1
|
Langhorst A, Zhang D, Berman J, Biraku X, Rieland J, Yu M, Love B, Banu M, Taub A. Mechanical property enhancement of flax fibers via supercritical fluid treatment. Sci Rep 2024; 14:18819. [PMID: 39138227 PMCID: PMC11322329 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-69105-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The desire for lightweight, carbon-negative materials has been increasing in recent years, particularly as the transportation sector reduces its global carbon footprint. Natural fibers, such as flax fiber and their composites, offer a compelling combination of properties including low density, high specific strength, and carbon negativity. However, because of the low modulus and high variability in performance, natural fibers can't compete with glass fibers as structural reinforcements in polymer composites. In this study, flax technical fibers were treated in supercritical CO2 (scCO2), and the effects of this treatment on the morphology and properties of flax fibers are reported. Treatment in scCO2 successfully resulted in higher fiber modulus and strength by 33% and 40%, respectively. Fiber porosity was reduced by 50% and morphological changes to the fibers were observed. Specifically, fiber lumen collapsed during treatment and micro/mesoporosity was reduced by 27%. Treated flax fibers were used to create 30 vol% unidirectional flax-epoxy composites. ScCO2 treatment raised composite modulus and strength by 33% and 25%, respectively. Because of the dependence between technical fiber size and mechanical properties, the relationship between fiber modulus and fiber size were created and applied to the rule-of-mixtures. This relationship were found to be viable representations of the fiber performance within each composite. Overall, the treatment developed in this study has the potential to significantly improve natural fiber properties, enabling their consideration for use in lightweight, semi-structural composites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy Langhorst
- Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Dandan Zhang
- Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jonah Berman
- Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Xhulja Biraku
- Mechanical Engineering, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Julie Rieland
- Macromolecular Science and Engineering, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mengjie Yu
- Macromolecular Science and Engineering, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Brian Love
- Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Macromolecular Science and Engineering, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mihaela Banu
- Mechanical Engineering, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Alan Taub
- Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Mechanical Engineering, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Macromolecular Science and Engineering, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pawlik M, Gunputh U, Odiyi D, Odofin S, Le H, Wood P, Maligno A, Lu Y. Mechanical Properties of Eco-Friendly, Lightweight Flax and Hybrid Basalt/Flax Foam Core Sandwich Panels. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:3842. [PMID: 39124505 PMCID: PMC11313447 DOI: 10.3390/ma17153842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2024] [Revised: 07/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Greener materials, particularly in sandwich panels, are in increasing demand in the transportation and building sectors to reduce environmental impacts. This shift is driven by strict environmental legislation and the need to reduce material costs and fuel consumption, necessitating the utilisation of more sustainable components in the transportation and construction sectors, with improved load-bearing capabilities and diminished ecological footprints. Therefore, this study aims to analyse and evaluate the structural performance of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) core and flax or basalt/flax FRP sandwich panels as an alternative to conventional synthetic materials. The novel eco-friendly sandwich panels were manufactured using the co-curing technique. Four-point bending, edgewise compression and core shear tests were performed and insights into how the skin properties affect the strength, stiffness and failure mode of specimens were provided. The stress-strain behaviour, facing modulus and strength, flexural rigidity, core shear strength and failure modes were evaluated. The flexural facing modulus of the flax and flax/basalt sandwich skins were found to be 5.1 GPa and 9.8 GPa, respectively. The flexural rigidity of the eco-friendly sandwich panel was compared with published results and demonstrated a promising structural performance. The environmental benefits and challenges were outlined and critically evaluated focusing on transportation and construction applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marzena Pawlik
- School of Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, University of Derby, Markeaton Street, Derby DE22 3AW, UK; (D.O.); (Y.L.)
| | - Urvashi Gunputh
- Institute for Innovation in Sustainable Engineering, University of Derby, Quaker Way, Derby DE1 3HD, UK; (P.W.); (A.M.)
| | - Daniel Odiyi
- School of Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, University of Derby, Markeaton Street, Derby DE22 3AW, UK; (D.O.); (Y.L.)
| | - Sarah Odofin
- Department for Business, Energy, and Industrial Strategy (BEIS), Teddington TW11 0LW, UK;
| | - Huirong Le
- The Future Lab, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China;
| | - Paul Wood
- Institute for Innovation in Sustainable Engineering, University of Derby, Quaker Way, Derby DE1 3HD, UK; (P.W.); (A.M.)
| | - Angelo Maligno
- Institute for Innovation in Sustainable Engineering, University of Derby, Quaker Way, Derby DE1 3HD, UK; (P.W.); (A.M.)
| | - Yiling Lu
- School of Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, University of Derby, Markeaton Street, Derby DE22 3AW, UK; (D.O.); (Y.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Farooq A, Khawar MT, Wang Z, Tian M, Mushtaq M. Maximizing Degumming Efficiency for Firmiana simplex Bark Using Deep Eutectic Solvents. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:2112. [PMID: 39125139 PMCID: PMC11314601 DOI: 10.3390/polym16152112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Degumming is a critical process in the purification of natural fibers, essential for enhancing their quality and usability across various applications. Traditional degumming methods employed for natural fibers encounter inherent limitations, encompassing prolonged procedures, excessive energy consumption, adverse environmental impact, and subpar efficiency. To address these challenges, a groundbreaking wave of degumming technique has emerged, transcending these constraints and heralding a new era of efficiency, sustainability, and eco-friendly techniques. This study represents the Firmiana simplex bark (FSB) fiber's delignification by using deep eutectic solvents (DESs). The study explores the application of deep eutectic solvents, by synthesizing different types of DES using a hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) and four representative hydrogen bond donors (HBDs) for FSB fiber degumming. This study investigates the morphologies, chemical compositions, crystallinities, and physical properties of Firmiana simplex bark fibers before and after the treatment. Furthermore, the effects and mechanisms of different DESs on dispersing FSB fibers were examined. The experimental results showed that choline chloride-urea (CU)-based DES initiates the degumming process by effectively disrupting the hydrogen bond interaction within FSB fibers, primarily by outcompeting chloride ions. Following this initial step, the DES acts by deprotonating phenolic hydroxyl groups and cleaving β-O-4 bonds present in diverse lignin units, thereby facilitating the efficient removal of lignin from the fibers. This innovative approach resulted in significantly higher degumming efficiency and ecofriendly as compared to traditional methods. Additionally, the results revealed that CU-based DES exhibits the utmost effectiveness in degumming FSB fibers. The optimal degumming conditions involve a precise processing temperature of 160 °C and a carefully controlled reaction time of 2 h yielding the most favorable outcomes. The present study presents a novel straightforward and environmentally friendly degumming method for Firmiana simplex bark, offering a substantial potential for enhancing the overall quality and usability of the resulting fibers. Our findings open new pathways for sustainable fiber-processing technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amjad Farooq
- School of Textile and Garment, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China;
- School of Textile and Garment, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - Muhammad Tauseef Khawar
- School of Engineering and Technology, National Textile University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 37610, Pakistan;
| | - Zongqian Wang
- School of Textile and Garment, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - Mingwei Tian
- School of Textile and Garment, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China;
| | - Muhammad Mushtaq
- School of Art and Design, National Textile University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 37610, Pakistan;
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
de Vilhena MB, Paula MVDS, de Oliveira RC, Estumano DC, Viegas BM, Rodrigues EC, Macêdo EN, Souza JADS, Cunha EJDS. Effect of Glycerol and Sisal Nanofiber Content on the Tensile Properties of Corn Starch/Sisal Nanofiber Films. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1947. [PMID: 39000802 PMCID: PMC11244225 DOI: 10.3390/polym16131947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Currently, petroleum-derived plastics are widely used despite the disadvantage of their long degradation time. Natural polymers, however, can be used as alternatives to overcome this obstacle, particularly cornstarch. The tensile properties of cornstarch films can be improved by adding plant-derived nanofibers. Sisal (Agave sisalana), a very common low-cost species in Brazil, can be used to obtain plant nanofibers. The goal of this study was to obtain sisal nanofibers using low concentrations of sulfuric acid to produce thermoplastic starch nanocomposite films. The films were produced by a casting technique using commercial corn starch, glycerol, and sisal nanofibers, accomplished by acid hydrolysis. The effects of glycerol and sisal nanofiber content on the tensile mechanical properties of the nanocomposites were investigated. Transmission electron microscopy findings demonstrated that the lowest concentration of sulfuric acid produced fibers with nanometric dimensions related to the concentrations used. X-ray diffraction revealed that the untreated fibers and fibers subjected to acid hydrolysis exhibited a crystallinity index of 61.06 and 84.44%, respectively. When the glycerol and nanofiber contents were 28 and 1%, respectively, the tensile stress and elongation were 8.02 MPa and 3.4%. In general, nanocomposites reinforced with sisal nanofibers showed lower tensile stress and higher elongation than matrices without nanofibers did. These results were attributed to the inefficient dispersion of the nanofibers in the polymer matrix. Our findings demonstrate the potential of corn starch nanocomposite films in the packaging industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mailson Batista de Vilhena
- Graduate Program in Engineering of Natural Resources of the Amazon (PRODERNA), Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil; (M.B.d.V.); (E.N.M.); (J.A.d.S.S.)
| | | | - Raul Costa de Oliveira
- Institute of Exact and Naturals Sciences, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil;
- College of Application (CAp), Federal University of Roraima (UFRR), Boa Vista 69300-000, RR, Brazil
| | - Diego Cardoso Estumano
- Simulation and Computational Biology Laboratory, High Performance Computing Center, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil;
| | - Bruno Marques Viegas
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil;
| | | | - Emanuel Negrão Macêdo
- Graduate Program in Engineering of Natural Resources of the Amazon (PRODERNA), Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil; (M.B.d.V.); (E.N.M.); (J.A.d.S.S.)
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil;
| | - José Antônio da Silva Souza
- Graduate Program in Engineering of Natural Resources of the Amazon (PRODERNA), Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil; (M.B.d.V.); (E.N.M.); (J.A.d.S.S.)
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Frącz W, Pacana A, Siwiec D, Janowski G, Bąk Ł, Szawara P. Wood Polymer Composite Based on Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate-3-hydroxyvalerate (PHBV) and Wood Flour-The Process Optimization of the Products. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:2955. [PMID: 38930325 PMCID: PMC11205301 DOI: 10.3390/ma17122955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
This study involved the optimization of the molded pieces manufacturing process from a poly-3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate biocomposite containing 30% wood flour by mass. The amount of wood flour and preliminary processing parameters were determined on the basis of preliminary tests. The aim of the optimization was to find the configuration of important parameters of the injection process to obtain molded pieces of good quality, in terms of aesthetics, dimensions, and mechanical properties. The products tested for quality were dog bone specimens. The biocomposite was produced using a single-screw extruder, whereas molded pieces were made using an injection molding process. The Taguchi method was applied to optimize the injection molding parameters, which determine the products quality. Control factors were selected at three levels. The L27 orthogonal plan was used. For each set of input parameters from this plan, four processing tests were performed. The sample weight, shrinkage, elongation at break, tensile strength, and Young's modulus were selected to assess the quality of the molded parts. As a result of the research, the processing parameters of the tested biocomposite were determined, enabling the production of good-quality molded pieces. No common parameter configuration was found for different optimization criteria. Further research should focus on finding a different range of technological parameters. At the same time, it was found that the range of processing parameters of the produced biocomposite, especially processing temperature, made it possible to use it in the Wood Polymer Composites segment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wiesław Frącz
- Department of Materials Forming and Processing, Rzeszow University of Technology, Powstancow Warszawy 8, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland; (W.F.); (G.J.); (Ł.B.); (P.S.)
| | - Andrzej Pacana
- Department of Manufacturing Processes and Production Engineering, Rzeszow University of Technology, Powstancow Warszawy 8, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland;
| | - Dominika Siwiec
- Department of Manufacturing Processes and Production Engineering, Rzeszow University of Technology, Powstancow Warszawy 8, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland;
| | - Grzegorz Janowski
- Department of Materials Forming and Processing, Rzeszow University of Technology, Powstancow Warszawy 8, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland; (W.F.); (G.J.); (Ł.B.); (P.S.)
| | - Łukasz Bąk
- Department of Materials Forming and Processing, Rzeszow University of Technology, Powstancow Warszawy 8, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland; (W.F.); (G.J.); (Ł.B.); (P.S.)
