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Calarge C, Amushie C, Dinh S, Mills JA, Devaraj S, Barba-Villalobos G, Nguyen J, Garcia JM, Sisley S, Bacha F, Zemel B. Fluoxetine and Sertraline Inhibit Height Growth and Growth Hormone Signaling During Puberty. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2024:00004714-990000000-00295. [PMID: 39392873 DOI: 10.1097/jcp.0000000000001922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to examine the effect of fluoxetine and sertraline on height growth and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) during puberty. METHODS In this 6-month cohort study, electronic medical records were used to identify 8- to 15-year-old participants, within 1 month of starting fluoxetine (n = 39) or sertraline (n = 27), and sexual maturation stages 2 to 4 were confirmed. Conditions that interfere with height growth led to exclusion. Participants underwent anthropometric assessments and phlebotomy. Healthy, unmedicated children (n = 36) also provided anthropometric data. RESULTS After the baseline height Z-score, sex, Tanner stage, daily selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) dose, and time were accounted for, the interaction effect of dose by time was inversely associated with height Z-score in SSRI-treated participants (β = -0.18; 95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.35, -0.02). Sertraline and fluoxetine did not differ in their effect on height growth. Compared with being unmedicated, SSRI treatment was associated with a smaller growth in height (time × dose 2-way interaction effect β = -1.30; 95% CI: -2.52, -0.09). The interaction effect of dose by time was significant for body mass index Z-score (β = 0.35; 95% CI: 0.06, 0.64) but not weight Z-score (β = 0.24; 95% CI: -0.01, 0.49). Body mass index Z-score increased more with sertraline compared with fluoxetine (time × dose × SSRI type 3-way interaction effect P < 0.05). SSRI dose was inversely associated with IGF-1 (β = -63.5; 95% CI: -112.2, -14.7) but not insulin growth factor binding protein-3 concentration (β = -207.3; 95% CI: -536.2, 121.5). CONCLUSIONS Fluoxetine and sertraline reduce height gain and IGF-1 concentration, in a dose-dependent manner. Longer-term studies are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chima Amushie
- Department of Management, Policy, and Community Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Stephanie Dinh
- From the Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine
| | - James A Mills
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Sridevi Devaraj
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | | | - Jacqueline Nguyen
- From the Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine
| | - Jose M Garcia
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Puget Sound VA HCS, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Stephanie Sisley
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Fida Bacha
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Babette Zemel
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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Højgaard K, Kaadt E, Mumm BH, Pereira VS, Elfving B. Dysregulation of circadian clock gene expression patterns in a treatment-resistant animal model of depression. J Neurochem 2024; 168:1826-1841. [PMID: 38970299 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
Circadian rhythm (CR) disturbances are among the most commonly observed symptoms during major depressive disorder, mostly in the form of disrupted sleeping patterns. However, several other measurable parameters, such as plasma hormone rhythms and differential expression of circadian clock genes (ccgs), are also present, often referred to as circadian phase markers. In the recent years, CR disturbances have been recognized as an essential aspect of depression; however, most of the known animal models of depression have yet to be evaluated for their eligibility to model CR disturbances. In this study, we investigate the potential of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-treated animals as a disease model for research in CR disturbances in treatment-resistant depression. For this purpose, we evaluate the changes in several circadian phase markers, including plasma concentrations of corticosterone, ACTH, and melatonin, as well as gene expression patterns of 13 selected ccgs at 3 different time points, in both peripheral and central tissues. We observed no impact on plasma corticosterone and melatonin concentrations in the ACTH rats compared to vehicle. However, the expression pattern of several ccgs was affected in the ACTH rats compared to vehicle. In the hippocampus, 10 ccgs were affected by ACTH treatment, whereas in the adrenal glands, 5 ccgs were affected and in the prefrontal cortex, hypothalamus and liver 4 ccgs were regulated. In the blood, only 1 gene was affected. Individual tissues showed changes in different ccgs, but the expression of Bmal1, Per1, and Per2 were most generally affected. Collectively, the results presented here indicate that the ACTH animal model displays dysregulation of a number of phase markers suggesting the model may be appropriate for future studies into CR disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristoffer Højgaard
- Experimental and Molecular Psychiatry, Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Erik Kaadt
- Experimental and Molecular Psychiatry, Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Birgitte Hviid Mumm
- Experimental and Molecular Psychiatry, Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Vitor Silva Pereira
- Experimental and Molecular Psychiatry, Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Betina Elfving
- Experimental and Molecular Psychiatry, Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Sanchez-Ruiz JA, Treviño-Alvarez AM, Zambrano-Lucio M, Lozano Díaz ST, Wang N, Biernacka JM, Tye SJ, Cuellar-Barboza AB. The Wnt signaling pathway in major depressive disorder: A systematic review of human studies. Psychiatry Res 2024; 339:115983. [PMID: 38870775 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2024.115983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Despite uncertainty about the specific molecular mechanisms driving major depressive disorder (MDD), the Wnt signaling pathway stands out as a potentially influential factor in the pathogenesis of MDD. Known for its role in intercellular communication, cell proliferation, and fate, Wnt signaling has been implicated in diverse biological phenomena associated with MDD, spanning neurodevelopmental to neurodegenerative processes. In this systematic review, we summarize the functional differences in protein and gene expression of the Wnt signaling pathway, and targeted genetic association studies, to provide an integrated synthesis of available human data examining Wnt signaling in MDD. Thirty-three studies evaluating protein expression (n = 15), gene expression (n = 9), or genetic associations (n = 9) were included. Only fifteen demonstrated a consistently low overall risk of bias in selection, comparability, and exposure. We found conflicting observations of limited and distinct Wnt signaling components across diverse tissue sources. These data do not demonstrate involvement of Wnt signaling dysregulation in MDD. Given the well-established role of Wnt signaling in antidepressant response, we propose that a more targeted and functional assessment of Wnt signaling is needed to understand its role in depression pathophysiology. Future studies should include more components, assess multiple tissues concurrently, and follow a standardized approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A Sanchez-Ruiz
- Department of Psychiatry & Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico
| | | | | | - Sofía T Lozano Díaz
- Vicerrectoría de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Monterrey, San Pedro Garza Garcia, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Ning Wang
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Joanna M Biernacka
- Department of Psychiatry & Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Susannah J Tye
- Department of Psychiatry & Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Alfredo B Cuellar-Barboza
- Department of Psychiatry & Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico.
