found that a ketogenic diet has potential psychological benefits in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Garner
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Evan Davies
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Brain, Performance and Nutrition Research Centre, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Emma Barkus
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Ann-Katrin Kraeuter
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Brain, Performance and Nutrition Research Centre, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; NUTRAN, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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Garner S, Barkus E, Kraeuter AK. Positive and negative schizotypy personality traits are lower in individuals on ketogenic diet in a non-clinical sample. Schizophr Res 2024; 270:423-432. [PMID: 38991418 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2024.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Schizotypal personality comprises traits such as odd beliefs, perceptual abnormalities, and social difficulties; these traits are distributed throughout the general population. While not meeting the clinical threshold for schizophrenia or schizotypal personality disorder, schizotypal personality traits still provide insights for understanding early clinical risk factors. Ketogenic diet reportedly reduces psychotic symptoms in preclinical and clinical studies. Therefore, we investigated whether ketogenic diet is associated with lower schizotypal traits in the general population. Participants following a ketogenic or other diet were recruited using opportunity sampling. Individuals completed a survey investigating general demographic, socioeconomic, health, diet and lifestyle questions, followed by the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire - Brief Revised version (SPQ-BR). We found that individuals following a ketogenic diet (n = 118) had lower ideas of reference, magical thinking, suspiciousness, unusual perceptions, constricted affect, social anxiety scores, cognitive (positive) perceptual scores, interpersonal (negative) scores and total SPQ-BR compared to individuals on the other diets (n = 139). Magical thinking, constricted affect, social anxiety, cognitive perceptual, interpersonal scores and total SPQ-BR scores remained significant when we controlled for body mass index (BMI) and age. Disorganised features were not influenced by ketogenic diet. The longer individuals adhered to a ketogenic diet the lower their positive and negative schizotypy traits. These findings highlight that ketogenic diet is associated with lower non-clinical schizotypal personality traits. Our results suggest that ketogenic diet might have potential prophylactic properties for individuals at-risk for psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Garner
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Psychology, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Emma Barkus
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Psychology, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Ann-Katrin Kraeuter
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Psychology, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Brain, Performance and Nutrition Research Centre, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; NUTRAN, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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Bellamy EL, Hadjiefthyvoulou F, Walsh J, Brown J, Turner J. Understanding the experiences of ketogenic metabolic therapy for people living with varying levels of depressive symptoms: a thematic analysis. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1397546. [PMID: 38903620 PMCID: PMC11188922 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1397546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Evidence suggests that a ketogenic diet (KD) may help to alleviate psychiatric symptoms, including depression and anxiety. Positive changes have been reported such as improvements in cognition, concentration, and sleep, a reduction in hunger, and an increase in well-being, energy, confidence, and resilience. This research aims to understand the impact of a non-calorie-restricted KD on depression and aspects of psychological well-being in those with varying degrees of depressive symptoms. Though there are a few studies directly exploring the experiences of those following a KD, this will be the first study to explore the narrative from a mental health and psychological well-being viewpoint. Method A sample of nine participants who had followed a non-calorie restricted KD intervention of 50 g of carbohydrates or less per day for at least 12 weeks were recruited. Participants were split into 'healthy adults' group who had no to low depressive symptoms and 'depressive symptoms' group who had mild to moderate depressive symptoms. A reflexive thematic analysis was considered suitable for this study. Findings Five core themes and 24 subthemes were created. These were, (1) Poor health prior to program; (2) Hunger and cravings-the food and mood connection; (3) Psychological well-being improvements; (4) It becomes a lifestyle; and (5) Implementation difficulties. Participants experienced mental health improvements such as increased self-esteem, confidence, motivation, and achievement. Some experienced more control in life and a greater sense of reward. Those with depressive symptoms who initially reported low self-worth and hopelessness later reported increased self-esteem and renewed meaning and purpose in life. The findings from this study reflect the previous reports that the diet implementation can be difficult initially, but soon becomes easy to follow and turns into a lifestyle. Conclusion In the literature, there are very few qualitative studies that explore the accounts and lived experiences of those following a KD. From the participants' accounts in this study, it appears that the benefits and positive outcomes of this diet outweigh any negative side-effects experienced. This is encouraging for those who are looking for adjunctive therapies to address and improve their depressive symptoms and overall mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin L. Bellamy
- School of Psychology, University of East London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - James Walsh
- School of Psychology, University of East London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jennie Brown
- School of Health Sciences, City, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - John Turner
- School of Psychology, University of East London, London, United Kingdom
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Chrysafi M, Jacovides C, Papadopoulou SK, Psara E, Vorvolakos T, Antonopoulou M, Dakanalis A, Martin M, Voulgaridou G, Pritsa A, Mentzelou M, Giaginis C. The Potential Effects of the Ketogenic Diet in the Prevention and Co-Treatment of Stress, Anxiety, Depression, Schizophrenia, and Bipolar Disorder: From the Basic Research to the Clinical Practice. Nutrients 2024; 16:1546. [PMID: 38892480 PMCID: PMC11174630 DOI: 10.3390/nu16111546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ketogenic diet (KD) has been highly developed in the past for the treatment of epileptic pathological states in children and adults. Recently, the current re-emergence in its popularity mainly focuses on the therapy of cardiometabolic diseases. The KD can also have anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective activities which may be applied to the prevention and/or co-treatment of a diverse range of psychiatric disorders. PURPOSE This is a comprehensive literature review that intends to critically collect and scrutinize the pre-existing research basis and clinical data of the potential advantageous impacts of a KD on stress, anxiety, depression, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. METHODS This literature review was performed to thoroughly represent the existing research in this topic, as well as to find gaps in the international scientific community. In this aspect, we carefully investigated the ultimate scientific web databases, e.g., PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, to derive the currently available animal and clinical human surveys by using efficient and representative keywords. RESULTS Just in recent years, an increasing amount of animal and clinical human surveys have focused on investigating the possible impacts of the KD in the prevention and co-treatment of depression, anxiety, stress, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder. Pre-existing basic research with animal studies has consistently demonstrated promising results of the KD, showing a propensity to ameliorate symptoms of depression, anxiety, stress, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder. However, the translation of these findings to clinical settings presents a more complex issue. The majority of the currently available clinical surveys seem to be moderate, usually not controlled, and have mainly assessed the short-term effects of a KD. In addition, some clinical surveys appear to be characterized by enormous dropout rates and significant absence of compliance measurement, as well as an elevated amount of heterogeneity in their methodological design. CONCLUSIONS Although the currently available evidence seems promising, it is highly recommended to accomplish larger, long-term, randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trials with a prospective design, in order to derive conclusive results as to whether KD could act as a potential preventative factor or even a co-treatment agent against stress, anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder. Basic research with animal studies is also recommended to examine the molecular mechanisms of KD against the above psychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chrysafi
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Environment, University of the Aegean, 81400 Lemnos, Greece; (M.C.); (C.J.); (E.P.); (M.A.); (M.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Constantina Jacovides
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Environment, University of the Aegean, 81400 Lemnos, Greece; (M.C.); (C.J.); (E.P.); (M.A.); (M.M.); (M.M.)
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece; (S.K.P.); (G.V.); (A.P.)
| | - Sousana K. Papadopoulou
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece; (S.K.P.); (G.V.); (A.P.)
| | - Evmorfia Psara
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Environment, University of the Aegean, 81400 Lemnos, Greece; (M.C.); (C.J.); (E.P.); (M.A.); (M.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Theophanis Vorvolakos
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece;
| | - Marina Antonopoulou
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Environment, University of the Aegean, 81400 Lemnos, Greece; (M.C.); (C.J.); (E.P.); (M.A.); (M.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Antonios Dakanalis
- Department of Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Via G.B. Pergolesi 33, 20900 Monza, Italy;
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan Bicocca, Via Cadore 38, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Mato Martin
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Environment, University of the Aegean, 81400 Lemnos, Greece; (M.C.); (C.J.); (E.P.); (M.A.); (M.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Gavriela Voulgaridou
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece; (S.K.P.); (G.V.); (A.P.)
| | - Agathi Pritsa
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece; (S.K.P.); (G.V.); (A.P.)
| | - Maria Mentzelou
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Environment, University of the Aegean, 81400 Lemnos, Greece; (M.C.); (C.J.); (E.P.); (M.A.); (M.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Constantinos Giaginis
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Environment, University of the Aegean, 81400 Lemnos, Greece; (M.C.); (C.J.); (E.P.); (M.A.); (M.M.); (M.M.)
