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Potretzke S, Lemieux A, Nakajima M, al'Absi M. Circulating ghrelin changes as a biomarker of the stress response and craving in abstinent smokers. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2022; 218:173423. [PMID: 35750154 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2022.173423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE There has been growing interest in the role of ghrelin in stress and addiction. Ghrelin regulates central reward mechanisms by mediating the mesolimbic dopaminergic system. Stress also induces neurophysiological activations related to drug reward. However, the extent to which psychosocial stress is associated with changes in ghrelin levels has not been tested in individuals with nicotine dependency undergoing withdrawal, a condition known to induce stress-like symptoms. OBJECTIVES We investigated the association of stress-induced ghrelin, craving, and smoking lapse. METHODS Thirty-six smokers attended a laboratory session that included acute stress tasks during the initial phase of quitting. Self-report measures and biochemical samples were collected for the assessment of smoking status. Blood samples for the measurement of ghrelin and self-report measures of craving were collected multiple times throughout the session RESULTS: Multivariate analysis of variance controlling for gender found a significant main effect of sampling time and lapse group (p < 0.05). Ghrelin levels significantly increased over the pre-stress and post-stress periods (ps < 0.001), suggesting a delayed stress response. Those who lapsed during the study had higher ghrelin levels than those who were able to successfully abstain. A ghrelin stress response was calculated and a significant association was found between this response and craving, which changed across time points (ps < 0.008). CONCLUSIONS The results of this study demonstrate that ghrelin is sensitive to acute manipulation of stress and that there is potential usefulness for ghrelin as a marker of stress, craving, and smoking lapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheena Potretzke
- Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 9997239, USA
| | - Andrine Lemieux
- University of Minnesota School of Medicine, 1035 University Drive, Duluth, MN 55812-2487, USA
| | - Motohiro Nakajima
- University of Minnesota School of Medicine, 1035 University Drive, Duluth, MN 55812-2487, USA
| | - Mustafa al'Absi
- University of Minnesota School of Medicine, 1035 University Drive, Duluth, MN 55812-2487, USA.
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Wittekind DA, Kratzsch J, Biemann R, Mergl R, Riedel-Heller S, Witte V, Villringer A, Kluge M. Association Between Self-rating Depression Scores and Total Ghrelin and Adipokine Serum Levels in a Large Population-Based Sample. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:891325. [PMID: 35633817 PMCID: PMC9130496 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.891325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ghrelin and the adipokines leptin and adiponectin have been suggested to be involved in mood and anxiety regulation and to be altered in affective disorders. However, studies investigating the association between ghrelin, leptin and adiponectin and depressive symptomatology are scarce but might contribute to a better understanding of their involvement in mood regulation. We thus aimed investigating the association between depressive symptomatology and total ghrelin as well as leptin and adiponectin serum levels in a large population-based sample. Methods Total serum ghrelin, adiponectin and leptin levels were determined in 1666 subjects of a population-based cross-sectional study ("LIFE"). The Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) and the Inventory of Depressive Symptoms - Self Rating (IDS-SR) were administered. Multiple linear regression analyses were conducted to examine the association between total serum ghrelin, leptin and adiponectin and the intensity of depressive symptoms. Results In the total sample (n = 1,092), neither ghrelin nor leptin or adiponectin serum levels showed a significant association with CES-D or IDS-SR sum scores (N = 1,092) or in depressed/non-depressed subjects. Leptin serum levels showed a significantly positive association with IDS-SR sum scores in elderly men (≥60 years; β = 0.122, 95% CI: 0.009; 0.236; p = 0.035). Conclusion Our study suggests that peripheral levels of ghrelin and adipokines in a cross-sectional study design might not be sufficient to measure their involvement in depression, suggesting that associations are more complex and multi-layered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jürgen Kratzsch
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ronald Biemann
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Roland Mergl
- Institute of Psychology, Universität der Bundeswehr München, Neubiberg, Germany
| | - Steffi Riedel-Heller
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Veronika Witte
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Arno Villringer
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael Kluge
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Wittekind DA, Kratzsch J, Mergl R, Enzenbach C, Witte V, Villringer A, Kluge M. Higher fasting ghrelin serum levels in active smokers than in former and never-smokers. World J Biol Psychiatry 2020; 21:748-756. [PMID: 31552785 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2019.1671610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Ghrelin, an orexigenic peptide hormone, promotes drug reward and is suspected to play a role in nicotine dependence. However, there is little data on whether ghrelin levels are associated with active and/or former smoking. The relationship between ghrelin serum levels and smoking status in a population-based sample of individuals was studied. METHODS Total ghrelin was determined after an overnight fast in 1519 subjects participating in a population-based cohort study ('LIFE-Adult'). Tobacco consumption was assessed using both the questionnaire and interview. Generalised linear models with gamma distribution and log-link function were performed to analyse the association of total serum ghrelin with smoking status and the association between serum ghrelin and the amount of tobacco consumed in active smokers. RESULTS Ghrelin levels were positively associated with active, but not former smoking (OR = 1.095; p = .002). This association was not moderated by sex (interaction of 'active smoking' and sex: p = .346). Ghrelin levels were not associated with the amount of tobacco consumed in active smokers. CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence that total ghrelin serum levels are positively associated with active smoking. No association was found for former smokers. A unique feature of the study is the large sample size.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jürgen Kratzsch
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Roland Mergl
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Bundeswehr University Munich, Neubiberg, Germany
| | - Cornelia Enzenbach
- LIFE - Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Veronika Witte
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Arno Villringer
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael Kluge