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4
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Crouse JJ, Park SH, Byrne EM, Mitchell BL, Chan K, Scott J, Medland SE, Martin NG, Wray NR, Hickie IB. Evening Chronotypes With Depression Report Poorer Outcomes of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors: A Survey-Based Study of Self-Ratings. Biol Psychiatry 2024; 96:4-14. [PMID: 38185236 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2023.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preliminary evidence suggests that evening chronotype is related to poorer efficacy of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. It is unknown whether this is specific to particular medications, self-rated chronotype, or efficacy. METHODS In the Australian Genetics of Depression Study (n = 15,108; 75% women; 18-90 years; 68% with ≥1 other lifetime diagnosis), a survey recorded experiences with 10 antidepressants, and the reduced Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire was used to estimate chronotype. A chronotype polygenic score was calculated. Age- and sex-adjusted regression models (Bonferroni-corrected) estimated associations among antidepressant variables (how well the antidepressant worked [efficacy], duration of symptom improvement, side effects, discontinuation due to side effects) and self-rated and genetic chronotypes. RESULTS The chronotype polygenic score explained 4% of the variance in self-rated chronotype (r = 0.21). Higher self-rated eveningness was associated with poorer efficacy of escitalopram (odds ratio [OR] = 1.04; 95% CI, 1.02 to 1.06; p = .000035), citalopram (OR = 1.03; 95% CI, 1.01 to 1.05; p = .004), fluoxetine (OR = 1.03; 95% CI, 1.01 to 1.05; p = .001), sertraline (OR = 1.02; 95% CI, 1.01 to 1.04; p = .0008), and desvenlafaxine (OR = 1.03; 95% CI, 1.01 to 1.05; p = .004), and a profile of increased side effects (80% of those recorded; ORs = 0.93-0.98), with difficulty getting to sleep the most common. Self-rated chronotype was unrelated to duration of improvement or discontinuation. The chronotype polygenic score was only associated with suicidal thoughts and attempted suicide (self-reported). While our measures are imperfect, and not of circadian phase under controlled conditions, the model coefficients suggest that dysregulation of the phenotypic chronotype relative to its genetic proxy drove relationships with antidepressant outcomes. CONCLUSIONS The idea that variation in circadian factors influences response to antidepressants was supported and encourages exploration of circadian mechanisms of depressive disorders and antidepressant treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob J Crouse
- Brain and Mind Centre, the University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Shin Ho Park
- Brain and Mind Centre, the University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Enda M Byrne
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Child Health Research Centre, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Brittany L Mitchell
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Karina Chan
- Brain and Mind Centre, the University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jan Scott
- Brain and Mind Centre, the University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah E Medland
- Mental Health and Neuroscience Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Naomi R Wray
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Oxford Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ian B Hickie
- Brain and Mind Centre, the University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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5
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Qiao X, Yan J, Zang Z, Xi L, Zhu W, Zhang E, Wu L. Association between IGF-1 levels and MDD: a case-control and meta-analysis. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1396938. [PMID: 38919642 PMCID: PMC11196772 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1396938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) has a variety of neurotrophic effects, including neurogenesis, remyelination and synaptogenesis, and is an effective regulator of neuronal plasticity. Although multiple studies have investigated IGF-1 in depression-related disorders, few studies have focused on patients with a first episode of clearly diagnosed depression who had never used antidepressants before. Therefore, this study investigated first-episode and drug-naïve patients with depression to supplement the current evidence around IGF-1 levels in depressive disorders. Patients and methods This study consisted of two parts. In the first part, 60 patients with first-episode and drug-naïve depression and 60 controls matched for age, sex, and BMI were recruited from the outpatient department of the Fourth Hospital of Wuhu City, and the community. The case-control method was used to compare differences in serum IGF-1 levels between the two groups. In the second part, 13 case-control studies were screened through the database for meta-analysis to verify the reliability of the results. Results Results of the case-control study demonstrated that serum IGF-1 levels are significantly higher in patients with first-episode and drug-naïve depression compared to healthy controls (p<0.05), although there was no significant difference between men and women with diagnosed MDD, there was no significant correlation between serum IGF-1 level and age in patients with depression and no significant correlation between IGF-1 level and the severity of depression. The meta-analysis corroborates these findings and demonstrated that IGF-1 levels are significantly higher in MDD patients than in healthy controls. Conclusion Patients with first-episode and drug-naïve depression have higher IGF-1 levels, but the exclusion of confounding factors in studies of IGF-1 as it relates to depressive disorders must be taken into consideration strictly, and additional research is needed to fully understand the critical role of IGF-1 in depression. Systematic review registration PROSPERO, identifier CRD42023482222.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Qiao
- School of Humanities and Management, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Jiaxin Yan
- School of Humanities and Management, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Zongjun Zang
- Department of Psychiatry, Wuhu Fourth People’s Hospital, Wuhu, China
| | - Lei Xi
- Department of Psychiatry, Wuhu Fourth People’s Hospital, Wuhu, China
| | - Wenli Zhu
- Department of Psychiatry, Wuhu Fourth People’s Hospital, Wuhu, China
| | - En Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Wuhu Fourth People’s Hospital, Wuhu, China
| | - Lijuan Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, Shenyang Mental Health Center, Shenyang, China
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6
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Fernández-Pereira C, Penedo MA, Rivera-Baltanás T, Pérez-Márquez T, Alves-Villar M, Fernández-Martínez R, Veiga C, Salgado-Barreira Á, Prieto-González JM, Ortolano S, Olivares JM, Agís-Balboa RC. Protein Plasma Levels of the IGF Signalling System Are Altered in Major Depressive Disorder. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15254. [PMID: 37894932 PMCID: PMC10607273 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF-2) has been recently proven to alleviate depressive-like behaviors in both rats and mice models. However, its potential role as a peripheral biomarker has not been evaluated in depression. To do this, we measured plasma IGF-2 and other members of the IGF family such as Binding Proteins (IGFBP-1, IGFBP-3, IGFBP-5 and IGFBP-7) in a depressed group of patients (n = 51) and in a healthy control group (n = 48). In some of these patients (n = 15), we measured these proteins after a period (19 ± 6 days) of treatment with antidepressants. The Hamilton Depressive Rating Scale (HDRS) and the Self-Assessment Anhedonia Scale (SAAS) were used to measure depression severity and anhedonia, respectively. The general cognition state was assessed by the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) test and memory with the Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test (FCSRT). The levels of both IGF-2 and IGFBP-7 were found to be significantly increased in the depressed group; however, only IGF-2 remained significantly elevated after correction by age and sex. On the other hand, the levels of IGF-2, IGFBP-3 and IGFBP-5 were significantly decreased after treatment, whereas only IGFBP-7 was significantly increased. Therefore, peripheral changes in the IGF family and their response to antidepressants might represent alterations at the brain level in depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Fernández-Pereira
- Translational Neuroscience Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), Área Sanitaria de Vigo-Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, SERGAS-UVIGO, CIBERSAM-ISCIII, 36213 Vigo, Spain; (C.F.-P.); (M.A.P.)
- Neuro Epigenetics Lab, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago University Hospital Complex, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
- Rare Disease and Pediatric Medicine Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, 36312 Vigo, Spain; (T.P.-M.); (M.A.-V.); (S.O.)
| | - Maria Aránzazu Penedo
- Translational Neuroscience Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), Área Sanitaria de Vigo-Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, SERGAS-UVIGO, CIBERSAM-ISCIII, 36213 Vigo, Spain; (C.F.-P.); (M.A.P.)
| | - Tania Rivera-Baltanás
- Translational Neuroscience Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), Área Sanitaria de Vigo-Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, SERGAS-UVIGO, CIBERSAM-ISCIII, 36213 Vigo, Spain; (C.F.-P.); (M.A.P.)
| | - Tania Pérez-Márquez
- Rare Disease and Pediatric Medicine Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, 36312 Vigo, Spain; (T.P.-M.); (M.A.-V.); (S.O.)
| | - Marta Alves-Villar
- Rare Disease and Pediatric Medicine Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, 36312 Vigo, Spain; (T.P.-M.); (M.A.-V.); (S.O.)
| | - Rafael Fernández-Martínez
- Translational Neuroscience Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), Área Sanitaria de Vigo-Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, SERGAS-UVIGO, CIBERSAM-ISCIII, 36213 Vigo, Spain; (C.F.-P.); (M.A.P.)
| | - César Veiga
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), 36213 Vigo, Spain
| | - Ángel Salgado-Barreira
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública-CIBERESP, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - José María Prieto-González
- Neuro Epigenetics Lab, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago University Hospital Complex, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
- Translational Research in Neurological Diseases Group, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago University Hospital Complex, SERGAS-USC, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Neurology Service, Santiago University Hospital Complex, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Saida Ortolano
- Rare Disease and Pediatric Medicine Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, 36312 Vigo, Spain; (T.P.-M.); (M.A.-V.); (S.O.)
| | - José Manuel Olivares
- Translational Neuroscience Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), Área Sanitaria de Vigo-Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, SERGAS-UVIGO, CIBERSAM-ISCIII, 36213 Vigo, Spain; (C.F.-P.); (M.A.P.)
| | - Roberto Carlos Agís-Balboa
- Neuro Epigenetics Lab, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago University Hospital Complex, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
- Translational Research in Neurological Diseases Group, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago University Hospital Complex, SERGAS-USC, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Neurology Service, Santiago University Hospital Complex, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Liu Q, Meng Q, Ding Y, Jiang J, Kang C, Yuan L, Guo W, Zhao Z, Yuan Y, Wei X, Hao W. The unfixed light pattern contributes to depressive-like behaviors in male mice. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 339:139680. [PMID: 37524266 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Light pollution is now associated with an increased incidence of mental disorders in humans, and the unfixed light pattern (ULP) is a common light pollution that occurs in such as rotating shift work. However, how much contribution the ULP has to depression and its potential mechanism are yet unknown. Our study aimed to investigate the effect of the ULP on depressive-like behaviors in mice and to explore the links to the circadian-orexinergic system. Male C57BL/6 J mice were exposed to the ULP by subjecting them to an alternating light pattern every 6 days for 54 days. The tail suspension test (TST) and forced swimming test (FST) were conducted to assess depressive-like behaviors. The rhythm of locomotor activity and the circadian expression of cFOS in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), clock genes in the liver, and corticosterone (CORT) in serum were detected to observe changes in the circadian system. The circadian expression of orexin-A (OX-A) in the lateral hypothalamus area (LHA) and dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) and serotonin (5-HT) in the DRN were measured to determine alterations in the orexinergic system. The results showed that mice exposed to the ULP exhibited increased immobility time in the TST and FST. The ULP significantly disrupted the circadian rhythm of locomotor activity, clock genes in the liver, and CORT in the serum. Importantly, when exposed to the ULP, cFOS expression in the SCN showed decreased amplitude. Its projection area, the LHA, had a lower mesor of OX-A expression. OX-A projection to the DRN and 5-HT expression in the DRN were reduced in mesor. Our research suggests that the ULP contributes to depressive-like behaviors in mice, which might be related to the reduced amplitude of circadian oscillation in the SCN and hypoactivity of the orexinergic system. These findings may provide novel insights into rotating shift work-related depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianyi Liu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Qinghe Meng
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing, 100191, PR China.
| | - Yuecheng Ding
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Jianjun Jiang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Chenping Kang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Lilan Yuan
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Wanqian Guo
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Zhe Zhao
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Yue Yuan
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Xuetao Wei
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Weidong Hao
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing, 100191, PR China.
