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Lara-Topete GO, Castanier-Rivas JD, Bahena-Osorio MF, Krause S, Larsen JR, Loge FJ, Mahlknecht J, Gradilla-Hernández MS, González-López ME. Compounding one problem with another? A look at biodegradable microplastics. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 944:173735. [PMID: 38857803 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Environmental concerns about microplastics (MPs) have motivated research of their sources, occurrence, and fate in aquatic and soil ecosystems. To mitigate the environmental impact of MPs, biodegradable plastics are designed to naturally decompose, thus reducing the amount of environmental plastic contamination. However, the environmental fate of biodegradable plastics and the products of their incomplete biodegradation, especially micro-biodegradable plastics (MBPs), remains largely unexplored. This comprehensive review aims to assess the risks of unintended consequences associated with the introduction of biodegradable plastics into the environment, namely, whether the incomplete mineralization of biodegradable plastics could enhance the risk of MBPs formation and thus, exacerbate the problem of their environmental dispersion, representing a potentially additional environmental hazard due to their presumed ecotoxicity. Initial evidence points towards the potential for incomplete mineralization of biodegradable plastics under both controlled and uncontrolled conditions. Rapid degradation of PLA in thermophilic industrial composting contrasts with the degradation below 50 % of other biodegradables, suggesting MBPs released into the environment through compost. Moreover, degradation rates of <60 % in anaerobic digestion for polymers other than PLA and PHAs suggest a heightened risk of MBPs in digestate, risking their spread into soil and water. This could increase MBPs and adsorbed pollutants' mobilization. The exact behavior and impacts of additive leachates from faster-degrading plastics remain largely unknown. Thus, assessing the environmental fate and impacts of MBPs-laden by-products like compost or digestate is crucial. Moreover, the ecotoxicological consequences of shifting from conventional plastics to biodegradable ones are highly uncertain, as there is insufficient evidence to claim that MBPs have a milder effect on ecosystem health. Indeed, literature shows that the impact may be worse depending on the exposed species, polymer type, and the ecosystem complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Ossmar Lara-Topete
- Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Laboratorio de Sostenibilidad y Cambio Climático, Av. General Ramón Corona 2514, Zapopan, Jalisco 45138, Mexico
| | - Juan Daniel Castanier-Rivas
- Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Laboratorio de Sostenibilidad y Cambio Climático, Av. General Ramón Corona 2514, Zapopan, Jalisco 45138, Mexico
| | - María Fernanda Bahena-Osorio
- Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Laboratorio de Sostenibilidad y Cambio Climático, Av. General Ramón Corona 2514, Zapopan, Jalisco 45138, Mexico
| | - Stefan Krause
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Joshua R Larsen
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Frank J Loge
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America; Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Jürgen Mahlknecht
- Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Misael Sebastián Gradilla-Hernández
- Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Laboratorio de Sostenibilidad y Cambio Climático, Av. General Ramón Corona 2514, Zapopan, Jalisco 45138, Mexico
| | - Martín Esteban González-López
- Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Laboratorio de Sostenibilidad y Cambio Climático, Av. General Ramón Corona 2514, Zapopan, Jalisco 45138, Mexico.
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2
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Scopetani C, Pellinen J, Selonen S. Phthalates and other organic chemicals in agricultural soils after use of different types of conventional and biodegradable plastics. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 255:119177. [PMID: 38788789 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Various plastic materials are used in contact with agricultural soil, like mulching films, crop covers, weed controlling fabrics and nets. Polyethylene (PE) mulches have already been recognized as a significant source of plastic in soil and they have been shown to contain additives like phthalates, known as endocrine disruptors. However, other agricultural plastics are less studied, and little is known on the substances potentially released from them endangering biodiversity and the human health. This research aims to assess whether different agricultural plastics release additives into soil and to compare the release among various materials. We collected soil samples from 38 agricultural fields where conventional mulching films (PE), weed controlling fabrics (PP), biodegradable mulches based on polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT), frost covers (PP), and oxo-degradable films (at least OXO-PE) were used. We analyzed the soils for phthalates and acetyl tributyl citrate (ATBC), used as plastic additives, and for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and dodecane that have high affinity for plastics. In comparison to the control soils, dibutylphthalate (DBP) and ATBC concentrations were significantly higher in soils mulched with PE and, partly, with biodegradable films. DBP concentration found in soil samples ranged between below the limit of quantification at a control site (1.5 μg kg-1) to 135 μg kg-1 at a site mulched with OXO-PE. The highest ATBC concentration, 22 ± 6 μg kg-1, was registered in a site mulched with PE, showing a statistically significant difference not only in comparison to the controls but also when compared to sites mulched with OXO-PE (p = 0.029) and PBAT (p < 0.009). On the contrary, the use of agricultural plastics did not influence the concentration of PAHs and dodecane. Our results indicate that agricultural plastics are a source of some organic chemicals to agricultural soils, including phthalates that are known for posing threat to soil ecosystem and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costanza Scopetani
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, FI-15140, Lahti, Finland.
| | - Jukka Pellinen
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, FI-15140, Lahti, Finland
| | - Salla Selonen
- Finnish Environment Institute SYKE, Latokartanonkaari 11, 00790, Helsinki, Finland
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Kaveh M, Yeganehzad S, Hesarinejad MA, Kiumarsi M, Abdollahi Moghaddam MR. Polylactic Acid/Saqqez Gum Blends for Chewing Gum Applications: Impact of Plasticizers on Thermo-Mechanical and Morphological Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1469. [PMID: 38891416 PMCID: PMC11174524 DOI: 10.3390/polym16111469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigated a blend of poly (lactic acid) (PLA) and Saqqez gum, with a weight ratio of 70:30, respectively, along with two plasticizers, acetyl tributyl citrate (ATBC) and polyethylene glycol (PEG), at three different concentrations (14%, 16% and 18% by weight of the PLA). The blend was analyzed using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), tensile tests, water-absorption behavior (coefficients of water absorption, sorption, diffusion and permeability of the samples during 240 h) and chemical resistance (exposure to 1 mol/L HCl and 1 mol/L NaOH for 240 h). The desired elastomer blend was then used to prepare natural chewing gum, which was subsequently subjected to texture profile analyzer (TPA) tests and sensory evaluation. The results showed that the addition of both plasticizers increased the tensile properties of the blend. Compared to neat PLA, all the blends exhibited an increase in elongation at break and a decrease in yield strength, with the maximum elongation at break (130.6%) and the minimum yield strength (12.2 MPa) observed in the blend containing 16% ATBC. Additionally, all the thermal attributes studied, including Tg, Tc and Tm, were lower than those of neat PLA, and the Tg values deviated from the values predicted via Fox's equation. SEM images of the blends confirmed that plasticization improved the homogeneity and distribution of the components in the blend structure. PEG 18% and ATBC 16% exhibit the highest and lowest water-absorption behavior, respectively. Regarding chemical resistance, all blends showed weight gain when exposed to HCl, while no weight loss was observed for resistance to NaOH. The chewing gum sample obtained similar values for the mentioned tests compared to the commercial control sample. Overall, the results indicate that plasticization enhances the structure and performance of the PLA/Saqqez gum blend and further investigation is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Kaveh
- Research Institute of Food Science and Technology (RIFST), Mashhad 91895-157.356, Iran; (M.K.); (M.R.A.M.)
| | - Samira Yeganehzad
- Research Institute of Food Science and Technology (RIFST), Mashhad 91895-157.356, Iran; (M.K.); (M.R.A.M.)
| | - Mohammad Ali Hesarinejad
- Research Institute of Food Science and Technology (RIFST), Mashhad 91895-157.356, Iran; (M.K.); (M.R.A.M.)
| | - Maryam Kiumarsi
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstraβe 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria;
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Baldera-Moreno Y, Hernández C, Vargas A, Rojas-Palma A, Morales-Vera R, Andler R. Effects of turning aeration and the initial carbon/nitrogen ratio on the biodegradation of polylactic acid under controlled conditions. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 268:131689. [PMID: 38642680 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
Plastic pollution is primarily caused by the accumulation of petroleum-derived plastics, as they tend to degrade slowly. Sustainable alternatives to these materials are bio-based and biodegradable plastics, such as polylactic acid (PLA). In this study, we assessed how turning aeration and the initial carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio impact PLA biodegradation. The study was carried out under controlled composting conditions, over 180 days, with the aim of decreasing the biodegradation time of the PLA. Apple pomace, rice husk, grape pomace compost, and PLA were used as substrates in the composting process. The experiments were conducted using three types of turning aeration: without turning, one turn per week, and two turns per week. Three initial C/N ratios were used: 20, 30, and 40. A stepwise temperature ramp was designed and implemented to simulate industrial composting conditions, which influence microbial activity and thus the rate of decomposition of substrates, including PLA. The data showed behavior; hence, a nonlinear regression model based on the logistic growth equation was used to predict the PLA biodegradation at the end of the composting process. The results showed that two turns per week with an initial C/N ratio of 30 or 40 led to a 90 % biodegradation of the PLA in 130 days. This degradation was verified by Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvan Baldera-Moreno
- Doctorado en Modelamiento Matemático Aplicado, Universidad Católica del Maule, Av San Miguel 3605, Talca 3460000, Región del Maule, Chile; Departamento de Matemática, Física y Estadística, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Católica del Maule, Av San Miguel 3605, Talca 3460000, Región del Maule, Chile
| | - Camila Hernández
- Escuela de Ingeniería en Biotecnología, Centro de Biotecnología de los Recursos Naturales (Cenbio), Universidad Católica del Maule, Av San Miguel 3605, Talca 3460000, Región del Maule, Chile
| | - Aris Vargas
- Escuela de Ingeniería en Biotecnología, Centro de Biotecnología de los Recursos Naturales (Cenbio), Universidad Católica del Maule, Av San Miguel 3605, Talca 3460000, Región del Maule, Chile
| | - Alejandro Rojas-Palma
- Doctorado en Modelamiento Matemático Aplicado, Universidad Católica del Maule, Av San Miguel 3605, Talca 3460000, Región del Maule, Chile; Departamento de Matemática, Física y Estadística, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Católica del Maule, Av San Miguel 3605, Talca 3460000, Región del Maule, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Morales-Vera
- Escuela de Ingeniería en Biotecnología, Centro de Biotecnología de los Recursos Naturales (Cenbio), Universidad Católica del Maule, Av San Miguel 3605, Talca 3460000, Región del Maule, Chile; Facultad de Ingeniería Ciencias y Tecnología, Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Av Viel 1497, Santiago 8370993, Región Metropolitana, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Andler
- Escuela de Ingeniería en Biotecnología, Centro de Biotecnología de los Recursos Naturales (Cenbio), Universidad Católica del Maule, Av San Miguel 3605, Talca 3460000, Región del Maule, Chile.