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Karadeniz S, Yaman H, Bilginer Ç, Hızarcı Bulut S, Yaman SÖ. Serum nesfatin-1, ghrelin, and lipid levels in adolescents with first episode drug naïve unipolar depression. Nord J Psychiatry 2020; 74:613-619. [PMID: 32496844 DOI: 10.1080/08039488.2020.1772363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Background: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a mental health and emotional disorder that affects children and adolescents worldwide. This study aimed to evaluate serum nesfatin-1, ghrelin, and lipid levels as biological markers of adolescent MDD and their relationship with the severity of depression-anxiety and suicide risk in MDD. Methods:This study included 37 drug naïve adolescents between the ages of 12 and 18 who were diagnosed with a first episode MDD according to the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL) and DSM-V diagnostic criteria. Thirty-three healthy adolescents between the ages of 12 and 18 were included as the control group. The Children's Depression Inventory (CDI), Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders (SCARED), and Suicide Probability Scale (SPS) were used to evaluate the subjects in the MDD and control groups. In the first stage, serum nesfatin-1, ghrelin, and lipid levels were compared between the adolescents diagnosed with MDD and the control group. Next, the correlations between these levels and the CDI, SCARED, and SPS scores were evaluated. Results: Nesfatin-1 levels were significantly lower in the MDD group than the control group (p < 0.001) A positive correlation was found between the nesfatin-1 levels and the SPS scores. Conclusions: This is the first study to evaluate nesfatin-1 levels in adolescent depression, suggesting that nesfatin-1, ghrelin, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) levels can be used as biomarkers in child-adolescent MDD. However, it is evident that further studies with larger samples and post-treatment measurements are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serkan Karadeniz
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Hüseyin Yaman
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Çilem Bilginer
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Sevda Hızarcı Bulut
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Serap Özer Yaman
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
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Shati AA, Dallak M. Acylated Ghrelin Protects the Hearts of Rats from Doxorubicin-Induced Fas/FasL Apoptosis by Stimulating SERCA2a Mediated by Activation of PKA and Akt. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2020; 19:529-547. [PMID: 31093930 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-019-09527-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated if the cardioprotective effect of acylated ghrelin (AG) against doxorubicin (DOX)-induced cardiac toxicity in rats involves inhibition of Fas/FasL-mediated cell death. It also investigated if such an effect is mediated by restoring Ca+2 homeostasis from the aspect of stimulation of SERCA2a receptors. Adult male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups (20 rats/each) as control, control + AG, DOX, and DOX + AG. AG was co-administered to all rats consecutively for 35 days. In addition, isolated cardiomyocytes were cultured and treated with AG in the presence or absence of DOX with or without pre-incubation with [D-Lys3]-GHRP-6 (a AG receptor antagonist), VIII (]an Akt inhibitor), or KT-5720 (a PKA inhibitor). AG increased LVSP, dp/dtmax, and dp/dtmin in both control and DOX-treated animals and improved cardiac ultrastructural changes in DOX-treated rats. It also inhibited ROS in control rats and lowered LVEDP, intracellular levels of ROS and Ca2+, and activity of calcineurin in LVs of DOX-treated rats. Concomitantly, it inhibited LV NFAT-4 nuclear translocation and downregulated their protein levels of Fas and FasL. Mechanistically, in control or DOX-treated hearts or cells, AG upregulated the levels of SERCA2a and increased the activities of PKA and Akt, leading to increase phosphorylation of phospholamban at Ser16 and Thr17. All these effects were abolished by D-Lys3-GHRP-6, VIII, or KT-5720 and were independent of food intake or GH/IGF-1. In conclusion, AG cardioprotection against DOX involves inhibition of extrinsic cell death and restoring normal Ca+2 homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A Shati
- Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.
| | - M Dallak
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
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Lopes TDVC, Borba ME, Lopes RDVC, Fisberg RM, Lemos Paim S, Vasconcelos Teodoro V, Zalcman Zimberg I, Crispim CA. Eating Late Negatively Affects Sleep Pattern and Apnea Severity in Individuals With Sleep Apnea. J Clin Sleep Med 2019; 15:383-392. [PMID: 30853037 DOI: 10.5664/jcsm.7658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES This study aimed to analyze the association between habitual meal timing and sleep parameters, as well as habitual meal timing and apnea severity in individuals with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). METHODS Patients in whom mild to severe OSA was diagnosed were included in the study (n = 296). Sleep parameters were analyzed by polysomnography. Dietary pattern was obtained by a food frequency questionnaire and meal timing of the participants. Individuals with OSA were categorized by meal timing (early, late, and skippers). RESULTS Dinner timing was associated with sleep latency (β = 0.130, P = .022), apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) (β = 1.284, P = .033) and poor sleep quality (β = 1.140, P = .015). Breakfast timing was associated with wake after sleep onset (WASO) (β = 3.567, P = .003), stage N1 sleep (β = 0.130, P < .001), and stage R sleep (β = -1.189, P = .001). Lunch timing also was associated with stage N1 sleep (β = 0.095, P = .025), sleep latency (β = 0.293, P = .001), and daytime sleepiness (β = 1.267, P = .009). Compared to early eaters, late eaters presented lower duration of stage R sleep and greater values of sleep latency, WASO, stage N1 sleep, and AHI, in addition to increased risk of poor sleep quality and daytime sleepiness (P < .005). CONCLUSIONS Late meal timing was associated with worse sleep pattern and quality and apnea severity than early meal timing. Despite some of these results having limited clinical significance, they can lead to a better understanding about how meal timing affects OSA and sleep parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ioná Zalcman Zimberg
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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Differential expression of the ghrelin-related mRNAs GHS-R1a, GHS-R1b, and MBOAT4 in Japanese patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2019; 272:334-339. [PMID: 30597386 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.12.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Ghrelin regulates appetite and also plays important roles in cognition and may be involved in vulnerability to SCZ. METHODS In this study, we measured mRNA expression of the ghrelin-related molecules, growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a (GHS-R1a) and 1b (GHS-R1b), and the ghrelin activator, membrane bound O-acyltransferase 4 (MBOAT4). Peripheral leukocytes from Japanese patients with SCZ (n = 49; 23 males, 26 females; age = 61.8 ± 13.3 years) and controls (n = 50; 25 males, 25 females; age = 62.0 ± 14.3 years) were recruited according to their clinical information. We also studied the DNA methylation rates of these genes in DNA from leukocytes. RESULTS The mRNA expression of GHS-R1a was significantly decreased in SCZ (SCZ vs. control: 0.35 ± 0.081 vs. 1.00 ± 0.059, respectively, p = 0.007), but expression levels of GHS-R1b and MBOAT4 were significantly increased in SCZ (SCZ vs. control: 2.02 ± 0.91 vs. 1.00 ± 0.32, p = 0.023, 1.37 ± 0.21 vs. 1.00 ± 0.11, respectively, p = 0.014). No differences in methylation rates for any genes were found. CONCLUSION We conclude that opposite expression of GHS-R1a and GHS-R1b, and elevated MBOAT4 mRNA expression may reflect the mechanisms of SCZ.