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8
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Torres Soler C, Kanders SH, Rehn M, Olofsdotter S, Åslund C, Nilsson KW. A Three-Way Interaction of Sex, PER2 rs56013859 Polymorphism, and Family Maltreatment in Depressive Symptoms in Adolescents. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1723. [PMID: 37761863 PMCID: PMC10531402 DOI: 10.3390/genes14091723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of depressive symptoms in adolescents is 12-18% and is twice as frequent in females. Sleep problems and thoughts of death are depressive symptoms or co-occurrent phenomena. Family maltreatment is a risk factor for later depressive symptoms and the period circadian regulator (PER) has been studied in relation to neurotransmitters, adaptation to stress, and winter depression. The purpose of this work was to study the relation of the three-way interactions of sex, PER2 rs56013859, and family maltreatment in relation to core depressive symptoms, sleep complaints, and thoughts of death and suicide in self-reports from a cohort of Swedish adolescents in 2012, 2015, and 2018. Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses with linear and logistic regressions were used to study the relationships to the three outcomes. The three-way interaction was related to core depressive symptoms at both baseline and six years later. In contrast, the model did not show any relation to the other dependent variables. At 13-15 years, a sex-related differential expression was observed: females with the minor allele C:C/C:T exposed to family maltreatment showed higher levels of core depressive symptoms. Six years later, the trend was inverted among carriers of minor alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Torres Soler
- Centre for Clinical Research, Region Västmanland, Uppsala University, 721 89 Västerås, Sweden
| | - Sofia H. Kanders
- Centre for Clinical Research, Region Västmanland, Uppsala University, 721 89 Västerås, Sweden
| | - Mattias Rehn
- Centre for Clinical Research, Region Västmanland, Uppsala University, 721 89 Västerås, Sweden
| | - Susanne Olofsdotter
- Centre for Clinical Research, Region Västmanland, Uppsala University, 721 89 Västerås, Sweden
- Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, 751 05 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Åslund
- Centre for Clinical Research, Region Västmanland, Uppsala University, 721 89 Västerås, Sweden
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, 751 05 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kent W. Nilsson
- Centre for Clinical Research, Region Västmanland, Uppsala University, 721 89 Västerås, Sweden
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, 751 05 Uppsala, Sweden
- The School of Health, Care and Social Welfare, Mälardalen University, 721 23 Västerås, Sweden
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9
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Amidfar M, Garcez ML, Kim YK. The shared molecular mechanisms underlying aging of the brain, major depressive disorder, and Alzheimer's disease: The role of circadian rhythm disturbances. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2023; 123:110721. [PMID: 36702452 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2023.110721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
An association with circadian clock function and pathophysiology of aging, major depressive disorder (MDD), and Alzheimer's disease (AD) is well established and has been proposed as a factor in the development of these diseases. Depression and changes in circadian rhythm have been increasingly suggested as the two primary overlapping and interpenetrating changes that occur with aging. The relationship between AD and depression in late life is not completely understood and probably is complex. Patients with major depression or AD suffer from disturbed sleep/wake cycles and altered rhythms in daily activities. Although classical monoaminergic hypotheses are traditionally proposed to explain the pathophysiology of MDD, several clinical and preclinical studies have reported a strong association between circadian rhythm and mood regulation. In addition, a large body of evidence supports an association between disruption of circadian rhythm and AD. Some clock genes are dysregulated in rodent models of depression. If aging, AD, and MDD share a common biological basis in pathophysiology, common therapeutic tools could be investigated for their prevention and treatment. Nitro-oxidative stress (NOS), for example, plays a fundamental role in aging, as well as in the pathogenesis of AD and MDD and is associated with circadian clock disturbances. Thus, development of therapeutic possibilities with these NOS-related conditions is advisable. This review describes recent findings that link disrupted circadian clocks to aging, MDD, and AD and summarizes the experimental evidence that supports connections between the circadian clock and molecular pathologic factors as shared common pathophysiological mechanisms underlying aging, AD, and MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meysam Amidfar
- Department of Neuroscience, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Michelle Lima Garcez
- Laboratory of Translational Neuroscience, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Yong-Ku Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea.
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10
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Fu T, Wang C, Yan J, Zeng Q, Ma C. Relationship between antenatal sleep quality and depression in perinatal women: A comprehensive meta-analysis of observational studies. J Affect Disord 2023; 327:38-45. [PMID: 36739002 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.01.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perinatal depression is a global mental health problem. Studies have suggested that perinatal depression is related to poor sleep quality during pregnancy. However, evidence on the influence and mechanism of sleep quality on the risk of developing perinatal depression remains limited and inconclusive. METHODS A systematic review was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, CINAHI and Cochrane Library for relevant original quantitative studies published in English. A hand search of the reference list of relevant studies was also performed. Meta-analysis was performed using RevMan software and a random-effects model. Potential heterogeneity source was explored by subgroup and sensitivity analyses, and potential publication bias was tested using funnel plots and Begg's test. RESULTS A total of ten studies involving 39,574 participants were included in our meta-analysis. Overall, women who experienced poor sleep quality during pregnancy were at a significantly higher risk of developing depression, with antenatal depression 3.72 times higher, postpartum depression 2.71 times higher, and perinatal depression 3.46 times higher, compared to those did not experience poor sleep quality. LIMITATIONS Different measuring tools and unobserved confounding factors may make some bias in our result. What's more, not all included studies were initially designed to assess the association between antenatal sleep quality and the risk of developing perinatal depression. CONCLUSION Our meta-analysis found that antenatal sleep quality was negatively associated with the risk for perinatal depression. Our findings highlight the importance of improving sleep quality during pregnancy for mental health among perinatal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Fu
- The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Department of Nursing, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chunyu Wang
- Xiangya Nursing School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jin Yan
- Xiangya Nursing School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Department of Nursing, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Qiya Zeng
- Xiangya Nursing School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chenjuan Ma
- Rory Meyers College of Nursing, New York University, New York, USA
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11
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Chronic Trazodone and Citalopram Treatments Increase Trophic Factor and Circadian Rhythm Gene Expression in Rat Brain Regions Relevant for Antidepressant Efficacy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214041. [PMID: 36430520 PMCID: PMC9698904 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Trazodone is an efficacious atypical antidepressant acting both as an SSRI and a 5HT2A and 5HT2C antagonist. Antagonism to H1-histaminergic and alpha1-adrenergic receptors is responsible for a sleep-promoting action. We studied long-term gene expression modulations induced by chronic trazodone to investigate the molecular underpinning of trazodone efficacy. Rats received acute or chronic treatment with trazodone or citalopram. mRNA expression of growth factor and circadian rhythm genes was evaluated by qPCR in the prefrontal cortex (PFCx), hippocampus, Nucleus Accumbens (NAc), amygdala, and hypothalamus. CREB levels and phosphorylation state were evaluated using Western blotting. BDNF levels were significantly increased in PFCx and hippocampus by trazodone and in the NAc and hypothalamus by citalopram. Likewise, TrkB receptor levels augmented in the PFCx after trazodone and in the amygdala after citalopram. FGF-2 and FGFR2 levels were higher after trazodone in the PFCx. The CREB phosphorylation state was increased by chronic trazodone in the PFCx, hippocampus, and hypothalamus. Bmal1 and Per1 were increased by both antidepressants after acute and chronic treatments, while Per2 levels were specifically augmented by chronic trazodone in the PFCx and NAc, and by citalopram in the PFCx, amygdala, and NAc. These findings show that trazodone affects the expression of neurotrophic factors involved in antidepressant responses and alters circadian rhythm genes implicated in the pathophysiology of depression, thus shedding light on trazodone's molecular mechanism of action.