| | - Paulina Szawara
- Department of Materials Forming and Processing, Rzeszow University of Technology, Powstancow Warszawy 8, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland; (W.F.); (G.J.); (Ł.B.); (P.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Fate AS, Maheshwari Y, Shekhar Tiwari S, Das P, Bal M. Exploring nanocellulose's role in revolutionizing the pharmaceutical and biomedical fields. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 272:132837. [PMID: 38848844 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
The increasing global demand for eco-friendly products derived from natural resources has spurred intensive research into biomaterials. Among these materials, nanocellulose stands out as a highly efficient option, consisting of tightly packed cellulose fibrils derived from lignocellulosic biomass. Nanocellulose boasts a remarkable combination of attributes, including a high specific surface area, impressive mechanical strength, abundant hydroxyl groups for easy modification, as well as non-toxic, biodegradable, and environmentally friendly properties. Consequently, nanocellulose has been extensively studied for advanced applications. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the various sources of nanocellulose derived from diverse natural sources and outlines the wide array of production methods available. Furthermore, it delves into the extensive utility of nanocellulose within the biomedical and pharmaceutical industries, shedding light on its potential role in these fields. Additionally, it highlights the significance of nanocellulose composites and their applications, while also addressing key challenges that must be overcome to enable widespread utilization of nanocellulose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abhay Sandip Fate
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur, West Bengal 713209, India
| | - Yash Maheshwari
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur, West Bengal 713209, India
| | - Shashank Shekhar Tiwari
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur, West Bengal 713209, India
| | - Payal Das
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur, West Bengal 713209, India
| | - Manisha Bal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur, West Bengal 713209, India.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yu Y, Kong N, Hou Z, Men L, Yang P, Wang Z. Sponge-like porous polyvinyl alcohol/chitosan-based hydrogel with integrated cushioning, pH-indicating and antibacterial functions. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 272:132904. [PMID: 38862323 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Developing a packaging material with integrated cushioning, intelligent and active functions is highly desired but remains challenging in the food industry. Here we show that a sponge-like porous hydrogel with pH-indicating and antibacterial additives can meet this requirement. We use polyvinyl alcohol and chitosan as the primary polymers to construct a hydrogel with hierarchical structures through a freeze-casting method in combination with salting-out treatment. The synergy of aggregated polymer chains and the sponge-like porous structure makes the hydrogel resilient and efficient in energy absorption. It also enables rapid movement of molecules/particles and fast reaction due to the large specific surface area of the pore structures and the large amount of free water in it, leading to a sensitive pH-indicating function. The hydrogel shows an obvious color variation within a wide pH range in 3 min. The silver nanoparticles are fixed in the dense polymer networks, enabling a lasting release of silver ions. The porous structure makes the silver ion reach the protected item in a short time, achieving an antibacterial effect against S. aureus and E. coli with little cytotoxicity. This work paves the way for fabricating multifunctional hydrogels for diverse advanced packaging systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Department of Engineering Mechanics, School of Aerospace Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Ning Kong
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China
| | - Zhaoyang Hou
- State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Department of Engineering Mechanics, School of Aerospace Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Libo Men
- State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Department of Engineering Mechanics, School of Aerospace Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Pei Yang
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China.
| | - Zhengjin Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Department of Engineering Mechanics, School of Aerospace Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Soni A, Kumar S, Majumder B, Dam H, Dutta V, Das PK. Synergy of waste plastics and natural fibers as sustainable composites for structural applications concerning circular economy. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:38846-38865. [PMID: 36930307 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26365-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The increasing demand for shelters, depleting natural resources, concern for plastic waste, and rising awareness for the environment have attracted the contemporary world towards the recycling of waste plastics for the development of an alternative and sustainable building construction material. The plastics suffer due to their poor strength which can be successfully overcome by the reinforcement of natural fibers. The work aimed to develop and investigate the properties of natural fiber-reinforced composites for structural applications such as floor tiles and pavements. The composites were developed by utilizing three different types of waste plastics, namely, low-density polyethylene, high-density polyethylene, and polypropylene with the reinforcement of coconut (cocos nucifera) and Tossa jute (corchorus olitorius) fibers. The evaluation of the density, water absorption, compressive strength, and flexural strength was performed. Moreover, three-body abrasive wear performance was investigated under the conditions of different loads and sliding speeds. The wear mechanism was explored by the morphological analyses of the fractured and worn-out surfaces. The composite HDPE80C20 showed a maximum density of 1.603 g/cm3 and minimum percentage of water absorption to 0.2022. Moreover, the composite attained a maximum compressive and flexural strength of 40.10 and 10.04 (MPa), respectively. The ranges for abrasive wear were found to be 0.002375-0.20015 (cm3) and 0.01987-0.39593 (cm3) under the considered conditions of loads and sliding speeds, respectively. The comparative analysis of the properties suggested the reinforcement of 20 wt% of jute fiber with 80 wt% of high-density polyethylene for the development of composites for structural applications. The study highlighted the potential of waste plastics and natural fibers as value-added products for building construction with relevancy from socio-eco and environmental points of view.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Soni
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology (NIT) Agartala, Tripura, 799046, India.
| | - Sameer Kumar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology (NIT) Agartala, Tripura, 799046, India
| | - Biprajit Majumder
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology (NIT) Agartala, Tripura, 799046, India
| | - Hriddhi Dam
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology (NIT) Agartala, Tripura, 799046, India
| | - Vishal Dutta
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology (NIT) Agartala, Tripura, 799046, India
| | - Pankaj Kumar Das
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology (NIT) Agartala, Tripura, 799046, India
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Baig M, Almeshari B, Aabid A, Junaedi H, Almajid A. The effect of maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene addition on the degradation in the mechanical properties of the PP/wood composites. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30510. [PMID: 38726142 PMCID: PMC11079258 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This work focuses on studying the influence of coupling agents on the degradation in the mechanical properties of Polypropylene (PP)/wood composites. Maleic anhydride polypropylene (MAPP) was used as a coupling agent between the wood flour and PP matrix. As the coupling agent plays an important role in the stability of the WPC, a 10 wt% wood flour was mixed with PP granules along with a UV stabilizer and varying percentages (1, 3, 5 wt%) of MAPP in a twin-screw extruder to obtain PWC granules. The composite granules were injection molded to produce tensile samples for the mechanical characterization of the composites. To test the environmental degradation of the PWCs, the tensile samples were exposed to the environmental conditions for 0, 336 h (14 days), and 672 h (28 days) prior to testing. After the specified exposure time, the samples were mechanically characterized using tensile testing. The degradation characteristics of the WPCs were quantified in terms of the failure strains of the composite with exposure time. The experiments were designed, and various analyses, including ANOVA, regression equation, and prediction tests, were carried out to investigate the impact of parameters on the failure strain of the PWCs. Moreover, the study aimed to examine the effect of parameters such as MAPP and time, on the failure strain of the composites. From the experimental results, it is concluded that the composites containing 1 wt% of MAPP showed superior retention in the degradation of composites when compared with 3 and 5 wt% MAPP content.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muneer Baig
- Department of Engineering Management, College of Engineering, Prince Sultan University, PO BOX 66833, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bandar Almeshari
- Department of Engineering Management, College of Engineering, Prince Sultan University, PO BOX 66833, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul Aabid
- Department of Engineering Management, College of Engineering, Prince Sultan University, PO BOX 66833, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia
| | - Harri Junaedi
- Department of Engineering Management, College of Engineering, Prince Sultan University, PO BOX 66833, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulhakim Almajid
- Department of Engineering Management, College of Engineering, Prince Sultan University, PO BOX 66833, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Nakayama K, Sakakibara K. Machine learning strategy to improve impact strength for PP/cellulose composites via selection of biomass fillers. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2024; 25:2351356. [PMID: 38817247 PMCID: PMC11138231 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2024.2351356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic materials have inherent complexities and natural nanoarchitectures, such as various chemical constituents in wood cell walls, structural factors such as fillers, surface properties, and variations in production. Recently, the development of lignocellulosic filler-reinforced polymer composites has attracted increasing attention due to their potential in various industries, which are recognized for environmental sustainability and impressive mechanical properties. The growing demand for these composites comes with increased complexity regarding their specifications. Conventional trial-and-error methods to achieve desired properties are time-intensive and costly, posing challenges to efficient production. Addressing these issues, our research employs a data-driven approach to streamline the development of lignocellulosic composites. In this study, we developed a machine learning (ML)-assisted prediction model for the impact energy of the lignocellulosic filler-reinforced polypropylene (PP) composites. Firstly, we focused on the influence of natural supramolecular structures in biomass fillers, where the Fourier transform infrared spectra and the specific surface area are used, on the mechanical properties of the PP composites. Subsequently, the effectiveness of the ML model was verified by selecting and preparing promising composites. This model demonstrated sufficient accuracy for predicting the impact energy of the PP composites. In essence, this approach streamlines selecting wood species, saving valuable time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koyuru Nakayama
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Keita Sakakibara
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Hiroshima, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
González-Pérez MM, Lomelí-Ramírez MG, Robledo-Ortiz JR, Silva-Guzmán JA, Manríquez-González R. Biodegradable Biocomposite of Starch Films Cross-Linked with Polyethylene Glycol Diglycidyl Ether and Reinforced by Microfibrillated Cellulose. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1290. [PMID: 38732758 PMCID: PMC11085437 DOI: 10.3390/polym16091290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Biopolymers are biodegradable and renewable and can significantly reduce environmental impacts. For this reason, biocomposites based on a plasticized starch and cross-linker matrix and with a microfibrillated OCC cardboard cellulose reinforcement were developed. Biocomposites were prepared by suspension casting with varied amounts of microfibrillated cellulose: 0, 4, 8, and 12 wt%. Polyethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (PEGDE) was used as a cross-linking, water-soluble, and non-toxic agent. Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) from OCC cardboard showed appropriate properties and potential for good performance as a reinforcement. In general, microfiber incorporation and matrix cross-linking increased crystallization, reduced water adsorption, and improved the physical and tensile properties of the plasticized starch. Biocomposites cross-linked with PEGDE and reinforced with 12 wt% MFC showed the best properties. The chemical and structural changes induced by the cross-linking of starch chains and MFC reinforcement were confirmed by FTIR, NMR, and XRD. Biodegradation higher than 80% was achieved for most biocomposites in 15 days of laboratory compost.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - María G. Lomelí-Ramírez
- Department of Wood, Cellulose and Paper, University Center for Exact Sciences and Engineering, University of Guadalajara, km 15.5 at the Guadalajara-Nogales Highway, Zapopan 45220, Mexico; (M.M.G.-P.); (J.R.R.-O.); (J.A.S.-G.)
| | | | | | - Ricardo Manríquez-González
- Department of Wood, Cellulose and Paper, University Center for Exact Sciences and Engineering, University of Guadalajara, km 15.5 at the Guadalajara-Nogales Highway, Zapopan 45220, Mexico; (M.M.G.-P.); (J.R.R.-O.); (J.A.S.-G.)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Eyupoglu S, Eyupoglu C, Merdan N. Investigation of the effect of enzymatic and alkali treatments on the physico-chemical properties of Sambucus ebulus L. plant fiber. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 266:130968. [PMID: 38521324 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
The investigation aims to determine the effect of enzymatic and alkali treatments on Sambucus ebulus L. stem fiber. For this purpose, Sambucus ebulus L. stem fibers were treated with alkali, cellulase, and pectinase enzymes. An image processing technique was developed and implemented to calculate the average thicknesses of Sambucus ebulus L. fibers. The thickness of alkali, cellulase and pectinase enzyme treated fibers was determined as 478.62 μm, 808.28 μm and 478.20 μm, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy analysis illustrated that enzymatic and alkali treatments lead to the breakage of fiber structure. Furthermore, enzymatic and alkali treatments induce variations in elemental ingredients. All treatments increased the crystallinity index of Sambucus ebulus L. fiber from 72 % (raw fiber) to 83 % (alkali treated), 75.2 % (cellulase enzyme treated) and 86.3 % (pectinase enzyme treated) due to the hydrolysis of hemicellulose. Fourier transform infrared analysis indicated that there are no significant differences in functional groups. Thermogravimetric analysis shows that enzymatic and alkali treatments improve final degradation temperature of the fiber. Mechanical behaviors of cellulase enzyme-treated fiber decrease compared to raw fiber, while pectinase enzyme and alkali treatment cause to improve mechanical properties. Tensile strength of samples was determined as 76.4 MPa (cellulase enzyme treated fiber), 210 MPa (pectinase enzyme treated fiber) and 240 MPa (alkali treated fiber). Young's modules of cellulase enzyme, pectinase enzyme and alkali treated fibers were predicted as 5.5 GPa, 13.1 GPa and 16.6 GPa. Elongation at break of samples was calculated as 5.5 % (cellulase enzyme treated fiber), 6.5 % (pectinase enzyme treated fiber) and 6 % (alkali treated fiber). The results suggest that enzymatic and alkali treatments can modify the functional and structural attributes of Sambucus ebulus L. fiber.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seyda Eyupoglu
- Department of Textile, Clothing, Footwear and Leather, Vocational School of Technical Sciences, Istanbul University - Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Türkiye.
| | - Can Eyupoglu
- Department of Computer Engineering, Turkish Air Force Academy, National Defence University, Istanbul, Türkiye.