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Farokhnia M, Lee MR, Farinelli LA, Ramchandani VA, Akhlaghi F, Leggio L. Pharmacological manipulation of the ghrelin system and alcohol hangover symptoms in heavy drinking individuals: Is there a link? Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2018; 172:39-49. [PMID: 30030128 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin, an orexigenic peptide synthesized in the stomach, is a key player in the gut-brain axis. In addition to its role in regulating food intake and energy homeostasis, ghrelin has been shown to modulate alcohol-related behaviors. Alcohol consumption frequently results in hangover, an underexplored phenomenon with considerable medical, psychological, and socioeconomic consequences. While the pathophysiology of hangover is not clear, contributions of mechanisms such as alcohol-induced metabolic/endocrine changes, inflammatory/immune response, oxidative stress, and gut dysbiosis have been reported. Interestingly, these mechanisms considerably overlap with ghrelin's physiological functions. Here, we investigated whether pharmacological manipulation of the ghrelin system may affect alcohol hangover symptoms. Data were obtained from two placebo-controlled laboratory studies. The first study tested the effects of intravenous (IV) ghrelin and consisted of two experiments: a progressive-ratio IV alcohol self-administration (IV-ASA) and a fixed-dose IV alcohol clamp. The second study tested the effects of an oral ghrelin receptor inverse agonist (PF-5190457) and included a fixed-dose oral alcohol administration experiment. Alcohol hangover data were collected the morning after each alcohol administration experiment using the Acute Hangover Scale (AHS). IV ghrelin, compared to placebo, significantly reduced alcohol hangover after IV-ASA (p = 0.04) and alcohol clamp (p = 0.04); PF-5190457 had no significant effect on AHS scores. Females reported significantly higher hangover symptoms than males following the IV-ASA experiment (p = 0.04), but no gender × drug condition (ghrelin vs. placebo) effect was found. AHS total scores were positively correlated with peak subjective responses, including 'stimulation' (p = 0.08), 'sedation' (p = 0.009), 'feel high' (p = 0.05), and 'feel intoxicated' (p = 0.03) during the IV-ASA. IV ghrelin blunted the positive association between alcohol sedation and hangover as shown by trend-level drug × sedation effect (p = 0.08). This is the first study showing that exogenous ghrelin administration, but not ghrelin receptor inverse agonism, affects hangover symptoms. Future research should investigate the potential mechanism(s) underlying this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Farokhnia
- Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mary R Lee
- Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lisa A Farinelli
- Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Vijay A Ramchandani
- Section on Human Psychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Fatemeh Akhlaghi
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Lorenzo Leggio
- Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
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Morin V, Hozer F, Costemale-Lacoste JF. The effects of ghrelin on sleep, appetite, and memory, and its possible role in depression: A review of the literature. Encephale 2018; 44:256-263. [DOI: 10.1016/j.encep.2017.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Meyhöfer S, Steffen A, Kalscheuer H, Wilms B, Schmid SM. Konservative Therapie der Adipositas. SOMNOLOGIE 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11818-018-0159-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Norton MC, Eleuteri S, Cerolini S, Ballesio A, Conte SC, Falaschi P, Lucidi F. Is poor sleep associated with obesity in older adults? A narrative review of the literature. Eat Weight Disord 2018; 23:23-38. [PMID: 29080950 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-017-0453-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To address the worldwide epidemic of obesity, a sizable literature implicates sleep problems in the onset of obesity in younger populations. However, less is known about how this process may operate among older adults, which is of concern, given demographic shifts that have resulted in a much higher proportion of developed nations around the world reaching late life. METHODS We offer a current review of the literature studying older adults and examining associations between sleep quality and obesity in this population. We consider both subjective and objectively measured sleep as well as both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies offering stronger causal inference. RESULTS We discuss seemingly contradictory literature showing that shorter sleep duration as well as longer sleep duration are associated with obesity risk, then review studies that tested for non-linear relationships and reported a U-shape pattern, suggesting that too much or too little sleep is detrimental. Besides sleep duration, we discuss evidence showing that other forms of sleep dysfunction related to night-time awakenings, REM sleep, slow-wave sleep, and daytime sleepiness, which are indicators of sleep quality, are also linked to obesity. Specific psychological and physiological mediators and moderators, suggesting possible mechanisms whereby sleep problems may affect obesity in older adults, are described. CONCLUSION We conclude by discussing areas, where additional research could help clarify this association, considering such factors as medical comorbidities common in late life, and health-related behaviors that may stem from poor sleep (such as disordered eating behavior). Such insights will have great value for clinical practice. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level V, narrative review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Norton
- Department of Family, Consumer and Human Development and Department of Psychology, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA.
