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Sait STL, Survilienė V, Jüssi M, Gonzalez SV, Ciesielski TM, Jenssen BM, Asimakopoulos AG. Determination of steroid hormones in grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) blood plasma using convergence chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Talanta 2023; 254:124109. [PMID: 36535212 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.124109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A hybrid solid phase extraction (HybridSPE) protocol tailored to ultra-performance convergence chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPC2-MS/MS) was developed for the determination of 19 steroid hormones in grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) blood plasma. In this study, the protocol demonstrated acceptable absolute recoveries ranging from 33 to 90%. The chromatographic separation was carried out using a gradient elution program with a total run time of 5 min. For most target analytes, the method repeatability ranged from 1.9 to 24% and the method limits of quantification (mLOQs) ranged from 0.03 to 1.67 ng/mL. A total of 9 plasma samples were analysed to demonstrate the applicability of the developed method, and 13 steroid hormones were quantified in grey seal pup plasma. The most prevalent steroids: cortisol, cortisone, corticosterone, 11-deoxycortisol, progesterone and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone were detected at concentrations in the range of 12.6-40.1, 7.10-24.2, 0.74-10.7, 1.06-5.72, 0.38-4.38 and <mLOQ - 1.01 ng/mL, respectively. To our knowledge, this is the first study to determine steroid hormones in the plasma of pinnipeds using convergence chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannen Thora Lea Sait
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Vaida Survilienė
- Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Sauletekio Av. 7, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Mart Jüssi
- Pro Mare MTÜ, Saula, Kose, Harjumaa, 75101, Estonia
| | - Susana V Gonzalez
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Tomasz Maciej Ciesielski
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bjørn Munro Jenssen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Arctic Technology, The University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS), P.O. Box 156, 9171, Longyearbyen, Norway; Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, P.O. Box 358, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Alexandros G Asimakopoulos
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491, Trondheim, Norway.
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Béland K, Lair S, Guay M, Juette T, Bédard C, Black SR, Marcoux M, Watt CA, Hussey NE, Desmarchelier M. VALIDATION OF ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY TECHNIQUES TO MEASURE SERUM DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE (DHEA) AND DHEA-S IN NARWHALS ( MONODON MONOCEROS). J Zoo Wildl Med 2023; 54:119-130. [PMID: 36971636 DOI: 10.1638/2022-0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Narwhals (Monodon monoceros) are increasingly exposed to anthropogenic disturbances that may increase their stress levels with unknown consequences for the overall population dynamics. The validation and measurement of chronic stress biomarkers could contribute toward improved understanding and conservation efforts for this species. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and its sulfated metabolite DHEA-S are collectively referred to as DHEA(S). Serum DHEA(S) concentrations combined in ratios with cortisol [cortisol/DHEA(S)] have been shown to be promising indicators of chronic stress in humans, domestic animals, and wildlife. During field tagging in 2017 and 2018 in Baffin Bay, Nunavut, Canada, 14 wild narwhals were sampled at the beginning and end of the capture-tagging procedures. Serum DHEA(S) were measured with commercially available competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) developed for humans. A partial validation of the ELISA assays was performed by the determination of the intra-assay coefficient of variation, confirmation of the DHEA(S) dilutional linearity, and the calculation of the percentage of recovery. Mean values (nanograms per milliliter ± standard error of the mean) of narwhal serum cortisol, DHEA(S), and cortisol/DHEA(S) ratios, at the beginning and at the end of handling, respectively, are reported (cortisol = 30.74 ± 4.87 and 41.83 ± 4.83; DHEA = 1.01 ± 0.52 and 0.99 ± 0.50; DHEA-S = 8.72 ± 1.68 and 7.70 ± 1.02; cortisol/DHEA = 75.43 ± 24.35 and 84.41 ± 11.76, and cortisol/DHEA-S = 4.16 ± 1.07 and 6.14 ± 1.00). Serum cortisol and cortisol/DHEA-S were statistically higher at the end of the capture (P= 0.024 and P= 0.035, respectively). Moreover, serum cortisol at the end of handling was positively correlated to total body length (P = 0.042) and tended to be higher in males (P = 0.086). These assays proved easy to perform, rapid, and suitable for measuring serum DHEA(S) of narwhals and that calculated cortisol/DHEA(S) are potential biomarkers for chronic stress in narwhals and possibly other cetaceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Béland
- Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St. Hyacinthe, QC J2S 7C6, Canada
| | - Stéphane Lair
- Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St. Hyacinthe, QC J2S 7C6, Canada
| | - Mario Guay
- Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St. Hyacinthe, QC J2S 7C6, Canada
| | - Tristan Juette
- Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St. Hyacinthe, QC J2S 7C6, Canada
| | - Christian Bédard
- Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St. Hyacinthe, QC J2S 7C6, Canada
| | - Sandra R Black
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Marianne Marcoux
- Freshwater Institute, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N6, Canada
| | - Cortney A Watt
- Freshwater Institute, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N6, Canada
| | - Nigel E Hussey
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Marion Desmarchelier
- Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St. Hyacinthe, QC J2S 7C6, Canada,
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Stress Assessment of Wild Boar (Sus scrofa) in Corral-Style Traps Using Serum Cortisol Levels. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12213008. [PMID: 36359132 PMCID: PMC9654936 DOI: 10.3390/ani12213008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Corral-style traps for wild boar are used to reduce the number of wild boars. However, many people criticise these traps because of animal welfare issues such as stress and panic. While previous studies focused on behaviour and injuries, this study focused on the so-called stress hormone cortisol. Cortisol levels from trapped animals were compared with levels from animals shot during other hunting methods. Inside traps animals were killed by headshot within 2 h and 17 min after trapping and blood samples were directly taken. Cortisol levels were higher in wild boar killed in traps than in driven hunts and single hunts. Wild boar caught in groups of five or more showed lower cortisol levels than single animals or animals in smaller groups. Therefore, the time animals spend inside the trap and the time of culling all animals should be as short as possible. To reduce stress, it is better to capture larger groups of animals instead of single animals. For the evaluation of harm and stress for wild boar in live traps, cortisol levels alone are not sufficient. Additional information about the behaviour and injuries must be integrated. Abstract Capture of wild boar in corral-style traps with subsequent culling is increasingly used for population management. The method is debated due to animal welfare concerns making welfare studies in traps necessary. While previous studies focused on behaviour and injuries, this study dealt with the physiological aspect. Cortisol levels in wild boar caught in corral-style traps (50–90 qm2, n = 138) were compared with those killed during single (n = 37) and driven hunts (n = 90). Collected sera were purified by solid phase extraction (SPE) and analysed via radioimmunoassay. Cortisol levels in blood samples were stable under cooled (4–7 °C) conditions for a storage time of up to 87 h before centrifugation. Cortisol levels were significantly higher in wild boar killed in corral-style traps than during driven hunts and single hunts. Wild boar caught in groups of five or more showed lower cortisol levels than single animals or in smaller groups. Therefore, time span inside the trap and of culling should be reduced to a minimum, and capturing groups of animals should be preferred to reduce stress. For animal welfare assessment of wild boar live-trapping, additional data from behavioural analyses and pathological examinations must be integrated.
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Lipner E, Murphy SK, Breen EC, Cohn BA, Krigbaum NY, Cirillo PM, Alloy LB, Ellman LM. Infection and higher cortisol during pregnancy and risk for depressive symptoms in adolescent offspring. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2022; 141:105755. [PMID: 35429699 PMCID: PMC9149123 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2022.105755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal infection, particularly at mid-gestation, has been associated with various psychopathological outcomes in offspring; however, findings linking prenatal infection to offspring depression outcomes have been mixed. Previous research indicates that it may be the co-occurrence of prenatal adversities (e.g., infection and stress) that are associated with depression outcomes in offspring. Nevertheless, no study to date has investigated whether higher levels of biomarkers linked to prenatal stress (e.g., cortisol) in the presence of infection may account for these outcomes. Participants were drawn from the Child Health and Development Studies (CHDS), a prospective, longitudinal study of pregnant women and their offspring. The present study included mother-offspring dyads from the Adolescent Study, a subsample of the CHDS cohort, whose offspring were assessed in adolescence and whose mothers also provided sera to be assayed for cortisol (n = 695). Hierarchical multivariable regressions were conducted to examine whether maternal cortisol during the first and second trimesters of pregnancy interacted with maternal infection to predict increased risk for symptoms of depression in adolescent offspring. There was a significant interaction of second trimester infection and higher cortisol on offspring depression scores during adolescence, controlling for maternal education (p = 0.04). Findings suggest that higher maternal cortisol may sensitize mothers and their offspring to the disruptive influences of infection during mid-pregnancy, conferring greater risk of depressive symptomatology in offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Lipner
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Weiss Hall, 1701 N. 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Shannon K. Murphy
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Weiss Hall, 1701 N. 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Elizabeth C. Breen
- Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, 300 Medical Plaza, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Barbara A. Cohn
- Child Health and Development Studies, Public Health Institute, 555 12th Street, Oakland, CA, 94607 USA
| | - Nickilou Y. Krigbaum
- Child Health and Development Studies, Public Health Institute, 555 12th Street, Oakland, CA, 94607 USA
| | - Piera M. Cirillo
- Child Health and Development Studies, Public Health Institute, 555 12th Street, Oakland, CA, 94607 USA
| | - Lauren B. Alloy
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Weiss Hall, 1701 N. 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Lauren M. Ellman
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Weiss Hall, 1701 N. 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA,Corresponding author: Lauren Ellman, Ph.D., Department of Psychology, Temple University, Weiss Hall, 1701 N. 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19122-6085, , Phone: 215-204-1571
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Maternal nicotine metabolism moderates the impact of maternal cigarette smoking on infant birth weight: A Collaborative Perinatal Project investigation. Drug Alcohol Depend 2022; 233:109358. [PMID: 35247723 PMCID: PMC8977115 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal cigarette smoking is an important modifiable risk factor for low birth weight in the US. We investigated the maternal nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR; trans-3'-hydroxycotinine/cotinine) - a genetically-informed biomarker of nicotine clearance - as a moderator of links between prenatal cigarette use and birth weight. We also explored the role of race in these associations. METHODS Participants were 454 pregnant women (Mage = 25 years; 11% Black) who smoked cigarettes and their 537 infants from the Collaborative Perinatal Project. Cigarettes smoked per day were assessed at each prenatal visit; maternal NMR was assayed from third trimester serum. Birth weight was obtained from medical records. Generalized estimating equations were used to evaluate associations between cigarette smoking, NMR, race, and birth weight. RESULTS NMR moderated continuous associations between cigarettes per day over pregnancy and infant birth weight (p = .025). Among women who smoked at moderate levels (<15 cigarettes per day), those with slower NMR showed ~50-100 g decrements in birth weight versus those with faster NMR., while there were no significant associations between NMR and birth weight among women who smoked 15+ cigarettes per day. Although effects of NMR on birthweight were similar for Black and white women, Black women showed significantly slower NMR (p < .001). CONCLUSIONS This is the first demonstration that the maternal nicotine metabolism phenotype moderates associations between maternal smoking during pregnancy and birth weight. Infants of women with slower nicotine metabolism - including disproportionate representation of Black women - may be at heightened risk for morbidity from maternal smoking.