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Sethi S, Wakeham D, Ketter T, Hooshmand F, Bjornstad J, Richards B, Westman E, Krauss RM, Saslow L. Ketogenic Diet Intervention on Metabolic and Psychiatric Health in Bipolar and Schizophrenia: A Pilot Trial. Psychiatry Res 2024; 335:115866. [PMID: 38547601 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2024.115866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
The ketogenic diet (KD, also known as metabolic therapy) has been successful in the treatment of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and epilepsy. More recently, this treatment has shown promise in the treatment of psychiatric illness. We conducted a 4-month pilot study to investigate the effects of a KD on individuals with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder with existing metabolic abnormalities. Twenty-three participants were enrolled in a single-arm trial. Results showcased improvements in metabolic health, with no participants meeting metabolic syndrome criteria by study conclusion. Adherent individuals experienced significant reduction in weight (12 %), BMI (12 %), waist circumference (13 %), and visceral adipose tissue (36 %). Observed biomarker enhancements in this population include a 27 % decrease in HOMA-IR, and a 25 % drop in triglyceride levels. In psychiatric measurements, participants with schizophrenia showed a 32 % reduction in Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale scores. Overall Clinical Global Impression (CGI) severity improved by an average of 31 %, and the proportion of participants that started with elevated symptomatology improved at least 1-point on CGI (79 %). Psychiatric outcomes across the cohort encompassed increased life satisfaction (17 %) and enhanced sleep quality (19 %). This pilot trial underscores the potential advantages of adjunctive ketogenic dietary treatment in individuals grappling with serious mental illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shebani Sethi
- Metabolic Psychiatry, Dept. of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Diane Wakeham
- Metabolic Psychiatry, Dept. of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Terence Ketter
- Metabolic Psychiatry, Dept. of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Farnaz Hooshmand
- Metabolic Psychiatry, Dept. of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Julia Bjornstad
- Metabolic Psychiatry, Dept. of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Blair Richards
- Department of Health Behavior and Biological Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Eric Westman
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ronald M Krauss
- Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Laura Saslow
- Department of Health Behavior and Biological Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Díez-Arroyo C, García-García M, Soto-Méndez MJ, Molina-Montes E, Gil-Campos M, Gil Á, Gutiérrez-Jimeno M, Hernández-Ruiz Á. Effect of the ketogenic diet as a treatment for refractory epilepsy in children and adolescents: a systematic review of reviews. Nutr Rev 2024; 82:487-502. [PMID: 37400987 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuad071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2023] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Epilepsy is one of the most prevalent neurological disorders in childhood. Antiepileptic drugs are the preferred treatment. However, 30% of children continue suffering seizures. A ketogenic diet (KD) is one of the emerging alternative treatments. OBJECTIVE This review aims to analyze the current evidence regarding the use of a KD for the treatment of refractory epilepsy (RE) in childhood. DATA SOURCES A systematic review of reviews was performed, based on MEDLINE (PubMed) as at January 2021. DATA EXTRACTION The data extracted included the first author's last name; the year of publication; the country; the study design; the population; the diagnosis, concept, and description of KD types; and major outcome. RESULTS Twenty-one reviews were included, 8 with systematic methodology (2 of them included a meta-analysis) and 13 with unsystematic methodology. The main difference between the 2 types of reviews is the reproducibility of their methodology. Therefore, the results of each type of review were analyzed separately. Each type of review described 4 categories of KD: classic KD, modified Atkins diet (MAD), use of medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs), and low glycemic index treatment (LGIT). In terms of effectiveness, the considered systematic reviews reported reductions in the frequency of seizures greater than 50% in about half of the patients. Reviews without systematic methodology reported that 30%-60% of the children showed a 50% or greater reduction in seizures. The most frequently described adverse effects in the 8 systematic reviews were: vomiting (6/8), constipation (6/8), and diarrhea (6/8); and in the unsystematic reviews: vomiting and nausea (10/13), constipation (10/13), and acidosis (9/13). CONCLUSION KD can be an effective treatment for RE, with a more than 50% reduction in the frequency of seizures and cognitive improvement being achieved in half of the pediatric patients. The effectiveness of the various types of KD is comparable, and the KD can be adapted to the needs of the patient. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO registration no. CRD42021244142.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Díez-Arroyo
- Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- Unidad de Hospitalización de Medicina Interna, Hospital Tres Mares, Reinosa, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Mónica García-García
- Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- Servicio de Emergencias Sanitarias de SACYL, Valladolid, Spain
| | | | - Esther Molina-Montes
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix," Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Parque Tecnológico de la Salud, Armilla, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs. GRANADA, Granada, Spain
- CIBERESP (Epidemiology and Publich Health), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Gil-Campos
- CIBEROBN, (Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Metabolism and Investigation Unit, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Maimónides Institute of Biomedicine Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Ángel Gil
- Iberoamerican Nutrition Foundation (FINUT), Armilla, Granada, Spain
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix," Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Parque Tecnológico de la Salud, Armilla, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs. GRANADA, Granada, Spain
- CIBEROBN, (Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, II University of Granada, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Miriam Gutiérrez-Jimeno
- Departamento de Pediatría del Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Ángela Hernández-Ruiz
- Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- Iberoamerican Nutrition Foundation (FINUT), Armilla, Granada, Spain
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Liu Y, Fan L, Yang H, Wang D, Liu R, Shan T, Xia X. Ketogenic therapy towards precision medicine for brain diseases. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1266690. [PMID: 38450235 PMCID: PMC10915067 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1266690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Precision nutrition and nutrigenomics are emerging in the development of therapies for multiple diseases. The ketogenic diet (KD) is the most widely used clinical diet, providing high fat, low carbohydrate, and adequate protein. KD produces ketones and alters the metabolism of patients. Growing evidence suggests that KD has therapeutic effects in a wide range of neuronal diseases including epilepsy, neurodegeneration, cancer, and metabolic disorders. Although KD is considered to be a low-side-effect diet treatment, its therapeutic mechanism has not yet been fully elucidated. Also, its induced keto-response among different populations has not been elucidated. Understanding the ketone metabolism in health and disease is critical for the development of KD-associated therapeutics and synergistic therapy under any physiological background. Here, we review the current advances and known heterogeneity of the KD response and discuss the prospects for KD therapy from a precision nutrition perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Translational Medicine Center, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Brain Targeted Bio-nanomedicine, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Linlin Fan
- Henan Key Laboratory of Brain Targeted Bio-nanomedicine, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Haoying Yang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Brain Targeted Bio-nanomedicine, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Danli Wang
- Zhoushan People’s Hospital, Zhoushan, China
| | - Runhan Liu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Brain Targeted Bio-nanomedicine, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Tikun Shan
- Neurosurgery Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xue Xia
- Henan Key Laboratory of Brain Targeted Bio-nanomedicine, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, College of Engineering, Science and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
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Kumar A, Nader MA, Deep G. Emergence of Extracellular Vesicles as "Liquid Biopsy" for Neurological Disorders: Boom or Bust. Pharmacol Rev 2024; 76:199-227. [PMID: 38351075 PMCID: PMC10877757 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.122.000788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as an attractive liquid biopsy approach in the diagnosis and prognosis of multiple diseases and disorders. The feasibility of enriching specific subpopulations of EVs from biofluids based on their unique surface markers has opened novel opportunities to gain molecular insight from various tissues and organs, including the brain. Over the past decade, EVs in bodily fluids have been extensively studied for biomarkers associated with various neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorders, substance use disorders, human immunodeficiency virus-associated neurocognitive disorder, and cancer/treatment-induced neurodegeneration. These studies have focused on the isolation and cargo characterization of either total EVs or brain cells, such as neuron-, astrocyte-, microglia-, oligodendrocyte-, pericyte-, and endothelial-derived EVs from biofluids to achieve early diagnosis and molecular characterization and to predict the treatment and intervention outcomes. The findings of these studies have demonstrated that EVs could serve as a repetitive and less invasive source of valuable molecular information for these neurological disorders, supplementing existing costly neuroimaging techniques and relatively invasive measures, like lumbar puncture. However, the initial excitement surrounding blood-based biomarkers for brain-related diseases has been tempered by challenges, such as lack of central nervous system specificity in EV markers, lengthy protocols, and the absence of standardized procedures for biological sample collection, EV isolation, and characterization. Nevertheless, with rapid advancements in the EV field, supported by improved isolation methods and sensitive assays for cargo characterization, brain cell-derived EVs continue to offer unparallel opportunities with significant translational implications for various neurological disorders. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Extracellular vesicles present a less invasive liquid biopsy approach in the diagnosis and prognosis of various neurological disorders. Characterizing these vesicles in biofluids holds the potential to yield valuable molecular information, thereby significantly impacting the development of novel biomarkers for various neurological disorders. This paper has reviewed the methodology employed to isolate extracellular vesicles derived from various brain cells in biofluids, their utility in enhancing the molecular understanding of neurodegeneration, and the potential challenges in this research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Kumar
- Departments of Cancer Biology (A.K., G.D.), Physiology and Pharmacology (M.A.N.), Radiology (M.A.N.), and Center for Addiction Research (M.A.N., G.D.), Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist Comprehensive Cancer Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina (G.D.); and Sticht Center for Healthy Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina (G.D.)
| | - Michael A Nader
- Departments of Cancer Biology (A.K., G.D.), Physiology and Pharmacology (M.A.N.), Radiology (M.A.N.), and Center for Addiction Research (M.A.N., G.D.), Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist Comprehensive Cancer Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina (G.D.); and Sticht Center for Healthy Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina (G.D.)
| | - Gagan Deep
- Departments of Cancer Biology (A.K., G.D.), Physiology and Pharmacology (M.A.N.), Radiology (M.A.N.), and Center for Addiction Research (M.A.N., G.D.), Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist Comprehensive Cancer Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina (G.D.); and Sticht Center for Healthy Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina (G.D.)