| | - Stefano Eleuteri
- Department of Social and Developmental Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Cerolini
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Ballesio
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Falaschi
- Geriatric Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, S. Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Lucidi
- Department of Social and Developmental Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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12
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Moldovan RP, Els-Heindl S, Worm DJ, Kniess T, Kluge M, Beck-Sickinger AG, Deuther-Conrad W, Krügel U, Brust P. Development of Fluorinated Non-Peptidic Ghrelin Receptor Ligands for Potential Use in Molecular Imaging. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18040768. [PMID: 28379199 PMCID: PMC5412352 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The ghrelin receptor (GhrR) is a widely investigated target in several diseases. However, the current knowledge of its role and distribution in the brain is limited. Recently, the small and non-peptidic compound (S)-6-(4-bromo-2-fluorophenoxy)-3-((1-isopropylpiperidin-3-yl)methyl)-2-methylpyrido[3,2-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one ((S)-9) has been described as a GhrR ligand with high binding affinity. Here, we describe the synthesis of fluorinated derivatives, the in vitro evaluation of their potency as partial agonists and selectivity at GhrRs, and their physicochemical properties. These results identified compounds (S)-9, (R)-9, and (S)-16 as suitable parent molecules for 18F-labeled positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracers to enable future investigation of GhrR in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rareş-Petru Moldovan
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e. V., Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Sylvia Els-Heindl
- Institute of Biochemistry, Universität Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Dennis J Worm
- Institute of Biochemistry, Universität Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Torsten Kniess
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e. V., Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Michael Kluge
- Department of Psychiatry, Universität Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | | | - Winnie Deuther-Conrad
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e. V., Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Ute Krügel
- Rudolf Boehm Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Universität Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Peter Brust
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e. V., Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
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Schüssler P, Kluge M, Gamringer W, Wetter TC, Yassouridis A, Uhr M, Rupprecht R, Steiger A. Corticotropin-releasing hormone induces depression-like changes of sleep electroencephalogram in healthy women. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2016; 74:302-307. [PMID: 27701044 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
We reported previously that repetitive intravenous injections of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) around sleep onset prompt depression-like changes in certain sleep and endocrine activity parameters (e.g. decrease of slow-wave sleep during the second half of the night, blunted growth hormone peak, elevated cortisol concentration during the first half of the night). Furthermore a sexual dimorphism of the sleep-endocrine effects of the hormones growth hormone-releasing hormone and ghrelin was observed. In the present placebo-controlled study we investigated the effect of pulsatile administration of 4×50μg CRH on sleep electroencephalogram (EEG) and nocturnal cortisol and GH concentration in young healthy women. After CRH compared to placebo, intermittent wakefulness increased during the total night and the sleep efficiency index decreased. During the first third of the night, REM sleep and stage 2 sleep increased and sleep stage 3 decreased. Cortisol concentration was elevated throughout the night and during the first and second third of the night. GH secretion remained unchanged. Our data suggest that after CRH some sleep and endocrine activity parameters show also depression-like changes in healthy women. These changes are more distinct in women than in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Schüssler
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - M Kluge
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - W Gamringer
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - T C Wetter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - M Uhr
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - R Rupprecht
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - A Steiger
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.
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Brochard H, Boudebesse C, Henry C, Godin O, Leboyer M, Étain B. Syndrome métabolique et troubles bipolaires : le sommeil est-il le chaînon manquant ? Encephale 2016; 42:562-567. [PMID: 27663044 DOI: 10.1016/j.encep.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Denney WS, Sonnenberg GE, Carvajal-Gonzalez S, Tuthill T, Jackson VM. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of PF-05190457: The first oral ghrelin receptor inverse agonist to be profiled in healthy subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2016; 83:326-338. [PMID: 27621150 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.13127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of oral PF-05190457, an oral ghrelin receptor inverse agonist, in healthy adults. METHODS Single (SAD) and multiple ascending dose (MAD) studies were randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind studies. Thirty-five healthy men (age 38.2 ± 10.4 years; body mass index 24.8 ± 3.1 kg m-2 [mean ± standard deviation]) received ≥1 dose (2, 10, 40 [divided], 50, 100, 150, and 300 [single or divided] mg) of PF-05190457 and/or placebo in the SAD. In the MAD study, 35 healthy men (age 39.7 ± 10.1 years; body mass index 25.9 ± 3.3 kg m-2 ) received ≥1 dose (2, 10, 40 and 100 mg twice daily) of PF-05190457 and/or placebo daily for 2 weeks. RESULTS PF-05190457 absorption was rapid with a Tmax of 0.5-3 hours and a half-life between 8.2-9.8 hours. PF-05190457 dose-dependently blocked ghrelin (1 pmol kg-1 min-1 )-induced growth hormone (GH) release with (mean [90% confidence interval]) 77% [63-85%] inhibition at 100 mg. PF-05190457 (150 mg) delayed gastric emptying lag time by 30% [7-58%] and half emptying time by 20% [7-35%] with a corresponding decrease in postprandial glucose by 9 mg dL-1 . The most frequent adverse event reported by 30 subjects at doses ≥50 mg was somnolence. PF-05190457 plasma concentrations also increased heart rate up to 13.4 [4.8-58.2] beats min-1 and, similar to the effect on glucose and ghrelin-induced GH, was lost within 2 weeks. CONCLUSIONS PF-05190457 is a well-tolerated first-in-class ghrelin receptor inverse agonist with acceptable pharmacokinetics for oral daily dosing. Blocking ghrelin receptors inhibits ghrelin-induced GH, and increases heart rate, effects that underwent tachyphylaxis with chronic dosing. PF-051940457 has the potential to treat centrally-acting disorders such as insomnia.
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Affiliation(s)
- William S Denney
- Biotherapeutics Clinical Pharmacology, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA
| | - Gabriele E Sonnenberg
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic, and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA
| | - Santos Carvajal-Gonzalez
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic, and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA
| | - Theresa Tuthill
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic, and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA
| | - V Margaret Jackson
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic, and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA
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Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone and Its Analogues: Significance for MSCs-Mediated Angiogenesis. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:8737589. [PMID: 27774107 PMCID: PMC5059609 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8737589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are promising candidates for regenerative medicine because of their multipotency, immune-privilege, and paracrine properties including the potential to promote angiogenesis. Accumulating evidence suggests that the inherent properties of cytoprotection and tissue repair by native MSCs can be enhanced by various preconditioning stimuli implemented prior to cell transplantation. Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), a stimulator in extrahypothalamus systems including tumors, has attracted great attentions in recent years because GHRH and its agonists could promote angiogenesis in various tissues. GHRH and its agonists are proangiogenic in responsive tissues including tumors, and GHRH antagonists have been tested as antitumor agents through their ability to suppress angiogenesis and cell growth. GHRH-R is expressed by MSCs and evolving work from our laboratory indicates that treatment of MSCs with GHRH agonists prior to cell transplantation markedly enhanced the angiogenic potential and tissue reparative properties of MSCs through a STAT3 signaling pathway. In this review we summarized the possible effects of GHRH analogues on cell growth and development, as well as on the proangiogenic properties of MSCs. We also discussed the relationship between GHRH analogues and MSC-mediated angiogenesis. The analyses provide new insights into molecular pathways of MSCs-based therapies and their augmentation by GHRH analogues.