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Development and validation of an LC-MS/MS assay for the quantification of allopregnanolone and its progesterone-derived isomers, precursors, and cortisol/cortisone in pregnancy. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:5427-5438. [PMID: 34279681 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03523-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Neuroactive steroids are potent neuromodulators that play a critical role in both maternal and fetal health during pregnancy. These stress-responsive compounds are reportedly low in women with perinatal depression and may be associated with poor pregnancy outcomes in animal models. Chronic stress is a risk factor for adverse birth outcomes. Simultaneous quantification of neuroactive steroids, in combination with stress hormones cortisol/cortisone, provides an opportunity to investigate the synergistic relationship of these analytes within the convenience of one assay. A simple, reliable, and sensitive method for quantifying these endogenous compounds is necessary for further research with the potential to advance clinical diagnostic tools during pregnancy. Analytes were extracted from serum with a simple protein precipitation using methanol and then separated and quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). After online extraction, analytes were separated using an Agilent Poroschell 120, 50 × 4.6 mm, 2.7 μm particle size, EC-C18 analytical column. The reliable quantification range was from 0.78 to 1000 ng/mL. QC sample inter- and intraday trueness was between 90 and 110% while inter- and intraday imprecision was less than 10%. Extracted samples were stable up to 7 days at 4 °C and extraction recovery was above 95%. Serum samples from 54 women in pregnancy were analyzed using this method. Here, we provide a validated, fast, and specific assay with sufficient sensitivity that allows for simultaneous quantification of blood serum concentrations of allopregnanolone (3α-hydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one), pregnanolone (3α-hydroxy-5β-pregnan-20-one), epipregnanolone (3β-hydroxy-5β-pregnan-20-one), pregnenolone, progesterone, cortisol, and cortisone in pregnancy for clinical study samples and clinical diagnostics.
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Impact of prenatal maternal cytokine exposure on sex differences in brain circuitry regulating stress in offspring 45 years later. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2014464118. [PMID: 33876747 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2014464118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress is associated with numerous chronic diseases, beginning in fetal development with in utero exposures (prenatal stress) impacting offspring's risk for disorders later in life. In previous studies, we demonstrated adverse maternal in utero immune activity on sex differences in offspring neurodevelopment at age seven and adult risk for major depression and psychoses. Here, we hypothesized that in utero exposure to maternal proinflammatory cytokines has sex-dependent effects on specific brain circuitry regulating stress and immune function in the offspring that are retained across the lifespan. Using a unique prenatal cohort, we tested this hypothesis in 80 adult offspring, equally divided by sex, followed from in utero development to midlife. Functional MRI results showed that exposure to proinflammatory cytokines in utero was significantly associated with sex differences in brain activity and connectivity during response to negative stressful stimuli 45 y later. Lower maternal TNF-α levels were significantly associated with higher hypothalamic activity in both sexes and higher functional connectivity between hypothalamus and anterior cingulate only in men. Higher prenatal levels of IL-6 were significantly associated with higher hippocampal activity in women alone. When examined in relation to the anti-inflammatory effects of IL-10, the ratio TNF-α:IL-10 was associated with sex-dependent effects on hippocampal activity and functional connectivity with the hypothalamus. Collectively, results suggested that adverse levels of maternal in utero proinflammatory cytokines and the balance of pro- to anti-inflammatory cytokines impact brain development of offspring in a sexually dimorphic manner that persists across the lifespan.
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Huang G, Aroner SA, Bay CP, Gilman SE, Ghassabian A, Loucks EB, Buka SL, Handa RJ, Lasley BL, Bhasin S, Goldstein JM. Sex-dependent associations of maternal androgen levels with offspring BMI and weight trajectory from birth to early childhood. J Endocrinol Invest 2021; 44:851-863. [PMID: 32776198 PMCID: PMC7873156 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-020-01385-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT In preclinical studies, high androgen levels during pregnancy are associated with low birth weight and rapid postnatal weight gain in the offspring. However, human data linking prenatal androgens with birth weight and early life weight gain in the offspring are scarce. DESIGN We evaluated 516 mother-child pairs enrolled in the New England birth cohorts of the Collaborative Perinatal Project (1959-1966). We assayed androgen bioactivity in maternal sera during third-trimester using a receptor-mediated luciferase expression bioassay. Age and sex-specific BMI Z-scores (BMIz), defined using established standards, were assessed at birth, 4 months, 1 year, 4 years, and 7 years. We used linear mixed models to evaluate the relation of maternal androgens with childhood BMIz overall and by sex. We examined the association of maternal androgens with fetal growth restriction. The association of weight trajectories with maternal androgens was examined using multinomial logistic regression. RESULTS Higher maternal androgen levels associated with lower BMIz at birth (β = - 0.39, 95% CI: - 0.73, - 0.06); this relation was sex-dependent, such that maternal androgens significantly associated with BMIz at birth in girls alone (β = - 0.72, 95% CI: - 1.40, - 0.04). The relation of maternal androgens with fetal growth restriction revealed dose threshold effects that differed by sex. There was no significant association between maternal androgens and weight trajectory overall. However, we found a significant sex interaction (p = 0.01); higher maternal androgen levels associated with accelerated catch-up growth in boys (aOR = 2.14, 95% CI: 1.14, 4.03). CONCLUSION Our findings provide evidence that maternal androgens may have differential effects on the programming of intrauterine growth and postnatal weight gain depending on fetal sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Huang
- Section of Men's Health, Aging and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - S A Aroner
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - C P Bay
- Center for Clinical Investigation, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S E Gilman
- Social and Behavioral Sciences Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - A Ghassabian
- Departments of Pediatrics, Environmental Medicine, and Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - E B Loucks
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
| | - S L Buka
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
| | - R J Handa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - B L Lasley
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Center for Health and the Environment, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - S Bhasin
- Section of Men's Health, Aging and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J M Goldstein
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Le-Ha C, Beilin LJ, Burrows S, Keelan JA, Hickey M, Mori TA. Prenatal Testosterone Associates With Blood Pressure in Young Adults: A Prospective Cohort Study. Hypertension 2021; 77:1756-1764. [PMID: 33775121 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.16256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Le-Ha
- From the Medical School, Royal Perth Hospital Campus (C.L-H, L.J.B., S.B., T.A.M.), the University of Western Australia, Perth
| | - Lawrence J Beilin
- From the Medical School, Royal Perth Hospital Campus (C.L-H, L.J.B., S.B., T.A.M.), the University of Western Australia, Perth
| | - Sally Burrows
- From the Medical School, Royal Perth Hospital Campus (C.L-H, L.J.B., S.B., T.A.M.), the University of Western Australia, Perth
| | - Jeffrey A Keelan
- the School of Biomedical Sciences (J.A.K.), the University of Western Australia, Perth
| | - Martha Hickey
- the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (M.H.)
| | - Trevor A Mori
- From the Medical School, Royal Perth Hospital Campus (C.L-H, L.J.B., S.B., T.A.M.), the University of Western Australia, Perth
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Steinman KJ, Robeck TR. Establishing models of corticosteroid patterns during the life history of killer whales (Orcinus orca) under human care. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2021; 301:113664. [PMID: 33220299 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The use of corticosteroids and their metabolites as a physiologic measure of stress in wildlife species is increasing in both in and ex situ populations. However, factors such as season, circadian rhythm, sex and age are also known to influence corticosteroid production in wildlife. Our objective was to evaluate the influence of these variables on serum cortisol, corticosterone, aldosterone and their fecal metabolites in zoo-based killer whales (Orcinus orca). For evaluation of season, sex and age, we examined 30 animals (21 females, 9 males), and for circadian rhythm, we studied 18 animals (10 females, 8 males). Season did not influence corticosteroids (P ≥ 0.19). Circadian rhythm influenced all corticosteroids (P ≤ 0.012). Serum cortisol and corticosterone were highest in the morning and lower by mid-day and evening. Serum aldosterone was lowest during mid-day and highest in the evening. Excreted corticosteroid metabolites were higher in the morning and mid-day compared to evening (P ≤ 0.002). Serum cortisol was higher in males than females (P = 0.011). The inverse was observed for fecal corticosterone metabolites (P = 0.03). Serum corticosterone increased with age in all animals (P = 0.002), but serum cortisol increased with age in males only (P < 0.001). Finally, combining previously published data and these data reported herein, we developed models of corticosteroid patterns for zoo-based killer whales during life history events, including circadian variation, pregnancy and acute stress that may serve as a guide for evaluating stress physiology and animal welfare in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Steinman
- SeaWorld Parks and Entertainment, Inc., SeaWorld and Busch Gardens Species Preservation Laboratory, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - T R Robeck
- SeaWorld Parks and Entertainment, Inc., SeaWorld and Busch Gardens Species Preservation Laboratory, San Diego, CA, USA
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Fernandez-Novo A, Pérez-Garnelo SS, Villagrá A, Pérez-Villalobos N, Astiz S. The Effect of Stress on Reproduction and Reproductive Technologies in Beef Cattle-A Review. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E2096. [PMID: 33187308 PMCID: PMC7697448 DOI: 10.3390/ani10112096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Researchers have contributed by increasing our understanding of the factors affecting reproduction in beef, mainly physical health and nutrition aspects, which have been main concerns during decades. Animal welfare is of outmost relevance in all animal production systems and it is strongly associated to stress. Stress responses involve endocrine, paracrine and neural systems and the consequences of this stress on the reproductive efficiency of specifically, beef cattle and bulls, need to be highlighted. We, therefore, describe the fundamentals of stress and its quantification, focusing in beef herds, reviewing the highly valuable pieces of research, already implemented in this field. We examine major factors (stressors) contributing to stress in beef cattle and their effects on the animals, their reproductive performance and the success of reproductive biotechnologies. We include terms such as acclimatization, acclimation or temperament, very relevant in beef systems. We examine specifically the management stress due to handling, social environment and hierarchy or weaning effects; nutritional stress; and thermal stress (not only heat stress) and also review the influence of these stressors on reproductive performance and effectiveness of reproductive biotechnologies in beef herds. A final message on the attention that should be devoted to these factors is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aitor Fernandez-Novo
- Bovitecnia, Veterinary Consulting, C/Arévalo 5, Colmenar Viejo, 28770 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Sonia S. Pérez-Garnelo
- Animal Reproduction Department, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Avda, Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Arantxa Villagrá
- Centro de Tecnología Animal—Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (CITA-IVIA), Polígono La Esperanza 100, 12400 Segorbe, Spain;
| | - Natividad Pérez-Villalobos
- Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Europea de Madrid, C/Tajo s/n, Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Susana Astiz
- Animal Reproduction Department, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Avda, Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