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Field R, Field T, Pourkazemi F, Rooney K. Low-carbohydrate and ketogenic diets: a scoping review of neurological and inflammatory outcomes in human studies and their relevance to chronic pain. Nutr Res Rev 2023; 36:295-319. [PMID: 35438071 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422422000087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Dietary restriction of carbohydrate has been demonstrated to be beneficial for nervous system dysfunction in animal models and may be beneficial for human chronic pain. The purpose of this review is to assess the impact of a low-carbohydrate/ketogenic diet on the adult nervous system function and inflammatory biomarkers to inform nutritional research for chronic pain. An electronic database search was carried out in May 2021. Publications were screened for prospective research with dietary carbohydrate intake <130 g per day and duration of ≥2 weeks. Studies were categorised into those reporting adult neurological outcomes to be extracted for analysis and those reporting other adult research outcomes. Both groups were screened again for reported inflammatory biomarkers. From 1548 studies, there were 847 studies included. Sixty-four reported neurological outcomes with 83% showing improvement. Five hundred and twenty-three studies had a different research focus (metabolic n = 394, sport/performance n = 51, cancer n = 33, general n = 30, neurological with non-neuro outcomes n = 12, or gastrointestinal n = 4). The second screen identified sixty-three studies reporting on inflammatory biomarkers, with 71% reporting a reduction in inflammation. The overall results suggest a favourable outcome on the nervous system and inflammatory biomarkers from a reduction in dietary carbohydrates. Both nervous system sensitisation and inflammation occur in chronic pain, and the results from this review indicate it may be improved by low-carbohydrate nutritional therapy. More clinical trials within this population are required to build on the few human trials that have been done.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowena Field
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Tara Field
- The New South Wales Ministry of Health (NSW Health), Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Kieron Rooney
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Rauch E, Ari C, Kovács Z. Dose-Dependent Beneficial Effect of Ketone Supplement-Evoked Ketosis on Anxiety Level in Female WAG/Rij Rats: Sometimes Less Is More. Nutrients 2023; 15:4412. [PMID: 37892486 PMCID: PMC10610400 DOI: 10.3390/nu15204412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
While one-third of the population can be affected by anxiety disorders during their lifetime, our knowledge of the pathophysiology of these disorders is far from complete. Previously, it has been demonstrated in male animals that exogenous ketone supplement-evoked ketosis can decrease anxiety levels in preclinical rodent models, such as Wistar Albino Glaxo/Rijswijk (WAG/Rij) rats. Thus, in this study, we investigated whether intragastric gavage of the exogenous ketone supplement KEMCT (mix of 1,3-butanediol-acetoacetate diester/ketone ester/KE and medium-chain triglyceride/MCT oil in 1:1 ratio) for 7 days can alter the anxiety levels of female WAG/Rij rats using the light-dark box (LDB) test. We demonstrated that a lower dose of KEMCT (3 g/kg/day) increased blood R-βHB (R-β-hydroxybutyrate) levels and significantly decreased anxiety levels (e.g., increased the time spent in the light compartment) in female WAG/Rij rats on the seventh day of administration. Although the higher KEMCT dose (5 g/kg/day) increased blood R-βHB levels more effectively, compared with the lower KEMCT dose, anxiety levels did not improve significantly. We conclude that ketone supplementation might be an effective strategy to induce anxiolytic effects not only in male but also in female WAG/Rij rats. However, these results suggest that the optimal level may be moderately, not highly, elevated blood R-βHB levels when the goal is to alleviate symptoms of anxiety. More studies are needed to understand the exact mechanism of action of ketone supplementation on anxiety levels and to investigate their use in other animal models and humans for the treatment of anxiety disorders and other mental health conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enikő Rauch
- Department of Biology, Savaria University Centre, Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE), Károlyi Gáspár tér 4, 9700 Szombathely, Hungary; (E.R.); (Z.K.)
- Institute of Biology, University of Pécs, Ifjúság Str. 6, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Csilla Ari
- Behavioral Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
- Ketone Technologies LLC, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Zsolt Kovács
- Department of Biology, Savaria University Centre, Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE), Károlyi Gáspár tér 4, 9700 Szombathely, Hungary; (E.R.); (Z.K.)
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11
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Li S, Zhao L, Xiao J, Guo Y, Fu R, Zhang Y, Xu S. The gut microbiome: an important role in neurodegenerative diseases and their therapeutic advances. Mol Cell Biochem 2023:10.1007/s11010-023-04853-6. [PMID: 37787835 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-023-04853-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
There are complex interactions between the gut and the brain. With increasing research on the relationship between gut microbiota and brain function, accumulated clinical and preclinical evidence suggests that gut microbiota is intimately involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). Increasingly studies are beginning to focus on the association between gut microbiota and central nervous system (CNS) degenerative pathologies to find potential therapies for these refractory diseases. In this review, we summarize the changes in the gut microbiota in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and contribute to our understanding of the function of the gut microbiota in NDs and its possible involvement in the pathogenesis. We subsequently discuss therapeutic approaches targeting gut microbial abnormalities in these diseases, including antibiotics, diet, probiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). Furthermore, we summarize some completed and ongoing clinical trials of interventions with gut microbes for NDs, which may provide new ideas for studying NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songlin Li
- Medical Experiment Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Linna Zhao
- Medical Experiment Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Translational Research of TCM Prescription and Syndrome, Tianjin, China
| | - Jie Xiao
- Medical Experiment Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuying Guo
- Medical Experiment Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Translational Research of TCM Prescription and Syndrome, Tianjin, China
| | - Rong Fu
- Medical Experiment Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yunsha Zhang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Shixin Xu
- Medical Experiment Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Translational Research of TCM Prescription and Syndrome, Tianjin, China.