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5
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Hu L, He L, Cai L, Wang Y, Wu G, Zhang D, Pan X, Wang YZ. Deterioration of single-use biodegradable plastics in high-humidity air and freshwaters over one year: Significant disparities in surface physicochemical characteristics and degradation rates. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 465:133170. [PMID: 38064942 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
More single-use plastics are accumulating in the environment, and likewise biodegradable plastics (BPs), which are being vigorously promoted, cannot escape the fate. Currently, studies on the actual degradation of BPs in open-air and freshwaters are underrepresented despite they are potentially headmost leakage and contamination sites for disposable BPs. Herein, we compared the degradation behavior of six BP materials and non-degradable polypropylene (PP) plastics over a 1-year in situ suspension in the high-humidity air, a eutrophic river, and an oligotrophic lake. Moreover, a 3-months laboratory incubation was performed to detect the release of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from BPs. In both air and freshwaters, poly(p-dioxanone) (PPDO) degraded significantly while PP and polylactic acid (PLA) showed no signs of degradation. The average degradation rates of three poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT)-based films varied: 100% in river, 55% in lake, and 10% in air. In addition to PLA, surface chemical groups, hydrophilicity, and thermal stability of BPs changed, and microplastics were found on their surfaces. Correspondingly, BPs with faster degradation rates released relatively higher amounts of DOC. Environmental microbial and chemical characteristics may contribute to differences in BP degradation besides polymer specificity. Altogether, our results indicate the need for appropriate monitoring of BPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Hu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China; Shaoxing Research Institute, Zhejiang University of Technology, Shaoxing 312000, China
| | - Linlin He
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Li Cai
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yumeng Wang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Gang Wu
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Daoyong Zhang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Xiangliang Pan
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Yu-Zhong Wang
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
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6
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Lyshtva P, Voronova V, Barbir J, Leal Filho W, Kröger SD, Witt G, Miksch L, Sabowski R, Gutow L, Frank C, Emmerstorfer-Augustin A, Agustin-Salazar S, Cerruti P, Santagata G, Stagnaro P, D'Arrigo C, Vignolo M, Krång AS, Strömberg E, Lehtinen L, Annunen V. Degradation of a poly(3-hydroxybutyrate- co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) compound in different environments. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24770. [PMID: 38322905 PMCID: PMC10844030 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) is a promising biodegradable bio-based material, which is designed for a vast range of applications, depending on its composite. This study aims to assess the degradability of a PHBV-based compound under different conditions. The research group followed different methodological approaches and assessed visual and mass changes, mechanical and morphological properties, spectroscopic and structural characterisation, along with thermal behaviour. The Ph-Stat (enzymatic degradation) test and total dry solids (TDS)/total volatile solids (TVS) measurements were carried out. Finally, the team experimentally evaluated the amount of methane and carbon dioxide produced, i.e., the degree of biodegradation under aerobic conditions. According to the results, different types of tests have shown differing effects of environmental conditions on material degradation. In conclusion, this paper provides a summary of the investigations regarding the degradation behaviour of the PHBV-based compound under varying environmental factors. The main strengths of the study lie in its multi-faceted approach, combining assessments of PHBV-based compound degradability under different conditions using various analytical tools, such as visual and mass changes, mechanical and morphological properties, spectroscopic and structural characterization, and thermal behavior. These methods collectively contribute to the robustness and reliability of the undertaken work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlo Lyshtva
- Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, 19086, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Viktoria Voronova
- Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, 19086, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Jelena Barbir
- Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, Ulmenliet 20, 21033, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Walter Leal Filho
- Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, Ulmenliet 20, 21033, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Silja Denise Kröger
- Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, Ulmenliet 20, 21033, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gesine Witt
- Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, Ulmenliet 20, 21033, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lukas Miksch
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Reinhard Sabowski
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Lars Gutow
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Carina Frank
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Krenngasse 37/2, A-8010, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Sarai Agustin-Salazar
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - Pierfrancesco Cerruti
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - Gabriella Santagata
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - Paola Stagnaro
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Technologies "Giulio Natta", National Research Council, Via De Marini 6, 16149, Genova, Italy
| | - Cristina D'Arrigo
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Technologies "Giulio Natta", National Research Council, Via De Marini 6, 16149, Genova, Italy
| | - Maurizio Vignolo
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Technologies "Giulio Natta", National Research Council, Via De Marini 6, 16149, Genova, Italy
| | - Anna-Sara Krång
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Valhallavägen 81, 114 28, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emma Strömberg
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Valhallavägen 81, 114 28, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Liisa Lehtinen
- Turku University of Applied Sciences, Joukahaisenkatu 3, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Ville Annunen
- Turku University of Applied Sciences, Joukahaisenkatu 3, 20520, Turku, Finland
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7
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López Terán JL, Cabrera Maldonado EV, Araque Rangel JDC, Poveda Otazo J, Beltrán Rico MI. Development of Antibacterial Thermoplastic Starch with Natural Oils and Extracts: Structural, Mechanical and Thermal Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:180. [PMID: 38256979 PMCID: PMC10818525 DOI: 10.3390/polym16020180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, the influence of the incorporation of eucalyptus (EO), tea tree (TT) and rosemary (RO) essential oils and Chiriyuyo extract (CE) on the structure and properties of thermoplastic starch (TPS) obtained from potato starch, glycerin and water was evaluated. All oils and the extract were used at a concentration of 0.5 g/100 g of TPS, while for TT, the effect of the concentration was also studied. The mixtures obtained were processed by extrusion and thermocompression molding. The sheets were characterized by XRD, FTIR, TGA, SEM and analyses of their mechanical properties, antimicrobial characteristics and biodegradability. The results show that the use of small concentrations of the oils in 70TPS does not induce changes in the TPS structure according to the results of XRD, FTIR and TGA, with each essential oil and CE affecting the mechanical properties unevenly, although in all cases, antimicrobial activity was obtained, and the biodegradability of TPS in soil was not modified. An increase in the concentration of TT in 60TPS causes marked changes in the crystallinity of TPS, providing a greater modulus with a higher concentration of TT. Regardless of the amount of TT, all sheets maintain antimicrobial characteristics, and their biodegradation in soil is delayed with a higher oil content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Luis López Terán
- Grupo de Investigación de Moléculas y Materiales Funcionales (MoléMater), Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Ritter s/n y Bolivia, Quito E. C. 170521, Ecuador; (J.L.L.T.); (E.V.C.M.)
| | - Elvia Victoria Cabrera Maldonado
- Grupo de Investigación de Moléculas y Materiales Funcionales (MoléMater), Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Ritter s/n y Bolivia, Quito E. C. 170521, Ecuador; (J.L.L.T.); (E.V.C.M.)
| | - Judith del Carmen Araque Rangel
- Grupo de Investigación de Moléculas y Materiales Funcionales (MoléMater), Facultad de Ingeniería en Geología, Minas, Petróleos y Ambiental, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Jerónimo Leyton y Av. La Gasca, Quito C. P. 170521, Ecuador;
| | - José Poveda Otazo
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Alicante, Apdo. 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain;
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8
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Li T, Kambanis J, Sorenson TL, Sunde M, Shen Y. From Fundamental Amyloid Protein Self-Assembly to Development of Bioplastics. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:5-23. [PMID: 38147506 PMCID: PMC10777412 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c01129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Proteins can self-assemble into a range of nanostructures as a result of molecular interactions. Amyloid nanofibrils, as one of them, were first discovered with regard to the relevance of neurodegenerative diseases but now have been exploited as building blocks to generate multiscale materials with designed functions for versatile applications. This review interconnects the mechanism of amyloid fibrillation, the current approaches to synthesizing amyloid protein-based materials, and the application in bioplastic development. We focus on the fundamental structures of self-assembled amyloid fibrils and how external factors can affect protein aggregation to optimize the process. Protein self-assembly is essentially the autonomous congregation of smaller protein units into larger, organized structures. Since the properties of the self-assembly can be manipulated by changing intrinsic factors and external conditions, protein self-assembly serves as an excellent building block for bioplastic development. Building on these principles, general processing methods and pathways from raw protein sources to mature state materials are proposed, providing a guide for the development of large-scale production. Additionally, this review discusses the diverse properties of protein-based amyloid nanofibrils and how they can be utilized as bioplastics. The economic feasibility of the protein bioplastics is also compared to conventional plastics in large-scale production scenarios, supporting their potential as sustainable bioplastics for future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianchen Li
- School
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Sydney Nano, The University of Sydney, PNR Building, Darlington NSW 2008, Australia
| | - Jordan Kambanis
- School
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Sydney Nano, The University of Sydney, PNR Building, Darlington NSW 2008, Australia
| | - Timothy L. Sorenson
- School
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Sydney Nano, The University of Sydney, PNR Building, Darlington NSW 2008, Australia
| | - Margaret Sunde
- School
of Medical Sciences and Sydney Nano, The
University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Yi Shen
- School
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Sydney Nano, The University of Sydney, PNR Building, Darlington NSW 2008, Australia
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9
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Faba S, Arrieta MP, Romero J, Agüero Á, Torres A, Martínez S, Rayón E, Galotto MJ. Biodegradable nanocomposite poly(lactic acid) foams containing carvacrol-based cocrystal prepared by supercritical CO 2 processing for controlled release in active food packaging. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 254:127793. [PMID: 37926308 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Compounds derived from essential oils have been used in active packaging, but their volatility and degradability negatively affect stability and leads to high release rates. The present study aimed to develop PLA bionanocomposite foams loaded with carvacrol cocrystal by supercritical CO2 and its release into a food simulant for control release in food packaging. For this purpose, 4,4'-bipyridine was used as coformer and carvacrol as active agent. Cocrystallized closed cell foams were obtained using supercritical CO2 and were characterized in terms of their physicochemical and mechanical properties, and release kinetics to a D1 simulant were evaluated as well as the antioxidant ability. A better overall mechanical behavior due to the nanoclay promoting a higher interfacial adhesion with the polymeric matrix was revealed. A higher incorporation of carvacrol was observed in samples with higher C30B content. The incorporated cocrystals showed a decrease of one order of magnitude in the estimated effective diffusion coefficient of carvacrol and showed antioxidant activity. These results suggest that the nanocomposite foam containing carvacrol-based cocrystals could be used in active packaging systems with controlled release characteristics, especially with highly volatile compounds, and can be proposed for other fields such as biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simón Faba
- Packaging Innovation Center (LABEN), Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Technology, Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CEDENNA), University of Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago 9170201, Chile.
| | - Marina P Arrieta
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química Industrial y del Medio Ambiente, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (ETSII-UPM), Calle José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain; Grupo de Investigación: Polímeros, Caracterización y Aplicaciones (POLCA), 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Julio Romero
- Laboratory of Membrane Separation Processes (LabProSeM), Department of Chemical Engineering and Bioprocesses, Engineering Faculty, University of Santiago de Chile (USACH), 9170201 Santiago, Chile
| | - Ángel Agüero
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química Industrial y del Medio Ambiente, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (ETSII-UPM), Calle José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain; Institut de Tecnologia de Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain
| | - Alejandra Torres
- Packaging Innovation Center (LABEN), Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Technology, Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CEDENNA), University of Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago 9170201, Chile
| | - Sara Martínez
- Packaging Innovation Center (LABEN), Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Technology, Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CEDENNA), University of Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago 9170201, Chile
| | - Emilio Rayón
- Institut de Tecnologia de Materials, Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Camino de Vera, s/n, Código Postal 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - María José Galotto
- Packaging Innovation Center (LABEN), Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Technology, Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CEDENNA), University of Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago 9170201, Chile.