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Steyn FJ, Tolle V, Chen C, Epelbaum J. Neuroendocrine Regulation of Growth Hormone Secretion. Compr Physiol 2016; 6:687-735. [PMID: 27065166 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c150002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews the main findings that emerged in the intervening years since the previous volume on hormonal control of growth in the section on the endocrine system of the Handbook of Physiology concerning the intra- and extrahypothalamic neuronal networks connecting growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) and somatostatin hypophysiotropic neurons and the integration between regulators of food intake/metabolism and GH release. Among these findings, the discovery of ghrelin still raises many unanswered questions. One important event was the application of deconvolution analysis to the pulsatile patterns of GH secretion in different mammalian species, including Man, according to gender, hormonal environment and ageing. Concerning this last phenomenon, a great body of evidence now supports the role of an attenuation of the GHRH/GH/Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) axis in the control of mammalian aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik J Steyn
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research and the School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Virginie Tolle
- Unité Mixte de Recherche en Santé 894 INSERM, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Chen Chen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jacques Epelbaum
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research and the School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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18
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Wittekind DA, Kluge M. Ghrelin in psychiatric disorders - A review. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2015; 52:176-94. [PMID: 25459900 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin is a 28-amino-acid peptide hormone, first described in 1999 and broadly expressed in the organism. As the only known orexigenic hormone secreted in the periphery, it increases hunger and appetite, promoting food intake. Ghrelin has also been shown to be involved in various physiological processes being regulated in the central nervous system such as sleep, mood, memory and reward. Accordingly, it has been implicated in a series of psychiatric disorders, making it subject of increasing investigation, with knowledge rapidly accumulating. This review aims at providing a concise yet comprehensive overview of the role of ghrelin in psychiatric disorders. Ghrelin was consistently shown to exert neuroprotective and memory-enhancing effects and alleviated psychopathology in animal models of dementia. Few human studies show a disruption of the ghrelin system in dementia. It was also shown to play a crucial role in the pathophysiology of addictive disorders, promoting drug reward, enhancing drug seeking behavior and increasing craving in both animals and humans. Ghrelin's exact role in depression and anxiety is still being debated, as it was shown to both promote and alleviate depressive and anxiety-behavior in animal studies, with an overweight of evidence suggesting antidepressant effects. Not surprisingly, the ghrelin system is also implicated in eating disorders, however its exact role remains to be elucidated. Its widespread involvement has made the ghrelin system a promising target for future therapies, with encouraging findings in recent literature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Kluge
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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20
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Kluge M, Schmidt D, Uhr M, Steiger A. Ghrelin suppresses nocturnal secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in patients with major depression. J Psychiatr Res 2013; 47:1236-9. [PMID: 23726373 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Major depression is associated with various endocrine disturbances. Apart from the well-known hyperactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, also the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis and of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis may be altered compared to healthy subjects. The orexigenic hormone ghrelin is involved in mood regulation and may have antidepressant effects. In addition, it has been shown to suppress secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in healthy subjects. Aim of this study was therefore to test the effect of ghrelin on the activity of the HPG and HPT axis in patients with major depression. Therefore, secretion profiles of LH and TSH were determined in 14 unmedicated patients with major depression (7 women) twice, receiving 50 μg ghrelin or placebo at 2200, 2300, 0000, and 0100 h. LH secretion after ghrelin injection as assessed by the AUC (4.05 ± 1.18 mlIU min/ml) was significantly (P = 0.049) lower than after placebo injection (4.75 ± 1.33 mlIU min/ml) during the predefined intervention period (2220-0200 h). In addition, LH pulses occurred significantly (P = 0.045) less frequently after ghrelin injection (3.2 ± 1.4) than after placebo injection (3.9 ± 1.7). Mean TSH plasma levels were significantly lower at 0240 h and from 0320 until 0420 h after ghrelin injection than after placebo injection. In conclusion, ghrelin suppressed nocturnal secretion of LH and TSH in patients with major depression. However, these effects were weaker than previously shown in healthy subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kluge
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.
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21
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Ghrelin and its interactions with growth hormone, leptin and orexins: implications for the sleep-wake cycle and metabolism. Sleep Med Rev 2013; 18:89-97. [PMID: 23816458 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Revised: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have shown that ghrelin administration promotes wakefulness in rodents, while in human males it induces sleep but has no effect in women. Ghrelin also plays an important role in metabolism and appetite regulation, and as described in this review may participate in the energy balance during sleep. In this review, we summarize some of the effects induced by ghrelin administration on the sleep-wake cycle in relation to the effects of other hormones, such as growth hormone, leptin, and orexin. Finally we discuss the relationship between sleep deprivation, obesity and ghrelin secretion pattern.