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12
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Meng Q, Liu C, Zu C, Wei Y, Su X, Gan X, Zhang Y, He P, Zhou C, Liu M, Ye Z, Qin X. Association Between Dietary Copper Intake and Cognitive Decline: A Perspective Cohort Study in Chinese Elderly. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2023; 31:753-763. [PMID: 37263860 DOI: 10.1016/j.jagp.2023.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The association between dietary copper (Cu) intake and cognitive decline remains uncertain. We aim to investigate the longitudinal association of dietary Cu with cognitive decline in Chinese elderly. METHODS A total of 3,106 Chinese adults aged older than or equal to 55 years from China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) were included. Dietary nutrients information was collected by 24-hours dietary recalls in combination with a food-weighted method. The 5-year change rates in global or composite cognitive scores based on a subset of items from the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status-modified (TICS-m) was calculated as the last-survey score minus the baseline score, then divided by the follow-up time (unit, years) and multiplied by five. RESULTS The median follow-up duration was 5.9 years. There was a nonlinear association of dietary Cu intake with the 5-year change rates in global or composite cognitive scores, with the inflection point at approximately 1.3 mg/day of dietary Cu intake. Accordingly, for the composite cognitive score, compared to the first quantile (<1.28 mg/day), those with dietary Cu in quantiles 2-8 (≥1.28 mg/day) had a significantly slower cognitive decline rate (B, 0.30; 95% CI, 0.13, 0.47). Similar results were found for the global cognitive score. Moreover, the inverse association between dietary Cu and cognitive decline was stronger in those with lower dietary fat intake and lower levels of physical activity (All p-interactions <0.05). CONCLUSION There was a nonlinear inverse association of dietary Cu intake with cognitive decline in the elderly, with an inflection point at approximately 1.3 mg/day of dietary Cu intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiguo Meng
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (QM, CL, CZ, YW, XS, XQ), School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Institute of Biomedicine (QM, CL, CZ, YW, XS, XQ), Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Division of Nephrology (QM, CL, CZ, YW, XS, XG, YZ, PH, CZ, ML, ZY, XQ), Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University; National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research; Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Renal Failure Research, Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chengzhang Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (QM, CL, CZ, YW, XS, XQ), School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Institute of Biomedicine (QM, CL, CZ, YW, XS, XQ), Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Division of Nephrology (QM, CL, CZ, YW, XS, XG, YZ, PH, CZ, ML, ZY, XQ), Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University; National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research; Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Renal Failure Research, Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cheng Zu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (QM, CL, CZ, YW, XS, XQ), School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Institute of Biomedicine (QM, CL, CZ, YW, XS, XQ), Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Division of Nephrology (QM, CL, CZ, YW, XS, XG, YZ, PH, CZ, ML, ZY, XQ), Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University; National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research; Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Renal Failure Research, Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanxiu Wei
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (QM, CL, CZ, YW, XS, XQ), School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Institute of Biomedicine (QM, CL, CZ, YW, XS, XQ), Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Division of Nephrology (QM, CL, CZ, YW, XS, XG, YZ, PH, CZ, ML, ZY, XQ), Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University; National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research; Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Renal Failure Research, Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinyue Su
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (QM, CL, CZ, YW, XS, XQ), School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Institute of Biomedicine (QM, CL, CZ, YW, XS, XQ), Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Division of Nephrology (QM, CL, CZ, YW, XS, XG, YZ, PH, CZ, ML, ZY, XQ), Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University; National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research; Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Renal Failure Research, Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqin Gan
- Division of Nephrology (QM, CL, CZ, YW, XS, XG, YZ, PH, CZ, ML, ZY, XQ), Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University; National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research; Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Renal Failure Research, Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Division of Nephrology (QM, CL, CZ, YW, XS, XG, YZ, PH, CZ, ML, ZY, XQ), Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University; National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research; Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Renal Failure Research, Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Panpan He
- Division of Nephrology (QM, CL, CZ, YW, XS, XG, YZ, PH, CZ, ML, ZY, XQ), Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University; National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research; Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Renal Failure Research, Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chun Zhou
- Division of Nephrology (QM, CL, CZ, YW, XS, XG, YZ, PH, CZ, ML, ZY, XQ), Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University; National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research; Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Renal Failure Research, Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengyi Liu
- Division of Nephrology (QM, CL, CZ, YW, XS, XG, YZ, PH, CZ, ML, ZY, XQ), Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University; National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research; Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Renal Failure Research, Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziliang Ye
- Division of Nephrology (QM, CL, CZ, YW, XS, XG, YZ, PH, CZ, ML, ZY, XQ), Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University; National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research; Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Renal Failure Research, Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianhui Qin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (QM, CL, CZ, YW, XS, XQ), School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Institute of Biomedicine (QM, CL, CZ, YW, XS, XQ), Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Division of Nephrology (QM, CL, CZ, YW, XS, XG, YZ, PH, CZ, ML, ZY, XQ), Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University; National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research; Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Renal Failure Research, Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China.
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13
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Sun W, Wang Q, Zhang R, Zhang N. Ketogenic diet attenuates neuroinflammation and induces conversion of M1 microglia to M2 in an EAE model of multiple sclerosis by regulating the NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway and inhibiting HDAC3 and P2X7R activation. Food Funct 2023; 14:7247-7269. [PMID: 37466915 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo00122a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by demyelination and neurodegeneration in the central nervous system (CNS); severe symptoms lead MS patients to use complementary treatments. Ketogenic diet (KD) shows wide neuroprotective effects, but the precise mechanisms underlying the therapeutic activity of KD in MS are unclear. The present study established a continuous 24 days experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse model with or without KD. The changes in motor function, pathological hallmarks of EAE, the status of microglia, neuroinflammatory response and intracellular signaling pathways in mice were detected by the rotarod test, histological analysis, real-time PCR (RT-PCR) and western blotting. Our results showed that KD could prevent motor deficiency, reduce clinical scores, inhibit demyelination, improve pathological lesions and suppress microglial activation in the spinal cord of EAE mice. Meanwhile, KD shifted microglial polarization toward the protective M2 phenotype and modified the inflammatory milieu by downregulating the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6, as well as upregulating the release of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as TGF-β. Furthermore, KD decreased the expression levels of CCL2, CCR2, CCL3, CCR1, CCR5, CXCL10 and CXCR3 in the spinal cord and spleen with reduced monocyte/macrophage infiltration in the CNS. In addition, KD inhibits NLRP3 activation in the microglia, as revealed by the significantly decreased co-expression of NLRP3+ and Iba-1+ in the KD + EAE group. Further studies demonstrated that KD suppresses inflammatory response and M1 microglial polarization by inhibiting the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway, the JAK1/STAT1 pathway, HDAC3 and P2X7R activation, as well as up-regulation of JAK3/STAT6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Sun
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, China.
| | - Qingpeng Wang
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, China.
| | - Ruiyan Zhang
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, China.
| | - Ning Zhang
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, China.
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14
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Bicknell B, Liebert A, Borody T, Herkes G, McLachlan C, Kiat H. Neurodegenerative and Neurodevelopmental Diseases and the Gut-Brain Axis: The Potential of Therapeutic Targeting of the Microbiome. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119577. [PMID: 37298527 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The human gut microbiome contains the largest number of bacteria in the body and has the potential to greatly influence metabolism, not only locally but also systemically. There is an established link between a healthy, balanced, and diverse microbiome and overall health. When the gut microbiome becomes unbalanced (dysbiosis) through dietary changes, medication use, lifestyle choices, environmental factors, and ageing, this has a profound effect on our health and is linked to many diseases, including lifestyle diseases, metabolic diseases, inflammatory diseases, and neurological diseases. While this link in humans is largely an association of dysbiosis with disease, in animal models, a causative link can be demonstrated. The link between the gut and the brain is particularly important in maintaining brain health, with a strong association between dysbiosis in the gut and neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental diseases. This link suggests not only that the gut microbiota composition can be used to make an early diagnosis of neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental diseases but also that modifying the gut microbiome to influence the microbiome-gut-brain axis might present a therapeutic target for diseases that have proved intractable, with the aim of altering the trajectory of neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, autism spectrum disorder, and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, among others. There is also a microbiome-gut-brain link to other potentially reversible neurological diseases, such as migraine, post-operative cognitive dysfunction, and long COVID, which might be considered models of therapy for neurodegenerative disease. The role of traditional methods in altering the microbiome, as well as newer, more novel treatments such as faecal microbiome transplants and photobiomodulation, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Bicknell
- NICM Health Research Institute, University of Western Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Ann Liebert
- NICM Health Research Institute, University of Western Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
- Department of Governance and Research, Sydney Adventist Hospital, Wahroonga, NSW 2076, Australia
| | - Thomas Borody
- Centre for Digestive Diseases, Five Dock, NSW 2046, Australia
| | - Geoffrey Herkes
- Department of Governance and Research, Sydney Adventist Hospital, Wahroonga, NSW 2076, Australia
| | - Craig McLachlan
- Centre for Healthy Futures, Torrens University Australia, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Hosen Kiat
- NICM Health Research Institute, University of Western Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
- Centre for Healthy Futures, Torrens University Australia, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
- Macquarie Medical School, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW 2109, Australia
- ANU College of Health and Medicine, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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15
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Bai L, Zhou Y, Zhang J, Ma J. The Role of a Ketogenic Diet in the Treatment of Dementia in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15081971. [PMID: 37111190 PMCID: PMC10142932 DOI: 10.3390/nu15081971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) shares a common molecular mechanism and underlying pathology with dementia, and studies indicate that dementia is widespread in people with T2DM. Currently, T2DM-induced cognitive impairment is characterized by altered insulin and cerebral glucose metabolism, leading to a shorter life span. Increasing evidence indicates that nutritional and metabolic treatments can possibly alleviate these issues, as there is a lack of efficient preventative and treatment methods. The ketogenic diet (KD) is a very high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet that induces ketosis in the body by producing a fasting-like effect, and neurons in the aged brain are protected from damage by ketone bodies. Moreover, the creation of ketone bodies may improve brain neuronal function, decrease inflammatory expression and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and restore neuronal metabolism. As a result, the KD has drawn attention as a potential treatment for neurological diseases, such as T2DM-induced dementia. This review aims to examine the role of the KD in the prevention of dementia risk in T2DM patients and to outline specific aspects of the neuroprotective effects of the KD, providing a rationale for the implementation of dietary interventions as a therapeutic strategy for T2DM-induced dementia in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Bai
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, NHFPC, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Core Facility of West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yue Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Xindu District People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu 610500, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, NHFPC, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Core Facility of West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Junpeng Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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16
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The Role of Diet as a Modulator of the Inflammatory Process in the Neurological Diseases. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15061436. [PMID: 36986165 PMCID: PMC10057655 DOI: 10.3390/nu15061436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurological diseases are recognized as major causes of disability and mortality worldwide. Due to the dynamic progress of diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s Disease (PD), Schizophrenia, Depression, and Multiple Sclerosis (MD), scientists are mobilized to look for new and more effective methods of interventions. A growing body of evidence suggests that inflammatory processes and an imbalance in the composition and function of the gut microbiome, which play a critical role in the pathogenesis of various neurological diseases and dietary interventions, such as the Mediterranean diet the DASH diet, or the ketogenic diet can have beneficial effects on their course. The aim of this review was to take a closer look at the role of diet and its ingredients in modulating inflammation associated with the development and/or progression of central nervous system diseases. Presented data shows that consuming a diet abundant in fruits, vegetables, nuts, herbs, spices, and legumes that are sources of anti-inflammatory elements such as omega-3 fatty acids, polyphenols, vitamins, essential minerals, and probiotics while avoiding foods that promote inflammation, create a positive brain environment and is associated with a reduced risk of neurological diseases. Personalized nutritional interventions may constitute a non-invasive and effective strategy in combating neurological disorders.