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10
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Mena-Prado I, Reinosa JJ, Fernández-García M, Fernández JF, Muñoz-Bonilla A, Del Campo A. Evaluation of poly(lactic acid) and ECOVIO based biocomposites loaded with antimicrobial sodium phosphate microparticles. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127488. [PMID: 37852395 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Herein, biobased composite materials based on poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) as matrices, sodium hexametaphosphate microparticles (E452i, food additive microparticles, 1 and 5 wt%) as antimicrobial filler and acetyl tributyl citrate (ATBC, 15 wt%) as plasticizer, were developed for potential food packaging applications. Two set of composite films were obtained by melt-extrusion and compression molding, i) based on PLA matrix and ii) based on Ecovio® matrix (PLA/PBAT blend). Thermal characterization by thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry demonstrated that the incorporation of E452i particles improved thermal stability and crystallinity, while the mechanical test showed an increase in the Young's modulus. E452i particles also provide antimicrobial properties to the films against food-borne bacteria Listeria innocua and Staphylococcus aureus, with bacterial reduction percentages higher than 50 % in films with 5 wt% of particles. The films also preserved their disintegradability as demonstrated by an exhaustive characterization of the films under industrial composting conditions. Therefore, the results obtained in this work reveal the potential of these biocomposites as appropriated materials for antibacterial and compostable food packaging films.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Mena-Prado
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (ICTP-CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - J J Reinosa
- Encapsulae S.L., C/ Lituania, 10, nave 2, 12006 Castellón, Spain
| | - M Fernández-García
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (ICTP-CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - J F Fernández
- Instituto de Cerámica y Vidrio (ICV-CSIC), C/ Kelsen 5, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - A Muñoz-Bonilla
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (ICTP-CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
| | - A Del Campo
- Instituto de Cerámica y Vidrio (ICV-CSIC), C/ Kelsen 5, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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11
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Jaffur BN, Kumar G, Jeetah P, Ramakrishna S, Bhatia SK. Current advances and emerging trends in sustainable polyhydroxyalkanoate modification from organic waste streams for material applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126781. [PMID: 37696371 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
The current processes for producing polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are costly, owing to the high cost of cultivation feedstocks, and the need to sterilise the growth medium, which is energy-intensive. PHA has been identified as a promising biomaterial with a wide range of potential applications and its functionalization from waste streams has made significant advances recently, which can help foster the growth of a circular economy and waste reduction. Recent developments and novel approaches in the functionalization of PHAs derived from various waste streams offer opportunities for addressing these issues. This study focuses on the development of sustainable, efficient, and cutting-edge methods, such as advanced bioprocess engineering, novel catalysts, and advances in materials science. Chemical techniques, such as epoxidation, oxidation, and esterification, have been employed for PHA functionalization, while enzymatic and microbial methods have indicated promise. PHB/polylactic acid blends with cellulose fibers showed improved tensile strength by 24.45-32.08 % and decreased water vapor and oxygen transmission rates while PHB/Polycaprolactone blends with a 1:1 ratio demonstrated an elongation at break four to six times higher than pure PHB, without altering tensile strength or elastic modulus. Moreover, PHB films blended with both polyethylene glycol and esterified sodium alginate showed improvements in crystallinity and decreased hydrophobicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibi Nausheen Jaffur
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Mauritius, Réduit 80837, Mauritius.
| | - Gopalakrishnan Kumar
- Institute of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental, Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Pratima Jeetah
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Mauritius, Réduit 80837, Mauritius
| | - Seeram Ramakrishna
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, 117575, Singapore
| | - Shashi Kant Bhatia
- Department of Biological Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, South Korea
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12
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Rizzarelli P, Leanza M, Rapisarda M. Investigations into the characterization, degradation, and applications of biodegradable polymers by mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2023. [PMID: 38014928 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Biodegradable polymers have been getting more and more attention because of their contribution to the plastic pollution environmental issues and to move towards a circular economy. Nevertheless, biodegradable materials still exhibit various disadvantages restraining a widespread use in the market. Therefore, additional research efforts are required to improve their performance. Mass spectrometry (MS) affords a relevant contribution to optimize biodegradable polymer synthesis, to confirm macromolecular structures, to examine along the time the progress of degradation processes and highlight advantages and drawbacks in the extensive applications. This review aims to provide an overview of the MS investigations carried out to support the synthesis of biodegradable polymers, with helpful information on undesirable products or polymerization mechanism, to understand deterioration pathways by the structure of degradation products and to follow drug release and pharmacokinetic. Additionally, it summarizes MS studies addressed on environmental and health issues related to the extensive use of plastic materials, that is, potential migration of additives or microplastics identification and quantification. The paper is focused on the most significant studies relating to synthetic and microbial biodegradable polymers published in the last 15 years, not including agro-polymers such as proteins and polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Rizzarelli
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto per i Polimeri Compositi e Biomateriali (IPCB), ede Secondaria di Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Melania Leanza
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto per i Polimeri Compositi e Biomateriali (IPCB), ede Secondaria di Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Marco Rapisarda
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto per i Polimeri Compositi e Biomateriali (IPCB), ede Secondaria di Catania, Catania, Italy
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13
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Momeni S, Craplewe K, Safder M, Luz S, Sauvageau D, Elias A. Accelerating the Biodegradation of Poly(lactic acid) through the Inclusion of Plant Fibers: A Review of Recent Advances. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2023; 11:15146-15170. [PMID: 37886036 PMCID: PMC10599323 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.3c04240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
As the global demand for plastics continues to grow, plastic waste is accumulating at an alarming rate with negative effects on the natural environment. The industrially compostable biopolymer poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is therefore being adopted for use in many applications, but the degradation of this material is slow under many end-of-life conditions. This Perspective explores the feasibility of accelerating the degradation of PLA through the formation of PLA-plant fiber composites. Topics include: (a) key properties of PLA, plant-based fibers, and biocomposites; (b) mechanisms of both hydrolytic degradation and biodegradation of PLA-fiber composites; (c) end-of-life degradation of PLA and PLA-plant fiber composites in aerobic and anaerobic conditions, relevant to compost, soil and seawater (aerobic), and landfills (anaerobic); and (d) sustainability and environmental impact of PLA and PLA-plant fiber composites, as evaluated using life cycle assessment. Additional degradation modes, including thermal and photodegradation, which are relevant during processing and use, have been omitted for clarity, as have other types of PLA biocomposites. Multiple studies have shown that the addition of some types of plant fibers to PLA (to form PLA biocomposites) accelerates both water transport in the material and hydrolysis, presenting a possible avenue for improving the end-of-life degradation of these materials. To facilitate the continued development of materials with enhanced biodegradability, we identify a need to implement testing protocols that can distinguish between different degradation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Momeni
- Department
of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University
of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Kaylee Craplewe
- Department
of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University
of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Muhammad Safder
- Department
of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University
of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Sandra Luz
- Department
of Automotive Engineering, University of
Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Dominic Sauvageau
- Department
of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University
of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Anastasia Elias
- Department
of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University
of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
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14
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Juan-Polo A, Pavon C, de la Rosa-Ramírez H, López-Martínez J. Use of Raw Peach Gum as a Sustainable Additive for the Development of Water-Sensitive and Biodegradable Thermoplastic Starch Films. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3359. [PMID: 37631415 PMCID: PMC10458062 DOI: 10.3390/polym15163359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, formulations of thermoplastic starch (TPS) with 5, 10, and 15 parts per hundred resin (phr) of raw peach gum (PG) were prepared by melt extrusion followed by injection molding to obtain standard specimens for characterization. In addition, biodegradable films were developed by compression molding. It was determined that TPS with 5 phr and 10 phr of PG presented similar mechanical behavior to pure TPS after the processing. However, results indicated that adding PG in 10 phr slowed down the starch's retrogradation, delaying the TPS structure's stiffening. Moreover, the TPS-PG formulations presented improved solubility, which increased by 24% with 10 and 15 phr of PG compared to that shown for TPS. Additionally, PG enhanced the compostability of TPS, causing the sample to disintegrate in a shorter period. In conclusion, it was determined that raw PG added in 10 phr could be added as a sustainable additive to modify the biodegradation and water sensitivity of TPS without affecting its mechanical behavior after processing and delaying the retrogradation of the TPS structure, increasing its shelf life.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cristina Pavon
- Instituto de Tecnología de Materiales, Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), 03801 Alcoy, Alicante, Spain; (A.J.-P.); (H.d.l.R.-R.); (J.L.-M.)
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15
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Ortega Z, Douglas P, Hanna PR, Garrett G, Clarke A, Cunningham E, Suárez L. Characterization of PLA Sheets Prepared by Stretching under Different Conditions: Influence of Reprocessing and Establishing Optimal Conditions. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:5114. [PMID: 37512389 PMCID: PMC10386445 DOI: 10.3390/ma16145114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Polylactide (PLA) is one of the most commonly used biomaterials nowadays, with many recognized benefits, particularly in the packaging and single-use products industries. However, little research has been conducted on its stretching behavior. This work investigates the optimal conditions of biaxial stretching of injection-molded PLA samples produced under different processing conditions (pressure, drying, and pre-processing by extrusion, to simulate a recycling step). The injection-molded samples were characterized to determine their mechanical, thermal and thermo-mechanical behavior, water absorption, thermal behavior, and crystallization kinetics. The extruded samples showed reduced thermal stability, lower viscosity, decreased mechanical properties, and higher crystallization rates due to thermal degradation. However, the stretched samples provided similar properties regardless of the materials pre-processing. Regarding the assessment of the biaxial stretching process, processing at lower temperatures provides the films with a higher yield and breaking strength, while the time and strain rates have little influence on such properties. It was then determined that 82 °C is the optimal temperature for stretching the PLA samples. An increase in the stretch ratio provided a higher elastic modulus and higher values of opacity due to an increased crystallinity induced by stress during the process. Films as thin as 50 μm can be obtained by biaxially stretching injection-molded preforms, producing a deformation over 150% and acquiring good mechanical properties: about 90 MPa for the yield and a breaking strength and elastic modulus of 4000 MPa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaida Ortega
- Departamento de Ingeniería de Procesos, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Paula Douglas
- Polymer Processing Research Centre, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Ashby Building, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast BT9 5AH, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Paul R Hanna
- Polymer Processing Research Centre, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Ashby Building, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast BT9 5AH, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Graham Garrett
- Polymer Processing Research Centre, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Ashby Building, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast BT9 5AH, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Alan Clarke
- Polymer Processing Research Centre, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Ashby Building, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast BT9 5AH, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Eoin Cunningham
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Ashby Building, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5AH, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Luis Suárez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
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16
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Bracciale MP, De Gioannis G, Falzarano M, Muntoni A, Polettini A, Pomi R, Rossi A, Sarasini F, Tirillò J, Zonfa T. Anaerobic biodegradation of disposable PLA-based products: Assessing the correlation with physical, chemical and microstructural properties. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 452:131244. [PMID: 36965354 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In the present study commercial Polylactic Acid-based disposable cups and plates were selected for lab scale anaerobic degradability tests. The experiments were carried out under thermophilic conditions at different inoculum to substrate ratios and test material sizes, and the specific biogas production and associated kinetics were evaluated. Maximum biogas production was comparable for almost all the experimental runs (1620 and 1830 NmL/gTOCPLA) and a biodegradation degree in the range 86-100% was attained. Moreover, physical, chemical and microscopical analyses were used to characterize the tested materials before and after the degradation. The products composition was assessed and the presence of some additives (mainly Ca-based) was detected. Potential correlations among the process parameters and product composition were derived and a delay in process kinetics with increasing amount of additives embedded in the polymeric matrix was observed, confirming the relevant influence of the chemical blend on the biodegradation process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giorgia De Gioannis
- DICAAR Department, University of Cagliari, Piazza D'Armi 1, 09123 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Marica Falzarano
- DICEA Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Roma, Italy.