| | - Nigar Merdan
- Department of Fashion and Textile Design, Architecture and Design Faculty, Istanbul Commerce University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zor M, Şen F, Candan Z, Ivanov E, Batakliev T, Georgiev V, Menseidov D. Preparation and Characterization of Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA)/Carbonized Waste Rubber Biocomposite Films. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1050. [PMID: 38674970 PMCID: PMC11054524 DOI: 10.3390/polym16081050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The technological properties of composite materials (thermal, strength, rheology, electrical and morphology) are very important parameters for high-performance applications. In this study, we aimed to improve the properties of PVA by using carbon materials obtained by the pyrolysis of waste tires, with the aim of recycling them instead of disposing of them. For this purpose, PVA biocomposite films containing carbonized waste rubber at different rates were prepared. The thermal properties of the prepared biocomposite films were examined via thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) methods. While rheological measurements were carried out with a rheometer, bulk conductivities were measured with a pico-ammeter. In addition, the morphology of biocomposite films was determined via field emission scanning electron microscopy. The nanomechanical properties of biocomposite film was investigated via XPM analyses. According to the rheological measurements and nanoindentation hardness results, it is understood that as the amount of carbonized waste rubber increases, flexibility decreases and harder and brittle structures are observed in biocomposite films. The electrical measurement results showed that electrical conductivity increased as the amount of carbonized waste rubber increased. When all the results obtained were evaluated, it could be concluded that biocomposite films obtained by increasing the electrical conductivity and hardness of PVA can be used in the electronics industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Zor
- Department of Nanotechnology Engineering, Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University, 67100 Zonguldak, Türkiye;
- Biomaterials and Nanotechnology Research Group & BioNanoTeam, 34473 İstanbul, Türkiye;
| | - Ferhat Şen
- Department of Nanotechnology Engineering, Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University, 67100 Zonguldak, Türkiye;
| | - Zeki Candan
- Biomaterials and Nanotechnology Research Group & BioNanoTeam, 34473 İstanbul, Türkiye;
- Department of Forest Industrial Engineering, İstanbul University-Cerrahpasa, 34473 İstanbul, Türkiye
| | - Evgeni Ivanov
- Institute of Mechanics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (E.I.); (T.B.); (V.G.); (D.M.)
| | - Todor Batakliev
- Institute of Mechanics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (E.I.); (T.B.); (V.G.); (D.M.)
| | - Vladimir Georgiev
- Institute of Mechanics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (E.I.); (T.B.); (V.G.); (D.M.)
| | - Dzhihan Menseidov
- Institute of Mechanics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (E.I.); (T.B.); (V.G.); (D.M.)
- Department of Telecommunications, University of Telecommunication and Post, 1700 Sofia, Bulgaria
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Schutz GF, de Ávila Gonçalves S, Alves RMV, Vieira RP. A review of starch-based biocomposites reinforced with plant fibers. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 261:129916. [PMID: 38311134 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Renewable and biodegradable resources have gained increasing attention as promising alternatives to synthetic plastics. Among the diverse raw materials employed in bioplastics production, starch emerges as an attractive, low-cost, and largely available source. However, the inherent properties of starch-based materials often limit their utility across various applications, necessitating strategic modifications to enhance their performance. A common approach to boost these materials involves incorporating natural fillers into biopolymer matrices. Incorporating natural fibers within starch matrices enables the development of biocomposites with improved properties while retaining their renewable and biodegradable characteristics. This review briefly addresses fundamental aspects of starch structure, obtention, and processing, as well as the main pre-treatments of natural fibers and processing methods currently applied to produce starch-based composites. It also highlights the most recent advances in this field, elucidates the effect of the incorporation of fibers on the biocomposite properties, and discusses the critical parameters affecting the synergic combination between starch and fibers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Frey Schutz
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Faculdade de Engenharia Química (FEQ), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Sayeny de Ávila Gonçalves
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Faculdade de Engenharia Química (FEQ), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rosa Maria Vercelino Alves
- Instituto de Tecnologia de Alimentos (ITAL), Centro de Tecnologia de Embalagem (CETEA), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roniérik Pioli Vieira
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Faculdade de Engenharia Química (FEQ), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Yılmaz A, Özkan H, Genceli Güner FE. Utilizing the Potential of Waste Hemp Reinforcement: Investigating Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Polypropylene and Polylactic Acid Biocomposites. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:8818-8828. [PMID: 38434852 PMCID: PMC10905589 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c06240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Hemp has gained significant popularity for its diverse applications; however, this study explores the untapped potential of waste hemp (wH) as a cost-effective and sustainable bioadditive for the development of high-performance biocomposites. wH offers advantages such as low cost, easy availability, and suitability for extrusion. Polypropylene (PP) and poly(lactic acid) (PLA) served as polymer matrices for this investigation. In order to enhance the interaction between the wH and polymer matrices, alkaline and silane pretreatments were applied to the wHs of both matrices. At the same time, the MA-g-PP additive was used exclusively for the PP matrix. The resulting PP biocomposite demonstrated Young's modulus (2986 MPa) and flexural modulus (2490 MPa), surpassing those of neat PP by 109 and 77%, respectively. Similarly, wH40-PLA-A showed enhancements in the PLA biocomposite, with Young's modulus (6214 MPa) and flexural modulus (5970 MPa) representing an increase of 81 and 56% over that of neat PLA, respectively. The thermal properties and behaviors of the resulting biocomposites were minimally affected by the inclusion of wH as a bioadditive. This study contributes to the advancement of sustainable materials and provides valuable insights into the utilization of wH as a valuable resource for the development of high-performance biocomposites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anıl Yılmaz
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Istanbul Technical
University, 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hakan Özkan
- Arçelik
Çayırova Campus, R&D Material Technologies, R&D
Center, 34950 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - F. Elif Genceli Güner
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Istanbul Technical
University, 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
- Polar
Research Center (PolReC), Istanbul Technical
University, 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hachem H, Mehrez I, Gheith R, Jemni A. Enhancing Concrete Properties with Agave Americana Fiber Reinforcement. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:8743-8753. [PMID: 38434847 PMCID: PMC10905573 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c03687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
This research article explores the potential of using agave Americana fibers (AAFs) to enhance the physical and mechanical properties of concretes. The study investigates the impact of AAFs on concrete mix proportions in detail. Different concrete compositions are systematically created by integrating AAFs into them. The chemical structure, crystallinity, morphology, and tensile strength of extracted AAFs are examined, revealing a low cellulose content and a crystallinity index of around 41.34%. The microstructural analysis highlights the rough surface morphology of the extracted AAFs. The research also evaluates how AAFs affect concrete density, water uptake, and flexural and compressive strengths across various mixtures. The results show that incorporating AAFs in a horizontal position can increase the flexural resistance by up to 99% and the compressive resistance by up to 86% without chemical reactions occurring with mud-lime concrete. However, it is worth noting that using AAFs with cement can affect fiber durability due to the alkaline environment. As the alkali concentration increases, the fiber mechanical resistance decreases. Therefore, it is recommended to use AAFs with noncement concrete for improved sustainability and durability. Overall, this study advances our understanding of eco-friendly and resilient concrete materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Houda Hachem
- Energy
Research and Technology Center (CRTEn), BP 95, Hammam-Lif 2050, Tunisia
| | - Insaf Mehrez
- National
Engineering School of Monastir (ENIM), LESTE Laboratory, University of Monastir, Street Ibn El Jazzar, 5019 Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Ramla Gheith
- National
Engineering School of Monastir (ENIM), LESTE Laboratory, University of Monastir, Street Ibn El Jazzar, 5019 Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Abdelmajid Jemni
- National
Engineering School of Monastir (ENIM), LESTE Laboratory, University of Monastir, Street Ibn El Jazzar, 5019 Monastir, Tunisia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kumpati R, Skarka W, Skarka M, Brojan M. Enhanced Optimization of Composite Laminates: Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithms with Improved Ply-Stacking Sequences. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:887. [PMID: 38399139 PMCID: PMC10890455 DOI: 10.3390/ma17040887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
This study introduces multi-objective genetic algorithms for optimizing the stacking sequence of lightweight composite structures. Notably, significant emphasis is placed on adhering to engineering design guidelines specific to stacking sequence design. These guidelines are effectively integrated into the optimization problem formulation as either constraints or additional objectives. To enhance the initialization process, a novel strategy is proposed based on mechanical considerations. The method is then applied to optimize a composite laminate in terms of weight, inverse reserve factor, and buckling load factor. Three laminates were considered, and the influence of the design and the material composition on their mechanical properties were studied. This research demonstrated that a new stacking sequence [906/454/06] resulted in improved optimum designs compared to the traditional stacking sequence comprising plies at 0°, 45°, and 90° angles. These outcomes can be deemed the optimum stacking sequence, making them valuable for future applications in unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Kumpati
- Department of Fundamentals of Machinery Design, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Wojciech Skarka
- Department of Fundamentals of Machinery Design, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Michał Skarka
- Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Kluyverweg 1, 2629 HS Delft, The Netherlands;
| | - Miha Brojan
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Musa AA, Onwualu AP. Potential of lignocellulosic fiber reinforced polymer composites for automobile parts production: Current knowledge, research needs, and future direction. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24683. [PMID: 38314269 PMCID: PMC10837508 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there has been a notable surge in research focusing on the use of natural fiber-reinforced polymer composites (NFRPCs) in the automobile industry. These materials offer several advantages over their synthetic counterparts, including lightweight properties, renewability, cost-effectiveness, and environmental friendliness. This increasing research interest in NFRPCs within the automotive sector is primarily aimed at overcoming the challenges that have thus far limited their industrial applications when compared to conventional synthetic composites. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the potential applications and sustainability of lignocellulosic-based NFRPCs in the automobile industry. It examines the current state of knowledge, identifies research needs and existing limitations, and provides insights into future perspectives. This review shows that, while lignocellulosic fibers hold great promise as sustainable, high-performance, and cost-effective alternatives to traditional reinforcing fibers, continuous research is needed to further address issues such as fiber-matrix compatibility, processing techniques, long-term durability concerns, and general property improvement. These advancements are essential to meet the increasing performance demand for eco-friendly, renewable, and energy-efficient materials in automotive design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdulrahman Adeiza Musa
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria-Nigeria
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, African University of Science and Technology, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Azikiwe Peter Onwualu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, African University of Science and Technology, Abuja, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Reda A, Arscott S. Static micromechanical measurements of the flexural modulus and strength of micrometre-diameter single fibres using deflecting microcantilever techniques. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2967. [PMID: 38316899 PMCID: PMC10844317 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53082-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The mechanical properties of natural and man-made fibres ultimately govern the robustness of products. Examples range from textiles to composite materials for mechanical parts in emerging technological applications. An accurate determination of the mechanical properties of microscopic single fibres is therefore important. Today, macroscopic mechanical techniques, such as tensile testing, are commonly employed to obtain this information. However, a relatively high dispersion of results is often encountered due to a relatively long sample size. As an alternative to tensile methods, we demonstrate here micromechanical techniques to accurately measure the flexural modulus and strength of micrometre-sized diameter fibres without the need of force sensing. To demonstrate our ideas, we use the example of single natural fibres (Linum Usitatissimum). The flexural modulus of the single fibres is first accurately measured in the low deflection regime of an inclined bending cantilever in an original setup. The flexural strength of the single fibres is then measured in the high deflection regime of a bending cantilever. Interestingly, the novel measurements have allowed the authors to quantify the flexural strength of two different failure modes in flax fibre, enabling a contribution to plant mechanics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Reda
- University of Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, University Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, UMR 8520-IEMN, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Steve Arscott
- University of Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, University Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, UMR 8520-IEMN, F-59000, Lille, France.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Wang HY, Zhang Y, Zhang M, Zhang YQ. Functional modification of silk fibroin from silkworms and its application to medical biomaterials: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 259:129099. [PMID: 38176506 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.129099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Silk fibroin (SF) from the silkworm Bombyx mori is a fibrous protein identified as a widely suitable biomaterial due to its biocompatibility, tunable degradation, and mechanical strength. Various modifications of SF protein can give SF fibers new properties and functions, broadening their applications in textile and biomedical industries. A diverse array of functional modifications on various forms of SF has been reported. In order to provide researchers with a more systematic understanding of the types of functional modifications of SF protein, as well as the corresponding applications, we comprehensively review the different types of functional modifications, including transgenic modification, modifications with chemical groups or biologically active substance, cross-linking and copolymerization without chemical reactions, their specific modification methods and applications. Furthermore, recent applications of SF in various medical biomaterials are briefly discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yan Wang
- Obstetrical department, The People's Hospital of Suzhou New District, Suzhou, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Obstetrical department, The People's Hospital of Suzhou New District, Suzhou, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Utilization and Innovation of Silkworm and Bee Resources, Institute of Applied Bioresource Research, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Qing Zhang
- Silk Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Latos-Brozio M, Masek A, Czechowski L, Jastrzębska A, Miszczak S. Effect of the Addition of Naringenin Derived from Citrus on the Properties of Epoxy Resin Compositions. Molecules 2024; 29:512. [PMID: 38276590 PMCID: PMC10818364 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29020512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
This research concerns the modification of commercially available epoxy resin with flame retardants in order to obtain aging-resistant and antimicrobial polymeric materials with a plant stabilizer dedicated to use in rail transport. Polymer compositions based on epoxy resin, fiberglass fabric, and naringenin were prepared. Naringenin was added as a natural stabilizer at 2, 4, and 8 phr. The materials were subjected to solar aging lasting 800 h. The hardness of the samples, surface energy, and carbonyl indexes were determined, and the color change in the composition after aging was analyzed. In addition, microscopic observations, analyses of mechanical properties, and microbiological tests were performed. The hardness determination showed that the samples retained their functional properties after solar aging. The increase in the polar component of the surface energy of all materials indicated the beginning of the degradation process of the composites. The tensile one-directional tests were carried out for plane samples taken in three directions (0, 90, and 45 degrees referred to a plate edge) before and after the aging process. The addition of naringenin did not affect the functional and surface properties of the epoxy resin-based materials. Polyphenol stabilized polymer composites, as evidenced by the results of carbonyl indexes. Moreover, the obtained samples showed good antimicrobial properties for E. coli and C. albicans in the field of testing the viability of microbial cells in contact with the tested surfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Latos-Brozio
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 16, 90-537 Lodz, Poland
| | - Anna Masek
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 16, 90-537 Lodz, Poland
| | - Leszek Czechowski
- Department of Strength of Materials, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 1/15, 90-537 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Aleksandra Jastrzębska
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 1/15, 90-537 Lodz, Poland; (A.J.); (S.M.)