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17
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Yu BJ, Oz RS, Sethi S. Ketogenic diet as a metabolic therapy for bipolar disorder: Clinical developments. JOURNAL OF AFFECTIVE DISORDERS REPORTS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jadr.2022.100457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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18
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Li H, Wan X, Wu Z, Zhou Y, Chen R, Xu W, Zhang J, Yang Z, Bai L, Zhang J, Qin F, Wang L, Chen Y, Jiang L, He Y, Wang X, Wei Q, Li S, Dai Y, Chen Y, Wang Y, Wang H, Tian J, Zhao Y, Cen X. β-hydroxybutyrate reduces reinstatement of cocaine conditioned place preference through hippocampal CaMKII-α β-hydroxybutyrylation. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111724. [PMID: 36450263 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have shown the therapeutic effects of a ketogenic diet (KD) on epilepsy, but the effect of a KD on drug reinstatement is largely unclear. This study aims to investigate whether KD consumption possesses therapeutic potential for cocaine reinstatement and the molecular mechanism. We find that a KD significantly reduces cocaine-induced reinstatement in mice, which is accompanied by a markedly elevated level of β-hydroxybutyrate (β-OHB), the most abundant ketone body, in the hippocampus. The underlying mechanism is that β-OHB posttranslationally modifies CaMKII-α with β-hydroxybutyrylation, resulting in significant inhibition of T286 autophosphorylation and downregulation of CaMKII activity. Collectively, our results reveal that β-hydroxybutyrylation is a posttranslational modification of CaMKII-α that plays a critical role in mediating the effect of KD consumption in reducing cocaine reinstatement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchun Li
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xuemei Wan
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhixiang Wu
- Faculty of Environmental and Life Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Yuanyi Zhou
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Rong Chen
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Wei Xu
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jiamei Zhang
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhen Yang
- Histology and Imaging Platform, Core Facilities of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lin Bai
- Histology and Imaging Platform, Core Facilities of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Histology and Imaging Platform, Core Facilities of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Feng Qin
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Liang Wang
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yaxing Chen
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Linhong Jiang
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yuman He
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qingfan Wei
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Shu Li
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yanping Dai
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yonghai Wang
- Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Hongbo Wang
- Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Jingwei Tian
- Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Yinglan Zhao
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiaobo Cen
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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19
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Saito ER, Warren CE, Hanegan CM, Larsen JG, du Randt JD, Cannon M, Saito JY, Campbell RJ, Kemberling CM, Miller GS, Edwards JG, Bikman BT. A Novel Ketone-Supplemented Diet Improves Recognition Memory and Hippocampal Mitochondrial Efficiency in Healthy Adult Mice. Metabolites 2022; 12:1019. [PMID: 36355101 PMCID: PMC9693360 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12111019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction and cognitive impairment are common symptoms in many neurologic and psychiatric disorders, as well as nonpathological aging. Ketones have been suggested as therapeutic for their efficacy in epilepsy and other brain pathologies such as Alzheimer's disease and major depressive disorder. However, their effects on cognitive function in healthy individuals is less established. Here, we explored the mitochondrial and performative outcomes of a novel eight-week ketone-supplemented ketogenic (KETO) diet in healthy adult male and female mice. In a novel object recognition test, KETO mice spent more time with the novel, compared to familiar, object, indicating an improvement in recognition memory. High-resolution respirometry on permeabilized hippocampal tissue returned significant reductions in mitochondrial O2 consumption. No changes in ATP production were observed, yielding a significantly higher ATP:O2 ratio, a measure of mitochondrial efficiency. Together, these findings demonstrate the KETO diet improves hippocampal mitochondrial efficiency. They add to a growing body of evidence that suggests ketones and ketogenic diets are neuroprotective and metabolically and cognitively relevant, even in healthy adults. They also suggest that ketogenic lifestyle changes may be effective strategies for protecting against cognitive decline associated with aging and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Benjamin T. Bikman
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
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20
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Hu S, Shen P, Chen B, Tian SW, You Y. Apelin-13 reduces lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment via promoting glucocorticoid receptor expression and nuclear translocation (Manuscript-revision). Neurosci Lett 2022; 788:136850. [PMID: 36038029 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is usually associated with cognitive decline, which is involved in neurodegenerative diseases. Apelin, a neuropeptide, exerts various biological roles in central nervous system. Recent evidence showed that apelin-13, an active form of apelin, suppresses neuroinflammation and improves cognitive decline in diverse pathological processes. However, the underlying mechanism of apelin-13 in neuroinflammation remains largely unknown. The present study aimed to determine underlying mechanism of apelin-13 on neuroinflammation-related cognitive decline. The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) to is used to establish a rat model of neuroinflammation-related cognitive decline. The results showed that apelin-13 inhibits LPS-induced neuroinflammation and improves cognitive impairment. Apelin-13 upregulates the GR level and nuclear translocation in hippocampus of rats. Moreover, glucocorticoid receptor inhibitor RU486 prevents apelin-13-mediated neuroprotective actions on cognitive function. Taken together, apelin-13 could exert a protective effect in neuroinflammation-mediated cognitive impairment via the activation of GR expression and nuclear translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Hu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Department of Neurology, Haikou, Hainan, 570216, China; Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Brain Research and Transformation, 571199, China; International Center for Aging and Cancer (ICAC), Hainan Medical University, 571199, China
| | - Pei Shen
- Department of Neurology, The First People's Hospital of Changde City, Changde, Hunan, 415000, China
| | - Bin Chen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Department of Neurology, Haikou, Hainan, 570216, China; Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Brain Research and Transformation, 571199, China; International Center for Aging and Cancer (ICAC), Hainan Medical University, 571199, China
| | - Shao-Wen Tian
- Department of Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, 541001, China.
| | - Yong You
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Department of Neurology, Haikou, Hainan, 570216, China; Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Brain Research and Transformation, 571199, China; International Center for Aging and Cancer (ICAC), Hainan Medical University, 571199, China.