| | - Aldo Muntoni
- DICAAR Department, University of Cagliari, Piazza D'Armi 1, 09123 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Alessandra Polettini
- DICEA Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Roma, Italy
| | - Raffaella Pomi
- DICEA Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Roma, Italy
| | - Andreina Rossi
- DICEA Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Roma, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Sarasini
- DICMA Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Roma, Italy
| | - Jacopo Tirillò
- DICMA Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Roma, Italy
| | - Tatiana Zonfa
- DICEA Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Roma, Italy
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17
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Idris SN, Amelia TSM, Bhubalan K, Lazim AMM, Zakwan NAMA, Jamaluddin MI, Santhanam R, Amirul AAA, Vigneswari S, Ramakrishna S. The degradation of single-use plastics and commercially viable bioplastics in the environment: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 231:115988. [PMID: 37105296 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Plastics have become an integral part of human life. Single-use plastics (SUPs) are disposable plastics designed to be used once then promptly discarded or recycled. This SUPs range from packaging and takeaway containers to disposable razors and hotel toiletries. Synthetic plastics, which are made of non-renewable petroleum and natural gas resources, require decades to perpetually disintegrate in nature thus contribute to plastic pollution worldwide, especially in marine environments. In response to these problems, bioplastics or bio-based and biodegradable polymers from renewable sources has been considered as an alternative. Understanding the mechanisms behind the degradation of conventional SUPs and biodegradability of their greener counterpart, bioplastics, is crucial for appropriate material selection in the future. This review aims to provide insights into the degradation or disintegration of conventional single-use plastics and the biodegradability of the different types of greener-counterparts, bioplastics, their mechanisms, and conditions. This review highlights on the biodegradation in the environments including composting systems. Here, the various types of alternative biodegradable polymers, such as bacterially biosynthesised bioplastics, natural fibre-reinforced plastics, starch-, cellulose-, lignin-, and soy-based polymers were explored. Review of past literature revealed that although bioplastics are relatively eco-friendly, their natural compositions and properties are inconsistent. Furthermore, the global plastic market for biodegradable plastics remains relatively small and require further research and commercialization efforts, especially considering the urgency of plastic and microplastic pollution as currently critical global issue. Biodegradable plastics have potential to replace conventional plastics as they show biodegradation ability under real environments, and thus intensive research on the various biodegradable plastics is needed to inform stakeholders and policy makers on the appropriate response to the gradually emerging biodegradable plastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Norliyana Idris
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Tan Suet May Amelia
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Kesaven Bhubalan
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia; Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Anim Maisara Mohd Lazim
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | | | - Muhammad Imran Jamaluddin
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Rameshkumar Santhanam
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Al-Ashraf Abdullah Amirul
- School of Biological Science, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; Centre for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bayan Lepas, Penang, Malaysia; Malaysian Institute of Pharmaceuticals and Nutraceuticals, National Institutes of Biotechnology Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Sevakumaran Vigneswari
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia.
| | - Seeram Ramakrishna
- Center for Nanotechnology and Sustainability, national University of Singapore, 119260, Singapore.
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18
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Tertyshnaya YV, Podzorova MV, Khramkova AV, Ovchinnikov VA, Krivandin AV. Structural Rearrangements of Polylactide/Natural Rubber Composites during Hydro- and Biotic Degradation. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15081930. [PMID: 37112077 PMCID: PMC10145913 DOI: 10.3390/polym15081930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In the work, the impact of the biological medium and water on structural rearrangements in pure polylactide and polylactide/natural rubber film composites was studied. Polylactide/natural rubber films with a rubber content of 5, 10, and 15 wt.% were obtained by the solution method. Biotic degradation was carried out according to the Sturm method at a temperature of 22 ± 2 °C. Hydrolytic degradation was studied at the same temperature in distilled water. The structural characteristics were controlled by thermophysical, optical, spectral, and diffraction methods. Optical microscopy revealed the surface erosion of all samples after exposure to microbiota and water. Differential scanning calorimetry showed a decrease in the degree of crystallinity of polylactide by 2-4% after the Sturm test, and a tendency to an increase in the degree of crystallinity after the action of water was noted. Changes in the chemical structure were shown in the spectra recorded by infrared spectroscopy. Due to degradation, significant changes in the intensities of the bands in the regions of 3500-2900 and 1700-1500 cm-1 were shown. The X-ray diffraction method established differences in diffraction patterns in very defective and less damaged regions of polylactide composites. It was determined that pure polylactide hydrolyzed more readily under the action of distilled water than polylactide/natural rubber composites. Film composites were more rapidly subjected to biotic degradation. The degree of biodegradation of polylactide/natural rubber composites increased with the rise in the content of natural rubber in the compositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia V Tertyshnaya
- Department of Biological and Chemical Physics of Polymers, Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosygina Str., Moscow 119334, Russia
- Department of Chemistry of Innovative Materials and Technologies, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, 36 Stremyanny per., Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Maria V Podzorova
- Department of Biological and Chemical Physics of Polymers, Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosygina Str., Moscow 119334, Russia
- Department of Chemistry of Innovative Materials and Technologies, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, 36 Stremyanny per., Moscow 117997, Russia
| | | | - Vasily A Ovchinnikov
- Department of Chemistry of Innovative Materials and Technologies, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, 36 Stremyanny per., Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Aleksey V Krivandin
- Department of Biological and Chemical Physics of Polymers, Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosygina Str., Moscow 119334, Russia
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19
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Delacuvellerie A, Brusselman A, Cyriaque V, Benali S, Moins S, Raquez JM, Gobert S, Wattiez R. Long-term immersion of compostable plastics in marine aquarium: Microbial biofilm evolution and polymer degradation. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 189:114711. [PMID: 36807047 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The best-selling compostable plastics, polylactic acid (PLA) and polybutylene adipate-co-terephthalate (PBAT), can accidentally end up in the marine environment due to plastic waste mismanagement. Their degradation and colonization by microbial communities are poorly documented in marine conditions. To better understand their degradation, as well as the dynamics of bacterial colonization after a long immersion time (99, 160, and 260 days), PBAT, semicrystalline, and amorphous PLA films were immersed in a marine aquarium. Sequencing and chemical analyses were used in parallel to characterize these samples. Despite the variation in the chemical intrinsic parameters of these plastics, their degradation remains very slow. Microbial community structure varied according to the immersion time with a high proportion of Archaea. Moreover, the plastisphere structure of PBAT was specific. A better understanding of compostable plastic degradability is crucial to evaluate their impact on ecosystems and to eco-design new recyclable plastics with optimal degradation properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Delacuvellerie
- Proteomics and Microbiology department, University of Mons, 20 place du parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Axelle Brusselman
- Oceanology department, UR FOCUS, University of Liège, 11 Allée du 6 août, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Valentine Cyriaque
- Proteomics and Microbiology department, University of Mons, 20 place du parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium; Section of Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, 1, Bygning, 1-1-215, Denmark
| | - Samira Benali
- Polymer and Composite Materials Department, University of Mons, 15 Avenue Maistriau, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Sébastien Moins
- Polymer and Composite Materials Department, University of Mons, 15 Avenue Maistriau, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Jean-Marie Raquez
- Polymer and Composite Materials Department, University of Mons, 15 Avenue Maistriau, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Sylvie Gobert
- Oceanology department, UR FOCUS, University of Liège, 11 Allée du 6 août, 4000 Liège, Belgium; STARESO, Pointe Revellata, BP33, 20260 Corse, France
| | - Ruddy Wattiez
- Proteomics and Microbiology department, University of Mons, 20 place du parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium.
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20
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Rusková M, Opálková Šišková A, Mosnáčková K, Gago C, Guerreiro A, Bučková M, Puškárová A, Pangallo D, Antunes MD. Biodegradable Active Packaging Enriched with Essential Oils for Enhancing the Shelf Life of Strawberries. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12030755. [PMID: 36979002 PMCID: PMC10044849 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12030755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The strawberry (Fragaria ananassa) is a nutrient-rich fruit with high content of health-beneficial compounds. However, strawberries are susceptible to mechanical damage and microbiological contamination which can cause changes in fruit sensory properties. These changes consequently effect on ripening and shelf life of the strawberry. In recent years, essential oils (EOs) have been famous for their antimicrobial and antioxidant properties and are promising ecological alternatives to chemical antimicrobial substances. Nowadays, active packaging is one of several techniques developed for slowing down the metabolic processes of fresh fruits. Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is one of the several polymers suitable for encapsulation EOs, whereas at the same time represent non-toxic, biodegradable, and compostable polymer derived from renewable resources. Suitable packaging prolongs the shelf life of fruit, keeps the products at the highest possible nutrition level, improves quality, and attracts customer attention. In the current study, we encapsulated EOs (lemongrass and oregano) into a PLA and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) packaging film and explored their antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. Moreover, biochemical and quality parameters for strawberry preservation and shelf-life extension were also assessed. Our tested active packaging film with EOs was proven to be useful for postharvest quality maintenance and shelf-life extension of strawberries, with PLA/PHB/ATBC + 5% lemongrass EO being slightly better than PLA/PHB/ATBC + 5% oregano EO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdaléna Rusková
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 21, 845 51 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Alena Opálková Šišková
- Polymer Institute of Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 41 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Institute of Materials and Machine Mechanics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 13 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Katarína Mosnáčková
- Polymer Institute of Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 41 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Custódia Gago
- Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE-Global Change and Sustainability Institute, FCT, Universidade do Algarve, edf. 8, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Adriana Guerreiro
- Centre for Electronics, Optoelectronics and Telecommunications, FCT, Universidade do Algarve, edf. 8, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Mária Bučková
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 21, 845 51 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Andrea Puškárová
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 21, 845 51 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Domenico Pangallo
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 21, 845 51 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Maria Dulce Antunes
- Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE-Global Change and Sustainability Institute, FCT, Universidade do Algarve, edf. 8, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
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21
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Tournier V, Duquesne S, Guillamot F, Cramail H, Taton D, Marty A, André I. Enzymes' Power for Plastics Degradation. Chem Rev 2023; 123:5612-5701. [PMID: 36916764 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Plastics are everywhere in our modern way of living, and their production keeps increasing every year, causing major environmental concerns. Nowadays, the end-of-life management involves accumulation in landfills, incineration, and recycling to a lower extent. This ecological threat to the environment is inspiring alternative bio-based solutions for plastic waste treatment and recycling toward a circular economy. Over the past decade, considerable efforts have been made to degrade commodity plastics using biocatalytic approaches. Here, we provide a comprehensive review on the recent advances in enzyme-based biocatalysis and in the design of related biocatalytic processes to recycle or upcycle commodity plastics, including polyesters, polyamides, polyurethanes, and polyolefins. We also discuss scope and limitations, challenges, and opportunities of this field of research. An important message from this review is that polymer-assimilating enzymes are very likely part of the solution to reaching a circular plastic economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Tournier
- Carbios, Parc Cataroux-Bâtiment B80, 8 rue de la Grolière, 63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Sophie Duquesne
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute, TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse, France, 135, avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 04, France
| | - Frédérique Guillamot
- Carbios, Parc Cataroux-Bâtiment B80, 8 rue de la Grolière, 63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Henri Cramail
- Université Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LCPO, 16 Avenue Pey-Berland, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Daniel Taton
- Université Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LCPO, 16 Avenue Pey-Berland, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Alain Marty
- Carbios, Parc Cataroux-Bâtiment B80, 8 rue de la Grolière, 63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Isabelle André
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute, TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse, France, 135, avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 04, France
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22
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Ramos‐Hernández T, Robledo‐Ortíz JR, González‐López ME, del Campo ASM, González‐Núñez R, Rodrigue D, Pérez Fonseca AA. Mechanical recycling of
PLA
: Effect of weathering, extrusion cycles, and chain extender. J Appl Polym Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Rubén González‐Núñez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química Universidad de Guadalajara Guadalajara Mexico
| | - Denis Rodrigue
- Department of Chemical Engineering Université Laval Quebec City Quebec Canada
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23
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Rogovina S, Zhorina L, Yakhina A, Shapagin A, Iordanskii A, Berlin A. Hydrolysis, Biodegradation and Ion Sorption in Binary Biocomposites of Chitosan with Polyesters: Polylactide and Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate). Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15030645. [PMID: 36771948 PMCID: PMC9920663 DOI: 10.3390/polym15030645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The film binary composites polylactide (PLA)-chitosan and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB)-chitosan have been fabricated and their functional characteristics, such as hydrolysis resistance, biodegradation in soil, and ion sorption behavior have been explored. It was established that hydrolysis temperature and acidity of solutions are differently affected by the weight loss of these two systems. Thus, in the HCl aqueous solutions, the stability of the PHB-chitosan composites is higher than the stability of the PLA-chitosan one, while the opposite situation was observed for biodegradation in soil. The sorption capacity of both composites to Fe3+ ions was investigated and it was shown that, for PHB-chitosan composites, the sorption is higher than for PLA-chitosan. It was established that kinetics of sorption obeys the pseudo-first-order equation and limiting values of sorption correspond to Henry's Law formalism. By scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the comparative investigation of initial films and films containing sorbed ions was made and the change of films surface after Fe3+ sorption is demonstrated. The findings presented could open a new horizon in the implementation of novel functional biodegradable composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Rogovina
- N. N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics Academy of Science, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (S.R.); (A.I.)