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Petrick JL, Florio AA, Zhang X, Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A, Wactawski-Wende J, Van Den Eeden SK, Stanczyk FZ, Simon TG, Sinha R, Sesso HD, Schairer C, Rosenberg L, Rohan TE, Purdue MP, Palmer JR, Linet MS, Liao LM, Lee IM, Koshiol J, Kitahara CM, Kirsh VA, Hofmann JN, Guillemette C, Graubard BI, Giovannucci E, Gaziano JM, Gapster SM, Freedman ND, Engel LS, Chong DQ, Chen Y, Chan AT, Caron P, Buring JE, Bradwin G, Beane Freeman LE, Campbell PT, McGlynn KA. Associations Between Prediagnostic Concentrations of Circulating Sex Steroid Hormones and Liver Cancer Among Postmenopausal Women. Hepatology 2020; 72:535-547. [PMID: 31808181 PMCID: PMC7391790 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS In almost all countries, incidence rates of liver cancer (LC) are 100%-200% higher in males than in females. However, this difference is predominantly driven by hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which accounts for 75% of LC cases. Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) accounts for 12% of cases and has rates only 30% higher in males. Hormones are hypothesized to underlie observed sex differences. We investigated whether prediagnostic circulating hormone and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) levels were associated with LC risk, overall and by histology, by leveraging resources from five prospective cohorts. APPROACH AND RESULTS Seven sex steroid hormones and SHBG were quantitated using gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry and competitive electrochemiluminescence immunoassay, respectively, from baseline serum/plasma samples of 191 postmenopausal female LC cases (HCC, n = 83; ICC, n = 56) and 426 controls, matched on sex, cohort, age, race/ethnicity, and blood collection date. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for associations between a one-unit increase in log2 hormone value (approximate doubling of circulating concentration) and LC were calculated using multivariable-adjusted conditional logistic regression. A doubling in the concentration of 4-androstenedione (4-dione) was associated with a 50% decreased LC risk (OR = 0.50; 95% CI = 0.30-0.82), whereas SHBG was associated with a 31% increased risk (OR = 1.31; 95% CI = 1.05-1.63). Examining histology, a doubling of estradiol was associated with a 40% increased risk of ICC (OR = 1.40; 95% CI = 1.05-1.89), but not HCC (OR = 1.12; 95% CI = 0.81-1.54). CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence that higher levels of 4-dione may be associated with lower, and SHBG with higher, LC risk in women. However, this study does not support the hypothesis that higher estrogen levels decrease LC risk. Indeed, estradiol may be associated with an increased ICC risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L. Petrick
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD,,Slone Epidemiology Center, Boston University, Boston, MA
| | - Andrea A. Florio
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Xuehong Zhang
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Anne Zeleniuch-Jacquotte
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY,,NYU Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Jean Wactawski-Wende
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY
| | | | - Frank Z. Stanczyk
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Tracey G. Simon
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Rashmi Sinha
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Howard D. Sesso
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA,,Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Catherine Schairer
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Lynn Rosenberg
- Slone Epidemiology Center, Boston University, Boston, MA
| | - Thomas E. Rohan
- Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Mark P. Purdue
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | | | - Martha S. Linet
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Linda M. Liao
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - I-Min Lee
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA,,Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Jill Koshiol
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Cari M. Kitahara
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Victoria A. Kirsh
- Epidemiology Division, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan N. Hofmann
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Chantal Guillemette
- Pharmacogenomics Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec - (CHU de Québec) Research Center - Université Laval and Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Québec, Canada
| | - Barry I. Graubard
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Edward Giovannucci
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - J. Michael Gaziano
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA,,VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA
| | - Susan M. Gapster
- Epidemiology Research Program, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA
| | - Neal D. Freedman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Lawrence S. Engel
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Dawn Q. Chong
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY,,Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Andrew T. Chan
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA,,Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,,Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Patrick Caron
- Pharmacogenomics Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec - (CHU de Québec) Research Center - Université Laval and Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Québec, Canada
| | - Julie E. Buring
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA,,Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Gary Bradwin
- Clinical and Epidemiologic Research Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | | | | | - Katherine A. McGlynn
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
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13
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Kareem AJ, Owa JA, Elusiyan JBE. Estimations of total serum testosterone levels in Nigerian term neonates at birth using anogenital distance measurements. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2020; 33:631-638. [PMID: 32229671 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2019-0516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background In genital anomalies, measurement of total testosterone is required but is expensive and technically difficult to assay. Therefore, the measurement of anogenital distance, which is non-invasive and cheap, could be used to estimate total serum testosterone in neonates. The objective if this study is to determine the relationship between total serum testosterone and anogenital distance and estimate total serum testosterone levels in term neonates using measurements of anogenital distance. Methods This was a prospective cross-sectional study. Consecutive healthy term neonates were recruited in the first 72 h of postnatal life. Anogenital distance was measured with a digital vernier calliper. Total serum testosterone was determined using enzyme linked immunoassay. Results A total of 240 term neonates comprising 124 (51.7%) males and 116 (48.3%) females were studied. The overall mean anogenital distance was 19.7 (7.7) mm and 26.5 (3.7) mm for males which was more than twice 12.4 (2.3) mm for females (t = 35.3, p < 0.001, 95% confidence interval [CI], 13-14). The overall mean total serum testosterone level was 267.1 (204.8) ng/dL; and 357.4 (241.7) ng/dL in males which was more than twice of 170.6 (80.7) ng/dL for females (t = 7.9, p < 0.001, 95% CI, 144-221). There was positive correlation between total serum testosterone and anogenital distance (r = 0.425, p < 0.001). The correlation was stronger in males than in females. The linear regression equation was as follows: total serum testosterone (ng/dL) = 44.3 + 11.3*AGD (mm) with 95% CI, 8-14. Conclusions The known value of anogenital distance could be used to estimate total serum testosterone levels in term neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abiodun John Kareem
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria.,Neonatology Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria, Phone: +2348034319940
| | - Joshua Aderinsola Owa
- Neonatology Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria.,Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Jerome Boluwaji Elutayo Elusiyan
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria.,Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
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14
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Troisi GM, Barton SJ, Liori O, Nyman M. Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) and Sex Hormone Concentrations in Ringed and Grey Seals: A Possible Link to Endocrine Disruption? ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2020; 78:513-524. [PMID: 32107597 PMCID: PMC7136188 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-020-00716-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are recognised reproductive and immune system toxicants in marine mammals mediated by endocrine-disrupting mechanisms. As with other predators, seals are exposed to elevated bioaccumulated concentrations of PCBs and other persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Cryopreserved plasma samples from adult ringed (Phoca hispida; n = 39) and grey (Halichoerus grypus; n = 38) seals, sampled between 1998 and 2002 from Baltic Sea, Svalbard, and Sable Island (Canada) were used to investigate relationships between PCB exposure and sex hormone concentrations (progesterone; P4, 17α-hydroxy progesterone; 17α-OH-P4, testosterone; T4, 17β-estradiol; E2, estrone; E3). Immunoassay methods were used for quantification of analytes due to the limited sample volumes available. PCB concentrations were found to be significantly higher in Baltic seals than other sampling locations and were classed as "Exposed" seals while Svalbard and Sable Is seal were classed "Reference" seals (sexes and species separate). Mean hormone concentrations in Exposed seal were lower than Reference seals, and this was statistically significantly for 17α-OH-P4 (both sexes and both species), E2 (ringed and grey seal females), and E3 (grey seal females). Regression analyses (PCB v hormone concentrations) for each sex and species revealed significant correlations for P4 (Sable Is. female grey seals and female ringed seals), 17α-OH-P4 (Sable Is. male grey seals and Svalbard male ringed seals), T4 (Svalbard male ringed seals), E2 (female ringed seals), and E3 (female ringed seals and Baltic female grey seals). Although significant correlations are not evidence of cause and effect, the potential impact of hormone changes on endocrine homeostasis and reproductive health for seal populations warrants further investigation given that PCB concentrations found here are in the same range as those currently reported in seals from these populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Troisi
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering and Institute for Environment, Health & Societies, College of Engineering, Design and Physical Sciences, Brunel University London, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, UK.
| | - S J Barton
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston-upon-Thames, Surrey, KT1 2EE, UK
| | - O Liori
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston-upon-Thames, Surrey, KT1 2EE, UK
| | - M Nyman
- Finnish Game and Fisheries Research Institute, Metsähallitus, Kirjaamo, P.O. Box 94, Vantaainland, 01301, Finland
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15
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Handelsman DJ, Desai R, Seibel MJ, Le Couteur DG, Cumming RG. Circulating Sex Steroid Measurements of Men by Mass Spectrometry Are Highly Reproducible after Prolonged Frozen Storage. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 197:105528. [PMID: 31712118 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Long-term studies investigating hormone-dependent cancers and reproductive health often require prolonged frozen storage of serum which assumes that the steroid molecules and measurements are stable over that time. Previous studies of reproducibility of circulating steroids have relied upon flawed historical rather than contemporaneous controls. We measured serum testosterone (T), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), estradiol (E2) and estrone (E1) in 150 randomly selected serum samples by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) from men 70 years or older (mean age 77 years) in the CHAMP study. The original measurements in 2009 were repeated 10 years later using the identical serum aliquot (having undergone 2-4 freeze-thaw cycles in the interim) in 2019 together with another never-thawed aliquot of the same serum sample. The results of all three sets of measurements were evaluated by Passing-Bablok regression and Bland-Altman difference analysis. Serum androgens (T, DHT) and estrogens (E2, E1) measured by LC-MS display excellent reproducibility when stored for 10 years at -80 C without thawing. Serum T and DHT displayed high level of reproducibility across all three sets of measurements. Multiple freeze-thaw cycles over those storage conditions do not significantly affect serum T, DHT and E1 concentrations but produce a modest increase (21%) in serum E2 measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Handelsman
- Andrology Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Australia.