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21
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Shcherbakova K, Schwarz A, Apryatin S, Karpenko M, Trofimov A. Supplementation of Regular Diet With Medium-Chain Triglycerides for Procognitive Effects: A Narrative Review. Front Nutr 2022; 9:934497. [PMID: 35911092 PMCID: PMC9334743 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.934497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
It is now widely accepted that ketosis (a physiological state characterized by elevated plasma ketone body levels) possesses a wide range of neuroprotective effects. There is a growing interest in the use of ketogenic supplements, including medium-chain triglycerides (MCT), to achieve intermittent ketosis without adhering to a strict ketogenic diet. MCT supplementation is an inexpensive and simple ketogenic intervention, proven to benefit both individuals with normal cognition and those suffering from mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer's disease, and other cognitive disorders. The commonly accepted paradigm underlying MCT supplementation trials is that the benefits stem from ketogenesis and that MCT supplementation is safe. However, medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) may also exert effects in the brain directly. Moreover, MCFAs, long-chain fatty acids, and glucose participate in mutually intertwined metabolic pathways. Therefore, the metabolic effects must be considered if the desired procognitive effects require administering MCT in doses larger than 1 g/kg. This review summarizes currently available research on the procognitive effects of using MCTs as a supplement to regular feed/diet without concomitant reduction of carbohydrate intake and focuses on the revealed mechanisms linked to particular MCT metabolites (ketone bodies, MCFAs), highlighting open questions and potential considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ksenia Shcherbakova
- I.P. Pavlov Department of Physiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russia,*Correspondence: Ksenia Shcherbakova
| | - Alexander Schwarz
- Laboratory of the Molecular Mechanisms of Neuronal Interactions, Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry (RAS), Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Sergey Apryatin
- I.P. Pavlov Department of Physiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Marina Karpenko
- I.P. Pavlov Department of Physiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexander Trofimov
- I.P. Pavlov Department of Physiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russia
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22
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Henkel ND, Wu X, O'Donovan SM, Devine EA, Jiron JM, Rowland LM, Sarnyai Z, Ramsey AJ, Wen Z, Hahn MK, McCullumsmith RE. Schizophrenia: a disorder of broken brain bioenergetics. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:2393-2404. [PMID: 35264726 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01494-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A substantial and diverse body of literature suggests that the pathophysiology of schizophrenia is related to deficits of bioenergetic function. While antipsychotics are an effective therapy for the management of positive psychotic symptoms, they are not efficacious for the complete schizophrenia symptom profile, such as the negative and cognitive symptoms. In this review, we discuss the relationship between dysfunction of various metabolic pathways across different brain regions in relation to schizophrenia. We contend that several bioenergetic subprocesses are affected across the brain and such deficits are a core feature of the illness. We provide an overview of central perturbations of insulin signaling, glycolysis, pentose-phosphate pathway, tricarboxylic acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation in schizophrenia. Importantly, we discuss pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic interventions that target these pathways and how such interventions may be exploited to improve the symptoms of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas D Henkel
- Department of Neurosciences, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA.
| | - Xiajoun Wu
- Department of Neurosciences, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Sinead M O'Donovan
- Department of Neurosciences, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Emily A Devine
- Department of Neurosciences, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Jessica M Jiron
- Department of Neurosciences, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Laura M Rowland
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Zoltan Sarnyai
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroscience, Australian Institute for Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Amy J Ramsey
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Zhexing Wen
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Cell Biology, and Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Margaret K Hahn
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Robert E McCullumsmith
- Department of Neurosciences, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
- Neurosciences Institute, ProMedica, Toledo, OH, USA
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23
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Genetically modified mice for research on human diseases: A triumph for Biotechnology or a work in progress? THE EUROBIOTECH JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/ebtj-2022-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Genetically modified mice are engineered as models for human diseases. These mouse models include inbred strains, mutants, gene knockouts, gene knockins, and ‘humanized’ mice. Each mouse model is engineered to mimic a specific disease based on a theory of the genetic basis of that disease. For example, to test the amyloid theory of Alzheimer’s disease, mice with amyloid precursor protein genes are engineered, and to test the tau theory, mice with tau genes are engineered. This paper discusses the importance of mouse models in basic research, drug discovery, and translational research, and examines the question of how to define the “best” mouse model of a disease. The critiques of animal models and the caveats in translating the results from animal models to the treatment of human disease are discussed. Since many diseases are heritable, multigenic, age-related and experience-dependent, resulting from multiple gene-gene and gene-environment interactions, it will be essential to develop mouse models that reflect these genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors from a developmental perspective. Such models would provide further insight into disease emergence, progression and the ability to model two-hit and multi-hit theories of disease. The summary examines the biotechnology for creating genetically modified mice which reflect these factors and how they might be used to discover new treatments for complex human diseases such as cancers, neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases.
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24
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Mitrea L, Nemeş SA, Szabo K, Teleky BE, Vodnar DC. Guts Imbalance Imbalances the Brain: A Review of Gut Microbiota Association With Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:813204. [PMID: 35433746 PMCID: PMC9009523 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.813204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last 10 years, there has been a growing interest in the relationship between gut microbiota, the brain, and neurologic-associated affections. As multiple preclinical and clinical research studies highlight gut microbiota’s potential to modulate the general state of health state, it goes without saying that gut microbiota plays a significant role in neurogenesis, mental and cognitive development, emotions, and behaviors, and in the progression of neuropsychiatric illnesses. Gut microbiota produces important biologic products that, through the gut-brain axis, are directly connected with the appearance and evolution of neurological and psychiatric disorders such as depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, autism, schizophrenia, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, dementia, multiple sclerosis, and epilepsy. This study reviews recent research on the link between gut microbiota and the brain, and microbiome’s role in shaping the development of the most common neurological and psychiatric illnesses. Moreover, special attention is paid to the use of probiotic formulations as a potential non-invasive therapeutic opportunity for prevention and management of neuropsychiatric-associated affections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Mitrea
- Institute of Life Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Silvia-Amalia Nemeş
- Institute of Life Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Katalin Szabo
- Institute of Life Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Bernadette-Emőke Teleky
- Institute of Life Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Dan-Cristian Vodnar
- Institute of Life Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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25
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van der Wurff I, Oenema A, de Ruijter D, Vingerhoets C, van Amelsvoort T, Rutten B, Mulkens S, Köhler S, Schols A, de Groot R. A Scoping Literature Review of the Relation between Nutrition and ASD Symptoms in Children. Nutrients 2022; 14:1389. [PMID: 35406004 PMCID: PMC9003544 DOI: 10.3390/nu14071389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by impairments in social interaction, communication skills, and repetitive and restrictive behaviors and interests. Even though there is a biological basis for an effect of specific nutrition factors on ASD symptoms and there is scientific literature available on this relationship, whether nutrition factors could play a role in ASD treatment is unclear. The goal of the current literature review was to summarize the available scientific literature on the relation between nutrition and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) symptoms in childhood, and to formulate practical dietary guidelines. A comprehensive search strategy including terms for ASD, nutrition factors (therapeutic diets, dietary patterns, specific food products, fatty acids and micronutrients) and childhood was developed and executed in six literature databases (Cinahl, Cochrane, Ovid Embase, PsycInfo, PubMed and Web of Science). Data from meta-analyses, systematic reviews and original studies were qualitatively summarized. A total of 5 meta-analyses, 29 systematic reviews and 27 original studies were retrieved that focused on therapeutic diets, specific food products, fatty acids and micronutrients and ASD symptoms during childhood. Results of the available studies were sparse and inconclusive, and hence, no firm conclusions could be drawn. There is currently insufficient evidence for a relation between nutrition and ASD symptoms in childhood, making it impossible to provide practical nutrition guidelines; more methodological sound research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge van der Wurff
- Health Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Open University of the Netherlands, 6419 AT Heerlen, The Netherlands
- Conditions for Lifelong Learning, Faculty of Educational Sciences, Open University of the Netherlands, 6419 AT Heerlen, The Netherlands;
| | - Anke Oenema
- Department of Health Promotion, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (A.O.); (D.d.R.)
- School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands;
| | - Dennis de Ruijter
- Department of Health Promotion, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (A.O.); (D.d.R.)
- School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands;
| | - Claudia Vingerhoets
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (C.V.); (T.v.A.); (B.R.); (S.M.); (S.K.)
| | - Thérèse van Amelsvoort
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (C.V.); (T.v.A.); (B.R.); (S.M.); (S.K.)
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Bart Rutten
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (C.V.); (T.v.A.); (B.R.); (S.M.); (S.K.)
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra Mulkens
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (C.V.); (T.v.A.); (B.R.); (S.M.); (S.K.)
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
- SeysCentra, 6581 TE Malden, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastian Köhler
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (C.V.); (T.v.A.); (B.R.); (S.M.); (S.K.)