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12
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Singla R, Mishra A, Cao R. The trilateral interactions between mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling, the circadian clock, and psychiatric disorders: an emerging model. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:355. [PMID: 36045116 PMCID: PMC9433414 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-02120-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Circadian (~24 h) rhythms in physiology and behavior are evolutionarily conserved and found in almost all living organisms. The rhythms are endogenously driven by daily oscillatory activities of so-called "clock genes/proteins", which are widely distributed throughout the mammalian brain. Mammalian (mechanistic) target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling is a fundamental intracellular signal transduction cascade that controls important neuronal processes including neurodevelopment, synaptic plasticity, metabolism, and aging. Dysregulation of the mTOR pathway is associated with psychiatric disorders including autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and mood disorders (MD), in which patients often exhibit disrupted daily physiological rhythms and abnormal circadian gene expression in the brain. Recent work has found that the activities of mTOR signaling are temporally controlled by the circadian clock and exhibit robust circadian oscillations in multiple systems. In the meantime, mTOR signaling regulates fundamental properties of the central and peripheral circadian clocks, including period length, entrainment, and synchronization. Whereas the underlying mechanisms remain to be fully elucidated, increasing clinical and preclinical evidence support significant crosstalk between mTOR signaling, the circadian clock, and psychiatric disorders. Here, we review recent progress in understanding the trilateral interactions and propose an "interaction triangle" model between mTOR signaling, the circadian clock, and psychiatric disorders (focusing on ASD and MD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubal Singla
- grid.17635.360000000419368657Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN 55812 USA
| | - Abhishek Mishra
- grid.17635.360000000419368657Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN 55812 USA
| | - Ruifeng Cao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA. .,Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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13
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A Pattern to Link Adenosine Signaling, Circadian System, and Potential Final Common Pathway in the Pathogenesis of Major Depressive Disorder. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:6713-6723. [PMID: 35999325 PMCID: PMC9525429 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-03001-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have reported separate roles of adenosine receptors and circadian clockwork in major depressive disorder. While less evidence exists for regulation of the circadian clock by adenosine signaling, a small number of studies have linked the adenosinergic system, the molecular circadian clock, and mood regulation. In this article, we review relevant advances and propose that adenosine receptor signaling, including canonical and other alternative downstream cellular pathways, regulates circadian gene expression, which in turn may underlie the pathogenesis of mood disorders. Moreover, we summarize the convergent point of these signaling pathways and put forward a pattern by which Homer1a expression, regulated by both cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB) and circadian clock genes, may be the final common pathogenetic mechanism in depression.
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14
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Zhao R, Sun JB, Deng H, Cheng C, Li X, Wang FM, He ZY, Chang MY, Lu LM, Tang CZ, Xu NG, Yang XJ, Qin W. Per1 gene polymorphisms influence the relationship between brain white matter microstructure and depression risk. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:1022442. [PMID: 36440417 PMCID: PMC9691780 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1022442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circadian rhythm was involved in the pathogenesis of depression. The detection of circadian genes and white matter (WM) integrity achieved increasing focus for early prediction and diagnosis of major depressive disorder (MDD). This study aimed to explore the effects of PER1 gene polymorphisms (rs7221412), one of the key circadian genes, on the association between depressive level and WM microstructural integrity. MATERIALS AND METHODS Diffusion tensor imaging scanning and depression assessment (Beck Depression Inventory, BDI) were performed in 77 healthy college students. Participants also underwent PER1 polymorphism detection and were divided into the AG group and AA group. The effects of PER1 genotypes on the association between the WM characteristics and BDI were analyzed using tract-based spatial statistics method. RESULTS Compared with homozygous form of PER1 gene (AA), more individuals with risk allele G of PER1 gene (AG) were in depression state with BDI cutoff of 14 (χ2 = 7.37, uncorrected p = 0.007). At the level of brain imaging, the WM integrity in corpus callosum, internal capsule, corona radiata and fornix was poorer in AG group compared with AA group. Furthermore, significant interaction effects of genotype × BDI on WM characteristics were observed in several emotion-related WM tracts. To be specific, the significant relationships between BDI and WM characteristics in corpus callosum, internal capsule, corona radiata, fornix, external capsule and sagittal stratum were only found in AG group, but not in AA group. CONCLUSION Our findings suggested that the PER1 genotypes and emotion-related WM microstructure may provide more effective measures of depression risk at an early phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhao
- School of Electronics and Information, Xi'an Polytechnic University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jin-Bo Sun
- Intelligent Non-Invasive Neuromodulation Technology and Transformation Joint Laboratory, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Guangzhou Institute of Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hui Deng
- Intelligent Non-Invasive Neuromodulation Technology and Transformation Joint Laboratory, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Guangzhou Institute of Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chen Cheng
- Intelligent Non-Invasive Neuromodulation Technology and Transformation Joint Laboratory, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xue Li
- Intelligent Non-Invasive Neuromodulation Technology and Transformation Joint Laboratory, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fu-Min Wang
- School of Electronics and Information, Xi'an Polytechnic University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhao-Yang He
- School of Electronics and Information, Xi'an Polytechnic University, Xi'an, China
| | - Meng-Ying Chang
- School of Electronics and Information, Xi'an Polytechnic University, Xi'an, China
| | - Li-Ming Lu
- South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chun-Zhi Tang
- South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Neng-Gui Xu
- South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xue-Juan Yang
- Intelligent Non-Invasive Neuromodulation Technology and Transformation Joint Laboratory, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Guangzhou Institute of Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wei Qin
- Intelligent Non-Invasive Neuromodulation Technology and Transformation Joint Laboratory, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Guangzhou Institute of Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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15
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Crislip GR, Johnston JG, Douma LG, Costello HM, Juffre A, Boyd K, Li W, Maugans CC, Gutierrez-Monreal M, Esser KA, Bryant AJ, Liu AC, Gumz ML. Circadian Rhythm Effects on the Molecular Regulation of Physiological Systems. Compr Physiol 2021; 12:2769-2798. [PMID: 34964116 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c210011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Nearly every system within the body contains an intrinsic cellular circadian clock. The circadian clock contributes to the regulation of a variety of homeostatic processes in mammals through the regulation of gene expression. Circadian disruption of physiological systems is associated with pathophysiological disorders. Here, we review the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms contributing to the known circadian rhythms in physiological function. This article focuses on what is known in humans, along with discoveries made with cell and rodent models. In particular, the impact of circadian clock components in metabolic, cardiovascular, endocrine, musculoskeletal, immune, and central nervous systems are discussed. © 2021 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 11:1-30, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ryan Crislip
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Jermaine G Johnston
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Renal Transplantation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Lauren G Douma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Hannah M Costello
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Alexandria Juffre
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Kyla Boyd
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Wendy Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Cheoting C Maugans
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Miguel Gutierrez-Monreal
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Karyn A Esser
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Myology Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Andrew J Bryant
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Andrew C Liu
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Myology Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Michelle L Gumz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Renal Transplantation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Center for Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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16
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Burns AC, Saxena R, Vetter C, Phillips AJK, Lane JM, Cain SW. Time spent in outdoor light is associated with mood, sleep, and circadian rhythm-related outcomes: A cross-sectional and longitudinal study in over 400,000 UK Biobank participants. J Affect Disord 2021; 295:347-352. [PMID: 34488088 PMCID: PMC8892387 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.08.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Light has powerful effects on mood, sleep, and the circadian system. Humans evolved in an environment with a clear distinction between day and night, but our modern environments have blurred this distinction. Negative effects of light exposure at night have been well characterized. The importance of daytime light exposure has been less well characterized. Here we examine the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of time spent in daytime outdoor light with mood, sleep, and circadian-related outcomes. METHODS Participants were drawn from the UK Biobank cohort, a large study of UK adults (n = 502,000; 37-73 years old; 54% women). RESULTS UK Biobank participants reported spending a median of 2.5 daylight hours (IQR = 1.5-3.5 h) outdoors per day. Each additional hour spent outdoors during the day was associated with lower odds of lifetime major depressive disorder (95% CI OR:0.92-0.98), antidepressant usage (OR:0.92-0.98), less frequent anhedonia (OR:0.93-0.96) and low mood (OR:0.87-0.90), greater happiness (OR:1.41-1.48) and lower neuroticism (incident rate ratio, IRR:0.95-0.96), independent of demographic, lifestyle, and employment covariates. In addition, each hour of daytime light was associated with greater ease of getting up (OR:1.46-1.49), less frequent tiredness (OR:0.80-0.82), fewer insomnia symptoms (OR:0.94-0.97), and earlier chronotype (adjusted odds ratio; OR:0.75-0.77). Auto-Regressive Cross-Lagged (ARCL) models were used to examine the longitudinal association of time spent in outdoor light at baseline with later mood-, sleep- and circadian-related outcomes reported at time point 2. Overall, longitudinal associations support cross-sectional findings, though generally with smaller effect sizes. LIMITATIONS Future studies that examine the intensity of daytime light exposure at the ocular level are needed. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that low daytime light exposure is an important environmental risk factor for mood, sleep, and circadian-related outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angus C Burns
- School of Psychological Sciences and Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Richa Saxena
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA USA; Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA USA; The Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA USA
| | - Céline Vetter
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Andrew J K Phillips
- School of Psychological Sciences and Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jacqueline M Lane
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA USA; Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA USA; The Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA USA
| | - Sean W Cain
- School of Psychological Sciences and Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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17
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Silva S, Bicker J, Falcão A, Fortuna A. Antidepressants and Circadian Rhythm: Exploring Their Bidirectional Interaction for the Treatment of Depression. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1975. [PMID: 34834391 PMCID: PMC8624696 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Scientific evidence that circadian rhythms affect pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics has highlighted the importance of drug dosing-time. Circadian oscillations alter drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) as well as intracellular signaling systems, target molecules (e.g., receptors, transporters, and enzymes), and gene transcription. Although several antidepressant drugs are clinically available, less than 50% of depressed patients respond to first-line pharmacological treatments. Chronotherapeutic approaches to enhance the effectiveness of antidepressants are not completely known. Even so, experimental results found until this day suggest a positive influence of drug dosing-time on the efficacy of depression therapy. On the other hand, antidepressants have also demonstrated to modulate circadian rhythmicity and sleep-wake cycles. This review aims to evidence the potential of chronotherapy to improve the efficacy and/or safety of antidepressants. It includes pre-clinical and clinical studies that demonstrate the relevance of determining the most appropriate time of administration for antidepressant drugs. In parallel, their positive influence on the resynchronization of disrupted circadian rhythms is also herein discussed. It is expected that this review will promote the investigation of chronotherapy for the treatment of depression, contribute to a better understanding of the relationship between antidepressants and circadian rhythms, and consequently promote the development of new therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraia Silva
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga Sta. Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (S.S.); (A.F.); (A.F.)