| | - Lubov Zhorina
- N. N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics Academy of Science, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia Yakhina
- N. N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics Academy of Science, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey Shapagin
- Frumkin Institute of Physics Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Science, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey Iordanskii
- N. N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics Academy of Science, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (S.R.); (A.I.)
| | - Alexander Berlin
- N. N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics Academy of Science, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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24
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Huang W, Shi Y, Wang W, Sheng Y, Guo Y, Li Y, Yang Q, Chen P. Polylactide/poly[(
R
)‐3‐hydroxybutyrate] (
PHB
) blend fibers with superior heat‐resistance: Effect of
PHB
on crystallization. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Bio‐based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application, Ningbo Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering (NIMTE), CAS Ningbo China
| | - Yamin Shi
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Bio‐based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application, Ningbo Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering (NIMTE), CAS Ningbo China
| | - Wenling Wang
- COFCO (Jilin) Bio‐Chemical Technology Co., Ltd Changchun China
| | - Yongji Sheng
- COFCO (Jilin) Bio‐Chemical Technology Co., Ltd Changchun China
| | - Yuying Guo
- COFCO (Jilin) Bio‐Chemical Technology Co., Ltd Changchun China
| | - Yi Li
- COFCO (Jilin) Bio‐Chemical Technology Co., Ltd Changchun China
| | - Qiu Yang
- Ningbo New Material Testing and Evaluation Center Co., Ltd Ningbo China
| | - Peng Chen
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Bio‐based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application, Ningbo Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering (NIMTE), CAS Ningbo China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
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25
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Liu X, Wang X, Wang R, Guo S, Ahmad S, Song Y, Gao P, Chen J, Liu C, Ding N. Effects comparison between the secondary nanoplastics released from biodegradable and conventional plastics on the transfer of antibiotic resistance genes between bacteria. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 317:120680. [PMID: 36414161 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) have caused widespread concern because of their potential harm to environmental safety and human health. As substitutes for conventional plastics, the toxic effects of short-term degradation products of biodegradable plastics (polylactic acid (PLA) and polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)) on bacteria and their impact on ARGs transfer were the focus of this study. After 60 days of degradation, more secondary nanoplastics were released from the biodegradable plastics PLA and PHA than that from the conventional plastics polystyrene (PS). All kinds of nanoplastics, no matter released from biodegradable plastics or conventional plastics, had no significant toxicity to bacteria. Nanoplastic particles from biodegradable plastics could significantly increase the transfer efficiency of ARGs. Although the amount of secondary nanoplastics produced by PHA microplastics was much higher than that of PLA, the transfer frequency after exposure to PLA was much higher, which may be due to the agglomeration of PHA nanoplastics caused by plastic instability in solution. After exposure to the 60 d PLA nanoplastics, the transfer frequency was the highest, which was approximately 28 times higher than that of control. The biodegradable nanoplastics significantly enhanced the expression of the outer membrane pore protein genes ompA and ompC, which could increase cell membrane permeability. The expression levels of trfAp and trbBp were increased by repressed major global regulatory genes korA, korB, and trbA, which eventually led to an increase in conjugative transfer frequency. This study provides important insights into the evaluation of the environmental and health risks caused by secondary nanoplastics released from biodegradable plastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong, 273165, China.
| | - Xiaolong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - RenJun Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong, 273165, China
| | - Saisai Guo
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Shakeel Ahmad
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yuhao Song
- School of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong, 273165, China
| | - Peike Gao
- School of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong, 273165, China
| | - Junfeng Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong, 273165, China
| | - Chunchen Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong, 273165, China
| | - Ning Ding
- School of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong, 273165, China
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26
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Zaborowska M, Bernat K, Pszczółkowski B, Cydzik-Kwiatkowska A, Kulikowska D, Wojnowska-Baryła I. Multi-faceted analysis of thermophilic anaerobic biodegradation of poly(lactic acid)-based material. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 155:40-52. [PMID: 36343599 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2022.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Currently, the production of bio-based polymeric materials, of which poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is the most popular, has been increasing, causing the growth of PLA waste in municipal waste. Thus, it is necessary to develop sustainable methods for treating it. Methane production, resulting from anaerobic digestion (AD), is a potential end-of-life scenario for PLA waste that needs to be investigated. To obtain high efficiency of AD, thermophilic fermentation was applied, and to overcome low rates of biodegradation, hydrothermal (HT) and alkaline (A) pretreatments were used. For a deep insight into the process, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and microscopic and microbial analyses (based on 16S rDNA) were applied. For both untreated (PLA) and pretreated (PLAHT, PLAA) samples a high maximal methane production (MP) of 453 L/kg volatile solids (VS) was obtained, almost 100 % of the theoretical methane yield from PLA. The use of pretreatment allowed shortening of the time for obtaining maximal MP, especially the hydrothermal pretreatment, which shortened the overall time of MP 1.3-fold, and methane was produced at an almost 10 % higher rate (8.35 vs 7.79 L/(kg VS·d)). However, DSC and microscopic analyses revealed that, in all cases, methane was intensively produced i) after the reduction of the molecular mass of the PLA material and ii) also when PLA pieces were not visible. This should be considered when designing the operational time for the AD process. Parallel to the gradual biodegradation of PLA, the abundances of Firmicutes, Thermotogae, and Euryarcheota increased. With PLAHT, Syntrophobacteraceae, Thermoanaerobacteraceae, and methanogens were identified as potential key thermophilic PLA biodegraders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Zaborowska
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Słoneczna Str. 45G, Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Bernat
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Słoneczna Str. 45G, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Bartosz Pszczółkowski
- Department of Materials and Machines Technology, Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego Str. 11, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Cydzik-Kwiatkowska
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Słoneczna Str. 45G, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Dorota Kulikowska
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Słoneczna Str. 45G, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Irena Wojnowska-Baryła
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Słoneczna Str. 45G, Olsztyn, Poland
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27
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The Influence of Plasticizers and Accelerated Ageing on Biodegradation of PLA under Controlled Composting Conditions. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 15:polym15010140. [PMID: 36616489 PMCID: PMC9823598 DOI: 10.3390/polym15010140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The overall performance of plasticizers on common mechanical and physical properties, as well as on the processability of polylactic acid (PLA) films, is well-explored. However, the influence of plasticizers on biodegradation is still in its infancy. In this study, the influence of natural-based dicarboxylic acid-based ester plasticizers (MC2178 and MC2192), acetyl tributyl citrate (ATBC Citroflex A4), and polyethylene glycol (PEG 400) on the biodegradation of extruded PLA films was evaluated. Furthermore, the influence of accelerated ageing on the performance properties and biodegradation of films was further investigated. The biodegradation of films was determined under controlled thermophilic composting conditions (ISO 14855-1). Apart from respirometry, an evaluation of the degree of disintegration, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of film surfaces was conducted. The influence of melt-processing with plasticizers has a significant effect on structural changes. Especially, the degree of crystallinity has been found to be a major factor which affects the biodegradation rate. The lowest biodegradation rates have been evaluated for films plasticized with PEG 400. These lower molecular weight plasticizers enhanced the crystallinity degrees of the PLA phase due to an increase in chain mobility. On the contrary, the highest biodegradation rate was found for films plasticized with MC2192, which has a higher molecular weight and evoked minimal structural changes of the PLA. From the evaluated results, it could also be stated that migration of plasticizers, physical ageing, and chain scission of films prompted by ageing significantly influenced both the mechanical and thermal properties, as well as the biodegradation rate. Therefore, the ageing of parts has to be taken into consideration for the proper evolution of the biodegradation of plasticized PLA and their applications.