| | - R Desai
- Andrology Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - M J Seibel
- Andrology Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - D G Le Couteur
- Andrology Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - R G Cumming
- Andrology Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Australia
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16
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Thuzar M, Young K, Ahmed AH, Ward G, Wolley M, Guo Z, Gordon RD, McWhinney BC, Ungerer JP, Stowasser M. Diagnosis of Primary Aldosteronism by Seated Saline Suppression Test-Variability Between Immunoassay and HPLC-MS/MS. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5611084. [PMID: 31676899 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgz150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In primary aldosteronism (PA), excessive, autonomous secretion of aldosterone is not suppressed by salt loading or fludrocortisone. For seated saline suppression testing (SSST), the recommended diagnostic cutoff 4-hour plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC) measured by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS is 162 pmol/L. Most diagnostic laboratories, however, use immunoassays to measure PAC. The cutoff for SSST using immunoassay is not known. We hypothesized that the cutoff is different between the assays. METHODS We analyzed 80 of the 87 SSST tests that were performed during our recent study defining the HPLC-MS/MS cutoff. PA was confirmed in 65 by positive fludrocortisone suppression testing (FST) and/or lateralization on adrenal venous sampling and excluded in 15 by negative FST. PAC was measured by a chemiluminescence immunoassay (PACIA) in the SSST samples using the DiaSorin Liaison XL analyzer, and receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis was performed to identify the PACIA cutoff. RESULTS ROC revealed good performance (area under the curve = 0.893; P < .001) of 4-hour postsaline PACIA for diagnosis of PA and an optimal diagnostic cutoff of 171 pmol/L, with sensitivity and specificity of 95.4% and 80.0%, respectively. A higher cutoff of 217 pmol/L improved specificity (86.7%) with lower sensitivity (86.2%). PACIA measurements strongly correlated with PAC measured by HPLC-MS (r = 0.94, P < .001). CONCLUSIONS A higher diagnostic cutoff for SSST should be employed when PAC is measured by immunoassay rather than HPLC-MS/MS. The results suggest that (i) PA can be excluded if 4-hour PACIA is less than 171 pmol/L, and (ii) PA is highly likely if the PACIA is greater than 217 pmol/L by chemiluminescence immunoassay. A gray zone exists between the cutoffs of 171 and 217 pmol/L, likely reflecting a lower specificity of immunoassay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moe Thuzar
- Endocrine Hypertension Research Centre, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Karen Young
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Sullivan Nicolaides Laboratories, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ashraf H Ahmed
- Endocrine Hypertension Research Centre, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Greg Ward
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Sullivan Nicolaides Laboratories, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Martin Wolley
- Endocrine Hypertension Research Centre, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Zeng Guo
- Endocrine Hypertension Research Centre, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Richard D Gordon
- Endocrine Hypertension Research Centre, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Brett C McWhinney
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Pathology Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jacobus P Ungerer
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Pathology Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Faculty of Biomedical Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Michael Stowasser
- Endocrine Hypertension Research Centre, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
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Tylan C, Camacho K, French S, Graham SP, Herr MW, Jones J, McCormick GL, O'Brien MA, Tennessen JB, Thawley CJ, Webb A, Langkilde T. Obtaining plasma to measure baseline corticosterone concentrations in reptiles: How quick is quick enough? Gen Comp Endocrinol 2020; 287:113324. [PMID: 31733208 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2019.113324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
There is growing interest in the use of glucocorticoid (GC) hormones to understand how wild animals respond to environmental challenges. Blood is the best medium for obtaining information about recent GC levels; however, obtaining blood requires restraint and can therefore be stressful and affect GC levels. There is a delay in GCs entering blood, and it is assumed that blood obtained within 3 min of first disturbing an animal reflects a baseline level of GCs, based largely on studies of birds and mammals. Here we present data on the timing of changes in the principle reptile GC, corticosterone (CORT), in four reptile species for which blood was taken within a range of times 11 min or less after first disturbance. Changes in CORT were observed in cottonmouths (Agkistrodon piscivorus; 4 min after first disturbance), rattlesnakes (Crotalus oreganus; 2 min 30 s), and rock iguanas (Cyclura cychlura; 2 min 44 s), but fence lizards (Sceloporus undulatus) did not exhibit a change within their 10-min sampling period. In both snake species, samples taken up to 3-7 min after CORT began to increase still had lower CORT concentrations than after exposure to a standard restraint stressor. The "3-min rule" appears broadly applicable as a guide for avoiding increases in plasma CORT due to handling and sampling in reptiles, but the time period in which to obtain true baseline CORT may need to be shorter in some species (rattlesnakes, rock iguanas), and may be unnecessarily limiting for others (cottonmouths, fence lizards).
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Tylan
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Kiara Camacho
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Susannah French
- Department of Biology and the Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Sean P Graham
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Mark W Herr
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Jermayne Jones
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Gail L McCormick
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, and The Center for Brain, Behavior and Cognition, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Melissa A O'Brien
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Jennifer B Tennessen
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, and The Center for Brain, Behavior and Cognition, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Christopher J Thawley
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, and The Center for Brain, Behavior and Cognition, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Alison Webb
- Department of Biology and the Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Tracy Langkilde
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, and The Center for Brain, Behavior and Cognition, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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18
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Ellman LM, Murphy SK, Maxwell SD, Calvo EM, Cooper T, Schaefer CA, Bresnahan MA, Susser ES, Brown AS. Maternal cortisol during pregnancy and offspring schizophrenia: Influence of fetal sex and timing of exposure. Schizophr Res 2019; 213:15-22. [PMID: 31345704 PMCID: PMC7074891 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Maternal stress during pregnancy has been repeatedly linked to increased risk for schizophrenia; however, no study has examined maternal cortisol during pregnancy and risk for the disorder. Study aims were to determine whether prenatal cortisol was associated with risk for schizophrenia and risk for an intermediate phenotype-decreased fetal growth-previously linked to prenatal cortisol and schizophrenia. Timing of exposure and fetal sex also were examined given previous findings. METHODS Participants were 64 cases diagnosed with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD) and 117 controls from a prospective birth cohort study. Maternal cortisol was determined from stored sera from each trimester and psychiatric diagnoses were assessed from offspring using semi-structured interviews and medical records review. RESULTS Maternal cortisol during pregnancy was not associated with risk for offspring schizophrenia. There was a significant interaction between 3rd trimester cortisol and case status on fetal growth. Specifically, cases exposed to higher 3rd trimester maternal cortisol had significantly decreased fetal growth compared to controls. In addition, these findings were restricted to male offspring. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that higher prenatal cortisol is associated with an intermediate phenotype linked to schizophrenia, fetal growth, but only among male offspring who developed schizophrenia. Findings were consistent with evidence that schizophrenia genes may disrupt placental functioning specifically for male fetuses, as well as findings that males are more vulnerable to maternal cortisol during pregnancy. Finally, results suggest that examining fetal sex and intermediate phenotypes may be important in understanding the mechanisms involved in prenatal contributors to schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Ellman
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Weiss Hall, 1701 N. 13(th) Street, Philadelphia, PA 19106, United States of America.
| | - Shannon K Murphy
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Weiss Hall, 1701 N. 13(th) Street, Philadelphia, PA 19106, United States of America.
| | - Seth D Maxwell
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Weiss Hall, 1701 N. 13(th) Street, Philadelphia, PA 19106, United States of America.
| | - Evan M Calvo
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Weiss Hall, 1701 N. 13(th) Street, Philadelphia, PA 19106, United States of America.
| | - Thomas Cooper
- Analytic Psychopharmacology, Nathan S. Kline Institute, 140 Old Orangeburg Road Orangeburg, NY 10962, United States of America; New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, United States of America; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, United States of America.
| | - Catherine A Schaefer
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente, 2000 Broadway, Oakland, CA 94612, United States of America.
| | - Michaeline A Bresnahan
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, 722 West 168(th) Street, New York, NY 10032, United States of America; New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, United States of America.
| | - Ezra S Susser
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, 722 West 168(th) Street, New York, NY 10032, United States of America; New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, United States of America.
| | - Alan S Brown
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, 722 West 168(th) Street, New York, NY 10032, United States of America; New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, United States of America; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, United States of America.
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19
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Anwar MA, Dai DL, Wilson‐McManus J, Smith D, Francis GA, Borchers CH, McManus BM, Hill JS, Cohen Freue GV. Multiplexed LC–ESI–MRM‐MS‐based Assay for Identification of Coronary Artery Disease Biomarkers in Human Plasma. Proteomics Clin Appl 2019; 13:e1700111. [DOI: 10.1002/prca.201700111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Derek Smith
- The UVic‐Genome BC Proteomics CentreUniversity of Victoria Victoria British Columbia Canada
| | - Gordon A. Francis
- Providence Heart and Lung Institute and the James Hogg Research CenterSt. Paul's HospitalUniversity of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
- Department of MedicineUniversity of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Christoph H Borchers
- The UVic‐Genome BC Proteomics CentreUniversity of Victoria Victoria British Columbia Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and MicrobiologyUniversity of Victoria Victoria British Columbia Canada
| | - Bruce M. McManus
- NCE CECR PROOF Centre of Excellence Vancouver British Columbia Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - John S. Hill
- The UVic‐Genome BC Proteomics CentreUniversity of Victoria Victoria British Columbia Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Gabriela V. Cohen Freue
- NCE CECR PROOF Centre of Excellence Vancouver British Columbia Canada
- Department of StatisticsUniversity of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
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Huang G, Cherkerzian S, Loucks EB, Buka SL, Handa RJ, Lasley BL, Bhasin S, Goldstein JM. Sex Differences in the Prenatal Programming of Adult Metabolic Syndrome by Maternal Androgens. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018; 103:3945-3953. [PMID: 30113645 PMCID: PMC6182312 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2018-01243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Growing preclinical evidence suggests that hormonal programming by androgens in utero may contribute to cardiovascular disease risk in adult offspring. However, the effect of prenatal androgens on cardiometabolic outcomes in the human population, especially their potential differential impact on male vs female offspring, has not been well studied. DESIGN Adult offspring (n = 274) of mothers enrolled in the New England birth cohorts of the Collaborative Perinatal Project were assessed at ages 39 to 50. Androgen bioactivity was measured in maternal serum during the third trimester using a receptor-mediated luciferase expression bioassay. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) using Adult Treatment Panel III criteria was assessed in adult offspring. Bioactive androgens were analyzed as quartiles, with the lowest quartile (Q1) defined as the reference. Generalized estimating equations were used to evaluate the relationship of maternal bioactive androgens on offspring MetS risk overall and by sex, controlling for potential confounders and intrafamilial correlation. RESULTS Mean age and body mass index of adult offspring were 44.7 ± 2.6 years and 29.7 ± 6.7 kg/m2, respectively. Participants born to mothers with the highest quartile (Q4) compared with Q1 of bioactive androgens had higher risk for MetS [adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 2.53(1.07 to 6.02)]. Stratified by sex, this association was found to be significant among women [Q4 vs Q1; aOR: 4.06 (1.10 to 14.93)] but not men [Q4 vs Q1; aOR: 1.67 (0.53 to 5.26)]. Women born to mothers with the highest levels of maternal bioactive androgens also demonstrated a 4.84-fold increased odds for having hypertension [Q4 vs Q1; aOR: 4.84 (1.12 to 20.85)]. CONCLUSION Higher levels of maternal androgens were associated with increased risk for incident MetS in adult offspring, an effect that was significant in women but not men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Huang
- Research Program in Men’s Health: Aging and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Correspondence and Reprint Requests: Grace Huang, MD, Section on Men’s Health, Aging and Metabolism, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Avenue, BLI-541, Boston, Massachusetts 02115. E-mail:
| | - Sara Cherkerzian
- Division of Women's Health, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Eric B Loucks
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Stephen L Buka
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Robert J Handa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Bill L Lasley
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Shalender Bhasin
- Research Program in Men’s Health: Aging and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jill M Goldstein
- Division of Women's Health, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Abstract
Steroids play vital roles in animal physiology across species, and the production of specific steroids is associated with particular internal biological functions. The internal functions of steroids are, in most cases, quite clear. However, an important feature of many steroids (their chemical stability) allows these molecules to play secondary, external roles as chemical messengers after their excretion via urine, feces, or other shed substances. The presence of steroids in animal excretions has long been appreciated, but their capacity to serve as chemosignals has not received as much attention. In theory, the blend of steroids excreted by an animal contains a readout of its own biological state. Initial mechanistic evidence for external steroid chemosensation arose from studies of many species of fish. In sea lampreys and ray-finned fishes, bile salts were identified as potent olfactory cues and later found to serve as pheromones. Recently, we and others have discovered that neurons in amphibian and mammalian olfactory systems are also highly sensitive to excreted glucocorticoids, sex steroids, and bile acids, and some of these molecules have been confirmed as mammalian pheromones. Steroid chemosensation in olfactory systems, unlike steroid detection in most tissues, is performed by plasma membrane receptors, but the details remain largely unclear. In this review, we present a broad view of steroid detection by vertebrate olfactory systems, focusing on recent research in fishes, amphibians, and mammals. We review confirmed and hypothesized mechanisms of steroid chemosensation in each group and discuss potential impacts on vertebrate social communication.