| | - Sebastian Miszczak
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 1/15, 90-537 Lodz, Poland; (A.J.); (S.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Asghar N, Hussain A, Nguyen DA, Ali S, Hussain I, Junejo A, Ali A. Advancement in nanomaterials for environmental pollutants remediation: a systematic review on bibliometrics analysis, material types, synthesis pathways, and related mechanisms. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:26. [PMID: 38200605 PMCID: PMC10777661 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-02151-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Environmental pollution is a major issue that requires effective solutions. Nanomaterials (NMs) have emerged as promising candidates for pollution remediation due to their unique properties. This review paper provides a systematic analysis of the potential of NMs for environmental pollution remediation compared to conventional techniques. It elaborates on several aspects, including conventional and advanced techniques for removing pollutants, classification of NMs (organic, inorganic, and composite base). The efficiency of NMs in remediation of pollutants depends on their dispersion and retention, with each type of NM having different advantages and disadvantages. Various synthesis pathways for NMs, including traditional synthesis (chemical and physical) and biological synthesis pathways, mechanisms of reaction for pollutants removal using NMs, such as adsorption, filtration, disinfection, photocatalysis, and oxidation, also are evaluated. Additionally, this review presents suggestions for future investigation strategies to improve the efficacy of NMs in environmental remediation. The research so far provides strong evidence that NMs could effectively remove contaminants and may be valuable assets for various industrial purposes. However, further research and development are necessary to fully realize this potential, such as exploring new synthesis pathways and improving the dispersion and retention of NMs in the environment. Furthermore, there is a need to compare the efficacy of different types of NMs for remediating specific pollutants. Overall, this review highlights the immense potential of NMs for mitigating environmental pollutants and calls for more research in this direction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nosheen Asghar
- Department of Global Smart City, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Alamdar Hussain
- Department of Botany, University of Baltistan, Skardu 16400, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan
| | - Duc Anh Nguyen
- Department of Global Smart City, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Salar Ali
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Baltistan, Skardu 16400, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan
| | - Ishtiaque Hussain
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Baltistan, Skardu 16400, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan
- Department of Environmental Science, Quaid-i-Azam University of Islamabad, Islamabad, 15320, Pakistan
| | - Aurangzeb Junejo
- Department of Global Smart City, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Attarad Ali
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Baltistan, Skardu 16400, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan.
- Directorate of Quality Enhancement Cell, University of Baltistan, Skardu 16400, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Mousavi SM, Hashemi SA, Kalashgrani MY, Gholami A, Mazaheri Y, Riazi M, Kurniawan D, Arjmand M, Madkhali O, Aljabri MD, Rahman MM, Chiang WH. Bioresource Polymer Composite for Energy Generation and Storage: Developments and Trends. CHEM REC 2024; 24:e202200266. [PMID: 36995072 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202200266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
The ever-growing demand of human society for clean and reliable energy sources spurred a substantial academic interest in exploring the potential of biological resources for developing energy generation and storage systems. As a result, alternative energy sources are needed in populous developing countries to compensate for energy deficits in an environmentally sustainable manner. This review aims to evaluate and summarize the recent progress in bio-based polymer composites (PCs) for energy generation and storage. The articulated review provides an overview of energy storage systems, e. g., supercapacitors and batteries, and discusses the future possibilities of various solar cells (SCs), using both past research progress and possible future developments as a basis for discussion. These studies examine systematic and sequential advances in different generations of SCs. Developing novel PCs that are efficient, stable, and cost-effective is of utmost importance. In addition, the current state of high-performance equipment for each of the technologies is evaluated in detail. We also discuss the prospects, future trends, and opportunities regarding using bioresources for energy generation and storage, as well as the development of low-cost and efficient PCs for SCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seyyed Mojtaba Mousavi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei City, 106335, Taiwan
| | - Seyyed Alireza Hashemi
- Nanomaterials and Polymer Nanocomposites Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
| | | | - Ahmad Gholami
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, 71468-64685, Iran
| | - Yousef Mazaheri
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, 71946-84334, Iran
| | - Mohsen Riazi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, 71468-64685, Iran
| | - Darwin Kurniawan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei City, 106335, Taiwan
| | - Mohammad Arjmand
- Nanomaterials and Polymer Nanocomposites Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - O Madkhali
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Jazan University, P.O. Box 114, Jazan, 45142, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmood D Aljabri
- Department of Chemistry, University College in Al-Jamoum, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed M Rahman
- Department of Chemistry & Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research (CEAMR), Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, P.O. Box 80203, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wei-Hung Chiang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei City, 106335, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Alexeeva OV, Olkhov AA, Konstantinova ML, Podmasterev VV, Petrova TV, Martirosyan LY, Karyagina OK, Kozlov SS, Lomakin SM, Tretyakov IV, Siracusa V, Iordanskii AL. A Novel Approach for Glycero-(9,10-trioxolane)-Trialeate Incorporation into Poly(lactic acid)/Poly(ɛ-caprolactone) Blends for Biomedicine and Packaging. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 16:128. [PMID: 38201793 PMCID: PMC10780447 DOI: 10.3390/polym16010128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The product of ozonolysis, glycero-(9,10-trioxolane)-trioleate (ozonide of oleic acid triglyceride, [OTOA]), was incorporated into polylactic acid/polycaprolactone (PLA/PCL) blend films in the amount of 1, 5, 10, 20, 30 and 40% w/w. The morphological, mechanical, thermal and antibacterial properties of the biodegradable PLA/PCL films after the OTOA addition were studied. According to DSC and XRD data, the degree of crystallinity of the PLA/PCL + OTOA films showed a general decreasing trend with an increase in OTOA content. Thus, a significant decrease from 34.0% for the reference PLA/PCL film to 15.7% for the PLA/PCL + 40% OTOA film was established using DSC. Observed results could be explained by the plasticizing effect of OTOA. On the other hand, the PLA/PCL film with 20% OTOA does not follow this trend, showing an increase in crystallinity both via DSC (20.3%) and XRD (34.6%). OTOA molecules, acting as a plasticizer, reduce the entropic barrier for nuclei formation, leading to large number of PLA spherulites in the plasticized PLA/PCL matrix. In addition, OTOA molecules could decrease the local melt viscosity at the vicinity of the growing lamellae, leading to faster crystal growth. Morphological analysis showed that the structure of the films with an OTOA concentration above 20% drastically changed. Specifically, an interface between the PLA/PCL matrix and OTOA was formed, thereby forming a capsule with the embedded antibacterial agent. The moisture permeability of the resulting PLA/PCL + OTOA films decreased due to the formation of uniformly distributed hydrophobic amorphous zones that prevented water penetration. This architecture affects the tensile characteristics of the films: strength decreases to 5.6 MPa, elastic modulus E by 40%. The behavior of film elasticity is associated with the redistribution of amorphous regions in the matrix. Additionally, PLA/PCL + OTOA films with 20, 30 and 40% of OTOA showed good antibacterial properties on Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Raoultella terrigena (Klebsiella terrigena) and Agrobacterium tumefaciens, making the developed films potentially promising materials for wound-dressing applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olga V. Alexeeva
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.O.); (M.L.K.); (V.V.P.); (L.Y.M.); (O.K.K.); (S.S.K.); (S.M.L.)
| | - Anatoliy A. Olkhov
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.O.); (M.L.K.); (V.V.P.); (L.Y.M.); (O.K.K.); (S.S.K.); (S.M.L.)
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (T.V.P.); (I.V.T.); (A.L.I.)
- Academic Department of Innovational Materials and Technologies Chemistry, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina L. Konstantinova
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.O.); (M.L.K.); (V.V.P.); (L.Y.M.); (O.K.K.); (S.S.K.); (S.M.L.)
| | - Vyacheslav V. Podmasterev
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.O.); (M.L.K.); (V.V.P.); (L.Y.M.); (O.K.K.); (S.S.K.); (S.M.L.)
| | - Tuyara V. Petrova
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (T.V.P.); (I.V.T.); (A.L.I.)
| | - Levon Yu. Martirosyan
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.O.); (M.L.K.); (V.V.P.); (L.Y.M.); (O.K.K.); (S.S.K.); (S.M.L.)
| | - Olga K. Karyagina
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.O.); (M.L.K.); (V.V.P.); (L.Y.M.); (O.K.K.); (S.S.K.); (S.M.L.)
| | - Sergey S. Kozlov
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.O.); (M.L.K.); (V.V.P.); (L.Y.M.); (O.K.K.); (S.S.K.); (S.M.L.)
| | - Sergey M. Lomakin
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.O.); (M.L.K.); (V.V.P.); (L.Y.M.); (O.K.K.); (S.S.K.); (S.M.L.)
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (T.V.P.); (I.V.T.); (A.L.I.)
| | - Ilya V. Tretyakov
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (T.V.P.); (I.V.T.); (A.L.I.)
| | - Valentina Siracusa
- Department of Chemical Science (DSC), University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Alexey L. Iordanskii
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (T.V.P.); (I.V.T.); (A.L.I.)
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
López-Borrell A, Lora-García J, Fombuena V, Cardona SC, López-Pérez MF. Characterization of Natural and Synthetic Fabrics for the Treatment of Complex Wastes. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 16:84. [PMID: 38201749 PMCID: PMC10780343 DOI: 10.3390/polym16010084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
In the present study, nine fabrics have been tested for brackish water treatment with the aim of industrial application under the concept of zero liquid discharge (ZLD). Moisture content was determined, where it was observed that the lignocellulosic fabrics had a moisture content ranging from 2.5 to 8.5%. The wetting contact angle showed that the flax with polylactic acid (LPLA) was the most hydrophobic. The determination of the liquid absorption capacity showed that, of the synthetic fabrics, the one with the highest absorption, both in distilled water and in brackish water, was the polyester (PES) fabric with an absorption of 816% compared to its initial weight. In the natural fabrics, the highest absorption capacity was shown by the wet-laid without treatment (WL-WT) fabric for both distilled water and brackish water, although it required several cycles of operation to maintain this stable absorption. Exposure to brackish water improved the absorption capacity of all samples. Mechanical and thermal characterization showed that the synthetic fabrics were more resistant than the natural fabrics, although they may compete in terms of applicability. The capillarity study showed that the most hydrophilic fabrics completed the test the fastest. Finally, the composting degradation test showed that those fabrics with polylactic acid (PLA) content degraded faster in the first 14 days and thereafter the degradation of the lignocellulosic content showed a slower degradation until 112 days. The Bam fabric did not degrade during the course of the experiment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexis López-Borrell
- Instituto de Seguridad Industrial, Radiofísica y Medioambiental (ISIRYM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell, s/n, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (J.L.-G.); (S.C.C.); (M.-F.L.-P.)
| | - Jaime Lora-García
- Instituto de Seguridad Industrial, Radiofísica y Medioambiental (ISIRYM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell, s/n, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (J.L.-G.); (S.C.C.); (M.-F.L.-P.)
| | - Vicent Fombuena
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain;
| | - Salvador C. Cardona
- Instituto de Seguridad Industrial, Radiofísica y Medioambiental (ISIRYM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell, s/n, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (J.L.-G.); (S.C.C.); (M.-F.L.-P.)
| | - María-Fernanda López-Pérez
- Instituto de Seguridad Industrial, Radiofísica y Medioambiental (ISIRYM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell, s/n, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (J.L.-G.); (S.C.C.); (M.-F.L.-P.)