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28
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Biodegradation of PLA/CNC composite modified with non-ionic surfactants. Polym Bull (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-022-04618-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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29
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Processing Compostable PLA/Organoclay Bionanocomposite Foams by Supercritical CO2 Foaming for Sustainable Food Packaging. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14204394. [PMID: 36297972 PMCID: PMC9612032 DOI: 10.3390/polym14204394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This article proposes a foaming method using supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) to obtain compostable bionanocomposite foams based on PLA and organoclay (C30B) where this bionanocomposite was fabricated by a previous hot melt extrusion step. Neat PLA films and PLA/C30B films (1, 2, and 3 wt.%) were obtained by using a melt extrusion process followed by a film forming process obtaining films with thicknesses between 500 and 600 μm. Films were further processed into foams in a high-pressure cell with scCO2 under constant conditions of pressure (25 MPa) and temperature (130 °C) for 30 min. Bionanocomposite PLA foams evidenced a closed cell and uniform cell structure; however, neat PLA presented a poor cell structure and thick cell walls. The thermal stability was significantly enhanced in the bionanocomposite foam samples by the good dispersion of nanoclays due to scCO2, as demonstrated by X-ray diffraction analysis. The bionanocomposite foams showed improved overall mechanical performance due to well-dispersed nanoclays promoting increased interfacial adhesion with the polymeric matrix. The water uptake behavior of bionanocomposite foams showed that they practically did not absorb water during the first week of immersion in water. Finally, PLA foams were disintegrated under standard composting conditions at higher rates than PLA films, showing their sustainable character. Thus, PLA bionanocomposite foams obtained by batch supercritical foaming seem to be a sustainable option to replace non-biodegradable expanded polystyrene, and they represent a promising alternative to be considered in applications such as food packaging and other products.
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30
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Poly(Lactic Acid) Block Copolymers with Poly(Hexylene Succinate) as Microparticles for Long-Acting Injectables of Risperidone Drug. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14194111. [PMID: 36236058 PMCID: PMC9571843 DOI: 10.3390/polym14194111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present work, Risperidone microparticles from poly(lactic acid)/poly(hexylene succinate) (PLA-b-PHSu) block copolymers in different ratios, 95/05, 90/10 and 80/20 w/w, were examined as long-acting injectable formulations. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) was used to verify the successful synthesis of copolymers. Enzymatic hydrolysis showed an increase in weight loss as the content of PHSu increased, while the cytotoxicity studies confirmed the biocompatibility of the copolymers. The polyesters were further used to encapsulate Risperidone by spray drying. The drug-loaded microparticles were studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). SEM microphotographs confirmed that spherically shaped microparticles were prepared with sizes about 5-12 μm, while XRD and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies evidenced that Risperidone was encapsulated in amorphous form. The drug loading and the entrapment efficiency of Risperidone were studied as well as the in vitro release from the prepared microparticles. As the content of PHSu increased, a higher release of Risperidone was observed, with PLA-b-PHSu 80/20 w/w succeeding to release 100% of RIS within 12 days. According to theoretical modeling, the kinetics of RIS release from PLA-b-PHSu microparticles is complex, governed by both diffusion and polymer erosion.
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31
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Fogašová M, Figalla S, Danišová L, Medlenová E, Hlaváčiková S, Vanovčanová Z, Omaníková L, Baco A, Horváth V, Mikolajová M, Feranc J, Bočkaj J, Plavec R, Alexy P, Repiská M, Přikryl R, Kontárová S, Báreková A, Sláviková M, Koutný M, Fayyazbakhsh A, Kadlečková M. PLA/PHB-Based Materials Fully Biodegradable under Both Industrial and Home-Composting Conditions. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14194113. [PMID: 36236060 PMCID: PMC9572414 DOI: 10.3390/polym14194113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to make bioplastics accessible for a wider spectrum of applications, ready-to-use plastic material formulations should be available with tailored properties. Ideally, these kinds of materials should also be “home-compostable” to simplify their organic recycling. Therefore, materials based on PLA (polylactid acid) and PHB (polyhydroxybutyrate) blends are presented which contain suitable additives, and some of them contain also thermoplastic starch as a filler, which decreases the price of the final compound. They are intended for various applications, as documented by products made out of them. The produced materials are fully biodegradable under industrial composting conditions. Surprisingly, some of the materials, even those which contain more PLA than PHB, are also fully biodegradable under home-composting conditions within a period of about six months. Experiments made under laboratory conditions were supported with data obtained from a kitchen waste pilot composter and from municipal composting plant experiments. Material properties, environmental conditions, and microbiology data were recorded during some of these experiments to document the biodegradation process and changes on the surface and inside the materials on a molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mária Fogašová
- Institute of Natural and Synthetic Polymers, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Silvestr Figalla
- Institute of Materials Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 464/118, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Correspondence:
| | - Lucia Danišová
- Institute of Natural and Synthetic Polymers, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Elena Medlenová
- Institute of Natural and Synthetic Polymers, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Slávka Hlaváčiková
- Institute of Natural and Synthetic Polymers, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Zuzana Vanovčanová
- Institute of Natural and Synthetic Polymers, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Leona Omaníková
- Institute of Natural and Synthetic Polymers, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Andrej Baco
- Institute of Natural and Synthetic Polymers, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Vojtech Horváth
- Institute of Natural and Synthetic Polymers, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Mária Mikolajová
- Institute of Natural and Synthetic Polymers, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Jozef Feranc
- Institute of Natural and Synthetic Polymers, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Ján Bočkaj
- Institute of Natural and Synthetic Polymers, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Roderik Plavec
- Institute of Natural and Synthetic Polymers, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Pavol Alexy
- Institute of Natural and Synthetic Polymers, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Martina Repiská
- Institute of Natural and Synthetic Polymers, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Radek Přikryl
- Institute of Materials Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 464/118, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Soňa Kontárová
- Institute of Materials Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 464/118, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Báreková
- Department of Landscape Engineering, Hortyculture and Landscape Engineering Faculty, Slovak University of Agriculture, Hospodárska 7, 949 76 Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Martina Sláviková
- Department of Landscape Engineering, Hortyculture and Landscape Engineering Faculty, Slovak University of Agriculture, Hospodárska 7, 949 76 Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Marek Koutný
- Department of Environmental Protection Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Nad Ovčírnou III 3685, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic
| | - Ahmad Fayyazbakhsh
- Department of Environmental Protection Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Nad Ovčírnou III 3685, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Kadlečková
- Department of Environmental Protection Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Nad Ovčírnou III 3685, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic
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32
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Kumari SVG, Pakshirajan K, Pugazhenthi G. Recent advances and future prospects of cellulose, starch, chitosan, polylactic acid and polyhydroxyalkanoates for sustainable food packaging applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 221:163-182. [PMID: 36067847 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.08.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose, starch, chitosan, polylactic acid, and polyhydroxyalkanoates are seen as promising alternatives to conventional plastics in food packaging. However, the application of these biopolymers in the food packaging industry on a commercial scale is limited due to their poor performance and processing characteristics and high production cost. This review aims to provide an insight into the recent advances in research that address these limitations. Loading of nanofillers into polymer matrix could improve thermal, mechanical, and barrier properties of biopolymers. Blending of biopolymers also offers the possibility of acquiring newer materials with desired characteristics. However, nanofillers tend to agglomerate when loaded above an optimum level in the polymer matrix. This article throws light on different methods adopted by researchers to achieve uniform dispersion of nanofillers in bionanocomposites. Furthermore, different processing methods available for converting biopolymers into different packaging forms are discussed. In addition, the potential utilization of agricultural, brewery, and industrial wastes as feedstock for the production of biopolymers, and integrated biorefinery concept that not only keep the total production cost of biopolymers low but are also environment-friendly, are discussed. Finally, future research prospects in this field and the possible contribution of biopolymers to sustainable development are presented. This review will certainly be helpful to researchers working on sustainable food packaging, and companies exploring pilot projects to scale up biopolymer production for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satti Venu Gopala Kumari
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Kannan Pakshirajan
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - G Pugazhenthi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India; Centre for Sustainable Polymers, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India.
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33
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Innovative solutions and challenges to increase the use of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) in food packaging and disposables. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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34
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Mohammed A, Gaduan A, Chaitram P, Pooran A, Lee KY, Ward K. Sargassum inspired, optimized calcium alginate bioplastic composites for food packaging. Food Hydrocoll 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2022.108192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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35
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Awasthi SK, Kumar M, Kumar V, Sarsaiya S, Anerao P, Ghosh P, Singh L, Liu H, Zhang Z, Awasthi MK. A comprehensive review on recent advancements in biodegradation and sustainable management of biopolymers. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 307:119600. [PMID: 35691442 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Recent years have seen upsurge in plastic manufacturing and its utilization in various fields, such as, packaging, household goods, medical applications, and beauty products. Due to various adverse impacts imposed by synthetic plastics on the health of living well-being and the environment, the biopolymers have been emerged out an alternative. Although, the biopolymers such as polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) are entirely degradable. However, the other polymers, such as poly (lactic acid) (PLA) are only partially degradable and often not biosynthesized. Biodegradation of the polymers using microorganisms is considered an effective bioremediation approach. Biodegradation can be performed in aerobic and anaerobic environments. In this context, the present review discusses the biopolymer production, their persistence in the environment, aerobic biodegradation, anaerobic biodegradation, challenges associated with biodegradation and future perspectives. In addition, this review discusses the advancement in the technologies associated with biopolymer production, biodegradation, and their biodegradation standard in different environmental settings. Furthermore, differences in the degradation condition in the laboratory as well as on-site are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev Kumar Awasthi
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - Manish Kumar
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur, 440020, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vinay Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Surendra Sarsaiya
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Prathmesh Anerao
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur, 440020, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pooja Ghosh
- Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Lal Singh
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur, 440020, Maharashtra, India
| | - Hong Liu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - Zengqiang Zhang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - Mukesh Kumar Awasthi
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi Province, PR China.
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36
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Mat Yasin N, Akkermans S, Van Impe JFM. Enhancing the biodegradation of (bio)plastic through pretreatments: A critical review. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 150:1-12. [PMID: 35780576 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2022.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
As plastic packaging becomes nearly indispensable in the plastic economy, rigorous efforts have been made to recapture the material value form this waste stream, which is mostly composed of highly resistant plastics. Biodegradation offers an attractive alternative for conventional plastic waste treatment as this approach is environmentally friendly, has low cost and facilitates valorisation. Moreover, there is also an increasing interest in plastic pretreatments waste to enhance biodegradation. This review investigates the pretreatment methods that optimise plastic biodegradation by examining the process's mechanisms and key influencing factors, which can be categorised into: biotic factors, abiotic factors and polymer characteristics. Various types of chemical and physical pretreatments have demonstrated to effectively enhance biodegradation through oxidation and surface changes on the plastics, leading to increased bioconversion rates and biogas production. A critical evaluation of the various categories of pretreatment methods is presented. This evaluation leads to the conclusion that the category of non-thermal physical treatments is most promising, due to the relatively low energy requirements and the absence of a need for chemical additions. Moreover, non-thermal physical treatments have demonstrated application potential at large scale. Based on these conclusions, pretreatments are expected to be an integral part of the biodegradation of plastics within a circular economy approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najwa Mat Yasin
- BioTeC+ - Chemical and Biochemical Process Technology and Control, Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Gebroeders De Smetstraat 1, 9000 Gent, Belgium; Faculty of Ocean Engineering and Informatics, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT), 21030 Terengganu, Malaysia.
| | - Simen Akkermans
- BioTeC+ - Chemical and Biochemical Process Technology and Control, Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Gebroeders De Smetstraat 1, 9000 Gent, Belgium.
| | - Jan F M Van Impe
- BioTeC+ - Chemical and Biochemical Process Technology and Control, Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Gebroeders De Smetstraat 1, 9000 Gent, Belgium.