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Petrick JL, Falk RT, Hyland PL, Caron P, Pfeiffer RM, Wood SN, Dawsey SM, Abnet CC, Taylor PR, Guillemette C, Murray LJ, Anderson LA, Cook MB. Association between circulating levels of sex steroid hormones and esophageal adenocarcinoma in the FINBAR Study. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190325. [PMID: 29342161 PMCID: PMC5771564 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Esophageal adenocarcinoma (EA) is characterized by a strong male predominance. Sex steroid hormones have been hypothesized to underlie this sex disparity, but no population-based study to date has examined this potential association. Methods Using mass spectrometry and ELISA, we quantitated sex steroid hormones and sex hormone binding globulin, respectively, in plasma from males– 172 EA cases and 185 controls–within the Factors Influencing the Barrett/Adenocarcinoma Relationship (FINBAR) Study, a case-control investigation conducted in Northern Ireland and Ireland. Multivariable adjusted logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for associations between circulating hormones and EA. Results Higher androgen:estrogen ratio metrics were associated with increased odds of EA (e.g., testosterone:estradiol ratio ORQ4 v. Q1 = 2.58, 95%CI = 1.23–5.43; Ptrend = 0.009). All estrogens and androgens were associated with significant decreased odds of EA. When restricted to individuals with minimal to no decrease in body mass index, the size of association for the androgen:estrogen ratio was not greatly altered. Conclusions This first study of sex steroid hormones and EA provides tentative evidence that androgen:estrogen balance may be a factor related to EA. Replication of these findings in prospective studies is needed to enhance confidence in the causality of this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Petrick
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Roni T Falk
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Paula L Hyland
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Patrick Caron
- Pharmacogenomics Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval de Québec (CHU de Québec) Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Ruth M Pfeiffer
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Shannon N Wood
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sanford M Dawsey
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Christian C Abnet
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Philip R Taylor
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Chantal Guillemette
- Pharmacogenomics Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval de Québec (CHU de Québec) Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Liam J Murray
- Centre for Public Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Lesley A Anderson
- Centre for Public Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Michael B Cook
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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Di Francesco J, Navarro-Gonzalez N, Wynne-Edwards K, Peacock S, Leclerc LM, Tomaselli M, Davison T, Carlsson A, Kutz S. Qiviut cortisol in muskoxen as a potential tool for informing conservation strategies. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 5:cox052. [PMID: 28948023 PMCID: PMC5601961 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/cox052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 08/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus) are increasingly subject to multiple new stressors associated with unprecedented climate change and increased anthropogenic activities across much of their range. Hair may provide a measurement of stress hormones (glucocorticoids) over periods of weeks to months. We developed a reliable method to quantify cortisol in the qiviut (wooly undercoat) of muskoxen using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. We then applied this technique to determine the natural variability in qiviut cortisol levels among 150 wild muskoxen, and to assess differences between sexes, seasons and years of collection. Qiviut samples were collected from the rump of adult muskoxen by subsistence and sport hunters in seven different locations in Nunavut and the Northwest Territories between 2013 and 2016. Results showed a high inter-individual variability in qiviut cortisol concentrations, with levels ranging from 3.5 to 48.9 pg/mg (median 11.7 pg/mg). Qiviut cortisol levels were significantly higher in males than females, and varied seasonally (summer levels were significantly lower than in fall and winter), and by year (levels significantly increased from 2013 to 2015). These differences may reflect distinct environmental conditions and the diverse stressors experienced, as well as physiological and/or behavioural characteristics. Quantification of qiviut cortisol may serve as a valuable tool for monitoring health and informing conservation and management efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Di Francesco
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, CanadaT2N 4Z6
| | - Nora Navarro-Gonzalez
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, CanadaT2N 4Z6
| | - Katherine Wynne-Edwards
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, CanadaT2N 4Z6
| | - Stephanie Peacock
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Calgary, 507 Campus Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, CanadaT2N 4V8
| | - Lisa-Marie Leclerc
- Department of Environment, Government of Nunavut, P.O. Box 377, Kugluktuk, Nunavut, CanadaX0B 0E0
| | - Matilde Tomaselli
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, CanadaT2N 4Z6
| | - Tracy Davison
- Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Government of the Northwest Territories, P.O. Box 2749, Inuvik, Northwest Territories, CanadaX0E 0T0
| | - Anja Carlsson
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, CanadaT2N 4Z6
| | - Susan Kutz
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, CanadaT2N 4Z6
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Taylor BD, Ness RB, Klebanoff MA, Zoh R, Bass D, Hougaard DM, Skogstrand K, Haggerty CL. First and second trimester immune biomarkers in preeclamptic and normotensive women. Pregnancy Hypertens 2016; 6:388-393. [PMID: 27939488 DOI: 10.1016/j.preghy.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Circulating immune markers may be associated with preeclampsia but further investigations in early pregnancy and among preeclampsia subtypes are warranted. We examined immune markers in 208 preeclamptic women and 411 normotensive controls. METHODS Our study was nested within the Collaborative Perinatal Project. A total of 242 women had first trimester serum samples and 392 had second trimester serum samples. Preeclampsia was defined as hypertension >20weeks of gestation with proteinuria or pulmonary edema, oliguria, or convulsions. Preterm preeclampsia was defined as preeclampsia with delivery less than 37weeks of gestation. Associations between immune markers RANTES, interleukin (IL)-6, IL4, IL5, IL12, IL10, IL8, IL1-beta, interferon (IFN)-gamma, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and beta, transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta and preeclampsia were explored using a modified version of cox regression developed to address data with non-detectable levels. Models were adjusted for body mass index, gestational age of blood sampling, fetal sex, smoking, socioeconomic status and maternal age. RESULTS In first trimester samples, IL-12 was associated with preeclampsia (p=0.0255). IFN-gamma (p=0.0063), IL1-beta (p=0.0006), IL5 (p=0.0422) and TNFr (p=0.0460) were associated with preterm preeclampsia only. In second trimester samples, IL1-beta was associated with preeclampsia (p=0.0180) and term preeclampsia (p=0.0454). After correction for multiple comparisons, only IL1-beta remained associated with preterm preeclampsia in the first trimester (p=0.0288). DISCUSSION Elevated first trimester IL1-beta appears to be associated with preterm preeclampsia. However, few associations were observed in the second trimester. Systemic immune markers alone may not be useful for preeclampsia prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandie D Taylor
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Texas A&M University, School of Public Health, College Station, TX, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
| | - Roberta B Ness
- University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Mark A Klebanoff
- The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, United States
| | - Roger Zoh
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Texas A&M University, School of Public Health, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Debra Bass
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - David M Hougaard
- Danish Centre for Neonatal Screening, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Immunology and Genetics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristin Skogstrand
- Danish Centre for Neonatal Screening, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Immunology and Genetics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Catherine L Haggerty
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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25
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O'Brien JK, Steinman KJ, Fetter GA, Robeck TR. Androgen and glucocorticoid production in the male killer whale (Orcinus orca): influence of age, maturity, and environmental factors. Andrology 2016; 5:180-190. [DOI: 10.1111/andr.12254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. K. O'Brien
- SeaWorld and Busch Gardens Reproductive Research Center; SeaWorld Parks and Entertainment; San Diego CA USA
| | - K. J. Steinman
- SeaWorld and Busch Gardens Reproductive Research Center; SeaWorld Parks and Entertainment; San Diego CA USA
| | - G. A. Fetter
- San Diego Zoo Global, Institute for Conservation and Research; San Diego CA USA
| | - T. R. Robeck
- SeaWorld and Busch Gardens Reproductive Research Center; SeaWorld Parks and Entertainment; San Diego CA USA
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26
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Dantzer B, Westrick SE, van Kesteren F. Relationships between Endocrine Traits and Life Histories in Wild Animals: Insights, Problems, and Potential Pitfalls. Integr Comp Biol 2016; 56:185-97. [DOI: 10.1093/icb/icw051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Gilman SE, Cherkerzian S, Buka SL, Hahn J, Hornig M, Goldstein JM. Prenatal immune programming of the sex-dependent risk for major depression. Transl Psychiatry 2016; 6:e822. [PMID: 27244231 PMCID: PMC5545649 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal immune functioning during pregnancy contributes to sex-dependent deficits in neurodevelopment and to behaviors associated with affective traits in preclinical studies, and has been indirectly associated with offspring depression in epidemiologic studies. We therefore investigated the association between immune activity during pregnancy and the risk of depression among male and female offspring. We conducted a case-control study of depression (n=484 cases and n=774 controls) using data from the New England Family Study, a pregnancy cohort enrolled between 1959 and 1966 that assessed psychiatric outcomes in adult offspring (mean age=39.7 years). We assayed concentrations of three pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and the anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10, in maternal serum collected at the end of the second and beginning of the third trimesters. High maternal TNF-α was associated with reduced odds of depression among both male and female offspring (odds ratio (OR)=0.68; confidence interval (CI)=0.48, 0.98). However, when considering the TNF-α to IL-10 ratio, a measure of the ratio of pro- to anti-inflammatory loading, maternal immune effects on offspring depression differed significantly by sex (χ(2)=13.9, degrees of freedom=4, P=0.008). Among females, higher maternal TNF-α:IL-10 was associated with reduced odds of depression (OR=0.51; CI=0.32, 0.81), whereas, among males, high maternal TNF-α:IL-10 was associated with elevated odds of depression (OR=1.86; CI=1.02, 3.39). Thus, the balance between TNF-α and IL-10 in maternal prenatal serum was associated with depression in a sex-dependent manner. These findings are consistent with the role of TNF-α in the maturation of the sexually dimorphic fetal brain circuitry that regulates stress and affective responses, and support a prenatal stress-immune model of depression pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Gilman
- Health Behavior Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Rockville, MD, USA,Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Health Behavior Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 6100 Executive Boulevard, Room 7B13M, Rockville, MD 20852, USA. E-mail
| | - S Cherkerzian
- Connors Center for Women’s Health and Gender Biology, Boston, MA, USA,Departments of Psychiatry and Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S L Buka
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
| | - J Hahn
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M Hornig
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA,Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - J M Goldstein
- Connors Center for Women’s Health and Gender Biology, Boston, MA, USA,Departments of Psychiatry and Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Division of Psychiatric Neuroscience, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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Steinman KJ, Robeck TR, O'Brien JK. Characterization of estrogens, testosterone, and cortisol in normal bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) pregnancy. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2016; 226:102-12. [PMID: 26718081 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2015.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to describe profiles of serum estrogens, testosterone and cortisol during normal pregnancy in bottlenose dolphins. Predominant estrogens in all categories of dolphin sera pools during estrus and pregnancy (EARLY: Days 0-120; MID: Days 121-240; LATE: Days 241 to parturition; Day 0=day of conception) were estrone/estrone conjugates (E1-C) and estriol (E3). Serum samples collected throughout 101 normal pregnancies were analyzed for E1-C, E3, testosterone (T) and cortisol (CORT). E1-C was higher (P<0.05) during LATE compared to EARLY and MID, and higher (P<0.05) in nulliparous than multiparous females. E1-C concentrations were also inversely associated with maternal age (P=0.05). E3 was higher (P<0.05) in EARLY than MID and LATE, and higher overall for nulliparous than multiparous females, but concentrations were similar among gestational stages when parity was excluded from analyses. Analysis by indexed month post-conception (IMPC) demonstrated that E1-C increased from IMPC 9 and peaked at IMPC 11. E3 was significantly elevated during IMPC 1, decreased until IMPC 6 and peaked at IMPC 11. T increased (P<0.05) at IMPC 3 and continued to increase throughout gestation (P<0.05). CORT was higher (P<0.05) during LATE compared to EARLY and MID (P<0.05), peaked during IMPC 12, and was not affected by parity. Hormone profiles were not influenced by fetal sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen J Steinman
- SeaWorld Parks and Entertainment, Inc., SeaWorld and Busch Gardens Reproductive Research Center, San Diego, CA 92109, USA.