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Frącz W, Pacana A, Siwiec D, Janowski G, Bąk Ł. Reprocessing Possibilities of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate)-Hemp Fiber Composites Regarding the Material and Product Quality. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 17:55. [PMID: 38203909 PMCID: PMC10779895 DOI: 10.3390/ma17010055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
An important issue addressed in research on the assessment of the quality of polymer products is the quality of the polymer material itself and, in accordance with the idea of waste-free management, the impact of its repeated processing on its properties and the quality of the products. In this work, a biocomposite, based on poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) with short hemp fibers, was obtained and repeatedly processed, which is a continuation of the research undertaken by the team in the field of this type of biocomposites. After subsequent stages of processing, the selected mechanical, processing and functional properties of the products were assessed. For this purpose, microscopic tests were carried out, mechanical properties were tested in static tensile and impact tests, viscosity curves were determined after subsequent processing cycles and changes in plastic pressure in the mold cavity were determined directly during processing. The results of the presented research confirm only a slight decrease in the mechanical properties of the produced type of biocomposite, even after it has been reprocessed five times, which gives extra weight to arguments for its commercialization as a substitute for petrochemical-based plastics. No significant changes were found in the used parameters and processing properties with the stages of processing, which allows for a predictable and stable manufacturing process using, for example, the injection molding process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wiesław Frącz
- Department of Materials Forming and Processing, Rzeszow University of Technology, Powstancow Warszawy 8, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland; (W.F.); (G.J.); (Ł.B.)
| | - Andrzej Pacana
- Department of Manufacturing Processes and Production Engineering, Rzeszow University of Technology, Powstancow Warszawy 8, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland;
| | - Dominika Siwiec
- Department of Manufacturing Processes and Production Engineering, Rzeszow University of Technology, Powstancow Warszawy 8, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland;
| | - Grzegorz Janowski
- Department of Materials Forming and Processing, Rzeszow University of Technology, Powstancow Warszawy 8, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland; (W.F.); (G.J.); (Ł.B.)
| | - Łukasz Bąk
- Department of Materials Forming and Processing, Rzeszow University of Technology, Powstancow Warszawy 8, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland; (W.F.); (G.J.); (Ł.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Bajwa DS, Holt G, Stark N, Bajwa SG, Chanda S, Quadir M. Nano Boron Oxide and Zinc Oxide Doped Lignin Containing Cellulose Nanocrystals Improve the Thermal, Mechanical and Flammability Properties of High-Density Poly(ethylene). Polymers (Basel) 2023; 16:36. [PMID: 38201701 PMCID: PMC10780719 DOI: 10.3390/polym16010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The widely used high-density polyethylene (HDPE) polymer has inadequate mechanical and thermal properties for structural applications. To overcome this challenge, nano zinc oxide (ZnO) and nano boron oxide (B2O3) doped lignin-containing cellulose nanocrystals (L-CNC) were blended in the polymer matrix. The working hypothesis is that lignin will prevent CNC aggregation, and metal oxides will reduce the flammability of polymers by modifying their degradation pathways. This research prepared and incorporated safe, effective, and eco-friendly hybrid systems of nano ZnO/L-CNC and nano B2O3/L-CNC into the HDPE matrix to improve their physio-mechanical and fire-retardant properties. The composites were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, thermo-gravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic mechanical analysis, horizontal burning test, and microcalorimetry test. The results demonstrated a substantial increase in mechanical properties and a reduction in flammability. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) images showed some agglomeration and irregular distribution of the inorganic oxides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dilpreet S. Bajwa
- Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA;
| | - Greg Holt
- Cotton Production and Processing Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Lubbock, TX 79403, USA;
| | - Nicole Stark
- Forest Biopolymer Science and Engineering, United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI 53726, USA;
| | - Sreekala G. Bajwa
- College of Agriculture, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA;
| | - Saptaparni Chanda
- Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA;
| | - Mohiuddin Quadir
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University; Fargo, ND 58108, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Bahrami M, del Real JC, Mehdikhani M, Butenegro JA, Abenojar J, Martínez MÁ. Hybridization Effect on Interlaminar Bond Strength, Flexural Properties, and Hardness of Carbon-Flax Fiber Thermoplastic Bio-Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4619. [PMID: 38139872 PMCID: PMC10748188 DOI: 10.3390/polym15244619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Hybridizing carbon-fiber-reinforced polymers with natural fibers could be a solution to prevent delamination and improve the out-of-plane properties of laminated composites. Delamination is one of the initial damage modes in composite laminates, attributed to relatively poor interlaminar mechanical properties, e.g., low interlaminar strength and fracture toughness. This study examined the interlaminar bond strength, flexural properties, and hardness of carbon/flax/polyamide hybrid bio-composites using peel adhesion, three-point bending, and macro-hardness tests, respectively. In this regard, interlayer hybrid laminates were produced with a sandwich fiber hybrid mode, using woven carbon fiber plies (C) as the outer layers and woven flax fiber plies (F) as the inner ones (CFFC) in combination with a bio-based thermoplastic polyamide 11 matrix. In addition, non-hybrid carbon and flax fiber composites with the same matrix were produced as reference laminates to investigate the hybridization effects. The results revealed the advantages of hybridization in terms of flexural properties, including a 212% higher modulus and a 265% higher strength compared to pure flax composites and a 34% higher failure strain compared to pure carbon composites. Additionally, the hybrid composites exhibited a positive hybridization effect in terms of peeling strength, demonstrating a 27% improvement compared to the pure carbon composites. These results provide valuable insights into the mechanical performance of woven carbon-flax hybrid bio-composites, suggesting potential applications in the automotive and construction industries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Bahrami
- Materials Science and Engineering and Chemical Engineering Department, University Carlos III de Madrid, 28911 Leganes, Spain; (J.A.B.); (J.A.); (M.Á.M.)
| | - Juan Carlos del Real
- Institute for Research in Technology, Mechanical Engineering Department, ICAI, Universidad Pontificia Comillas, 28015 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Mahoor Mehdikhani
- Department of Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium;
| | - José Antonio Butenegro
- Materials Science and Engineering and Chemical Engineering Department, University Carlos III de Madrid, 28911 Leganes, Spain; (J.A.B.); (J.A.); (M.Á.M.)
| | - Juana Abenojar
- Materials Science and Engineering and Chemical Engineering Department, University Carlos III de Madrid, 28911 Leganes, Spain; (J.A.B.); (J.A.); (M.Á.M.)
- Institute for Research in Technology, Mechanical Engineering Department, ICAI, Universidad Pontificia Comillas, 28015 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Miguel Ángel Martínez
- Materials Science and Engineering and Chemical Engineering Department, University Carlos III de Madrid, 28911 Leganes, Spain; (J.A.B.); (J.A.); (M.Á.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Wang A, Liu Y, Yan R, Wang Y, Luo P, Li Y. Enhanced Dynamic Impact Resistance of 3D-Printed Continuous Optical Fiber-Reinforced Helicoidal Polylactic Acid Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4599. [PMID: 38231997 PMCID: PMC10708437 DOI: 10.3390/polym15234599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Characterized by light weight and high strength, composites are widely used as protective materials in dynamic impact loading under extreme conditions, such as high strain rates. Therefore, based on the excellent tensile properties of continuous fiber and the good flexibility and toughness of the bionic spiral structure, this study uses a multi-material 3D printer to incorporate continuous fiber, and then modifies the G-CODE file to control the printing path to achieve the production of a continuous fiber-reinforced Polylactic Acid composite helicoidal (spiral angle 60°) structure (COF-HP). Dynamic behavior under high-strain-rate impact experiments have been conducted using the Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB). Stress-strain curves, impact energy curves and high-speed camera photographs with different strain rates at 680 s-1 and 890 s-1 have been analyzed to explore the dynamic process and illustrate the damage evolution. In addition, some detailed simulation models considering the incorporation of continuous optical fiber (COF) and different strain rates have been established and verified for deeper investigations. The results show that the COF does enhance the impact resistance of the laminates. When the porosity is reduced, the maximum stress of the continuous fiber-reinforced composite material is 4~7% higher than that of the pure PLA material. Our findings here expand the application of COF and provide a new method for designing protective materials, which have broad application prospects in the aerospace and automotive industries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Yangbo Li
- College of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China; (A.W.); (Y.L.); (R.Y.); (Y.W.); (P.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Sheeba KRJ, Priya RK, Arunachalam KP, Shobana S, Avudaiappan S, Flores ES. Examining the physico-chemical, structural and thermo-mechanical properties of naturally occurring Acacia pennata fibres treated with KMnO 4. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20643. [PMID: 38001118 PMCID: PMC10673877 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46989-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural fiber is a viable and possible option when looking for a material with high specific strength and high specific modulus that is lightweight, affordable, biodegradable, recyclable, and eco-friendly to reinforce polymer composites. There are many methods in which natural fibres can be incorporated into composite materials. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the physico-chemical, structural, thermal, and mechanical properties of Acacia pennata fibres (APFs). Scanning electron microscopy was used to determine the AP fibers' diameter and surface shape. The crystallinity index (64.47%) was discovered by XRD. The irregular arrangement and rough surface are seen in SEM photos. The findings demonstrated that fiber has high levels of cellulose (55.4%), hemicellulose (13.3%), and low levels of lignin (17.75%), which were determined through chemical analysis and validated by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). By using FTIR, the functional groups of the isolated AP fibers were examined, and TG analysis was used to look into the thermal degrading behaviour of the fibers treated with potassium permanganate (KMnO4) Due to their low density (520 kg/m3) and high cellulose content (55.4%), they have excellent bonding qualities. Additionally, tensile tests were used for mechanical characterisation to assess their tensile strength (685 MPa) and elongation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K R Jaya Sheeba
- PG & Research Department of Physics, Holy Cross College (Autonomous), Nagercoil, Affiliated to Manonmanium Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, 629004, India
| | - Retnam Krishna Priya
- PG & Research Department of Physics, Holy Cross College (Autonomous), Nagercoil, Affiliated to Manonmanium Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, 629004, India.
| | - Krishna Prakash Arunachalam
- Department of Civil Engineering, University College of Engineering Nagercoil, Anna University, Nagercoil, 629004, India
| | - S Shobana
- Green Technology and Sustainable Development in Construction Research Group, Van Lang School of Engineering and Technology, Van Lang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Siva Avudaiappan
- Departamento de Ingeniería Civil, Universidad de Concepción, 4070386, Concepción, Chile.
- Centro Nacional de Excelencia Para la Industria de la Madera (CENAMAD), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, 8331150, Santiago, Chile.
- Department of Physiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, SIMATS, Chennai, 600077, India.
| | - Erick Saavedra Flores
- Departamento de Ingeniería en Obras Civiles, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Av. Ecuador 3659, Estación Central, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Samaniego-Aguilar K, Sánchez-Safont E, Rodríguez A, Marín A, Candal MV, Cabedo L, Gamez-Perez J. Valorization of Agricultural Waste Lignocellulosic Fibers for Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate-Co-Valerate)-Based Composites in Short Shelf-Life Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4507. [PMID: 38231949 PMCID: PMC10707919 DOI: 10.3390/polym15234507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Biocircularity could play a key role in the circular economy, particularly in applications where organic recycling (composting) has the potential to become a preferred waste management option, such as food packaging. The development of fully biobased and biodegradable composites could help reduce plastic waste and valorize agro-based residues. In this study, extruded films made of composites of polyhydroxybutyrate-co-valerate (PHBV) and lignocellulosic fibers, namely almond shell (AS) and Oryzite® (OR), a polymer hybrid composite precursor, have been investigated. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed a weak fiber-matrix interfacial interaction, although OR composites present a better distribution of the fiber and a virtually lower presence of "pull-out". Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the presence of fibers reduced the onset and maximum degradation temperatures of PHBV, with a greater reduction observed with higher fiber content. The addition of fibers also affected the melting behavior and crystallinity of PHBV, particularly with OR addition, showing a decrease in crystallinity, melting, and crystallization temperatures as fiber content increased. The mechanical behavior of composites varied with fiber type and concentration. While the incorporation of AS results in a reduction in all mechanical parameters, the addition of OR leads to a slight improvement in elongation at break. The addition of fibers improved the thermoformability of PHBV. In the case of AS, the improvement in the processing window was achieved at lower fiber contents, while in the case of OR, the improvement was observed at a fiber content of 20%. Biodisintegration tests showed that the presence of fibers promoted the degradation of the composites, with higher fiber concentrations leading to faster degradation. Indeed, the time of complete biodisintegration was reduced by approximately 30% in the composites with 20% and 30% AS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kerly Samaniego-Aguilar
- Polymers and Advanced Materials Group (PIMA), Universitat Jaume I, Av. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castelló, Spain; (K.S.-A.); (E.S.-S.); (A.R.); (A.M.); (L.C.)
| | - Estefanía Sánchez-Safont
- Polymers and Advanced Materials Group (PIMA), Universitat Jaume I, Av. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castelló, Spain; (K.S.-A.); (E.S.-S.); (A.R.); (A.M.); (L.C.)
- CEBIMAT Lab S.L., Universitat Jaume I, Av. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castelló, Spain
| | - Andreina Rodríguez
- Polymers and Advanced Materials Group (PIMA), Universitat Jaume I, Av. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castelló, Spain; (K.S.-A.); (E.S.-S.); (A.R.); (A.M.); (L.C.)
| | - Anna Marín
- Polymers and Advanced Materials Group (PIMA), Universitat Jaume I, Av. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castelló, Spain; (K.S.-A.); (E.S.-S.); (A.R.); (A.M.); (L.C.)
| | - María V. Candal
- School of Engineering, Science and Technology, Valencian International University (VIU), 46002 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Luis Cabedo
- Polymers and Advanced Materials Group (PIMA), Universitat Jaume I, Av. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castelló, Spain; (K.S.-A.); (E.S.-S.); (A.R.); (A.M.); (L.C.)