- CIBIT—Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga Sta. Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Joana Bicker
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga Sta. Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (S.S.); (A.F.); (A.F.)
- CIBIT—Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga Sta. Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Amílcar Falcão
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga Sta. Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (S.S.); (A.F.); (A.F.)
- CIBIT—Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga Sta. Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Fortuna
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga Sta. Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (S.S.); (A.F.); (A.F.)
- CIBIT—Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga Sta. Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
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18
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Circadian Rhythms in Mood Disorders. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1344:153-168. [PMID: 34773231 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-81147-1_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Altered behavioral rhythms are a fundamental diagnostic feature of mood disorders. Patients report worse subjective sleep and objective measures confirm this, implicating a role for circadian rhythm disruptions in mood disorder pathophysiology. Molecular clock gene mutations are associated with increased risk of mood disorder diagnosis and/or severity of symptoms, and mouse models of clock gene mutations have abnormal mood-related behaviors. The mechanism by which circadian rhythms contribute to mood disorders remains unknown, however, circadian rhythms regulate and are regulated by various biological systems that are abnormal in mood disorders and this interaction is theorized to be a key component of mood disorder pathophysiology. A growing body of evidence has begun defining how the interaction of circadian and neurotransmitter systems influences mood and behavior, including the role of current antidepressants and mood stabilizers. Additionally, the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis interacts with both circadian and monoaminergic systems and may facilitate the contribution of environmental stressors to mood disorder pathophysiology. The central role of circadian rhythms in mood disorders has led to the development of chronotherapeutics, which are treatments designed specifically to target circadian rhythm regulators, such as sleep, light, and melatonin, to produce an antidepressant response.
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19
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Wang XL, Wang DQ, Jiao FC, Ding KM, Ji YB, Lu L, Yuan K, Gao GF, Li SX. Diurnal rhythm disruptions induced by chronic unpredictable stress relate to depression-like behaviors in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2021; 204:173156. [PMID: 33675839 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2021.173156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between circadian rhythms and mood disorders has been established. Circadian dysregulations are believed to exacerbate the severity of mood disorders and vice versa. Although many studies on diurnal changes of clock genes in animal model of depression have been performed from the RNA level, only a few studies have been carried out from the protein level. In this study, we investigated the diurnal changes induced by chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) using free-running wheel test and Western Blotting (WB). Besides, we examined the depression-like behaviors of rats by sucrose preference test (SPT) and forced swim test (FST). We found that CUS induced significant reductions in the quantity of free-running wheel activity and rhythmic disruptions of clock proteins in hippocampus. Furthermore, we found that the amplitude of PER1 in CA1 was positively related to the severity of depression-like behaviors. These results suggest that CUS results in both changes in diurnal rhythms and in depression-like behaviors and that it is suggested that these changes are related.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Ling Wang
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China; National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory on Drug Dependence Research, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - De-Quan Wang
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory on Drug Dependence Research, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Fu-Chao Jiao
- Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Kai-Mo Ding
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory on Drug Dependence Research, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; Zhenjiang Mental Health Center, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yan-Bin Ji
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory on Drug Dependence Research, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; Center of Psychiatry, Anhui Medical University, Mental Health Center of Anhui Province, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Lin Lu
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China; National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory on Drug Dependence Research, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; Institute of Mental Health, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Kai Yuan
- Institute of Mental Health, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - George Fu Gao
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China; Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Su-Xia Li
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory on Drug Dependence Research, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
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20
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Song B, Zhu J. A Novel Application of Ketamine for Improving Perioperative Sleep Disturbances. Nat Sci Sleep 2021; 13:2251-2266. [PMID: 34992482 PMCID: PMC8715868 DOI: 10.2147/nss.s341161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Perioperative sleep disturbances are commonly observed before, during, and after surgery and can be caused by several factors, such as preoperative negative moods, general anesthetics, surgery trauma, and pain. Over the past decade, the fast-acting antidepressant effects of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist ketamine represent one of the most attractive discoveries in the field of psychiatry, such as antidepressant and anxiolytic effects. It is also widely used as a short-acting anesthetic and analgesic. Recent research has revealed new possible applications for ketamine, such as for perioperative sleep disorders and circadian rhythm disorders. Here, we summarize the risk factors for perioperative sleep disturbances, outcomes of perioperative sleep disturbances, and mechanism of action of ketamine in improving perioperative sleep quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijia Song
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Junchao Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
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21
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Wang XQ, Wang DQ, Bao YP, Liu JJ, Chen J, Wu SW, Luk HN, Yu L, Sun W, Yang Y, Wang XH, Lu L, Deng JH, Li SX. Preliminary Study on Changes of Sleep EEG Power and Plasma Melatonin in Male Patients With Major Depressive Disorder After 8 Weeks Treatment. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:736318. [PMID: 34867527 PMCID: PMC8632954 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.736318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To clarify the effects of escitalopram on sleep EEG power in patients with Major depressive disorder (MDD). Method: Polysomnography (PSG) was detected overnight, and blood samples were collected at 4 h intervals over 24 h from 13 male healthy controls and 13 male MDD patients before and after treatment with escitalopram for 8 weeks. The outcome measures included plasma melatonin levels, sleep architecture, and the sleep EEG power ratio. Results: Compared with healthy controls, MDD patients presented abnormalities in the diurnal rhythm of melatonin secretion, including peak phase delayed 3 h and a decrease in plasma melatonin levels at night and an increase at daytime, accompanied by sleep disturbances, a decrease in low-frequency bands and an increase in high-frequency bands, and the dominant right-side brain activity. Several of these abnormalities (abnormalities in the diurnal rhythm of melatonin secretion, partial sleep architecture parameters) persisted for at least the 8-week testing period. Conclusions: Eight weeks of treatment with escitalopram significantly improved subjective sleep perception and depressive symptoms of patients with MDD, and partially improved objective sleep parameters, while the improvement of circadian rhythm of melatonin was limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Qin Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - De-Quan Wang
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Ping Bao
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-Jia Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Chen
- NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shao-Wei Wu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Peking University, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Hsuan-Nu Luk
- Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Yu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Sun
- NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Yang
- School of Automation, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Lin Lu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, China.,National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-Hui Deng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Su-Xia Li
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
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22
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Mi WF, Tabarak S, Wang L, Zhang SZ, Lin X, Du LT, Liu Z, Bao YP, Gao XJ, Zhang WH, Wang XQ, Fan TT, Li LZ, Hao XN, Fu Y, Shi Y, Guo LH, Sun HQ, Liu L, Si TM, Zhang HY, Lu L, Li SX. Effects of agomelatine and mirtazapine on sleep disturbances in major depressive disorder: evidence from polysomnographic and resting-state functional connectivity analyses. Sleep 2020; 43:5837058. [PMID: 32406918 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsaa092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate effects of agomelatine and mirtazapine on sleep disturbances in patients with major depressive disorder. A total of 30 depressed patients with sleep disturbances, 27 of which completed the study, took agomelatine or mirtazapine for 8 weeks. Subjective scales were administered, and polysomnography was performed at baseline and at the end of week 1 and 8. Functional magnetic resonance imaging was performed at baseline and at the end of week 8. Compared with baseline, scores on the Hamilton Depression Scale, Hamilton Anxiety Scale, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Sleep Dysfunction Rating Scale, and Insomnia Severity Index after 8 weeks of treatment significantly decreased in both groups, with no significant differences between groups, accompanied by significant increases in total sleep time, sleep efficiency, and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and significant decrease in wake after sleep onset. Mirtazapine treatment increased N3 sleep at week 1 compared with agomelatine treatment, but this difference disappeared at week 8. The increases in the percentage and duration of N3 sleep were positively correlated with increases in connectivity between right dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) and right precuneus and between left posterior cingulate cortex and right precuneus in both groups, respectively. Functional connectivity (FC) between right dlPFC and left precuneus in mirtazapine group was higher compared with agomelatine group after 8 weeks of treatment. These findings indicated that both agomelatine and mirtazapine improved sleep in depressed patients, and the effect of mirtazapine was greater than agomelatine with regard to rapidly increasing N3 sleep and gradually improving FC in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Feng Mi