| | - Todd R Robeck
- SeaWorld Parks and Entertainment, Inc., SeaWorld and Busch Gardens Reproductive Research Center, San Diego, CA 92109, USA
| | - Justine K O'Brien
- SeaWorld Parks and Entertainment, Inc., SeaWorld and Busch Gardens Reproductive Research Center, San Diego, CA 92109, USA
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Aizer A, Stroud L, Buka S. Maternal Stress and Child Outcomes: Evidence from Siblings. THE JOURNAL OF HUMAN RESOURCES 2016; 51:523-555. [PMID: 29118458 DOI: 10.3368/jhr.51.3.0914-6664r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We study how maternal stress affects offspring outcomes. We find that in-utero exposure to elevated levels of the stress hormone cortisol negatively affects offspring cognition, health and educational attainment. These findings are based on comparisons between siblings which limits variation to short-lived shocks and controls for unobserved differences between mothers that could bias estimates. Our results are consistent with recent experimental results in the neurobiological literature linking exogenous exposure to stress hormones in-utero with declines in offspring cognitive, behavioral and motor development. Moreover, we find that not only are mothers with low levels of human capital characterized by higher and more variable cortisol levels, but that the negative impact of elevated cortisol on their offspring is greater. These results suggest that maternal stress may play a role in the intergenerational persistence of poverty.
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Handelsman DJ, Yeap B, Flicker L, Martin S, Wittert GA, Ly LP. Age-specific population centiles for androgen status in men. Eur J Endocrinol 2015; 173:809-17. [PMID: 26385186 DOI: 10.1530/eje-15-0380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
AIM The age-specific population profiles in men of circulating testosterone and its two bioactive metabolites dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and estradiol (E2) across the adult lifespan and its determinants are not well described. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to deduce smoothed age-specific centiles of circulating testosterone, DHT, and E2 in men using pooled data from population-based studies in three Australian cities from liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry steroid measurements in a single laboratory. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS We pooled data of 10 904 serum samples (serum testosterone, DHT, E2, age, height, and weight) from observational population-based studies in three major cities across Australia. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Age-specific smoothed centiles for serum testosterone, DHT, and E2 in men aged 35-100 years were deduced by large sample data analysis methods. RESULTS We found that serum testosterone, DHT, and E2 decline gradually from ages 35 onwards with a more marked decline after 80 years of age. Higher weight, BMI, and body surface area as well as shorter stature are associated with reduced serum testosterone, DHT, and E2. CONCLUSIONS Among Australian men, there is a gradual progressive population-wide decline in androgen status during male aging until the age of 80 years after which there is a more marked decline. Obesity and short stature are associated with reduced androgen status. Research into the age-related decline in androgen status should focus on the progressive accumulation of age-related comorbidities to better inform optimal clinical trial design.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - B Yeap
- AndrologyANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2139, AustraliaSchool of Medicine and PharmacologyUniversity of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, AustraliaDepartment of Endocrinology and DiabetesFiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, AustraliaWestern Australian Centre for Health and AgingCentre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, AustraliaDiscipline of MedicineUniversity of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia AndrologyANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2139, AustraliaSchool of Medicine and PharmacologyUniversity of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, AustraliaDepartment of Endocrinology and DiabetesFiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, AustraliaWestern Australian Centre for Health and AgingCentre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, AustraliaDiscipline of MedicineUniversity of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - L Flicker
- AndrologyANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2139, AustraliaSchool of Medicine and PharmacologyUniversity of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, AustraliaDepartment of Endocrinology and DiabetesFiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, AustraliaWestern Australian Centre for Health and AgingCentre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, AustraliaDiscipline of MedicineUniversity of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia AndrologyANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2139, AustraliaSchool of Medicine and PharmacologyUniversity of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, AustraliaDepartment of Endocrinology and DiabetesFiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, AustraliaWestern Australian Centre for Health and AgingCentre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, AustraliaDiscipline of MedicineUniversity of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - S Martin
- AndrologyANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2139, AustraliaSchool of Medicine and PharmacologyUniversity of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, AustraliaDepartment of Endocrinology and DiabetesFiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, AustraliaWestern Australian Centre for Health and AgingCentre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, AustraliaDiscipline of MedicineUniversity of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - G A Wittert
- AndrologyANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2139, AustraliaSchool of Medicine and PharmacologyUniversity of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, AustraliaDepartment of Endocrinology and DiabetesFiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, AustraliaWestern Australian Centre for Health and AgingCentre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, AustraliaDiscipline of MedicineUniversity of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Prospective evaluation of associations between prenatal cortisol and adulthood coronary heart disease risk: the New England family study. Psychosom Med 2015; 77:237-45. [PMID: 25768844 PMCID: PMC4965800 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0000000000000164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Increasing evidence suggests that early life factors may influence coronary heart disease (CHD) risk; however, little is known about the contributions of prenatal cortisol. Objectives were to prospectively assess the associations of maternal cortisol levels during pregnancy with offspring's 10-year CHD risk during middle age. METHODS Participants were 262 mother-offspring dyads from the New England Family Study. Maternal free cortisol was assessed in third-trimester maternal serum samples. Ten-year CHD risk was calculated in offspring at a mean age of 42 years, using the validated Framingham risk algorithm incorporating diabetes, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, total and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, smoking, age, and sex. RESULTS In multivariable-adjusted linear regression analyses adjusted for age and race/ethnicity, high versus low maternal cortisol tertile was associated with 36.7% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 8.4% to 72.5%) greater mean 10-year CHD risk score in women. There was no association in men (-2.8%, 95% CI = -23.8% to 24.0%). Further adjustment for in utero socioeconomic position showed 26.1% (95% CI = -0.5% to 59.9%) greater CHD risk in women. Adjustment for maternal age and size for gestational age had little effect on findings. CONCLUSIONS Maternal prenatal cortisol levels were positively associated with 10-year CHD risk among female, and not male, offspring. Adjusting for socioeconomic position during pregnancy reduced effect size in women, suggesting that it may be a common prior factor in both maternal cortisol and CHD risk. These findings provide evidence that targeting mothers who have elevated prenatal cortisol levels, including elevated cortisol in the setting of low socioeconomic position, may potentially reduce long-term CHD risk in their offspring.
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Munoz T, Leclere M, Jean D, Lavoie JP. Serum cortisol concentration in horses with heaves treated with fluticasone proprionate over a 1 year period. Res Vet Sci 2014; 98:112-4. [PMID: 25577545 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to measure the effect of long-term administration of inhaled fluticasone proprionate on cortisol concentrations in heaves-affected horses. Eleven horses with heaves were treated with fluticasone at least once daily at dosages required to improve lung function or with antigen avoidance alone for 1 year. Morning serum cortisol was measured before and after 10, 30, 110, 190, 230, 280, and 320 days of treatment. Cortisol was also measured in the afternoon of day 330. Cortisol was significantly lower in the Fluticasone group on days 30, 110, and 190 when compared with the Antigen avoidance group. Cortisol measured on day 330 was also significantly lower in the Fluticasone group. Results indicate that inhaled fluticasone, when administered at therapeutic dosages, can significantly suppress serum cortisol concentrations for 8-24 h. The clinical significance of this finding remains to be ascertained, as no clinical signs were associated with this cortisol suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trohadio Munoz
- Clinical Sciences Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada J2S 7C6
| | - Mathilde Leclere
- Clinical Sciences Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada J2S 7C6
| | - Daniel Jean
- Clinical Sciences Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada J2S 7C6
| | - Jean-Pierre Lavoie
- Clinical Sciences Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada J2S 7C6.