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Annemie Schols
- School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands;
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Renate de Groot
- Conditions for Lifelong Learning, Faculty of Educational Sciences, Open University of the Netherlands, 6419 AT Heerlen, The Netherlands;
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26
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Humble MB, Bejerot S. Inflammasome activation in psychosis - Consequence of peripheral dyslipidaemia or reflection of an inflammatory pathogenesis? Brain Behav Immun 2022; 101:284-285. [PMID: 35065195 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2022.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mats B Humble
- School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Susanne Bejerot
- School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden; Faculty of Medicine and Health, University Health Care Research Center, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
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27
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Murakami M, Tognini P. Molecular Mechanisms Underlying the Bioactive Properties of a Ketogenic Diet. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14040782. [PMID: 35215432 PMCID: PMC8879219 DOI: 10.3390/nu14040782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The consumption of a high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet (ketogenic diet) has diverse effects on health and is expected to have therapeutic value in neurological disorders, metabolic syndrome, and cancer. Recent studies have shown that a ketogenic diet not only pronouncedly shifts the cellular metabolism to pseudo-starvation, but also exerts a variety of physiological functions on various organs through metabolites that act as energy substrates, signaling molecules, and epigenetic modifiers. In this review, we highlight the latest findings on the molecular mechanisms of a ketogenic diet and speculate on the significance of these functions in the context of the epigenome and microbiome. Unraveling the molecular basis of the bioactive effects of a ketogenic diet should provide solid evidence for its clinical application in a variety of diseases including cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Murakami
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Correspondence:
| | - Paola Tognini
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
- Laboratory of Biology, Scuola Normale, Superiore, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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28
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Benefits of a ketogenic diet on repetitive motor behavior in mice. Behav Brain Res 2022; 422:113748. [PMID: 35038463 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.113748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Repetitive motor behaviors are repetitive and invariant movements with no apparent function, and are common in several neurological and neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism spectrum disorders (ASD). However, the neuropathology associated with the expression of these abnormal stereotypic movements is not well understood, and effective treatments are lacking. The ketogenic diet (KD) has been used for almost a century to treat intractable epilepsy and, more recently, disorders associated with inflexibility of behavioral routines. Here, we show a novel application for KD to reduce an abnormal repetitive circling behavior in a rodent model. We then explore potential mediation through the striatum, as dysregulation of cortico-basal ganglia circuitry has previously been implicated in repetitive motor behavior. In Experiments 1 and 2, adult FVB mice were assessed for levels of repetitive circling across a 3-week baseline period. Mice were then switched to KD and repetitive circling was assessed for an additional 3 weeks. In Experiment 1, time on KD was associated with reduced repetitive behavior. In Experiment 2, we replicated these benefits of KD and assessed dendritic spine density in the striatum as one potential mechanism for reducing repetitive behavior, which yielded no differences. In Experiment 3, adult female circling mice were given a single administration of a dopamine D2 receptor antagonist (L-741,646) that was associated with reduced repetitive behavior over time. Future research will explore the relationship between KD and dopamine within basal ganglia nuclei that may be influencing the benefits of KD on repetitive behavior.
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29
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The Role of Ketogenic Metabolic Therapy on the Brain in Serious Mental Illness: A Review. JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY AND BRAIN SCIENCE 2022; 7:e220009. [PMID: 36483840 PMCID: PMC9728807 DOI: 10.20900/jpbs.20220009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In search of interventions targeting brain dysfunction and underlying cognitive impairment in schizophrenia, we look at the brain and beyond to the potential role of dysfunctional systemic metabolism on neural network instability and insulin resistance in serious mental illness. We note that disrupted insulin and cerebral glucose metabolism are seen even in medication-naïve first-episode schizophrenia, suggesting that people with schizophrenia are at risk for Type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, resulting in a shortened life span. Although glucose is the brain's default fuel, ketones are a more efficient fuel for the brain. We highlight evidence that a ketogenic diet can improve both the metabolic and neural stability profiles. Specifically, a ketogenic diet improves mitochondrial metabolism, neurotransmitter function, oxidative stress/inflammation, while also increasing neural network stability and cognitive function. To reverse the neurodegenerative process, increasing the brain's access to ketone bodies may be needed. We describe evidence that metabolic, neuroprotective, and neurochemical benefits of a ketogenic diet potentially provide symptomatic relief to people with schizophrenia while also improving their cardiovascular or metabolic health. We review evidence for KD side effects and note that although high in fat it improves various cardiovascular and metabolic risk markers in overweight/obese individuals. We conclude by calling for controlled clinical trials to confirm or refute the findings from anecdotal and case reports to address the potential beneficial effects of the ketogenic diet in people with serious mental illness.
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30
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Danan A, Westman EC, Saslow LR, Ede G. The Ketogenic Diet for Refractory Mental Illness: A Retrospective Analysis of 31 Inpatients. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:951376. [PMID: 35873236 PMCID: PMC9299263 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.951376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND HYPOTHESIS The robust evidence base supporting the therapeutic benefit of ketogenic diets in epilepsy and other neurological conditions suggests this same metabolic approach may also benefit psychiatric conditions. STUDY DESIGN In this retrospective analysis of clinical care, 31 adults with severe, persistent mental illness (major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and schizoaffective disorder) whose symptoms were poorly controlled despite intensive psychiatric management were admitted to a psychiatric hospital and placed on a ketogenic diet restricted to a maximum of 20 grams of carbohydrate per day as an adjunct to conventional inpatient care. The duration of the intervention ranged from 6 to 248 days. STUDY RESULTS Three patients were unable to adhere to the diet for >14 days and were excluded from the final analysis. Among included participants, means and standard deviations (SDs) improved for the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale scores from 25.4 (6.3) to 7.7 (4.2), P < 0.001 and the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale from 29.6 (7.8) to 10.1 (6.5), P < 0.001. Among the 10 patients with schizoaffective illness, mean (SD) of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) scores improved from 91.4 (15.3) to 49.3 (6.9), P < 0.001. Significant improvements were also observed in metabolic health measures including weight, blood pressure, blood glucose, and triglycerides. CONCLUSIONS The administration of a ketogenic diet in this semi-controlled setting to patients with treatment-refractory mental illness was feasible, well-tolerated, and associated with significant and substantial improvements in depression and psychosis symptoms and multiple markers of metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Danan
- Rangueil Faculty of Medicine, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Eric C Westman
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Laura R Saslow
- Department of Health Behavior and Biological Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Georgia Ede
- Independent Researcher, Northampton, MA, United States
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Field RJ, Field TJ, Pourkazemi F, Rooney KB. Experience of participants with chronic pain in a pilot randomized clinical trial using a ketogenic diet. Pain Manag 2021; 12:313-322. [PMID: 34758629 DOI: 10.2217/pmt-2021-0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To report the experience of chronic pain participants after a well-formulated ketogenic diet (WFKD) or whole-food diet (WFD). The quantitative outcomes for this trial have been published separately (clinical trial registration number ACTRN12620000946910). Patients & methods: The experience of 24 participants was evaluated after 12 and 24 weeks of dietary intervention using survey responses and open questions. Results & conclusion: Retention rates for the WFKD and WFD groups were 93 and 89%, respectively. Average adherence to the WFKD was 82% and to the WFD was 87%. The WFKD enjoyment was rated at 66 and 81% for the WFD group. The ease of adhering to the diet varied more widely for the WFKD group. Barriers included knowledge integration, time management, navigating social food environments and emotional attachment to eliminated foods. Facilitators included structured support and coaching, and comprehensive learning materials. The WFKD was shown to be a feasible and effective treatment option for chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowena J Field
- Faculty of Medicine & Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Tara J Field
- The New South Wales Ministry of Health (NSW Health), Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Kieron B Rooney
- Faculty of Medicine & Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Field R, Pourkazemi F, Rooney K. Effects of a low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet on reported pain, blood biomarkers and quality of life in patients with chronic pain: A pilot randomised clinical trial. PAIN MEDICINE 2021; 23:326-338. [PMID: 34534353 DOI: 10.1093/pm/pnab278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet has been reported to improve chronic pain by reducing inflammation, oxidative stress, and sensitivity within the nervous system. The main aim of this trial is to evaluate the effects of a ketogenic diet on reported pain, blood biomarkers and quality of life in patients with chronic pain. METHODS Participants with chronic musculoskeletal pain were recruited for a 12-week diet intervention that commenced with a 3-week run-in diet removing ultra-processed foods, followed by randomisation to either a whole-food/well-formulated ketogenic diet (WFKD) or to continue with the minimally processed whole-food diet (WFD). Outcome measures included: average pain (visual analogue scale VAS), blood biomarkers, anthropometrics, adherence, depression, anxiety, sleep, ketones, quality of life, diet satisfaction and macronutrient intake. RESULTS Average weekly pain improved for both groups. WFKD group VAS reduced by 17.9 ± 5.2 mm (p = 0.004) and the WFD group VAS reduced 11.0 ± 9.0 mm (p = 0.006). Both groups also reported improved quality of life (WFKD = 11.5 ± 2.8%, p = 0.001 and WFD = 11.0 ± 3.5%, p = 0.014). The WFKD group also demonstrated significant improvements in pain interference (p = 0.013), weight (p < 0.005), depression (p = 0.015), anxiety (p = 0.013), and inflammation (hsCRP) (p = 0.009). Significant average pain reduction remained at three-month follow-up for both groups (WFKD p = 0.031, WFD p = 0.011). CONCLUSION The implementation of a whole-food diet that restricts ultra-processed foods is a valid pain management tool, however a low-carbohydrate ketogenic diets may have potentially greater pain reduction, weight loss and mood improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowena Field