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Haidian, Beijing, China
| | - Serik Tabarak
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Wang
- Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Xicheng, Beijing, China
| | - Su-Zhen Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Huzhou 3rd Hospital, Huzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiao Lin
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Lan-Ting Du
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Haidian, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Beijing Key laboratory of Drug Dependence, National Institute on Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Ping Bao
- Beijing Key laboratory of Drug Dependence, National Institute on Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xue-Jiao Gao
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Haidian, Beijing, China
| | - Wei-Hua Zhang
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Haidian, Beijing, China
| | - Xue-Qin Wang
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Haidian, Beijing, China
| | - Teng-Teng Fan
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Haidian, Beijing, China
| | - Ling-Zhi Li
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Haidian, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Nan Hao
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Haidian, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Fu
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Haidian, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Shi
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Haidian, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Hua Guo
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Haidian, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Qiang Sun
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Haidian, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Liu
- Beijing Key laboratory of Drug Dependence, National Institute on Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Tian-Mei Si
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Haidian, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Yan Zhang
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Haidian, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Lu
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key laboratory of Drug Dependence, National Institute on Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Su-Xia Li
- Beijing Key laboratory of Drug Dependence, National Institute on Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
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23
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Wang XL, Wang DQ, Jiao FC, Ding KM, Ji YB, Lu L, Yuan K, Gao GF, Li SX. Diurnal rhythm disruptions induced by chronic unpredictable stress relate to depression-like behaviors in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2020; 194:172939. [PMID: 32437704 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2020.172939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between circadian rhythms and mood disorders has been established, circadian dysregulations are believed to exacerbate the severity of mood disorders and vice versa. Although many studies on diurnal changes of clock genes in animal model of depression have been performed from the RNA level, only a few studies have been carried out from the protein level. In this study, we investigated the diurnal changes induced by chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) using various methods, including free-running wheel test, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western Blotting (WB). Besides, we examined the depression-like behaviors of rats by sucrose preference test (SPT) and forced swim test (FST). We found that CUS induced significant reductions in the quantity of free-running wheel activity and the amplitude of melatonin secretion rhythm. We also found that CUS induced rhythmic disruptions of clock proteins in hippocampus. Furthermore, we found that the amplitude of PER1 in CA1 was positively related to the severity of depression-like behaviors. These results suggest that stress results in both changes in circadian rhythms and in depression-like behaviors and that it is suggested that these changes are related.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Ling Wang
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing101408, China; National Institute on Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing100191, China; Beijing Key Laboratory on Drug Dependence Research, Peking University, Beijing100191, China
| | - De-Quan Wang
- National Institute on Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing100191, China; Beijing Key Laboratory on Drug Dependence Research, Peking University, Beijing100191, China
| | - Fu-Chao Jiao
- Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao266109, China
| | - Kai-Mo Ding
- National Institute on Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing100191, China; Zhenjiang Mental Health Center, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China; Beijing Key Laboratory on Drug Dependence Research, Peking University, Beijing100191, China
| | - Yan-Bin Ji
- National Institute on Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing100191, China; Center of Psychiatry, Anhui Medical University, Mental Health Center of Anhui Province, Hefei230032, China; Beijing Key Laboratory on Drug Dependence Research, Peking University, Beijing100191, China
| | - Lin Lu
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing101408, China; National Institute on Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing100191, China; Institute of Mental Health, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing100191, China; Beijing Key Laboratory on Drug Dependence Research, Peking University, Beijing100191, China; Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University, Beijing100191, China
| | - Kai Yuan
- Institute of Mental Health, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing100191, China; Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University, Beijing100191, China
| | - George Fu Gao
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing101408, China; Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing102206, China.
| | - Su-Xia Li
- National Institute on Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing100191, China; Beijing Key Laboratory on Drug Dependence Research, Peking University, Beijing100191, China.
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24
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Hickie IB, Scott EM, Cross SP, Iorfino F, Davenport TA, Guastella AJ, Naismith SL, Carpenter JS, Rohleder C, Crouse JJ, Hermens DF, Koethe D, Markus Leweke F, Tickell AM, Sawrikar V, Scott J. Right care, first time: a highly personalised and measurement-based care model to manage youth mental health. Med J Aust 2020; 211 Suppl 9:S3-S46. [PMID: 31679171 DOI: 10.5694/mja2.50383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mood and psychotic syndromes most often emerge during adolescence and young adulthood, a period characterised by major physical and social change. Consequently, the effects of adolescent-onset mood and psychotic syndromes can have long term consequences. A key clinical challenge for youth mental health is to develop and test new systems that align with current evidence for comorbid presentations and underlying neurobiology, and are useful for predicting outcomes and guiding decisions regarding the provision of appropriate and effective care. Our highly personalised and measurement-based care model includes three core concepts: ▶ A multidimensional assessment and outcomes framework that includes: social and occupational function; self-harm, suicidal thoughts and behaviour; alcohol or other substance misuse; physical health; and illness trajectory. ▶ Clinical stage. ▶ Three common illness subtypes (psychosis, anxious depression, bipolar spectrum) based on proposed pathophysiological mechanisms (neurodevelopmental, hyperarousal, circadian). The model explicitly aims to prevent progression to more complex and severe forms of illness and is better aligned to contemporary models of the patterns of emergence of psychopathology. Inherent within this highly personalised approach is the incorporation of other evidence-based processes, including real-time measurement-based care as well as utilisation of multidisciplinary teams of health professionals. Data-driven local system modelling and personalised health information technologies provide crucial infrastructure support to these processes for better access to, and higher quality, mental health care for young people. CHAPTER 1: MULTIDIMENSIONAL OUTCOMES IN YOUTH MENTAL HEALTH CARE: WHAT MATTERS AND WHY?: Mood and psychotic syndromes present one of the most serious public health challenges that we face in the 21st century. Factors including prevalence, age of onset, and chronicity contribute to substantial burden and secondary risks such as alcohol or other substance misuse. Mood and psychotic syndromes most often emerge during adolescence and young adulthood, a period characterised by major physical and social change; thus, effects can have long term consequences. We propose five key domains which make up a multidimensional outcomes framework that aims to address the specific needs of young people presenting to health services with emerging mental illness. These include social and occupational function; self-harm, suicidal thoughts and behaviours; alcohol or other substance misuse; physical health; and illness type, stage and trajectory. Impairment and concurrent morbidity are well established in young people by the time they present for mental health care. Despite this, services and health professionals tend to focus on only one aspect of the presentation - illness type, stage and trajectory - and are often at odds with the preferences of young people and their families. There is a need to address the disconnect between mental health, physical health and social services and interventions, to ensure that youth mental health care focuses on the outcomes that matter to young people. CHAPTER 2: COMBINING CLINICAL STAGE AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS TO UNDERSTAND ILLNESS TRAJECTORIES IN YOUNG PEOPLE WITH EMERGING MOOD AND PSYCHOTIC SYNDROMES: Traditional diagnostic classification systems for mental disorders map poorly onto the early stages of illness experienced by young people, and purport categorical distinctions that are not readily supported by research into genetic, environmental and neurobiological risk factors. Consequently, a key clinical challenge in youth mental health is to develop and test new classification systems that align with current evidence on comorbid presentations, are consistent with current understanding of underlying neurobiology, and provide utility for predicting outcomes and guiding decisions regarding the provision of appropriate and effective care. This chapter outlines a transdiagnostic framework for classifying common adolescent-onset mood and psychotic syndromes, combining two independent but complementary dimensions: clinical staging, and three proposed pathophysiological mechanisms. Clinical staging reflects the progression of mental disorders and is in line with the concept used in general medicine, where more advanced stages are associated with a poorer prognosis and a need for more intensive interventions with a higher risk-to-benefit ratio. The three proposed pathophysiological mechanisms are neurodevelopmental abnormalities, hyperarousal and circadian dysfunction, which, over time, have illness trajectories (or pathways) to psychosis, anxious depression and bipolar spectrum disorders, respectively. The transdiagnostic framework has been evaluated in young people presenting to youth mental health clinics of the University of Sydney's Brain and Mind Centre, alongside a range of clinical and objective measures. Our research to date provides support for this framework, and we are now exploring its application to the development of more personalised models of care. CHAPTER 3: A COMPREHENSIVE ASSESSMENT FRAMEWORK FOR YOUTH MENTAL HEALTH: GUIDING HIGHLY PERSONALISED AND MEASUREMENT-BASED CARE USING MULTIDIMENSIONAL AND OBJECTIVE MEASURES: There is an urgent need for improved care for young people with mental health problems, in particular those with subthreshold mental disorders that are not sufficiently severe to meet traditional diagnostic