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37
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Morphology and crystallization behaviour of polyhydroxyalkanoates-based blends and composites: A review. Biochem Eng J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2022.108588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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38
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Ruggero F, Belardi S, Carretti E, Lotti T, Lubello C, Gori R. Rigid and film bioplastics degradation under suboptimal composting conditions: A kinetic study. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2022; 40:1311-1321. [PMID: 34865591 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x211063731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The present research investigates the degradation rate of bioplastics under various composting conditions, including suboptimal ones. Lab-scale tests were carried out setting three variables: temperature (37°C-58°C), humidity (30%-60%) and duration of the thermophilic and the maturation phases (15-60 days). The composting tests were carried out following modified guideline ISO 20200:2015 and lasted for 60 days. Bioplastics in the synthetic waste matrix consisted of Mater-Bi® film biobags and PLA rigid teaspoons. A kinetic study was performed, resulting in faster degradation rates for film bioplastics (first-order kinetics with k = 0.0850-0.1663 d-1) than for rigid (0.0018-0.0136 d-1). Moreover, film bioplastics reached a complete degradation within the 60 days of the test. Concerning the rigid products, 90% degradation would be achieved in 2-3 years for mesophilic conditions. Finally, in the undersieve of 0.5 mm some microplastics were identified with the ImageJ software, mainly relatable to rigid (PLA) bioplastics. Overall, the results disclosed that the combination of mesophilic temperatures and absence of moistening slowed down both the degradation and the disintegration process of bioplastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Ruggero
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | - Sara Belardi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | - Emiliano Carretti
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff' and CSGI, University of Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | - Tommaso Lotti
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | - Claudio Lubello
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | - Riccardo Gori
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Firenze, Firenze, Italy
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39
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Ren J, Li Y, Lin Q, Li Z, Zhang G. Development of biomaterials based on plasticized polylactic acid and tea polyphenols for active-packaging application. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 217:814-823. [PMID: 35907448 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bioactive-packaging films based on polylactic acid (PLA), acetyl tributyl citrate (ATBC), and tea polyphenol (TP) were prepared by melt blending. Results of mechanical-property test revealed that adding ATBC and TP can significantly improve mechanical properties of PLA. The shift of CO to lower wavelengths in FTIR and the morphology of the films in SEM indicated physical or chemical interactions in the PLA/ATBC/TP films. The antioxidant, and antibacterial activities of the PLA/ATBC films increased dramatically (P<0.05) with increased TP amount. The antioxidant activity of the films with 1 % TP was equivalent to that of 300 mg/L l-ascorbic acid, whereas PLA/ATBC/TP films with 0.5 % and 1 % TP concentration were effective in inhibiting Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli within almost 5 h (P<0.05). The PLA films changed from transparent to opaque and from yellow to red after combining with ATBC or TP, respectively. The overall migration of the films in 3 % acetic acid and 10 % ethanol did not exceed the overall migration limit. All these findings indicated potential of the PLA/ATBC/TP films in active-packaging application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jizhou Ren
- Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Yana Li
- Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China.
| | - Qinbao Lin
- Key Laboratory of Product Packaging and Logistics, Packaging Engineering Institute, Jinan University, Zhuhai 519070, China
| | - Zenghui Li
- Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Guoquan Zhang
- Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
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40
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Shi Y, Huang W, Li Y, Wang W, Sui M, Yang Q, Tong Y, Yang K, Chen P. Toward heat resistant polylactide blend fibers via incorporation of low poly[(R)‐3‐hydroxybutyrate‐
co
‐4‐hydroxybutyrate] content. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yamin Shi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Jiangxi University of Science and Technology Ganzhou China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Bio‐based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application, Ningbo Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering (NIMTE) Ningbo China
| | - Wei Huang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Bio‐based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application, Ningbo Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering (NIMTE) Ningbo China
| | - Yi Li
- COFCO (jilin) Bio‐Chemical Technology Co., Ltd Changchun China
| | - Wenling Wang
- COFCO (jilin) Bio‐Chemical Technology Co., Ltd Changchun China
| | - Miao Sui
- COFCO (jilin) Bio‐Chemical Technology Co., Ltd Changchun China
| | - Qiu Yang
- Ningbo New Material Testing and Evaluation Center Co., Ltd Ningbo China
| | - Yi Tong
- COFCO (jilin) Bio‐Chemical Technology Co., Ltd Changchun China
| | - Kai Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Jiangxi University of Science and Technology Ganzhou China
| | - Peng Chen
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Bio‐based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application, Ningbo Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering (NIMTE) Ningbo China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
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41
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De Gisi S, Gadaleta G, Gorrasi G, La Mantia FP, Notarnicola M, Sorrentino A. The role of (bio)degradability on the management of petrochemical and bio-based plastic waste. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 310:114769. [PMID: 35217451 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In order to mitigate the social and ecological impacts of post-consumer plastic made of conventional petrochemical polymers, the market of (bio)degradable plastics have recently become more widespread. Although (bio)degradable plastics could be an environmentally friendly substitute of petrochemical ones, the consequences of their presence in the waste management system and in the environment (if not correctly disposed) are not always positive and plastic pollution is not automatically solved. Consequently, this work aims to review how plastic (bio)degradability affects the municipal solid waste management cycle. To this end, the state-of-the-art of the intrinsic (bio)degradability of conventional and unconventional petrochemical and bio-based polymers has been discussed, focusing on the environment related to the waste management system. Then, the focus was on strategies to improve polymer (bio)degradability: different types of eco-design and pre-treatment approach for plastics has been investigated, differently from other works that focused only on specific topics. The information gathered was used to discuss three typical disposal/treatment routes for plastic waste. Despite many of the proposed materials in eco-design have increased the plastics (bio)degradability and pre-treatments have showed interesting results, these achievements are not always positive in the current MSW management system. The effect on mechanical recycling is negative in several cases but the enhanced (bio)degradability can help the treatment with organic waste. On the other hand, the current waste treatment facility is not capable to manage this waste, leading to the incineration the most promising options. In this way, the consumption of raw materials will persist even by using (bio)degradable plastics, which strength the doubt if the solution of plastic pollution leads really on these materials. The review also highlighted the need for further research on this topic that is currently limited by the still scarce amount of (bio)degradable plastics in input to full-scale waste treatment plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabino De Gisi
- Department of Civil, Environmental, Land, Building Engineering and Chemistry, Politecnico di Bari, Via E. Orabona, 4, I-70125, Bari, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Gadaleta
- Department of Civil, Environmental, Land, Building Engineering and Chemistry, Politecnico di Bari, Via E. Orabona, 4, I-70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Giuliana Gorrasi
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Francesco Paolo La Mantia
- Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128, Palermo, Italy; INSTM, Via Giusti, 9 50125, Firenze, Italy
| | - Michele Notarnicola
- Department of Civil, Environmental, Land, Building Engineering and Chemistry, Politecnico di Bari, Via E. Orabona, 4, I-70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Andrea Sorrentino
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), P.le E. Fermi, 1, I-80055, Portici (Napoli), Italy
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42
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Valorization of Liquor Waste Derived Spent Coffee Grains for the Development of Injection-Molded Polylactide Pieces of Interest as Disposable Food Packaging and Serving Materials. Foods 2022; 11:foods11081162. [PMID: 35454748 PMCID: PMC9028853 DOI: 10.3390/foods11081162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The present work puts the Circular Bioeconomy's concept into action, originally valorizing residues of spent coffee grains from the beverage liquor coffee industry to develop green composite pieces of polylactide (PLA). The as-received spent coffee grains were first milled to obtain the so-called spent coffee grounds (SCGs) that were, thereafter, incorporated at 20 wt.% into PLA by extrusion. Finally, the resultant green composite pellets were shaped into pieces by injection molding. Moreover, two oligomers of lactic acid (OLAs), namely OLA2 and OLA2mal, the latter being functionalized with maleic anhydride (MAH), were added with SCGs during the extrusion process at 10 wt.%. The results show that, opposite to most claims published in the literature of green composites of PLA, the incorporation of the liquor waste derived SCGs increased the ductility of the pieces by approximately 280% mainly due to their high lipid content. Moreover, the simultaneous addition of OLA2 and OLA2mal further contributed to improve the tensile strength of the green composite pieces by nearly 36% and 60%, respectively. The higher performance of OLA2mal was ascribed to the chemical interaction achieved between the biopolyester and the lignocellulosic fillers by the MAH groups. The resultant green composite pieces are very promising as disposable food-serving utensils and tableware.
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43
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Wang Q, Xu Y, Xu P, Yang W, Chen M, Dong W, Ma P. Crystallization of microbial polyhydroxyalkanoates: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 209:330-343. [PMID: 35398060 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), produced by the microbial fermentation, is a promising green polymer and has attracted much attention due to its excellent biocompatibility, complete biodegradability, and non-cytotoxicity. The physical properties of PHAs are closely related to their chemical and crystalline structure. Therefore, deep understanding and regulating the structure and crystallization of PHAs are the key factors to improve the performance of PHAs. This review first provides a brief overview of the development history, chemical structure, and basic properties of PHAs. Then, the crystal structure, crystal morphology, kinetics theories and crystallization behavior of nucleation-induced PHAs are systematically summarized to provide a theoretical foundation for improving PHAs crystallization rate and physical properties. In the end, the outlook on the crystallization and application prospects of PHAs is also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yunsheng Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Pengwu Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Weijun Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Mingqing Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Weifu Dong
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Piming Ma
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China.
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Scopetani C, Chelazzi D, Cincinelli A, Martellini T, Leiniö V, Pellinen J. Hazardous contaminants in plastics contained in compost and agricultural soil. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 293:133645. [PMID: 35051512 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Macro-, meso- and microplastic (MAP, MEP, MP) occurrence in compost is an environmental issue whose extent and effects are not yet understood. Here, we studied the occurrence of MAPs, MEPs and MPs in compost samples, and the transfer of hazardous contaminants from plastics to compost and soil. MAPs/MEPs and MPs concentrations in compost were 6.5 g/kg and 6.6 ± 1.5 pieces/kg; from common recommendations for compost application, we estimated ∼4-23 × 107 pieces MPs and 4-29 × 104 g MAPs/MEPs ha-1 per year ending into agricultural soils fertilized with such compost. Regarding contaminants, bis(ethylhexyl) phthalate, acetyl tributyl citrate, dodecane and nonanal were extracted in higher concentrations from plastics and plastic-contaminated compost than from compost where MAPs/MEPs had been removed prior to extraction and analysis. However, some contaminants were present even after MAPs/MEPs removal, ascribable to short- and long-term release by MAPs/MEPs, and to the presence of MPs. DEHP concentration was higher in soils where compost was applied than in fields where it was not used. These results, along with estimations of plastic load to soil from the use of compost, show that compost application is a source of plastic pollution into agricultural fields, and that plastic might transfer hazardous contaminants to soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costanza Scopetani
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, FI-15140, Lahti, Finland.
| | - David Chelazzi
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff" and CSGI, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandra Cincinelli
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff" and CSGI, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Florence, Italy
| | - Tania Martellini
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Florence, Italy
| | - Ville Leiniö
- Muovipoli Ltd, Niemenkatu 73, 15140, Lahti, Finland
| | - Jukka Pellinen
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, FI-15140, Lahti, Finland
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Tertyshnaya YV, Karpova SG, Podzorova MV, Khvatov AV, Moskovskiy MN. Thermal Properties and Dynamic Characteristics of Electrospun Polylactide/Natural Rubber Fibers during Disintegration in Soil. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14051058. [PMID: 35267881 PMCID: PMC8914975 DOI: 10.3390/polym14051058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, PLA/NR electrospun fibers were used as substrates for growing basil. Thermal characteristics of initial samples and after 60 and 220 days of degradation were determined using differential scanning calorimetry. In the process of disintegration, the melting and glass transition temperatures in PLA/NR composites decreased, and in PLA fibers these values increased slightly. TGA analysis in an argon environment confirmed the effect of NR on the thermal degradation of PLA/NR fibers. After exposure to the soil for 220 days, the beginning of degradation shifted to the low-temperature region. The dynamic characteristics of the fibers were determined by the EPR method. A decrease in the correlation time of the probe-radical in comparison with the initial samples was shown. FTIR spectroscopy was used to analyze the chemical structure before and after degradation in soil. In PLA/NR fibrous substrates, there was a decrease in the intensity of the bands corresponding to the PLA matrix and the appearance of N-H C-N groups due to biodegradation by soil microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia V. Tertyshnaya
- Department of Biological and Chemical Physics of Polymers, Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosygina Str., 119334 Moscow, Russia; (S.G.K.); (M.V.P.); (A.V.K.)