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Goldstein JM, Cherkerzian S, Seidman LJ, Donatelli JAL, Remington AG, Tsuang MT, Hornig M, Buka SL. Prenatal maternal immune disruption and sex-dependent risk for psychoses. Psychol Med 2014; 44:3249-3261. [PMID: 25065485 PMCID: PMC4477534 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291714000683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies suggest that abnormalities in maternal immune activity during pregnancy alter the offspring's brain development and are associated with increased risk for schizophrenia (SCZ) dependent on sex. METHOD Using a nested case-control design and prospectively collected prenatal maternal sera from which interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-8, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and IL-10 were assayed, we investigated sex-dependent associations between these cytokines and 88 psychotic cases [SCZ = 44; affective psychoses (AP) = 44] and 100 healthy controls from a pregnancy cohort followed for > 40 years. Analyses included sex-stratified non-parametric tests adjusted for multiple comparisons to screen cytokines associated with SCZ risk, followed by deviant subgroup analyses using generalized estimating equation (GEE) models. RESULTS There were higher prenatal IL-6 levels among male SCZ than male controls, and lower TNF-α levels among female SCZ than female controls. The results were supported by deviant subgroup analyses with significantly more SCZ males with high IL-6 levels (>highest quartile) compared with controls [odd ratio (OR)75 = 3.33, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.13-9.82], and greater prevalence of low TNF-α levels (<lowest quartile) among SCZ females compared with their controls (OR25 = 6.30, 95% CI 1.20-33.04) and SCZ males. Higher levels of IL-6 were only found among SCZ compared with AP cases. Lower TNF-α levels (non-significant) also characterized female AP cases versus controls, although the prevalence of the lowest levels was higher in SCZ than AP females (70% v. 40%), with no effect in SCZ or AP males. CONCLUSIONS The results underscore the importance of immunologic processes affecting fetal brain development and differential risk for psychoses depending on psychosis subtype and offspring sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. M Goldstein
- Connors Center for Women’s Health and Gender Biology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Departments of Psychiatry and Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S. Cherkerzian
- Connors Center for Women’s Health and Gender Biology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Departments of Psychiatry and Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - L. J. Seidman
- Division of Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts Mental Health Center; Division of Public Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - A. G. Remington
- Connors Center for Women’s Health and Gender Biology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M. T. Tsuang
- Beth Israel Deaconess Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Division of Public Psychiatry, Massachusetts Mental Health Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Behavioral Genomics, Department of Psychiatry; Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Harvard Institute of Psychiatric Epidemiology and Genetics, Harvard School of Public Heath, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M. Hornig
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - S. L. Buka
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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Hollier LP, Maybery MT, Keelan JA, Hickey M, Whitehouse AJO. Perinatal testosterone exposure and cerebral lateralisation in adult males: evidence for the callosal hypothesis. Biol Psychol 2014; 103:48-53. [PMID: 25148786 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2014.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Two competing theories address the influence of foetal testosterone on cerebral laterality: one proposing exposure to high foetal testosterone concentrations is related to atypical lateralisation (Geschwind-Galaburda hypothesis), the other that high foetal testosterone concentrations exaggerate typical lateralisation (callosal hypothesis). The current study examined the relationship between cord testosterone concentrations and cerebral laterality for language and spatial memory in adulthood. Male participants with high (>0.15nmol) and low (<0.10nmol) cord testosterone levels were invited to take part in the study (n=18 in each group). Cerebral laterality was measured using functional Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography, while participants completed word generation and visual short-term memory tasks. Typical left lateralisation of language was more common in the high-testosterone group than in the low-testosterone group, χ(2)=4.50, df=1, p=034. Spatial memory laterality was unrelated to cord testosterone level. Our findings indicate that foetal testosterone exposure is related to language laterality in a direction that supports the callosal hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren P Hollier
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Australia; Neurocognitive Development Unit, School of Psychology, University of Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Murray T Maybery
- Neurocognitive Development Unit, School of Psychology, University of Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jeffrey A Keelan
- School of Women's and Infant's Health, University of Western Australia, Australia
| | - Martha Hickey
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne and The Royal Women's Hospital, Victoria, Australia
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Patton PE, Lim JY, Hickok LR, Kettel LM, Larson JM, Pau KF. Precision of progesterone measurements with the use of automated immunoassay analyzers and the impact on clinical decisions for in vitro fertilization. Fertil Steril 2014; 101:1629-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Nijhof SL, Rutten JMTM, Uiterwaal CSPM, Bleijenberg G, Kimpen JLL, Putte EMVD. The role of hypocortisolism in chronic fatigue syndrome. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2014; 42:199-206. [PMID: 24636516 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Revised: 12/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is accumulating evidence of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis hypofunction in chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). However, knowledge of this hypofunction has so far come exclusively from research in adulthood, and its clinical significance remains unclear. The objective of the current study was to assess the role of the HPA-axis in adolescent CFS and recovery from adolescent CFS. METHOD Before treatment, we compared the salivary cortisol awakening response of 108 diagnosed adolescent CFS patients with that of a reference group of 38 healthy peers. Salivary cortisol awakening response was measured again after 6 months of treatment in CFS patients. RESULTS Pre-treatment salivary cortisol levels were significantly lower in CFS-patients than in healthy controls. After treatment recovered patients had a significant rise in salivary cortisol output attaining normalization, whereas non-recovered patients improved slightly, but not significantly. The hypocortisolism found in CFS-patients was significantly correlated to the amount of sleep. Logistic regression analysis showed that an increase of one standard deviation in the difference between pre- and post-treatment salivary cortisol awakening response was associated with a 93% higher odds of recovery (adjusted OR 1.93 (1.18 to 3.17), p=0.009). Pre-treatment salivary cortisol did not predict recovery. CONCLUSIONS Hypocortisolism is associated with adolescent CFS. It is not pre-treatment cortisol but its change to normalization that is associated with treatment success. We suggest that this finding may have clinical implications regarding the adaptation of future treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne L Nijhof
- Department of Paediatrics, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Juliette M T M Rutten
- Department of Paediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Cuno S P M Uiterwaal
- Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Gijs Bleijenberg
- Expert Centre for Chronic Fatigue, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Jan L L Kimpen
- Department of Paediatrics, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Elise M van de Putte
- Department of Paediatrics, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Stroud LR, Papandonatos G, Shenassa E, Rodriguez D, Niaura R, LeWinn K, Lipsitt LP, Buka SL. Prenatal glucocorticoids and maternal smoking during pregnancy independently program adult nicotine dependence in daughters: a 40-year prospective study. Biol Psychiatry 2014; 75:47-55. [PMID: 24034414 PMCID: PMC3858529 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal smoking during pregnancy (MSDP) is an independent risk factor for offspring nicotine dependence (ND), but mechanisms remain unknown. We investigated prenatal glucocorticoid (cortisol) and androgen (testosterone) associations with offspring ND over 40 years and the possibility that prenatal glucocorticoids and androgens would mediate links between MSDP and offspring ND. METHODS Participants were 1086 mother-adult offspring pairs (59% female) from the New England Family Study, a 40-year longitudinal follow-up of the Collaborative Perinatal Project. MSDP was assessed prospectively at each prenatal visit. Maternal cortisol, testosterone, and cotinine (nicotine metabolite) were assayed from third trimester maternal sera. Offspring lifetime ND was assessed via structured interview. RESULTS Significant bivariate associations emerged for: 1) MSDP/cotinine and lifetime ND; and 2) maternal cortisol and lifetime ND, for daughters only. In multivariate models, maternal cortisol and MSDP/cotinine remained significantly and independently associated with increased odds of lifetime ND of daughters. However, cortisol did not mediate the MSDP-lifetime ND relation. No associations emerged between maternal testosterone and offspring ND. CONCLUSIONS Results provide the first evidence in support of prenatal glucocorticoid programming of adult ND over 40 years in daughters only. Our study highlights two independent prenatal pathways leading to increased risk for ND in daughters: elevated prenatal glucocorticoids and MSDP/nicotine exposure. Daughter-specific effects of glucocorticoid and MSDP programming over 40 years highlight the breadth and persistence of sexually dimorphic programming effects in humans. Results do not support androgen programming of offspring ND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura R. Stroud
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School, Brown University
| | | | - Edmond Shenassa
- Program in Maternal-Child Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland
| | - Daniel Rodriguez
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School, Brown University
| | - Raymond Niaura
- Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies, American Legacy Foundation
| | - Kaja LeWinn
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco
| | | | - Stephen L. Buka
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Brown University
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Durdiaková J, Fábryová H, Koborová I, Ostatníková D, Celec P. The effects of saliva collection, handling and storage on salivary testosterone measurement. Steroids 2013; 78:1325-31. [PMID: 24051109 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2013.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Several endocrine parameters commonly measured in plasma, such as steroid hormones, can be measured in the oral fluid. However, there are several technical aspects of saliva sampling and processing that can potentially bias the validity of salivary testosterone measurement. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects caused by repeated sampling; 5 min centrifugation (at 2000, 6000 or 10,000g); the stimulation of saliva flow by a cotton swab soaked in 2% citric acid touching the tongue; different storage times and conditions as well as the impact of blood contamination on salivary testosterone concentration measured using a commercially available ELISA kit. Fresh, unprocessed, unstimulated saliva samples served as a control. Salivary testosterone concentrations were influenced neither by repeated sampling nor by stimulation of salivary flow. Testosterone levels determined in samples stored in various laboratory conditions for time periods up to 1 month did not differ in comparison with controls. For both genders, salivary testosterone levels were substantially reduced after centrifugation (men F=29.1; women F=56.17, p<0.0001). Blood contamination decreased salivary testosterone levels in a dose-dependent manner (men F=6.54, p<0.01, F=5.01, p<0.05). Salivary testosterone can be considered A robust and stable marker. However, saliva processing and blood leakage can introduce bias into measurements of salivary testosterone using ELISA. Our observations should be considered in studies focusing on salivary testosterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslava Durdiaková
- Institute of Physiology, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia; Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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French D. Development and validation of a serum total testosterone liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) assay calibrated to NIST SRM 971. Clin Chim Acta 2013; 415:109-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2012.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2012] [Revised: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Whitehouse AJO, Mattes E, Maybery MT, Dissanayake C, Sawyer M, Jones RM, Pennell CE, Keelan JA, Hickey M. Perinatal testosterone exposure and autistic-like traits in the general population: a longitudinal pregnancy-cohort study. J Neurodev Disord 2012; 4:25. [PMID: 23110806 PMCID: PMC3500651 DOI: 10.1186/1866-1955-4-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED BACKGROUND Increased prenatal testosterone exposure has been hypothesized as a mechanism underlying autism spectrum disorders (ASD). However, no studies have prospectively measured prenatal testosterone exposure and ASD. The current study sought to determine whether testosterone concentrations in umbilical cord blood are associated with a clinical diagnosis of ASD in a small number of children and with autistic-like traits in the general population. METHODS Umbilical cord blood was collected from 707 children. Samples were analyzed for total (TT) and bioavailable (BioT) testosterone concentrations. Parent report indicated that five individuals had a clinical diagnosis of ASD. Those participants without a diagnosis were approached in early adulthood to complete the Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ), a self-report measure of autistic-like traits, with 184 males (M = 20.10 years; SD= 0.65 years) and 190 females (M = 19.92 years; SD=0.68 years) providing data. RESULTS The BioT and TT concentrations of the five children diagnosed with ASD were within one standard-deviation of the sex-specific means. Spearman's rank-order coefficients revealed no significant correlations between TT levels and scores on any AQ scale among males (rho range: -.01 to .06) or females (rho value range: -.07 to .01). There was also no significant association between BioT or TT concentrations and AQ scores among males (rho value range: -.07 to .08) or females (rho value range: -.06 to .12). Males were more likely than females to have 'high' scores (upper decile) on the AQ scale relating pattern and detail processing. However, the likelihood of a high score on this scale was unrelated to BioT and TT concentrations in both males and females. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that testosterone concentrations from umbilical cord blood are unrelated to autistic-like traits in the general population. However, the findings do not exclude an association between testosterone exposure in early intrauterine life and ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew JO Whitehouse
- Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, 100 Roberts Road, Subiaco, Western Australia, 6008, Australia
| | - Eugen Mattes
- Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, 100 Roberts Road, Subiaco, Western Australia, 6008, Australia
| | - Murray T Maybery
- School of Psychology, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Cheryl Dissanayake
- School of Psychological Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - Michael Sawyer
- Discipline of Paediatrics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
| | - Rachel M Jones
- Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, 100 Roberts Road, Subiaco, Western Australia, 6008, Australia
| | - Craig E Pennell
- School of Women’s and Infants’ Health, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Jeffrey A Keelan
- School of Women’s and Infants’ Health, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Martha Hickey
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Royal Women’s Hospital, Cnr of Flemington Road and Grattan Street, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
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Aizer A, Stroud L, Buka S. Maternal Stress and Child Outcomes: Evidence from Siblings. THE JOURNAL OF HUMAN RESOURCES 2012; 51:523-555. [PMID: 29118458 DOI: 10.3386/w18422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We study how maternal stress affects offspring outcomes. We find that in-utero exposure to elevated levels of the stress hormone cortisol negatively affects offspring cognition, health and educational attainment. These findings are based on comparisons between siblings which limits variation to short-lived shocks and controls for unobserved differences between mothers that could bias estimates. Our results are consistent with recent experimental results in the neurobiological literature linking exogenous exposure to stress hormones in-utero with declines in offspring cognitive, behavioral and motor development. Moreover, we find that not only are mothers with low levels of human capital characterized by higher and more variable cortisol levels, but that the negative impact of elevated cortisol on their offspring is greater. These results suggest that maternal stress may play a role in the intergenerational persistence of poverty.