criteria. New comprehensive assessment frameworks are needed to capture the biopsychosocial profile of a young person to drive highly personalised and measurement-based mental health care. We present a range of multidimensional measures involving five key domains: social and occupational function; self-harm, suicidal thoughts and behaviours; alcohol or other substance misuse; physical health; and illness type, stage and trajectory. Objective measures include: neuropsychological function; sleep-wake behaviours and circadian rhythms; metabolic and immune markers; and brain structure and function. The recommended multidimensional measures facilitate the development of a comprehensive clinical picture. The objective measures help to further develop informative and novel insights into underlying pathophysiological mechanisms and illness trajectories to guide personalised care plans. A panel of specific multidimensional and objective measures are recommended as standard clinical practice, while others are recommended secondarily to provide deeper insights with the aim of revealing alternative clinical paths for targeted interventions and treatments matched to the clinical stage and proposed pathophysiological mechanisms of the young person. CHAPTER 4: PERSONALISING CARE OPTIONS IN YOUTH MENTAL HEALTH: USING MULTIDIMENSIONAL ASSESSMENT, CLINICAL STAGE, PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS, AND INDIVIDUAL ILLNESS TRAJECTORIES TO GUIDE TREATMENT SELECTION: New models of mental health care for young people require that interventions be matched to illness type, clinical stage, underlying pathophysiological mechanisms and individual illness trajectories. Narrow syndrome-focused classifications often direct clinical attention away from other key factors such as functional impairment, self-harm and suicidality, alcohol or other substance misuse, and poor physical health. By contrast, we outline a treatment selection guide for early intervention for adolescent-onset mood and psychotic syndromes (ie, active treatments and indicated and more specific secondary prevention strategies). This guide is based on experiences with the Brain and Mind Centre's highly personalised and measurement-based care model to manage youth mental health. The model incorporates three complementary core concepts: ▶A multidimensional assessment and outcomes framework including: social and occupational function; self-harm, suicidal thoughts and behaviours; alcohol or other substance misuse; physical health; and illness trajectory. ▶Clinical stage. ▶Three common illness subtypes (psychosis, anxious depression, bipolar spectrum) based on three underlying pathophysiological mechanisms (neurodevelopmental, hyperarousal, circadian). These core concepts are not mutually exclusive and together may facilitate improved outcomes through a clinical stage-appropriate and transdiagnostic framework that helps guide decisions regarding the provision of appropriate and effective care options. Given its emphasis on adolescent-onset mood and psychotic syndromes, the Brain and Mind Centre's model of care also respects a fundamental developmental perspective - categorising childhood problems (eg, anxiety and neurodevelopmental difficulties) as risk factors and respecting the fact that young people are in a period of major biological and social transition. Based on these factors, a range of social, psychological and pharmacological interventions are recommended, with an emphasis on balancing the personal benefit-to-cost ratio. CHAPTER 5: A SERVICE DELIVERY MODEL TO SUPPORT HIGHLY PERSONALISED AND MEASUREMENT-BASED CARE IN YOUTH MENTAL HEALTH: Over the past decade, we have seen a growing focus on creating mental health service delivery models that better meet the unique needs of young Australians. Recent policy directives from the Australian Government recommend the adoption of stepped-care services to improve the appropriateness of care, determined by severity of need. Here, we propose that a highly personalised approach enhances stepped-care models by incorporating clinical staging and a young person's current and multidimensional needs. It explicitly aims to prevent progression to more complex and severe forms of illness and is better aligned to contemporary models of the patterns of emergence of psychopathology. Inherent within a highly personalised approach is the incorporation of other evidence-based processes, including real-time measurement-based care and use of multidisciplinary teams of health professionals. Data-driven local system modelling and personalised health information technologies provide crucial infrastructure support to these processes for better access to, and higher quality of, mental health care for young people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian B Hickie
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW
| | - Elizabeth M Scott
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW.,University of Notre Dame Australia, Sydney, NSW
| | - Shane P Cross
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW
| | - Frank Iorfino
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jacob J Crouse
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW
| | - Daniel F Hermens
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW.,Sunshine Coast Mind and Neuroscience - Thompson Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Birtinya, QLD
| | - Dagmar Koethe
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW
| | | | | | - Vilas Sawrikar
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW.,University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jan Scott
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW.,Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
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25
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Wang XL, Yuan K, Zhang W, Li SX, Gao GF, Lu L. Regulation of Circadian Genes by the MAPK Pathway: Implications for Rapid Antidepressant Action. Neurosci Bull 2019; 36:66-76. [PMID: 30859414 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-019-00358-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that the circadian rhythm plays a critical role in mood regulation, and circadian disturbances are often found in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway is involved in mediating entrainment of the circadian system. Furthermore, the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway has been shown to be involved in the pathogenesis of MDD and the rapid onset of action of antidepressant therapies, both pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical. This review provides an overview of the involvement of the MAPK/ERK pathway in modulating the circadian system in the rapid action of antidepressant therapies. This pathway holds much promise for the development of novel, rapid-onset-of-action therapeutics for MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Ling Wang
- Savaid Medical School, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
| | - Kai Yuan
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory on Drug Dependence Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Su-Xia Li
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory on Drug Dependence Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - George Fu Gao
- Savaid Medical School, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China. .,Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. .,Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Lin Lu
- Savaid Medical School, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China. .,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China. .,National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory on Drug Dependence Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China. .,Institute of Mental Health, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
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26
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Fang H, Tu S, Sheng J, Shao A. Depression in sleep disturbance: A review on a bidirectional relationship, mechanisms and treatment. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 23:2324-2332. [PMID: 30734486 PMCID: PMC6433686 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 503] [Impact Index Per Article: 100.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep disturbance is the most prominent symptom in depressive patients and was formerly regarded as a main secondary manifestation of depression. However, many longitudinal studies have identified insomnia as an independent risk factor for the development of emerging or recurrent depression among young, middle‐aged and older adults. This bidirectional association between sleep disturbance and depression has created a new perspective that sleep problems are no longer an epiphenomenon of depression but a predictive prodromal symptom. In this review, we highlight the treatment of sleep disturbance before, during and after depression, which probably plays an important role in improving outcomes and preventing the recurrence of depression. In clinical practice, pharmacological therapies, including hypnotics and antidepressants, and non‐pharmacological therapies are typically applied. A better understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms between sleep disturbance and depression can help psychiatrists better manage this comorbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Fang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Sheng Tu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jifang Sheng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Anwen Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, China
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McGlashan EM, Nandam LS, Vidafar P, Mansfield DR, Rajaratnam SMW, Cain SW. The SSRI citalopram increases the sensitivity of the human circadian system to light in an acute dose. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:3201-3209. [PMID: 30219986 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-5019-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Disturbances of the circadian system are common in depression. Though they typically subside when depression is treated with antidepressants, the mechanism by which this occurs is unknown. Despite being the most commonly prescribed class of antidepressants, the effect of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) on the human circadian clock is not well understood. OBJECTIVE To examine the effect of the SSRI citalopram (30 mg) on the sensitivity of the human circadian system to light. METHODS This study used a double-blind, placebo-controlled, within-subjects, crossover design. Participants completed two melatonin suppression assessments in room level light (~ 100 lx), taking either a single dose of citalopram 30 mg or a placebo at the beginning of each light exposure. Melatonin suppression was calculated by comparing placebo and citalopram light exposure conditions to a dim light baseline. RESULTS A 47% increase in melatonin suppression was observed after administration of an acute dose of citalopram, with all participants showing more suppression after citalopram administration (large effect, d = 1.54). Further, melatonin onset occurred later under normal room light with citalopram compared to placebo. CONCLUSIONS Increased sensitivity of the circadian system to light could assist in explaining some of the inter-individual variability in antidepressant treatment responses, as it is likely to assist in recovery in some patients, while causing further disruption for others.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M McGlashan
- Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, 18 Innovation Walk, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - L S Nandam
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - P Vidafar
- Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, 18 Innovation Walk, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - D R Mansfield
- Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, 18 Innovation Walk, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.,Monash Lung and Sleep, Monash Health, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - S M W Rajaratnam
- Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, 18 Innovation Walk, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - S W Cain
- Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, 18 Innovation Walk, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.