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22
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Garin MC, Burns CM, Kaul S, Cappola AR. Clinical review: The human experience with ghrelin administration. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013; 98:1826-37. [PMID: 23533240 PMCID: PMC3644599 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2012-4247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Ghrelin is an endogenous stimulator of GH and is implicated in a number of physiological processes. Clinical trials have been performed in a variety of patient populations, but there is no comprehensive review of the beneficial and adverse consequences of ghrelin administration to humans. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION PubMed was utilized, and the reference list of each article was screened. We included 121 published articles in which ghrelin was administered to humans. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Ghrelin has been administered as an infusion or a bolus in a variety of doses to 1850 study participants, including healthy participants and patients with obesity, prior gastrectomy, cancer, pituitary disease, diabetes mellitus, eating disorders, and other conditions. There is strong evidence that ghrelin stimulates appetite and increases circulating GH, ACTH, cortisol, prolactin, and glucose across varied patient populations. There is a paucity of evidence regarding the effects of ghrelin on LH, FSH, TSH, insulin, lipolysis, body composition, cardiac function, pulmonary function, the vasculature, and sleep. Adverse effects occurred in 20% of participants, with a predominance of flushing and gastric rumbles and a mild degree of severity. The few serious adverse events occurred in patients with advanced illness and were not clearly attributable to ghrelin. Route of administration may affect the pattern of adverse effects. CONCLUSIONS Existing literature supports the short-term safety of ghrelin administration and its efficacy as an appetite stimulant in diverse patient populations. There is some evidence to suggest that ghrelin has wider ranging therapeutic effects, although these areas require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret C Garin
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-5160, USA
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Corbalán-Tutau MD, Madrid JA, Ordovás JM, Smith CE, Nicolás F, Garaulet M. Differences in daily rhythms of wrist temperature between obese and normal-weight women: associations with metabolic syndrome features. Chronobiol Int 2011; 28:425-33. [PMID: 21721858 DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2011.574766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The circadian rhythm of core body temperature is associated with widespread physiological effects. However, studies with other more practical temperature measures, such as wrist (WT) and proximal temperatures, are still scarce. The aim of this study was to investigate whether obesity is associated with differences in mean WT values or in its daily rhythmicity patterns. Daily patterns of cortisol, melatonin, and different metabolic syndrome (MetS) features were also analyzed in an attempt to clarify the potential association between chronodisruption and MetS. The study was conducted on 20 normal-weight women (age: 38 ± 11 yrs and BMI: 22 ± 2.6 kg/m(2)) and 50 obese women (age: 42 ± 10 yrs and BMI: 33.5 ± 3.2 kg/m(2)) (mean ± SEM). Skin temperature was measured over a 3-day period every 10 min with the "Thermochron iButton." Rhythmic parameters were obtained using an integrated package for time-series analysis, "Circadianware." Obese women displayed significantly lower mean WT (34.1°C ± 0.3°C) with a more flattened 24-h pattern, a lower-quality rhythm, and a higher intraday variability (IV). Particularly interesting were the marked differences between obese and normal-weight women in the secondary WT peak in the postprandial period (second-harmonic power [P2]), considered as a marker of chronodisruption and of metabolic alterations. WT rhythmicity characteristics were related to MetS features, obesity-related proteins, and circadian markers, such as melatonin. In summary, obese women displayed a lower-quality WT daily rhythm with a more flattened pattern (particularly in the postprandial period) and increased IV, which suggests a greater fragmentation of the rest/activity rhythm compared to normal-weight women. These 24-h changes were associated with higher MetS risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Corbalán-Tutau
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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Steiger A, Dresler M, Schüssler P, Kluge M. Ghrelin in mental health, sleep, memory. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2011; 340:88-96. [PMID: 21349316 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Revised: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Ghrelin acts as a neuropeptide. It participates in sleep-wake regulation. After systemic ghrelin treatment nonREM sleep is promoted in male humans and mice. This effect is influenced by gender, time of administration and depression. Ghrelin does not modulate sleep in healthy women and during the early morning in male subjects. In depressed women REM sleep is diminished after ghrelin. In elderly men and depressed men sleep promotion by ghrelin was preserved. In rats after central ghrelin feeding and wakefulness increased. The nocturnal secretion pattern of cortisol, GH, LH, FSH and hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid hormones are influenced by ghrelin. Furthermore ghrelin appears to be related to memory and to be involved in the pathophysiology of CNS disorders, particularly depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Steiger
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.
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Adams CE, Greenway FL, Brantley PJ. Lifestyle factors and ghrelin: critical review and implications for weight loss maintenance. Obes Rev 2011; 12:e211-8. [PMID: 20604869 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-789x.2010.00776.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin, the only known appetite-stimulating hormone in humans, may be one factor involved in increased appetite, cravings and food intake following weight loss. Innovative strategies for suppressing ghrelin and decreasing appetite during weight loss maintenance are needed. Recent research has highlighted relationships between ghrelin, stress and lifestyle factors. The purposes of the current review are to (i) describe the current status of knowledge about ghrelin and lifestyle factors; (ii) critically examine research in this area, highlighting inconsistencies and methodological issues and (iii) discuss future directions and implications for obesity treatment. Based on Literature search using PsycINFO and Medline databases, we reviewed experimental studies on relationships between ghrelin, stress, exercise and sleep. Ghrelin levels are positively related to stress hormones, and stress management interventions including exercise and sleep may help to reduce acylated ghrelin and corresponding appetite. Behavioural interventions may offer a practical, cost-effective alternative for reducing or stabilizing ghrelin levels after initial weight loss. Adding behavioural techniques designed to reduce ghrelin to traditional weight loss maintenance protocols may help individuals to maintain weight loss. Future directions for investigating relationships between ghrelin and behavioural factors, examining the efficacy of behavioural programmes in reducing ghrelin and improving weight loss maintenance are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Adams
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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Spiegel K, Tasali E, Leproult R, Scherberg N, Van Cauter E. Twenty-four-hour profiles of acylated and total ghrelin: relationship with glucose levels and impact of time of day and sleep. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96:486-93. [PMID: 21106712 PMCID: PMC3206394 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2010-1978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The acylation of ghrelin is essential for its stimulatory effects on GH release and appetite. Most of the physiology of ghrelin has been defined based on the assay of total ghrelin (TG), which mainly reflects levels of unacylated ghrelin. Whether levels of acylated ghrelin (AG) are influenced by circadian time and sleep and impact glucose regulation under physiologic conditions is not known. METHODS Blood was sampled at 10- to 30-min intervals for 24 h in 14 healthy young lean men under controlled conditions of activity, light-dark cycle, and sleep-wake schedule. The subjects ingested three identical carbohydrate-rich meals at 5-h intervals. Sleep was polygraphically monitored. Levels of TG and AG were measured by RIA. The 24-h profiles of glucose and insulin levels were assessed simultaneously. RESULTS Postprandial glucose concentrations were positively correlated with mean levels of AG but not TG, independently of insulin. Postprandial suppression and rebound of AG and TG occurred in parallel and were not impacted by time of day. The nocturnal elevation of AG and TG reflects the postdinner rebound curbed by an inhibitory effect of sleep. The ratio of AG to TG was lower during sleep than during wake, consistent with a reduction of orexigenic signal. CONCLUSIONS Individual differences in AG levels may be an important predictor of overall glucose control under physiological conditions. Sleep, but not time of day, impacts postprandial TG and AG responses. The inhibitory effect of sleep on ghrelin release and acylation is consistent with the association between sleeping and fasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Spiegel
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale/Université Claude Bernard Lyon-Unité 628, Physiologie Intégrée du Système d'Éveil, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 8 Avenue Rockefeller, 69373 Lyon Cedex 08, France.