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, NSW Australia
| | | | - Kieron Rooney
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, NSW Australia
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Abstract
Despite the overwhelming prevalence of anxiety disorders in modern society, medications and psychotherapy often fail to achieve complete symptom resolution. A complementary approach to medicating symptoms is to address the underlying metabolic pathologies associated with mental illnesses and anxiety. This may be achieved through nutritional interventions. In this perspectives piece, we highlight the roles of the microbiome and inflammation as influencers of anxiety. We further discuss the evidence base for six specific nutritional interventions: avoiding artificial sweeteners and gluten, including omega-3 fatty acids and turmeric in the diet, supplementation with vitamin D, and ketogenic diets. We attempt to integrate insights from the nutrition science-literature in order to highlight some practices that practitioners may consider when treating individual patients. Notably, this piece is not meant to serve as a comprehensive review of the literature, but rather argue our perspective that nutritional interventions should be more widely considered among clinical psychiatrists. Nutritional psychiatry is in its infancy and more research is needed in this burgeoning low-risk and potentially high-yield field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas G Norwitz
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Uma Naidoo
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Nutrition and Lifestyle Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
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Zilberter Y, Zilberter T. Glucose-Sparing Action of Ketones Boosts Functions Exclusive to Glucose in the Brain. eNeuro 2020; 7:ENEURO.0303-20.2020. [PMID: 33168619 PMCID: PMC7768283 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0303-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The ketogenic diet (KD) has been successfully used for a century for treating refractory epilepsy and is currently seen as one of the few viable approaches to the treatment of a plethora of metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases. Empirical evidence notwithstanding, there is still no universal understanding of KD mechanism(s). An important fact is that the brain is capable of using ketone bodies for fuel. Another critical point is that glucose's functions span beyond its role as an energy substrate, and in most of these functions, glucose is irreplaceable. By acting as a supplementary fuel, ketone bodies may free up glucose for its other crucial and exclusive function. We propose that this glucose-sparing effect of ketone bodies may underlie the effectiveness of KD in epilepsy and major neurodegenerative diseases, which are all characterized by brain glucose hypometabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Zilberter
- Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Aix-Marseille Universite, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche 1106, Marseille 13385, France
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290, Pushchino, Russia
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Sethi S, Sinha A, Gearhardt AN. Low carbohydrate ketogenic therapy as a metabolic treatment for binge eating and ultraprocessed food addiction. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2020; 27:275-282. [PMID: 32773576 DOI: 10.1097/med.0000000000000571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The aim of this study was to highlight the recent advancements and future directions for potential use of a low carbohydrate ketogenic dietary approach to treat binge eating and ultraprocessed food addiction. Herein, we explore proposed mechanisms of why a diet low in refined carbohydrates, processed sugar and higher fat content may be helpful in alleviating symptoms. RECENT FINDINGS Emerging evidence suggests there may be a metabolic role in development of maladaptive eating. These findings broaden our understanding of eating psychopathology causes. Ultraprocessed, refined or high glycemic index carbohydrates are a possible trigger mediating neurochemical responses similar to addiction. The carbohydrate-insulin model of obesity supports observations of these foods triggering abnormal blood sugar and insulin spikes subsequently leading to changes in metabolic and neurobiological signaling. This results in overeating symptoms and hunger exacerbation, which differs from observed effects of healthy fat consumption and lack of similar insulin spikes. As supported in recent case series, significantly reducing or abstaining from these addictive-like ultraprocessed foods and highly refined carbohydrates could be considered a treatment approach. SUMMARY The current review highlights recent and pertinent evidence with respect to theoretical and practical application of low carbohydrate ketogenic therapeutic approaches for ultraprocessed food addiction and binge eating symptoms. VIDEO ABSTRACT:.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shebani Sethi
- Metabolic Psychiatry Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | - Anika Sinha
- Department of Human Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Ashley N Gearhardt
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Pittman QJ. A gut feeling about the ketogenic diet in epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 2020; 166:106409. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2020.106409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Ketogenic diets, which have been used to treat drug-refractory paediatric epilepsy for over 100 years, are becoming increasingly popular for the treatment of other neurological conditions, including mental illnesses. We aim to explain how ketogenic diets can improve mental illness biopathology and review the recent clinical literature. RECENT FINDINGS Psychiatric conditions, such as schizophrenia, depression, bipolar disorder and binge eating disorder, are neurometabolic diseases that share several common mechanistic biopathologies. These include glucose hypometabolism, neurotransmitter imbalances, oxidative stress and inflammation. There is strong evidence that ketogenic diets can address these four fundamental diseases, and now complementary clinical evidence that ketogenic diets can improve the patients' symptoms. SUMMARY It is important that researchers and clinicians are made aware of the trajectory of the evidence for the implementation of ketogenic diets in mental illnesses, as such a metabolic intervention provides not only a novel form of symptomatic treatment, but one that may be able to directly address the underlying disease mechanisms and, in so doing, also treat burdensome comorbidities (see Video, Supplementary Digital Content 1, http://links.lww.com/COE/A16, which summarizes the contents of this review).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas G Norwitz
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Shebani Sethi
- Metabolic Psychiatry Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Christopher M Palmer
- Department of Postgraduate and Continuing Education, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA
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Therapeutic Use of the Ketogenic Diet in Refractory Epilepsy: What We Know and What Still Needs to Be Learned. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12092616. [PMID: 32867258 PMCID: PMC7551948 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Ketogenic diet (KD) has been used to treat epilepsy for 100 years. It is a high-fat, low-carbohydrate, and sufficient-protein-for-growth diet that mimics the metabolic changes occurring during starvation. Except for classic KD, its modified counterparts, including modified Atkins diet and low-glycemic-index treatment, have gained grounds to increase palatability and adherence. Strong evidence exists that the KD offers protection against seizures in difficult-to-treat epilepsy and possesses long-lasting anti-epileptic activity, improving long-term disease outcome. The KD can also provide symptomatic and disease-modifying activity in a wide range of neurodegenerative diseases. In an era of highly available new anti-seizure medications (ASMs), the challenge of refractory epilepsy has still not been solved. This metabolic therapy is increasingly considered due to unique mechanisms and turns out to be a powerful tool in the hands of a skillful team. Despite decades of extensive research to explain the mechanism of its efficacy, the precise mechanism of action is to date still largely unknown. The key feature of this successful diet is the fact that energy is derived largely from fat but not from carbohydrates. Consequently, fundamental change occurs regarding the method of energy production that causes alterations in numerous biochemical pathways, thus restoring energetic and metabolic homeostasis of the brain. There are barriers during the use of this special and individualized therapy in many clinical settings worldwide. The aim of this review is to revisit the current state of the art of therapeutic application of KD in refractory epilepsy.
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Scolnick B, Zupec-Kania B, Calabrese L, Aoki C, Hildebrandt T. Remission from Chronic Anorexia Nervosa With Ketogenic Diet and Ketamine: Case Report. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:763. [PMID: 32848935 PMCID: PMC7412264 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic anorexia nervosa is a tragic disease with no known effective pharmacological or behavioral treatment. We report the case of a 29 year-old woman who struggled with severe and enduring anorexia nervosa for 15 years, and experienced a complete recovery following a novel treatment of adopting a ketogenic diet followed by ketamine infusions. Her remission has persisted for over 6 months. CASE PRESENTATION At age 14.5, the patient embarked on an effort to "eat healthy." She quickly lost control of the dieting, developed associated compulsions and obsessions about food, body dissatisfaction, emotional lability, and lost nearly 13.6 kilograms (30 pounds). She was hospitalized for 6 weeks, and while she regained some weight, she did not attain full weight restoration. For 15 years, she continued to eat in a restrictive manner, exercise compulsively, and have intermittent periods of alcohol dependence. Nevertheless, she always hoped to get well, and at age 29, she began a novel treatment for anorexia nervosa. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report of a ketogenic diet used specifically for the treatment of anorexia nervosa, followed by a short series of titrated IV ketamine infusions leading to complete remission of severe and enduring anorexia nervosa, with weight restoration, and sustained cessation of cognitive and behavioral symptoms, for 6 months. Although these treatments were used sequentially the relationship between these modalities, and possible synergy, is unclear, and deserves further study. Complete and sustained remission of chronic anorexia nervosa is quite rare, and the novel use of a ketogenic diet and IV ketamine treatment in this potentially lethal condition suggests avenues for further research, and hope for patients and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Scolnick
- Internal Medicine & Addiction Medicine, Waban, MA, United States
| | - Beth Zupec-Kania
- Consultant-Ketogenic Diet Therapy LLC, Elm Grove, WI, United States
| | | | - Chiye Aoki
- Center for Neural Sciences, New York University, New York, NY, United States.,The Neuroscience Institute, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Thomas Hildebrandt
- Center of Excellence in Eating and Weight Disorders, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
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