- CEBIMAT Lab S.L., Universitat Jaume I, Av. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castelló, Spain
| | - Jose Gamez-Perez
- Polymers and Advanced Materials Group (PIMA), Universitat Jaume I, Av. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castelló, Spain; (K.S.-A.); (E.S.-S.); (A.R.); (A.M.); (L.C.)
- CEBIMAT Lab S.L., Universitat Jaume I, Av. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castelló, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Sola A, Trinchi A. Recycling as a Key Enabler for Sustainable Additive Manufacturing of Polymer Composites: A Critical Perspective on Fused Filament Fabrication. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4219. [PMID: 37959900 PMCID: PMC10649055 DOI: 10.3390/polym15214219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM, aka 3D printing) is generally acknowledged as a "green" technology. However, its wider uptake in industry largely relies on the development of composite feedstock for imparting superior mechanical properties and bespoke functionality. Composite materials are especially needed in polymer AM, given the otherwise poor performance of most polymer parts in load-bearing applications. As a drawback, the shift from mono-material to composite feedstock may worsen the environmental footprint of polymer AM. This perspective aims to discuss this chasm between the advantage of embedding advanced functionality, and the disadvantage of causing harm to the environment. Fused filament fabrication (FFF, aka fused deposition modelling, FDM) is analysed here as a case study on account of its unparalleled popularity. FFF, which belongs to the material extrusion (MEX) family, is presently the most widespread polymer AM technique for industrial, educational, and recreational applications. On the one hand, the FFF of composite materials has already transitioned "from lab to fab" and finally to community, with far-reaching implications for its sustainability. On the other hand, feedstock materials for FFF are thermoplastic-based, and hence highly amenable to recycling. The literature shows that recycled thermoplastic materials such as poly(lactic acid) (PLA), acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET, or its glycol-modified form PETG) can be used for printing by FFF, and FFF printed objects can be recycled when they are at the end of life. Reinforcements/fillers can also be obtained from recycled materials, which may help valorise waste materials and by-products from a wide range of industries (for example, paper, food, furniture) and from agriculture. Increasing attention is being paid to the recovery of carbon fibres (for example, from aviation), and to the reuse of glass fibre-reinforced polymers (for example, from end-of-life wind turbines). Although technical challenges and economical constraints remain, the adoption of recycling strategies appears to be essential for limiting the environmental impact of composite feedstock in FFF by reducing the depletion of natural resources, cutting down the volume of waste materials, and mitigating the dependency on petrochemicals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Sola
- Advanced Materials and Processing, Manufacturing Business Unit, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Clayton, Melbourne, VIC 3169, Australia
| | - Adrian Trinchi
- Advanced Materials and Processing, Manufacturing Business Unit, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Clayton, Melbourne, VIC 3169, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Dal Pont B, Gigante V, Panariello L, Canesi I, Aliotta L, Lazzeri A. Investigation of Novel Flax Fiber/Epoxy Composites with Increased Biobased Content. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4030. [PMID: 37836080 PMCID: PMC10575258 DOI: 10.3390/polym15194030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, biobased epoxy resins derived from plant oils and natural fibers are available on the market and are a promising substitute for fossil-based products. The purpose of this work is to investigate novel lightweight thermoset fiber-reinforced composites with extremely high biobased content. Paying attention to the biobased content, following a cascade pathway, many trials were carried out with different types of resins and hardeners to select the best ones. The most promising formulations were then used to produce flax fiber reinforced composites by vacuum bagging process. The main biocomposite properties such as tensile, bending, and impact properties as well as the individuation of their glass transition temperatures (by DSC) were assessed. Three biocomposite systems were investigated with biobased content ranging from 60 to 91%, obtaining an elastic modulus that varied from 2.7 to 6.3 GPa, a flexural strength from 23 to 108.5 MPa, and Charpy impact strength from 11.9 to 12.2 kJ/m2. The properties reached by the new biocomposites are very encouraging; in fact, their stiffness vs. lightweight (calculated by the E/ρ3 ratio) is comparable to some typical epoxy-glass composites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Dal Pont
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Via Diotisalvi, 2, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (B.D.P.); (L.P.); (A.L.)
| | - Vito Gigante
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Via Diotisalvi, 2, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (B.D.P.); (L.P.); (A.L.)
- Interuniversity National Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), Via Giusti 9, 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Luca Panariello
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Via Diotisalvi, 2, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (B.D.P.); (L.P.); (A.L.)
| | - Ilaria Canesi
- Planet Bioplastics, Via San Giovanni Bosco 23, 56127 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Laura Aliotta
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Via Diotisalvi, 2, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (B.D.P.); (L.P.); (A.L.)
- Interuniversity National Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), Via Giusti 9, 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Andrea Lazzeri
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Via Diotisalvi, 2, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (B.D.P.); (L.P.); (A.L.)
- Interuniversity National Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), Via Giusti 9, 50121 Florence, Italy
- Planet Bioplastics, Via San Giovanni Bosco 23, 56127 Pisa, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Chaves YS, da Silveira PHPM, Monteiro SN, Nascimento LFC. Babassu Coconut Fibers: Investigation of Chemical and Surface Properties ( Attalea speciosa.). Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3863. [PMID: 37835912 PMCID: PMC10574988 DOI: 10.3390/polym15193863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
To complement previous results, an analysis of the chemical and morphological properties of babassu fibers (Attalea speciosa Mart. ex Spreng.) was conducted in order to evaluate their potential as reinforcements in the production of composites with epoxy matrix. The diameter distribution was analyzed in a sample of one hundred fibers, allowing the verification of its variation. The determination of the chemical properties involved experimental analyses of the constituent index and X-ray diffraction. The diffractogram was used to calculate the crystallinity index and the microfibril angle, which are crucial parameters that indicate the consistency of the mechanical properties of babassu fibers and the feasibility of their use in composites. The results revealed that babassu fiber has a chemical composition, with contents of 28.53% lignin, 32.34% hemicellulose, and 37.97% cellulose. In addition, it showed a high crystallinity index of 81.06% and a microfibril angle of 7.67°. These characteristics, together with previous results, indicate that babassu fibers have favorable chemical and morphological properties to be used as reinforcements in composites, highlighting its potential as an important material for applications in technology areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yago Soares Chaves
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering-IME, Praça General Tíburcio, 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 222290-270, RJ, Brazil; (S.N.M.); (L.F.C.N.)
| | | | - Sergio Neves Monteiro
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering-IME, Praça General Tíburcio, 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 222290-270, RJ, Brazil; (S.N.M.); (L.F.C.N.)
| | - Lucio Fabio Cassiano Nascimento
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering-IME, Praça General Tíburcio, 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 222290-270, RJ, Brazil; (S.N.M.); (L.F.C.N.)
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Al Maadeed MAA, Ponnamma D. Fiber chemistry and technology: their contributions to shaping Society 5.0. DISCOVER NANO 2023; 18:115. [PMID: 37715893 PMCID: PMC10505127 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-023-03888-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
Society 5.0 establishes innovations and innovativeness as the basic platforms for accelerating the development of solution-based strategies for the sustainability problems every society is facing. It features an interactive cycle operating at a society-wide level through which data are collected, analyzed and transformed into applicable technology for the real world. Transforming the current society into a super smart society requires in-depth knowledge of the Internet of Things, robotics and artificial intelligence. Being a member of the 4th industrial revolution is significant; however, it is equally important to alleviate the socioeconomic challenges associated with it and to maintain sustainability. From cellulose to carbon, fibers have utmost importance in technological applications, industrial developments and sustainability. Fibers are identified as useful energy resources, water treatment mediums, supercapacitors in electronic devices and wearable e-textiles. Therefore, knowing the chemistry behind fiber manipulation for advanced applications for Society 5.0 is beneficial. In this paper, we highlight the contributions of fibers to shaping Society 5.0 and their modifications and role in providing a sustainable environment. We highlight the chemical aspects behind tailoring fibers to provide state-of-the-art information on fiber-based products. We also provide background information on fiber technology and the sustainable development goals for a fiber-oriented Society 5.0. Scientists, researchers and specialists in this field should understand the impact of tailoring and influencing society as a whole.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Al Ali Al Maadeed
- Office of Vice President for Research and Graduate Studies, Qatar University, 2713, Doha, Qatar.
- Center for Advanced Materials, Qatar University, 2713, Doha, Qatar.
- Materials Science and Technology Program, Department of Mathematics, Statistics and Physics, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, 2713, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Deepalekshmi Ponnamma
- Materials Science and Technology Program, Department of Mathematics, Statistics and Physics, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, 2713, Doha, Qatar
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Kwaśniewska A, Świetlicki M, Kowalska B, Gładyszewski G. Polysaccharide Composite Films Utilising Wood Waste. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:6031. [PMID: 37687724 PMCID: PMC10488732 DOI: 10.3390/ma16176031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of raw waste pine wood dust (Pinus sylvestris) from furniture production on polysaccharide biopolymer film properties. The obtained biocomposite films produced via the casting method were prepared with 20% glycerol and 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% of added wood dust in relation to the dry starch matter. Wood dust composition and particle size distribution analysis were performed. In order to evaluate the material surface properties, tests were carried out using an atomic force microscope (AFM) and a contact angle goniometer. Utilising uniaxial tensile test methodology, the values for both tensile strength and Young's modulus were determined. In addition, the barrier properties, water solubility index, and colour were also investigated. The research showed that wood dust affected the functional parameters of the obtained biocomposites. A wood dust content increase causes the Young's modulus value to rise with a progressive decrease in the max. strain. The filler did not change the films' wetting properties, and each had a hydrophilic surface regardless of the additive amount. The bio-sourced composites obtained were non-toxic and environmentally neutral materials, suitable to be applied in the packaging industry as well as the agriculture sector.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anita Kwaśniewska
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 36, 20-618 Lublin, Poland; (M.Ś.); (G.G.)
| | - Michał Świetlicki
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 36, 20-618 Lublin, Poland; (M.Ś.); (G.G.)
| | - Beata Kowalska
- Department of Water Supply and Wastewater Disposal, Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 40D, 20-618 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Grzegorz Gładyszewski
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 36, 20-618 Lublin, Poland; (M.Ś.); (G.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Baigh TA, Nanzeeba F, Hamim HR, Habib MA. A comprehensive study on the effect of hybridization and stacking sequence in fabricating cotton-blended jute and pineapple leaf fibre biocomposites. Heliyon 2023; 9:e19792. [PMID: 37809613 PMCID: PMC10559121 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Developing biocomposites by hybridization, which is the combination of two or more materials, can be a potential solution for improving material recyclability and sustainability. This study focuses on creating a hybrid biocomposite reinforced with cotton-blended pineapple leaf fibre (PALF) fabric (174 GSM) and jute fibre fabric (265 GSM) which are thrown away by textile factories. The mechanical, moisture absorption, and vibration characteristics of four stacking sequences of hybrid composites and two unhybridized composites were analyzed. Results indicated that hybridization improved tensile and flexural characteristics compared to pineapple leaf fibre reinforced polymer (PFRP) composites. The jute fibre reinforced polymer (JFRP) composite exhibited the maximum tensile strength of 35.16 MPa, while the hybrid composites achieved a maximum of 32.16 MPa. Among the hybrid composites, jute layers on the outer plies (4P5J-2) demonstrated the maximum tensile modulus of 1.315 GPa. Additionally, the hybrid composite with three layers of jute plies between alternating layers of jute-pineapple plies showed the highest elongation at 15.94%. Among the hybrids, alternate stacking of jute/PALF plies (4P5J-1) gave a maximum flexural strength of 44.36 MPa, which is similar to JFRP (44.91 MPa) and a 78.57% increase in flexural modulus compared to PFRP composite, despite having the lowest tensile strength. Although the JFRP composite exhibited the highest impact strength, the hybrids still outperformed the PFRP composites. With hybridization, moisture absorption decreased, with a maximum of 29.50% compared to the JFRP composite. Furthermore, due to the spiral-like orientation of the yarns, stacking PALF plies on the outside can cause critical damping. Therefore, it is shown in this paper that both hybridization and stacking sequence can significantly influence composite performance. These findings also implies the utilization of textile industry's natural fibres to develop hybrid composites for automotive applications, like brake and accelerator pedals, for a greener future and effective waste material utilization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hasibur R. Hamim
- Department of Mechanical and Production Engineering, Islamic University of Technology (IUT), Gazipur, 1704, Bangladesh
| | - M. Ahsan Habib
- Department of Mechanical and Production Engineering, Islamic University of Technology (IUT), Gazipur, 1704, Bangladesh
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Bolat F, Ghitman J, Necolau MI, Vasile E, Iovu H. A Comparative Study of the Impact of the Bleaching Method on the Production and Characterization of Cotton-Origin Nanocrystalline Cellulose by Acid and Enzymatic Hydrolysis. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3446. [PMID: 37631504 PMCID: PMC10458172 DOI: 10.3390/polym15163446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to environmental concerns, as well as its exceptional physical and mechanical capabilities, biodegradability, and optical and barrier qualities, nanocellulose has drawn a lot of interest as a source of reinforcing materials that are nanometer sized. This article focuses on how to manufacture cellulose nanomaterials from cotton by using different types of acids such as H2SO4 and HCI in different concentrations and in the presence of enzymes such as cellulase and xylanase. Two different types of bleaching methods were used before acid and enzyme hydrolysis. In the first method, cellulose was extracted by bleaching the cotton with H2O2. In the second method, NaOCl was utilized. For both methods, different concentrations of acids and enzymes were used to isolate nanocellulose materials, cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), and cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) at different temperatures. All obtained nanocellulose materials were analyzed through different techniques such as FT-IR, Zeta potentials, DLS, Raman spectroscopy, TGA, DSC, XRD, and SEM. The characteristic signals related to cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) were confirmed with the aid of Raman and FT-IR spectroscopy. According to the XRD results, the samples' crystallinity percentages range from 54.1% to 63.2%. The SEM image showed that long fibers break down into small fibers and needle-like features are seen on the surface of the fibers. Using different types of bleaching has no significant effect on the thermal stability of samples. The results demonstrate a successful method for synthesizing cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) from cotton through enzymatic hydrolysis, but the results also demonstrated that the choice of bleaching method has a significant impact on the hydrodynamic properties and crystallinity of both CNC and CNF samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Faik Bolat
- Advanced Polymer Materials Group, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 1–7 Gh. Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (F.B.); (J.G.); (M.I.N.)
| | - Jana Ghitman
- Advanced Polymer Materials Group, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 1–7 Gh. Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (F.B.); (J.G.); (M.I.N.)
| | - Madalina Ioana Necolau
- Advanced Polymer Materials Group, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 1–7 Gh. Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (F.B.); (J.G.); (M.I.N.)
| | - Eugeniu Vasile
- Department of Oxide Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 1–7 Gh. Polizu, 060042 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Horia Iovu
- Advanced Polymer Materials Group, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 1–7 Gh. Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (F.B.); (J.G.); (M.I.N.)