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Veldhuis JD, Bowers CY. Integrating GHS into the Ghrelin System. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEPTIDES 2010; 2010:879503. [PMID: 20798846 PMCID: PMC2925380 DOI: 10.1155/2010/879503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2009] [Accepted: 12/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Oligopeptide derivatives of metenkephalin were found to stimulate growth-hormone (GH) release directly by pituitary somatotrope cells in vitro in 1977. Members of this class of peptides and nonpeptidyl mimetics are referred to as GH secretagogues (GHSs). A specific guanosine triphosphatate-binding protein-associated heptahelical transmembrane receptor for GHS was cloned in 1996. An endogenous ligand for the GHS receptor, acylghrelin, was identified in 1999. Expression of ghrelin and homonymous receptor occurs in the brain, pituitary gland, stomach, endothelium/vascular smooth muscle, pancreas, placenta, intestine, heart, bone, and other tissues. Principal actions of this peptidergic system include stimulation of GH release via combined hypothalamopituitary mechanisms, orexigenesis (appetitive enhancement), insulinostasis (inhibition of insulin secretion), cardiovascular effects (decreased mean arterial pressure and vasodilation), stimulation of gastric motility and acid secretion, adipogenesis with repression of fat oxidation, and antiapoptosis (antagonism of endothelial, neuronal, and cardiomyocyte death). The array of known and proposed interactions of ghrelin with key metabolic signals makes ghrelin and its receptor prime targets for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes D. Veldhuis
- Department of Medicine, Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo School of Graduate Medical Education, Clinical Translational Science Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Cyril Y. Bowers
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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Chen CY, Asakawa A, Fujimiya M, Lee SD, Inui A. Ghrelin gene products and the regulation of food intake and gut motility. Pharmacol Rev 2010; 61:430-81. [PMID: 20038570 DOI: 10.1124/pr.109.001958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A breakthrough using "reverse pharmacology" identified and characterized acyl ghrelin from the stomach as the endogenous cognate ligand for the growth hormone (GH) secretagogue receptor (GHS-R) 1a. The unique post-translational modification of O-n-octanoylation at serine 3 is the first in peptide discovery history and is essential for GH-releasing ability. Des-acyl ghrelin, lacking O-n-octanoylation at serine 3, is also produced in the stomach and remains the major molecular form secreted into the circulation. The third ghrelin gene product, obestatin, a novel 23-amino acid peptide identified from rat stomach, was found by comparative genomic analysis. Three ghrelin gene products actively participate in modulating appetite, adipogenesis, gut motility, glucose metabolism, cell proliferation, immune, sleep, memory, anxiety, cognition, and stress. Knockdown or knockout of acyl ghrelin and/or GHS-R1a, and overexpression of des-acyl ghrelin show benefits in the therapy of obesity and metabolic syndrome. By contrast, agonism of acyl ghrelin and/or GHS-R1a could combat human anorexia-cachexia, including anorexia nervosa, chronic heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, liver cirrhosis, chronic kidney disease, burn, and postsurgery recovery, as well as restore gut dysmotility, such as diabetic or neurogenic gastroparesis, and postoperative ileus. The ghrelin acyl-modifying enzyme, ghrelin O-Acyltransferase (GOAT), which attaches octanoate to serine-3 of ghrelin, has been identified and characterized also from the stomach. To date, ghrelin is the only protein to be octanylated, and inhibition of GOAT may have effects only on the stomach and is unlikely to affect the synthesis of other proteins. GOAT may provide a critical molecular target in developing novel therapeutics for obesity and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Yen Chen
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Japan
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Ghrelin increases slow wave sleep and stage 2 sleep and decreases stage 1 sleep and REM sleep in elderly men but does not affect sleep in elderly women. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2010; 35:297-304. [PMID: 19647945 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2009] [Revised: 06/26/2009] [Accepted: 07/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin increases non-REM sleep and decreases REM sleep in young men but does not affect sleep in young women. In both sexes, ghrelin stimulates the activity of the somatotropic and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, as indicated by increased growth hormone (GH) and cortisol plasma levels. These two endocrine axes are crucially involved in sleep regulation. As various endocrine effects are age-dependent, aim was to study ghrelin's effect on sleep and secretion of GH and cortisol in elderly humans. Sleep-EEGs (2300-0700 h) and secretion profiles of GH and cortisol (2000-0700 h) were determined in 10 elderly men (64.0+/-2.2 years) and 10 elderly, postmenopausal women (63.0+/-2.9 years) twice, receiving 50 microg ghrelin or placebo at 2200, 2300, 0000, and 0100 h, in this single-blind, randomized, cross-over study. In men, ghrelin compared to placebo was associated with significantly more stage 2 sleep (placebo: 183.3+/-6.1; ghrelin: 221.0+/-12.2 min), slow wave sleep (placebo: 33.4+/-5.1; ghrelin: 44.3+/-7.7 min) and non-REM sleep (placebo: 272.6+/-12.8; ghrelin: 318.2+/-11.0 min). Stage 1 sleep (placebo: 56.9+/-8.7; ghrelin: 50.9+/-7.6 min) and REM sleep (placebo: 71.9+/-9.1; ghrelin: 52.5+/-5.9 min) were significantly reduced. Furthermore, delta power in men was significantly higher and alpha power and beta power were significantly lower after ghrelin than after placebo injection during the first half of night. In women, no effects on sleep were observed. In both sexes, ghrelin caused comparable increases and secretion patterns of GH and cortisol. In conclusion, ghrelin affects sleep in elderly men but not women resembling findings in young subjects.