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Gislefoss RE, Grimsrud TK, Høie K, Mørkrid L. Stability of testosterone measured in male archival serum samples by two different methods. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2012; 72:555-62. [DOI: 10.3109/00365513.2012.705888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Keelan JA, Mattes E, Tan H, Dinan A, Newnham JP, Whitehouse AJO, Jacoby P, Hickey M. Androgen concentrations in umbilical cord blood and their association with maternal, fetal and obstetric factors. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42827. [PMID: 22916165 PMCID: PMC3423422 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to measure umbilical blood androgen concentrations in a birth cohort using a highly specific liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) assay and assesses the effects of sex, labor, and gestational age on fetal androgen levels at birth. We performed a prospective cohort study of androgen concentrations in mixed arterial and venous umbilical cord serum from 803 unselected singleton pregnancies from a general obstetric population in Western Australia. Total testosterone (TT), Δ4-androstenedione, and dehydroepiandrosterone were extracted from archived cord serum samples and measured using LC-MS/MS. SHBG was measured by ELISA; free testosterone (FT) and bioavailable testosterone (BioT) values were also calculated. Median values for all three androgens were generally lower than previously published values. Levels of TT, FT, BioT, and SHBG were significantly higher in male verses female neonates (P<0.0001), while dehydroepiandrosterone levels were higher in females (P<0.0001). Labor was associated with a significant (∼15–26%) decrease in median cord blood TT and FT levels (both sexes combined), but a modest (∼16–31%) increase in SHBG, Δ4-androstenedione, and dehydroepiandrosterone concentrations. TT and FT were significantly negatively correlated with gestational age at delivery, while SHBG, Δ4-androstenedione, and dehydroepiandrosterone were positively correlated. Antenatal glucocorticoid administration also had a significant effect in the multiple regression models. This is the first study to report umbilical cord androgen levels in a large unselected population of neonates using LC-MS/MS. Our findings suggest that previous studies have over-estimated cord androgen levels, and that fetal, maternal, and obstetric factors influence cord androgen levels differentially. Caution should be exercised when interpreting previously-published data that have not taken all of these factors into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Keelan
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, King Edward Memorial Hospital, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
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Baldridge SL, Coetzee JF, Dritz SS, Reinbold JB, Gehring R, Havel J, Kukanich B. Pharmacokinetics and physiologic effects of intramuscularly administered xylazine hydrochloride-ketamine hydrochloride-butorphanol tartrate alone or in combination with orally administered sodium salicylate on biomarkers of pain in Holstein calves following castration and dehorning. Am J Vet Res 2012; 72:1305-17. [PMID: 21962272 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.72.10.1305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the pharmacokinetic parameters of xylazine, ketamine, and butorphanol (XKB) administered IM and sodium salicylate (SAL) administered PO to calves and to compare drug effects on biomarkers of pain and distress following sham and actual castration and dehorning. ANIMALS 40 Holstein bull calves from 3 farms. PROCEDURES Calves weighing 108 to 235 kg (n = 10 calves/group) received one of the following treatments prior to sham (period 1) and actual (period 2) castration and dehorning: saline (0.9% NaCl) solution IM (placebo); SAL administered PO through drinking water at concentrations from 2.5 to 5 mg/mL from 24 hours prior to period 1 to 48 hours after period 2; butorphanol (0.025 mg/kg), xylazine (0.05 mg/kg), and ketamine (0.1 mg/kg) coadministered IM immediately prior to both periods; and a combination of SAL and XKB (SAL+XKB). Plasma drug concentrations, average daily gain (ADG), chute exit velocity, serum cortisol concentrations, and electrodermal activity were evaluated. RESULTS ADG (days 0 to 13) was significantly greater in the SAL and SAL+XKB groups than in the other 2 groups. Calves receiving XKB had reduced chute exit velocity in both periods. Serum cortisol concentrations increased in all groups from period 1 to period 2. However, XKB attenuated the cortisol response for the first hour after castration and dehorning and oral SAL administration reduced the response from 1 to 6 hours. Administration of XKB decreased electrodermal activity scores in both periods. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE SAL administered PO through drinking water decreased cortisol concentrations and reduced the decrease in ADG associated with castration and dehorning in calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Baldridge
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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Measuring stress in wildlife: techniques for quantifying glucocorticoids. Oecologia 2011; 166:869-87. [PMID: 21344254 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-011-1943-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 562] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Stress responses play a key role in allowing animals to cope with change and challenge in the face of both environmental certainty and uncertainty. Measurement of glucocorticoid levels, key elements in the neuroendocrine stress axis, can give insight into an animal's well-being and can aid understanding ecological and evolutionary processes as well as conservation and management issues. We give an overview of the four main biological samples that have been utilized [blood, saliva, excreta (feces and urine), and integumentary structures (hair and feathers)], their advantages and disadvantages for use with wildlife, and some of the background and pitfalls that users must consider in interpreting their results. The matrix of choice will depend on the nature of the study and of the species, on whether one is examining the impact of acute versus chronic stressors, and on the degree of invasiveness that is possible or desirable. In some cases, more than one matrix can be measured to achieve the same ends. All require a significant degree of expertise, sometimes in obtaining the sample and always in extracting and analyzing the glucocorticoid or its metabolites. Glucocorticoid measurement is proving to be a powerful integrator of environmental stressors and of an animal's condition.
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Methodische Aspekte zur Bestimmung der Testosteronkonzentration als Biomarker der Gesundheit des Mannes/Challenges in the measurement of serum testosterone concentrations as a biomarker of men's health. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1515/jlm.2011.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Legro RS, Schlaff WD, Diamond MP, Coutifaris C, Casson PR, Brzyski RG, Christman GM, Trussell JC, Krawetz SA, Snyder PJ, Ohl D, Carson SA, Steinkampf MP, Carr BR, McGovern PG, Cataldo NA, Gosman GG, Nestler JE, Myers ER, Santoro N, Eisenberg E, Zhang M, Zhang H. Total testosterone assays in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: precision and correlation with hirsutism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010; 95:5305-13. [PMID: 20826578 PMCID: PMC2999971 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2010-1123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT There is no standardized assay of testosterone in women. Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC/MS) has been proposed as the preferable assay by an Endocrine Society Position Statement. OBJECTIVE The aim was to compare assay results from a direct RIA with two LC/MS. DESIGN AND SETTING We conducted a blinded laboratory study including masked duplicate samples at three laboratories--two academic (University of Virginia, RIA; and Mayo Clinic, LC/MS) and one commercial (Quest, LC/MS). PARTICIPANTS AND INTERVENTIONS Baseline testosterone levels from 596 women with PCOS who participated in a large, multicenter, randomized controlled infertility trial performed at academic health centers in the United States were run by varying assays, and results were compared. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE We measured assay precision and correlation and baseline Ferriman-Gallwey hirsutism scores. RESULTS Median testosterone levels were highest with RIA. The correlations between the blinded samples that were run in duplicate were comparable. The correlation coefficient (CC) between LC/MS at Quest and Mayo was 0.83 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.80-0.85], between RIA and LC/MS at Mayo was 0.79 (95% CI, 0.76-0.82), and between RIA and LC/MS at Quest was 0.67 (95% CI, 0.63-0.72). Interassay variation was highest at the lower levels of total testosterone (≤50 ng/dl). The CC for Quest LC/MS was significantly different from those derived from the other assays. We found similar correlations between total testosterone levels and hirsutism score with the RIA (CC=0.24), LC/MS at Mayo (CC=0.15), or Quest (CC=0.17). CONCLUSIONS A testosterone RIA is comparable to LC/MS assays. There is significant variability between LC/MS assays and poor precision with all assays at low testosterone levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard S Legro
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, M. S. Hershey Medical Center, 500 University Drive, H103, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA.
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Ceglarek U, Werner M, Kortz L, Körner A, Kiess W, Thiery J, Kratzsch J. Preclinical challenges in steroid analysis of human samples. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 121:505-12. [PMID: 20302937 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2010.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2009] [Revised: 03/02/2010] [Accepted: 03/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical challenges in the analysis of steroid hormones are primarily determined by biological factors involved in the physiology and pathophysiology of hormone secretion. Major biologically influencing factors like age, sex, pubertal stage, pregnancy, phase of the menstruation, and diurnal rhythm have to be considered in the definition of reference ranges for steroids and their clinical interpretation. Hitherto, in clinical routine laboratories steroids were mainly determined by direct immunoassays applied on automated platforms, which are simple, rapid and cheap if a high number of samples are measured. However, technical factors like cross-reactivity of related steroid metabolites or limited analytical ranges have to be taken in account and may impair accuracy and precision of these direct methods. The actual development of mass spectrometry based analytical platforms for the determination of single steroid or steroid patterns seems to be an alternative analytical approach combining multi-parametric analysis, high sensitivity and specificity as well simple sample pre-treatment, robustness and low running costs for steroid analysis. This short review will give an overview about biological influencing factors and technical disturbing factors of routinely used immunoassay for the analysis of steroids. The application of LC-MS/MS as an alternative routine high-throughput platform for steroid analysis and its perspective role in the standardization and harmonisation of steroid measurements in clinical routine application will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uta Ceglarek
- Institute for Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Paul List-Str.13-15, Germany
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Briegel J, Sprung CL, Annane D, Singer M, Keh D, Moreno R, Möhnle P, Weiss Y, Avidan A, Brunkhorst FM, Fiedler F, Vogeser M. Multicenter comparison of cortisol as measured by different methods in samples of patients with septic shock. Intensive Care Med 2009; 35:2151-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s00134-009-1627-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2009] [Revised: 08/24/2009] [Accepted: 08/24/2009] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Gislefoss RE, Grimsrud TK, Mørkrid L. Stability of selected serum proteins after long-term storage in the Janus Serum Bank. Clin Chem Lab Med 2009; 47:596-603. [PMID: 19290843 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2009.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human serum from biobanks is frequently used in prospective epidemiological studies. Long-term storage may modify its composition. A better understanding of the stability of the serum components may improve the interpretation of future studies. METHODS The concentrations of selected proteins; immunoglobulins, carrier proteins and enzymes in samples stored at -25 degrees C for 25 years and 2 years were compared with 1-month-old samples. For each length of storage time, 130 specimens were randomly selected from apparently healthy male blood donors aged 40-49 years. We examined the distribution of values, compared dispersion and localization of central tendency, and established reference intervals for each component. RESULTS The study demonstrated non-significant or numerically small group differences in the concentrations of albumin, aspartate amino transferase, cystatin C, immunoglobulin E, immunoglobulin G, and sex hormone binding globulin. Mean values between fresh and 25-year-old samples suggested larger differences during storage for alanine amino transferase (-73.4%), creatinine kinase (-96.1%), insulin C-peptide (-98.7%), ferritin (-18.5%) and transferrin (+8.2%). CONCLUSIONS The findings showed that long-term storage can introduce a considerable bias for vulnerable components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randi E Gislefoss
- Institute of Population-Based Cancer Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway.
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