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, 54 Splaiul Independentei, 050094 Bucharest, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Kim JC, Kim J, Cho YM, Cho SM, Hwang SW, Kwak HW, Yeo H, Choi IG. Fabrication of transparent cellulose nanofibril composite film with smooth surface and ultraviolet blocking ability using hydrophilic lignin. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 245:125545. [PMID: 37355075 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
Ecofriendly multifunctional films with only biomass-based components have gathered significant interest from researchers as next-generation materials. Following this trend, a TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibril (TOCNF) film containing hydrophilic lignin (CL) was fabricated. To produce the lignin, peracetic acid oxidation was carried out, leading to the introduction of carboxyl groups into the lignin structure. By adding hydrophilic lignin, various characteristics (e.g., surface smoothness, UV protection, antimicrobial activity, and barrier properties) of the TOCNF film were enhanced. In particular, the shrinkage of CNF was successfully prevented by the addition of CL, which is attributed to the lower surface roughness (Ra) from 18.93 nm to 4.99 nm. As a result, the smooth surface of the TOCNF/CL film was shown compared to neat TOCNF film and TOCNF/Kraft lignin composite film. In addition, the TOCNF/CL film showed a superior UV blocking ability of 99.9 % with high transparency of 78.4 %, which is higher than that of CNF-lignin composite films in other research. Also, water vapor transmission rate was reduced after adding CL to TOCNF film. Consequently, the developed TOCNF/CL film can be potentially utilized in various applications, such as food packaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Chan Kim
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry, and Bioresources, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonghwa Kim
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Min Cho
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry, and Bioresources, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Min Cho
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, College of Natural Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Sung-Wook Hwang
- Human Resources Development Center for Big Data-based Glocal Forest Science 4.0 Professionals, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Won Kwak
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry, and Bioresources, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwanmyeong Yeo
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry, and Bioresources, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Gyu Choi
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry, and Bioresources, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Seculi F, Julián F, Llorens J, Espinach FX, Mutjé P, Tarrés Q. Methodologies to Evaluate the Micromechanics Flexural Strength Properties of Natural-Fiber-Reinforced Composites: The Case of Abaca-Fiber-Reinforced Bio Polyethylene Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3137. [PMID: 37514525 PMCID: PMC10385690 DOI: 10.3390/polym15143137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
There is growing emphasis on developing green composites as a substitute for oil-based materials. In the pursuit of studying and enhancing the mechanical properties of these composites, tensile tests are predominantly employed, often overlooking the flexural properties. This study focuses on researching the flexural properties of abaca-fiber-reinforced bio-based high-density polyethylene (BioPE) composites. Specifically, composites containing 30 wt% of abaca fiber (AF) were treated with a coupling agent based on polyethylene functionalized with maleic acid (MAPE). The test results indicate that incorporating 8 wt% of the coupling agent significantly improved the flexural strength of the composites. Thereafter, composites with AF content ranging from 20 to 50 wt% were produced and subjected to flexural testing. It was observed that flexural strength was positively correlated with AF content. A micromechanics analysis was conducted to evaluate the contributions of the phases. This analysis involved assessing the mechanical properties of both the reinforcement and matrix to facilitate the modeling of flexural strength. The findings of this study demonstrate the feasibility of replacing oil-based matrices, such as high-density polyethylene (HDPE), with fully bio-based composites that exhibit comparable flexural properties to their oil-based counterparts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Faust Seculi
- LEPAMAP-PRODIS Research Group, University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Fernando Julián
- LEPAMAP-PRODIS Research Group, University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Joan Llorens
- CATS Research Group, Department of Architecture and Construction Engineering, University of Girona, Avda Mª Aurelia Capmany 61, 17071 Girona, Spain
| | | | - Pere Mutjé
- LEPAMAP-PRODIS Research Group, University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Quim Tarrés
- LEPAMAP-PRODIS Research Group, University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Feng T, Guo W, Li W, Meng Z, Zhu Y, Zhao F, Liang W. Unveiling Sustainable Potential: A Life Cycle Assessment of Plant-Fiber Composite Microcellular Foam Molded Automotive Components. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:4952. [PMID: 37512227 PMCID: PMC10383067 DOI: 10.3390/ma16144952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
The development and utilization of new plant-fiber composite materials and microcellular foam molding processes for the manufacturing of automotive components are effective approaches when achieving the lightweight, low-carbon, and sustainable development of automobiles. However, current research in this field has mainly focused on component performance development and functional exploration, with a limited assessment of environmental performance, which fails to meet the requirements of the current green and sustainable development agenda. In this study, based on a life cycle assessment, the resource, and environmental impacts of plant-fiber composite material automotive components and microcellular foam molding processes were investigated. Furthermore, a combined approach to digital twinning and life cycle evaluation was proposed to conduct resource and environmental assessments and analysis. The research results indicate that under current technological conditions, resource and environmental issues associated with plant-fiber composite material automotive components are significantly higher than those of traditional material components, mainly due to differences in their early-stage processes and the consumption of electrical energy and chemical raw materials. It is noteworthy that electricity consumption is the largest influencing factor that causes environmental issues throughout the life cycle, especially accounting for more than 42% of indicators such as ozone depletion, fossil resource consumption, and carbon dioxide emissions. Additionally, the microcellular foam molding process can effectively reduce the environmental impact of products by approximately 15% and exhibits better overall environmental performance compared to chemical foaming. In future development, optimizing the forming process of plant-fiber composite materials, increasing the proportion of clean energy use, and promoting the adoption of microcellular foam injection molding processes could be crucial for the green and sustainable development of automotive components.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Feng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Automotive Components, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Automotive Components Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Research Center for New Energy & Intelligent Connected Vehicle, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Automotive Components, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Automotive Components Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Research Center for New Energy & Intelligent Connected Vehicle, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
- Institute of Advanced Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Wei Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Automotive Components, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Automotive Components Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Research Center for New Energy & Intelligent Connected Vehicle, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
- SAIC-GM-Wuling Automobile Co., Ltd., Liuzhou 545007, China
| | - Zhenghua Meng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Automotive Components, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Automotive Components Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Research Center for New Energy & Intelligent Connected Vehicle, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
- Institute of Advanced Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yao Zhu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Automotive Components, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Automotive Components Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Research Center for New Energy & Intelligent Connected Vehicle, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Feng Zhao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Automotive Components, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Automotive Components Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Research Center for New Energy & Intelligent Connected Vehicle, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Weicheng Liang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Automotive Components, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Automotive Components Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Research Center for New Energy & Intelligent Connected Vehicle, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Gapsari F, Darmadi DB, Juliano H, Hidayatullah S, Suteja, Mavinkere Rangappa S, Siengchin S. Modification of palm fiber with chitosan-AESO blend coating. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 242:125099. [PMID: 37263328 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Natural fibers are available as an essential substitute for synthetic fiber in many applications. However, the sensitivity of Chinese Windmill Palm or Trachycarpus Fortune Fiber (TFF) to water causes low interfacial bonding between the matrix and the fiber and at the end reduces the mechanical properties of the composite product. Alkaline treatment improves mechanical properties and does not affect water absorption. Hence, additional treatment in the coating is required. This study uses alkaline treatment and coating modification using blended chitosan and Acrylated Epoxidized Soybean Oil (AESO). Blend coating between AESO and chitosan is performed to increase water absorption and mechanical properties. TFF water resistance improved significantly after the coating, with water absorption of the alkaline/blend coating-TFF of 3.98 % ± 0.52 and swell ability of 3.156 % ± 0.17. This indicated that blend coating had formed a cross-link of fiber and matrix after alkalization. Thus, the single fiber tensile strength increased due to the alkaline treatment, and water absorption decreased due to the coating. The combination of alkaline treatment and blend coating on TFF brings excellent properties, as shown by the increase in tensile strength in both single fiber test and composite.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Femiana Gapsari
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Brawijaya University, MT, Haryono 167, Malang 65145, Indonesia.