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Dong XY, Xu J, Tang SQ, Li HY, Jiang QY, Zou XT. Ghrelin and its biological effects on pigs. Peptides 2009; 30:1203-11. [PMID: 19463757 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2009.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2009] [Revised: 03/01/2009] [Accepted: 03/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin is a 28 amino acid peptide, which produces its marked effects through binding to the endogenous ligand of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R). Based on the contemporary literatures, it was shown that ghrelin was involved in a series of biological functions including regulation of food intake, body weight, gastrointestinal (GI) motility, hormone secretion, glucose release, cardiovascular functions, enzyme release, cell proliferation and reproduction in pigs through binding to GHS-R 1a or unidentified receptors. It was also observed that ghrelin induced adipocyte and hepatocyte proliferation of primary cultured piglet. In this paper, recent research on ghrelin structure, distribution, GHS-R receptor, biological functions and its regulatory mechanisms for pigs are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ying Dong
- College of Yingdong Bioengineering, Shaoguan University, Zhenjiang District, Shaoguan, Guangdong, China
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Ghrelin decreases the secretion of LH probably by suppressing the release of hypothalamic GnRH. So far however, there is no evidence that ghrelin affects also the secretion of FSH in humans, the other gonadotrophin regulated by GnRH. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to study the effect of ghrelin on secretion of FSH in humans. DESIGN/STUDY SUBJECTS: Nocturnal (20:00-07:00 h) secretion profiles of FSH were measured in 10 healthy males (25.3 +/- 3.2 years) twice, receiving 50 microg ghrelin or placebo at 22:00, 23:00, 24:00, and 01:00 h, in this single-blind, randomized, cross-over study. RESULTS Mean FSH plasma levels were significantly (P < 0.05) lower with ghrelin than placebo between 01:00 and 02:20. Consistently, a significant decrease from baseline was only observed in the ghrelin but not in the placebo condition. CONCLUSION This study provides first evidence that ghrelin suppresses the secretion of FSH in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kluge
- Max-Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.
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Motivala SJ, Tomiyama AJ, Ziegler M, Khandrika S, Irwin MR. Nocturnal levels of ghrelin and leptin and sleep in chronic insomnia. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2009; 34:540-5. [PMID: 19059729 PMCID: PMC2725023 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2008] [Revised: 10/13/2008] [Accepted: 10/21/2008] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Experimental sleep deprivation in healthy humans affects levels of ghrelin and leptin, two primary hormones involved in energy balance that regulate appetite and body weight. No study to date has examined levels of these hormones in patients with chronic insomnia. In this study, men diagnosed with primary insomnia using DSM-IV criteria (n=14) and age and body weight comparable healthy control men (n=24) underwent polysomnography. Circulating levels of ghrelin and leptin were measured at 2300h, 0200h and 0600h. As compared to controls, insomnia patients showed less total sleep time, stage 2 and REM sleep and decreased sleep efficiency and more stage 1 sleep than controls (p's<.05). Ghrelin levels across the night were significantly lower in insomnia patients (p<.0001). Leptin was not significantly different between the groups. In conclusion, decreased nocturnal ghrelin in insomnia is consistent with findings for nighttime levels in sleep deprivation studies in healthy sleepers. These findings suggest that insomnia patients have a dysregulation in energy balance that may play a role in explaining prospective weight gain in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarosh J Motivala
- University of California, Los Angeles - Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7076, United States.
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Benedict C, Kern W, Schmid SM, Schultes B, Born J, Hallschmid M. Early morning rise in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal activity: a role for maintaining the brain's energy balance. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2009; 34:455-62. [PMID: 19038501 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2008] [Revised: 10/10/2008] [Accepted: 10/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A profound rise in secretory activity in the early morning hours hallmarks the circadian regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) stress axis. Functions and mechanisms underlying this regulation are barely understood. We tested the hypothesis that the early morning rise in HPA axis activity originates in part from a negative energy balance due to nocturnal fasting and concomitant increases in cerebral glucose demands. According to a 2x2 design, healthy men were infused with glucose (4.5mg/kgmin, 2300-0700h) and saline, respectively, during nocturnal sleep (n=9) or wakefulness (n=11). Circulating concentrations of ACTH, cortisol, glucose, insulin, and leptin were measured and food consumption in the next morning was assessed. Independent of sleep, glucose infusion reduced levels of ACTH (P<0.01) and cortisol (P<0.02) during the second night half. In the Sleep group, glucose infusion enhanced rapid eye movement (REM) sleep at the expense of sleep stage 2 (each P<0.05). Glucose infusion increased leptin levels in both groups (P<0.005) and reduced morning food intake in the Wake (P<0.02) but not in the Sleep group (P>0.46). Our findings support the view that increasing energy demands of the brain towards the end of the night essentially contribute to the early morning rise in HPA axis activity. Sleep is not critically involved in this glucose-glucocorticoid feedback loop but may reduce the brain's sensitivity to the anorexigenic effect of enhanced glucose supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Benedict
- Department of Neuroendocrinology, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany.
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Kim J, Nakajima K, Oomura Y, Wayner MJ, Sasaki K. Electrophysiological effects of ghrelin on pedunculopontine tegmental neurons in rats: An in vitro study. Peptides 2009; 30:745-57. [PMID: 19118591 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2008.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2008] [Revised: 12/03/2008] [Accepted: 12/03/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Ghrelin is a potent stimulant for growth hormone (GH) secretion and feeding. Recent studies further show a critical role of ghrelin in the regulation of sleep-wakefulness. Pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPT), which regulates waking and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, expresses GH secretagogue receptors (GHS-Rs). Thus, the present study was carried out to examine electrophysiological effects of ghrelin on PPT neurons using rat brainstem slices, and to determine the ionic mechanism involved. Whole cell recording revealed that ghrelin depolarizes PPT neurons dose-dependently in normal artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF). The depolarization persisted in tetrodotoxin-containing ACSF, although action potentials did not occur. Application of [d-Lys(3)]-GHRP-6, a selective antagonist for GHS-Rs, almost blocked the ghrelin-induced depolarization. Furthermore, the ghrelin-induced depolarization was reduced in high K(+) ACSF or low Na(+) ACSF, and abolished in high K(+)-low Na(+) ACSF or in a combination of low Na(+) ACSF and recordings with Cs(+)-containing pipettes. An inhibitor of Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger had no effect on the depolarization. Most of the PPT neurons recorded were characterized by an A-current or both the A-current and a low threshold Ca(2+) spike, and they were predominantly cholinergic as revealed by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase staining. These results suggest that ghrelin depolarizes PPT neurons postsynaptically and dose-dependently via GHS-Rs, and that the ionic mechanisms underlying the ghrelin-induced depolarization include a decrease of K(+) conductance and an increase of non-selective cationic conductance. The results also support the notion that ghrelin plays a role in the regulation of sleep-wakefulness.
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