- Perspective Composite Materials and Technologies Laboratory, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, 36 Stremyanniy, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Federal Scientific Agroengineering Center VIM, 1st Institutskiy Proezd, 5, 109428 Moscow, Russia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-495-939-71-86
| | - Svetlana G. Karpova
- Department of Biological and Chemical Physics of Polymers, Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosygina Str., 119334 Moscow, Russia; (S.G.K.); (M.V.P.); (A.V.K.)
| | - Maria V. Podzorova
- Department of Biological and Chemical Physics of Polymers, Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosygina Str., 119334 Moscow, Russia; (S.G.K.); (M.V.P.); (A.V.K.)
- Perspective Composite Materials and Technologies Laboratory, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, 36 Stremyanniy, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Federal Scientific Agroengineering Center VIM, 1st Institutskiy Proezd, 5, 109428 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Anatoliy V. Khvatov
- Department of Biological and Chemical Physics of Polymers, Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosygina Str., 119334 Moscow, Russia; (S.G.K.); (M.V.P.); (A.V.K.)
| | - Maksim N. Moskovskiy
- Federal Scientific Agroengineering Center VIM, 1st Institutskiy Proezd, 5, 109428 Moscow, Russia;
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Fuentes JM, Arrieta MP, Boronat T, Ferrándiz S. Effects of Steam Heat and Dry Heat Sterilization Processes on 3D Printed Commercial Polymers Printed by Fused Deposition Modeling. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14050855. [PMID: 35267683 PMCID: PMC8912381 DOI: 10.3390/polym14050855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Fused deposition modeling (FDM), the most widely used additive manufacturing (AM) technology, is gaining considerable interest in the surgical sector for the production of single-use surgical devices that can be tailor-made according to specific requirements (e.g., type of patient surgery, specific shapes, etc.) due to its low cost, ease of access to materials (3D-printing filament), and the relatively low complexity. However, surgical 3D-printing parts should resist sterilization treatments without losing structural, mechanical, and dimensional accuracy. Thus, in this work, 3D-filaments based on poly(lactic acid) (PLA), poly(ethylene glycol-co-1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol terephthalate) (PETG), and a modified PETG material (CPE) were used to produce 3D-printed parts and further subjected to moist heat (MH) and dry heat (DH) sterilization processes as affordable and widely used sterilization processes in the medical field. The effect of MH and DH was evaluated by performing a complete mechanical, structural, thermal, and morphological characterization before and after both treatments. In general, the moist heat treatment produced a higher degradation of the polymeric matrix of PETG and CPE due to hydrolytic and thermal degradation, particularly affecting the tensile test and flexural properties. For instance, the linear coefficient of thermal expansion (LCTE) before glass transition temperature (Tg) increased 47% and 31% in PETG samples due to the MH and DH, respectively, while it increased 31% in CPE due to MH and was mainly maintained after the DH process. Nevertheless, in PLA, the MH produced an increase of 20% in LCTE value and the DH showed an increase of 33%. Dry heat treatment resulted in being more suitable for medical applications in which dimensional accuracy is not a key factor and there are no great mechanical demands (e.g., surgical guides).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Mauricio Fuentes
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica y de Materiales, Instituto de Tecnología de Materiales, Universitat Politécnica de València, Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell s/n, 03801 Alcoi, Spain;
- Ingeniería en Diseño Industrial, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Aplicadas, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito 170521, Ecuador
- Correspondence: (J.M.F.); (M.P.A.); (S.F.)
| | - Marina Patricia Arrieta
- Departamento Ingeniería Química Industrial y Medio Ambiente, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, E.T.S.I. Industriales, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Grupo de Investigación: Polímeros, Caracterización y Aplicaciones (POLCA), 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.M.F.); (M.P.A.); (S.F.)
| | - Teodomiro Boronat
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica y de Materiales, Instituto de Tecnología de Materiales, Universitat Politécnica de València, Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell s/n, 03801 Alcoi, Spain;
| | - Santiago Ferrándiz
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica y de Materiales, Instituto de Tecnología de Materiales, Universitat Politécnica de València, Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell s/n, 03801 Alcoi, Spain;
- Correspondence: (J.M.F.); (M.P.A.); (S.F.)
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Baldera-Moreno Y, Pino V, Farres A, Banerjee A, Gordillo F, Andler R. Biotechnological Aspects and Mathematical Modeling of the Biodegradation of Plastics under Controlled Conditions. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14030375. [PMID: 35160364 PMCID: PMC8840406 DOI: 10.3390/polym14030375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The strong environmental impact caused by plastic pollution has led research to address studies from different perspectives. The mathematical modeling of the biodegradation kinetics of solid materials is a major challenge since there are many influential variables in the process and there is interdependence of microorganisms with internal and external factors. In addition, as solid substrates that are highly hydrophobic, mass transfer limitations condition degradation rates. Some mathematical models have been postulated in order to understand the biodegradation of plastics in natural environments such as oceans. However, if tangible and optimizable solutions are to be found, it is necessary to study the biodegradation process under controlled conditions, such as using bioreactors and composting systems. This review summarizes the biochemical fundamentals of the main plastics (both petrochemical and biological origins) involved in biodegradation processes and combines them with the main mathematical equations and models proposed to date. The different biodegradation studies of plastics under controlled conditions are addressed, analyzing the influencing factors, assumptions, model developments, and correlations with laboratory-scale results. It is hoped that this review will provide a comprehensive overview of the process and will serve as a reference for future studies, combining practical experimental work and bioprocess modeling systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvan Baldera-Moreno
- Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca 3460000, Chile;
| | - Valentina Pino
- Escuela de Ingeniería en Biotecnología, Centro de Biotecnología de los Recursos Naturales (Cenbio), Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca 3460000, Chile; (V.P.); (F.G.)
| | - Amelia Farres
- Departamento de Alimentos y Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico;
| | - Aparna Banerjee
- Centro de Investigación de Estudios Avanzados del Maule, Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Postgrado, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca 3460000, Chile;
| | - Felipe Gordillo
- Escuela de Ingeniería en Biotecnología, Centro de Biotecnología de los Recursos Naturales (Cenbio), Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca 3460000, Chile; (V.P.); (F.G.)
| | - Rodrigo Andler
- Escuela de Ingeniería en Biotecnología, Centro de Biotecnología de los Recursos Naturales (Cenbio), Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca 3460000, Chile; (V.P.); (F.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +56-9-6166-2898
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48
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Morinval A, Averous L. Systems Based on Biobased Thermoplastics: From Bioresources to Biodegradable Packaging Applications. POLYM REV 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2021.2012802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Morinval
- BioTeam/ICPEES-ECPM, UMR CNRS 7515, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, Cedex 2, France
| | - Luc Averous
- BioTeam/ICPEES-ECPM, UMR CNRS 7515, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, Cedex 2, France
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Naser AZ, Deiab I, Defersha F, Yang S. Expanding Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) Applications: A Review on Modifications and Effects. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:4271. [PMID: 34883773 PMCID: PMC8659978 DOI: 10.3390/polym13234271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The high price of petroleum, overconsumption of plastic products, recent climate change regulations, the lack of landfill spaces in addition to the ever-growing population are considered the driving forces for introducing sustainable biodegradable solutions for greener environment. Due to the harmful impact of petroleum waste plastics on human health, environment and ecosystems, societies have been moving towards the adoption of biodegradable natural based polymers whose conversion and consumption are environmentally friendly. Therefore, biodegradable biobased polymers such as poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) have gained a significant amount of attention in recent years. Nonetheless, some of the vital limitations to the broader use of these biopolymers are that they are less flexible and have less impact resistance when compared to petroleum-based plastics (e.g., polypropylene (PP), high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and polystyrene (PS)). Recent advances have shown that with appropriate modification methods-plasticizers and fillers, polymer blends and nanocomposites, such limitations of both polymers can be overcome. This work is meant to widen the applicability of both polymers by reviewing the available materials on these methods and their impacts with a focus on the mechanical properties. This literature investigation leads to the conclusion that both PLA and PHAs show strong candidacy in expanding their utilizations to potentially substitute petroleum-based plastics in various applications, including but not limited to, food, active packaging, surgical implants, dental, drug delivery, biomedical as well as antistatic and flame retardants applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sheng Yang
- School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (A.Z.N.); (I.D.); (F.D.)
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50
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Palechor-Trochez JJ, Ramírez-Gonzales G, Villada-Castillo HS, Solanilla-Duque JF. A review of trends in the development of bionanocomposites from lignocellulosic and polyacids biomolecules as packing material making alternative: A bibliometric analysis. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 192:832-868. [PMID: 34634331 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Contamination caused by the accumulation of petrochemical-based plastics has reached worrying magnitudes and led to the development of biopolymers as an option to mitigate the problem. This work thus presents a bibliometric analysis of all that concerns the development of such bionanocomposite materials, using ScientoPy and SciMAT software to establish associations between the number of published documents, countries, institutions and most relevant topics. The bionanocomposites topic was found to throw up the biggest number of documents associated (2008) with the different types of raw materials and methods used to obtain nanoparticles and their combination with biopolymeric materials, the result known as a "bionancomposite*". Analysis of the documents related to the application for development of packaging materials from biological molecules, carbohydrate polymers, compounds, conjugates, gels, glucans, hydrogels, membranes, mucilage (source unspecified), mucoadhesives, paper, polymers, polysaccharide, saccharides etc, is also presented, emphasizing mechanical, thermal and barrier properties, which, due to the inclusion of nanoparticles mainly from natural sources of cellulose, show increases of up to 30%. The inclusion of nanoparticles, especially those derived from cellulose sources, generally seeks to increase the properties of bionanocomposite materials. Regarding an increase in mechanical properties, specifically tensile strength, inclusions at percentages not exceeding 10 wt% can register increases that exceed 30% were reported.
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