| | - Djarot B Darmadi
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Brawijaya University, MT, Haryono 167, Malang 65145, Indonesia
| | - Hans Juliano
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Brawijaya University, MT, Haryono 167, Malang 65145, Indonesia
| | - Syarif Hidayatullah
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Mataram University, Majapahit 62, Mataram 83115, Indonesia
| | - Suteja
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Mataram University, Majapahit 62, Mataram 83115, Indonesia
| | - Sanjay Mavinkere Rangappa
- Natural Composites Research Group Lab, Department of Materials and Production Engineering, The Sirindhorn International Thai-German Graduate School of Engineering (TGGS), King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok (KMUTNB), Bangkok 10800, Thailand
| | - Suchart Siengchin
- Natural Composites Research Group Lab, Department of Materials and Production Engineering, The Sirindhorn International Thai-German Graduate School of Engineering (TGGS), King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok (KMUTNB), Bangkok 10800, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
R Lozada E, Gutiérrez Aguilar CM, Jaramillo Carvalho JA, Sánchez JC, Barrera Torres G. Vegetable Cellulose Fibers in Natural Rubber Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2914. [PMID: 37447558 DOI: 10.3390/polym15132914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, natural fibers have had a significant impact on the research and development of innovative composites made with natural rubber, improving their properties over those of their counterparts that incorporate polluting synthetic fibers. In recent years, this fact has stimulated the research into several modified natural rubber composites reinforced with vegetable fibers. This paper reviews the scientific literature published in the last decade about the properties and characteristics of natural vegetable fibers and natural rubber used in composites. Nowadays the use of alternative materials has become necessary, considering that synthetic materials have caused irreversible damage to the environment, being associated with global warming, for this reason research and development with materials that print a lower carbon footprint during the manufacturing process and subsequent product manufacturing. This review is an invitation to the use of vegetable fibers, as well as vegetable-type matrices, in this case natural rubber as a binder system, it is fantastic to know the different works carried out by other scientists and engineers, in this way to project new compounds linked to innovation in processes that reduce the carbon footprint and its negative impact on our planet.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R Lozada
- Faculty of Arts and Humanities, Metropolitan Institute of Technology-ITM, Medellín 050036, Colombia
| | | | | | - Juan C Sánchez
- Advanced Manufacturing Technology Center, SENA, Medellín 050036, Colombia
| | - Giovanni Barrera Torres
- Faculty of Arts and Humanities, Metropolitan Institute of Technology-ITM, Medellín 050036, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Richely E, Beaugrand J, Coret M, Binetruy C, Ouagne P, Bourmaud A, Guessasma S. In Situ Tensile Testing under High-Speed Optical Recording to Determine Hierarchical Damage Kinetics in Polymer Layers of Flax Fibre Elements. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2794. [PMID: 37447440 DOI: 10.3390/polym15132794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims at better understanding the damage and fracture kinetics in flax fibre elements at both the unitary and bundle scales, using an experimental setup allowing optical observation at high recording rate in the course of tensile loading. Defects and issues from flax unitary fibre extraction are quantitated using polarized light microscopy. Tensile loading is conducted according to a particular setup, adapted to fibres of 10 to 20 µm in diameter and 10 mm in length. Optical recording using a high-speed camera is performed during loading up to the failure at acquisition, with speed ranging from 108,000 to 270,000 frames per second. Crack initiation in polymer layers of fibre elements, propagation as well as damage mechanisms are captured. The results show different failure scenarios depending on the fibre element's nature. In particular, fractured fibres underline either a fully transverse failure propagation or a combination of transverse and longitudinal cracking with different balances. Image recordings with high time resolution of down to 3.7 μs suggest an unstable system and transverse crack speed higher than 4 m/s and a slower propagation for longitudinal crack deviation. Failure propagation monitoring and fracture mechanism studies in individual natural fibre or bundles, using tensile load with optical observation, showed contrasted behaviour and the importance of the structural scale exanimated. This study can help in tailoring the eco-design of flax-based composites, in terms of toughness and mechanical performances, for both replacement of synthetic fibre materials and innovative composites with advanced properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Richely
- INRAE, Research Unit BIA UR1268, 3, Impasse Yvette Cauchois, 44316 Nantes, France
| | - Johnny Beaugrand
- INRAE, Research Unit BIA UR1268, 3, Impasse Yvette Cauchois, 44316 Nantes, France
| | - Michel Coret
- Lab Therm & Energie Nantes, LTeN, École Centrale de Nantes, Nantes Université, CNRS, GeM, UMR 6183, 44321 Nantes, France
| | - Christophe Binetruy
- Lab Therm & Energie Nantes, LTeN, École Centrale de Nantes, Nantes Université, CNRS, GeM, UMR 6183, 44321 Nantes, France
| | - Pierre Ouagne
- Laboratoire Génie de Production (LGP), Université de Toulouse, INP-ENIT, 65016 Tarbes, France
| | - Alain Bourmaud
- Université de Bretagne Sud, IRDL UMR CNRS 6027, 56100 Lorient, France
| | - Sofiane Guessasma
- INRAE, Research Unit BIA UR1268, 3, Impasse Yvette Cauchois, 44316 Nantes, France
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Lv C, Wu D, Guo G, Zhang Y, Liu S, Qu E, Liu J. Effect of Plant Fiber on Early Properties of Geopolymer. Molecules 2023; 28:4710. [PMID: 37375265 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28124710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Geopolymer (GP) is environmentally friendly, has good mechanical properties and long-term workability, and has broad application prospects. However, due to the poor tensile strength and toughness of GPs, they are sensitive to microcracks, which limits their application in engineering. Fiber can be added to GPs to limit the growth of cracks and enhance the toughness of the GP. Plant fiber (PF) is cheap, easy to obtain, and abundant in source, which can be added to GP to improve the properties of composites. This paper reviews recent studies on the early properties of plant fiber-reinforced geopolymers (PFRGs). In this manuscript, the properties of PFs commonly used for GP reinforcements are summarized. The early properties of PFRGs were reviewed, including the rheological properties of fresh GPs, the early strength of PFRGs, and the early shrinkage and deformation properties of PFRGs. At the same time, the action mechanism and influencing factors of PFRGs are also introduced. Based on the comprehensive analysis of the early properties of PFRGs, the adverse effects of PFs on the early properties of GPs and the solutions were summarized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun Lv
- College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, China
| | - Dan Wu
- College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, China
| | - Guoliang Guo
- College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, China
| | - Yanming Zhang
- College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, China
| | - Enxiang Qu
- College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, China
| | - Jie Liu
- College of Light-Industry and Textile Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, China
- Engineering Research Center for Hemp and Product in Cold Region of Ministry of Education, Qiqihar 161006, China
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Shelenkov PG, Pantyukhov PV, Poletto M, Popov AA. Influence of Vinyl Acetate Content and Melt Flow Index of Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate Copolymer on Physico-Mechanical and Physico-Chemical Properties of Highly Filled Biocomposites. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2639. [PMID: 37376288 DOI: 10.3390/polym15122639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly filled biocomposites may be used as biodegradable masterbatches that manufacturers add to traditional polymers for making plastic goods more biodegradable. Biocomposites based on various trademarks of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and natural vegetable fillers (wood flour and microcrystalline cellulose) were studied. The EVA trademarks differed both in terms of the melt flow index and in the content of vinyl acetate groups. The composites were created as superconcentrates (or masterbatches) for the production of biodegradable materials based on vegetable fillers with polyolefin matrices. The filler content in biocomposites was 50, 60, 70 wt.%. The influence of the content of vinyl acetate in the copolymer and its melt flow index on the physico-mechanical and rheological properties of highly filled biocomposites was evaluated. As a result, one EVA trademark with high molecular weight that has a high content of VA was chosen because of its optimal parameters for creating highly filled composites with natural fillers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pavel G Shelenkov
- Russian Academy of Sciences, Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Moscow 119334, Russia
| | - Petr V Pantyukhov
- Russian Academy of Sciences, Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Moscow 119334, Russia
- Scientific laboratory "Advanced Composite Materials and Technologies", Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Matheus Poletto
- Postgraduate Program in Engineering of Processes and Technologies (PGEPROTEC), University of Caxias do Sul (UCS), Caxias do Sul 95070-560, Brazil
| | - Anatoly A Popov
- Russian Academy of Sciences, Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Moscow 119334, Russia
- Scientific laboratory "Advanced Composite Materials and Technologies", Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, Moscow 117997, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Elmoudnia H, Faria P, Jalal R, Waqif M, Saâdi L. Effectiveness of alkaline and hydrothermal treatments on cellulosic fibers extracted from the Moroccan Pennisetum Alopecuroides plant: Chemical and morphological characterization. CARBOHYDRATE POLYMER TECHNOLOGIES AND APPLICATIONS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carpta.2022.100276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
|
48
|
Dghoughi A, Nazih FE, Halloub A, Raji M, Essabir H, Bensalah MO, Bouhfid R, Qaiss AEK. Development of shelf life-extending packaging for vitamin C syrup based on high-density polyethylene and extracted lignin argan shells. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:125077. [PMID: 37236555 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Biobased packaging is an essential parameter in the pharmaceutical industry. In the present work, bio-composites consisting of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) as a matrix and lignin recovered from argan nut shells as filler were developed to investigate their potential use as packaging materials for vitamin C drugs. The lignin was extracted via alkali and klason processes, and the effects of the extraction method as well as the lignin content on the thermal, morphological, mechanical, and rheological properties of the produced composites, as well as their application for vitamin C packaging, were investigated. Among all the prepared packaging materials, the one with desirable results in pH, color stability, hardness, and mechanical characteristics was based on alkali lignin. It achieved its highest Young's modulus enhancement, 10.12 %, at 10 % alkali lignin loading, while the highest yield strain enhancement (4.65 %) was obtained with 2 % loading. When compared to neat HDPE and HDPE/klason lignin packaging materials, vitamin C solutions packed with this composite showed a lower oxidation rate, attributed to the extremely low pH variation and high color stability of the material, which decreased the rate of vitamin C degradation. According to these findings, HDPE/alkali lignin composite is a promising vitamin C syrup packaging material.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa Dghoughi
- Laboratory of Mechanics and Materials (LMM), Faculty of Science, Mohammed V-University, Rabat, Morocco; Composites and Nanocomposites Center, Moroccan Foundation for Advanced Science, Innovation and Research, Rabat Design Center, Rue Mohamed El Jazouli, Madinat El Irfane, Rabat 10100, Morocco; Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Lot 660 Hay Moulay Rachid, 43150 Ben Guerir, Morocco
| | - Fatima-Ezzahra Nazih
- Composites and Nanocomposites Center, Moroccan Foundation for Advanced Science, Innovation and Research, Rabat Design Center, Rue Mohamed El Jazouli, Madinat El Irfane, Rabat 10100, Morocco; Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Lot 660 Hay Moulay Rachid, 43150 Ben Guerir, Morocco
| | - Abdellah Halloub
- Composites and Nanocomposites Center, Moroccan Foundation for Advanced Science, Innovation and Research, Rabat Design Center, Rue Mohamed El Jazouli, Madinat El Irfane, Rabat 10100, Morocco; University Mohammed V in Rabat, Faculty of Science, Nanotechnology and Environment Materials Laboratory, Rabat 10100, Morocco; Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Lot 660 Hay Moulay Rachid, 43150 Ben Guerir, Morocco
| | - Marya Raji
- Composites and Nanocomposites Center, Moroccan Foundation for Advanced Science, Innovation and Research, Rabat Design Center, Rue Mohamed El Jazouli, Madinat El Irfane, Rabat 10100, Morocco; Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Lot 660 Hay Moulay Rachid, 43150 Ben Guerir, Morocco.
| | - Hamid Essabir
- Composites and Nanocomposites Center, Moroccan Foundation for Advanced Science, Innovation and Research, Rabat Design Center, Rue Mohamed El Jazouli, Madinat El Irfane, Rabat 10100, Morocco; Mechanic, Materials, and Composites (MMC), Laboratory of Energy Engineering, Materials and Systems, National School of Applied Sciences of Agadir, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir 80000, Morocco; Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Lot 660 Hay Moulay Rachid, 43150 Ben Guerir, Morocco
| | - Mohammed Ouadi Bensalah
- Laboratory of Mechanics and Materials (LMM), Faculty of Science, Mohammed V-University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Rachid Bouhfid
- Composites and Nanocomposites Center, Moroccan Foundation for Advanced Science, Innovation and Research, Rabat Design Center, Rue Mohamed El Jazouli, Madinat El Irfane, Rabat 10100, Morocco; Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Lot 660 Hay Moulay Rachid, 43150 Ben Guerir, Morocco
| | - Abou El Kacem Qaiss
- Composites and Nanocomposites Center, Moroccan Foundation for Advanced Science, Innovation and Research, Rabat Design Center, Rue Mohamed El Jazouli, Madinat El Irfane, Rabat 10100, Morocco; Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Lot 660 Hay Moulay Rachid, 43150 Ben Guerir, Morocco.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Barreira-Pinto R, Carneiro R, Miranda M, Guedes RM. Polymer-Matrix Composites: Characterising the Impact of Environmental Factors on Their Lifetime. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:ma16113913. [PMID: 37297046 DOI: 10.3390/ma16113913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polymer-matrix composites are widely used in engineering applications. Yet, environmental factors impact their macroscale fatigue and creep performances significantly, owing to several mechanisms acting at the microstructure level. Herein, we analyse the effects of water uptake that are responsible for swelling and, over time and in enough quantity, for hydrolysis. Seawater, due to a combination of high salinity and pressures, low temperature and biotic media present, also contributes to the acceleration of fatigue and creep damage. Similarly, other liquid corrosive agents penetrate into cracks induced by cyclic loading and cause dissolution of the resin and breakage of interfacial bonds. UV radiation either increases the crosslinking density or scissions chains, embrittling the surface layer of a given matrix. Temperature cycles close to the glass transition damage the fibre-matrix interface, promoting microcracking and hindering fatigue and creep performance. The microbial and enzymatic degradation of biopolymers is also studied, with the former responsible for metabolising specific matrices and changing their microstructure and/or chemical composition. The impact of these environmental factors is detailed for epoxy, vinyl ester and polyester (thermoset); polypropylene, polyamide and poly etheretherketone (thermoplastic); and for poly lactic acid, thermoplastic starch and polyhydroxyalkanoates (biopolymers). Overall, the environmental factors mentioned hamper the fatigue and creep performances, altering the mechanical properties of the composite or causing stress concentrations through microcracks, promoting earlier failure. Future studies should focus on other matrices beyond epoxy as well as on the development of standardised testing methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Barreira-Pinto
- Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rodrigo Carneiro
- Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Mário Miranda
- Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Miranda Guedes
- Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- INEGI-Instituto de Engenharia Mecânica e Gestão Industrial, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Andanje MN, Mwangi JW, Mose BR, Carrara S. Biocompatible and Biodegradable 3D Printing from Bioplastics: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15102355. [PMID: 37242930 DOI: 10.3390/polym15102355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
There has been a lot of interest in developing and producing biodegradable polymers to address the current environmental problem caused by the continued usage of synthetic polymers derived from petroleum products. Bioplastics have been identified as a possible alternative to the use of conventional plastics since they are biodegradable and/or derived from renewable resources. Additive manufacturing, also referred to as 3D printing, is a field of growing interest and can contribute towards a sustainable and circular economy. The manufacturing technology also provides a wide material selection with design flexibility increasing its usage in the manufacture of parts from bioplastics. With this material flexibility, efforts have been directed towards developing 3D printing filaments from bioplastics such as Poly (lactic acid) to substitute the common fossil- based conventional plastic filaments such as Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene. Plant biomass is now utilized in the development of biocomposite materials. A lot of literature presents work done toward improving the biodegradability of printing filaments. However, additive manufacture of biocomposites from plant biomass is faced with printing challenges such as warping, low agglomeration between layers and poor mechanical properties of the printed parts. The aim of this paper is to review the technology of 3D printing using bioplastics, study the materials that have been utilized in this technology and how challenges of working with biocomposites in additive manufacture have been addressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maurine Naliaka Andanje
- Department of Mechatronic Engineering, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT), Nairobi 00200, Kenya
| | - James Wamai Mwangi
- Department of Mechatronic Engineering, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT), Nairobi 00200, Kenya
| | - Bruno Roberts Mose
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT), Nairobi 00200, Kenya
| | - Sandro Carrara
- Institute of Electrical and Micro Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|