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Calarge CA, Mills JA, Karaviti L, Teixeira AL, Zemel BS, Garcia JM. Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors Reduce Longitudinal Growth in Risperidone-Treated Boys. J Pediatr 2018; 201:245-251. [PMID: 29958671 PMCID: PMC6153035 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine whether selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) inhibit longitudinal growth in children and adolescents, particularly in the early stages of puberty, using a sample of convenience comprising risperidone-treated boys. STUDY DESIGN Data from four clinic-based studies in risperidone-treated 5- to 17-year-old boys with no general medical conditions were combined for this analysis. Anthropometric measurements and psychotropic treatment history were extracted from the medical and pharmacy records. Linear mixed effects regression analyses examined the association between SSRI use and change in age-sex-specific height and body mass index z scores, after adjusting for relevant confounders. RESULTS Risperidone-treated boys (n = 267; age: 12.7 ± 2.7 years), 71% of whom had ever taken an SSRI, contributed to the analysis. After adjusting for age, psychostimulant and antipsychotic use, and time in the study, both the duration of SSRI use as well as the cumulative dose were inversely associated with height z score after age 11 years (P < .0001). After adjusting for baseline height, duration of SSRI use was most strongly inversely associated with height z score in Tanner stages 3 and 4 boys who took SSRIs continuously (r = -0.69, P < .009). No association was observed with body mass index z score. CONCLUSIONS In risperidone-treated boys, SSRI use is associated with reduced longitudinal growth, particularly in those undergoing puberty. Whether adult height or other metabolic or psychological outcomes are affected remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chadi A. Calarge
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science and Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children’s Hospital, 6701 Fannin Street, Suite 1740, Houston, TX 77030-2399, Tel: 832-824-4764, Fax: 832-825-8981,
| | - James A. Mills
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA
| | | | - Antonio L. Teixeira
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Babette S. Zemel
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jose M. Garcia
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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The role of clock genes in the etiology of Major Depressive Disorder: Special Section on "Translational and Neuroscience Studies in Affective Disorders". Section Editor, Maria Nobile MD, PhD. This Section of JAD focuses on the relevance of translational and neuroscience studies in providing a better understanding of the neural basis of affective disorders. The main aim is to briefly summaries relevant research findings in clinical neuroscience with particular regards to specific innovative topics in mood and anxiety disorders. J Affect Disord 2018; 234:351-357. [PMID: 29128257 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circadian rhythms are largely dysregulated in Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). The present review provides a summary of the findings about the role of clock genes in the etiology of MDD. METHODS A careful search of articles on Pubmed, PsycINFO, Isi Web of Knowledge was performed in order to obtain a comprehensive review about the topic. RESULTS The studies reported contrasting results about the association of different single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in clock genes and MDD. The most consistent result reported the association between SNP rs2287161 of CRY1 and MDD development. LIMITATIONS Most of the published papers on the topic show bias as a prevalence of Asian ethnicity or not blinded conditions of laboratory experiments with respect to subjects' conditions (healthy controls or MDD). CONCLUSION Further epigenetic and genome-wide studies are necessary to have a more clear idea about the role of clock genes in the etiology of MDD.
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Assessing the Dim Light Melatonin Onset in Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder and No Comorbid Intellectual Disability. J Autism Dev Disord 2018; 47:2120-2137. [PMID: 28444476 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-017-3122-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This study assessed melatonin levels and the dim light melatonin onset (DLMO) in adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and also investigated the relationships between melatonin and objectively measured sleep parameters. Sixteen adults with ASD (ASD-Only), 12 adults with ASD medicated for comorbid diagnoses of anxiety and/or depression (ASD-Med) and 32 controls participated in the study. Although, the timing of the DLMO did not differ between the two groups, advances and delays of the melatonin rhythm were observed in individual profiles. Overall mean melatonin levels were lower in the ASD-Med group compared to the two other groups. Lastly, greater increases in melatonin in the hour prior to sleep were associated with greater sleep efficiency in the ASD groups.
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Advances of Melatonin-Based Therapies in the Treatment of Disturbed Sleep and Mood. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2018; 253:305-319. [PMID: 31123831 DOI: 10.1007/164_2018_139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin and melatonin agonists offer novel treatments for sleep and mood disorders, particularly where circadian misalignment is also present. The therapies offer both phase-shifting and sleep-promoting effects and have shown potential to treat advanced and delayed sleep-wake phase disorder, non-24-h sleep-wake cycle, jetlag, shift work disorder, insomnia, seasonal affective disorder and major depressive disorder.
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Rosso G, Zanardini R, Chiodelli DF, Ferrari C, Gennarelli M, Bocchio-Chiavetto L. Serum Levels of Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Case-Control Study. Neuropsychobiology 2017; 74:15-21. [PMID: 27459640 DOI: 10.1159/000446918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Recent findings suggest an involvement of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in the pathogenesis of many psychiatric disorders; however, there is a lack of data regarding IGF-1 in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The aims of the present study were (1) to analyze putative alterations of IGF-1 serum content in patients with OCD compared to patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and healthy controls, and (2) to analyze putative changes of IGF-1 levels during drug treatment in subjects with OCD compared to patients with MDD. METHODS We recruited 40 OCD patients, 37 MDD patients, and 43 healthy controls. All participants were adults. Serum IGF-1 levels were measured by the ELISA method on venous blood samples collected at baseline and after 10 ± 1 weeks of drug treatment. RESULTS IGF-1 levels were increased in OCD patients compared to controls (149.9 ± 60.2 vs. 121.2 ± 51.6 ng/ml; p = 0.040). No correlations were observed between baseline IGF-1 levels, clinical features, and response to treatment at follow-up in OCD or MDD patients. No changes in serum IGF-1 were observed after drug treatment. CONCLUSION Our results show for the first time that serum IGF-1 levels are altered in patients with OCD. Further research on the role of IGF-1 in OCD is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Rosso
- Psychiatric Unit, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital of Orbassano, Neuroscience Department, University of Turin, Orbassano, IRCCS San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
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Duncan WC, Ballard ED, Zarate CA. Ketamine-Induced Glutamatergic Mechanisms of Sleep and Wakefulness: Insights for Developing Novel Treatments for Disturbed Sleep and Mood. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2017; 253:337-358. [PMID: 28939975 DOI: 10.1007/164_2017_51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ketamine, a drug with rapid antidepressant effects and well-described effects on slow wave sleep (SWS), is a useful intervention for investigating sleep-wake mechanisms involved in novel therapeutics. The drug rapidly (within minutes to hours) reduces depressive symptoms in individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD) or bipolar disorder (BD), including those with treatment-resistant depression. Ketamine treatment elevates extracellular glutamate in the prefrontal cortex. Glutamate, in turn, plays a critical role as a proximal element in a ketamine-initiated molecular cascade that increases synaptic strength and plasticity, which ultimately results in rapidly improved mood. In MDD, rapid antidepressant response to ketamine is related to decreased waking as well as increased total sleep, SWS, slow wave activity (SWA), and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Ketamine also increases brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels. In individuals with MDD, clinical response to ketamine is predicted by low baseline delta sleep ratio, a measure of deficient early night production of SWS. Notably, there are important differences between MDD and BD that may be related to the effects of diagnosis or of mood stabilizers. Consistent with its effects on clock-associated molecules, ketamine alters the timing and amplitude of circadian activity patterns in rapid responders versus non-responders with MDD, suggesting that it affects mood-dependent central neural circuits. Molecular interactions between sleep homeostasis and clock genes may mediate the rapid and durable elements of clinical response to ketamine and its active metabolite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wallace C Duncan
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Elizabeth D Ballard
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Carlos A Zarate
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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Levada OA, Troyan AS. Insulin-like growth factor-1: a possible marker for emotional and cognitive disturbances, and treatment effectiveness in major depressive disorder. Ann Gen Psychiatry 2017; 16:38. [PMID: 29093741 PMCID: PMC5659027 DOI: 10.1186/s12991-017-0161-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression and cognitive dysfunction share a common neuropathological platform. Abnormal neural plasticity in the frontolimbic circuits has been linked to changes in the expression of neurotrophic factors, including IGF-1. These changes may result in clinical abnormalities observed over the course of major depressive disorder (MDD), including cognitive dysfunction. The present review aimed to summarize evidence regarding abnormalities of peripheral IGF-1 in MDD patients and assess a marker and predictive role of the neurotrophin for emotional and cognitive disturbances, and treatment effectiveness. A literature search of the PubMed database was conducted for studies, in which peripheral IGF-1 levels were evaluated. Our analysis revealed four main findings: (1) IGF-1 levels in MDD patients mismatch across the studies, which may arise from various factors, e.g., age, gender, the course of the disease, presence of cognitive impairment, ongoing therapy, or general health conditions; (2) the initial peripheral IGF-1 levels may predict the occurrence of depression in future; (3) peripheral IGF-1 levels may reflect cognitive dysfunction, although the data is limited; (4) it is difficult to evaluate the influence of treatment on IGF-1 levels as there is discrepancy of this growth factor among the studies at baseline, although most of them showed a decrease in IGF-1 levels after treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg A Levada
- State Institution "Zaporizhzhia Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education Ministry of Health of Ukraine", 20 Winter boulevard, Zaporizhzhia, 69096 Ukraine
| | - Alexandra S Troyan
- State Institution "Zaporizhzhia Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education Ministry of Health of Ukraine", 20 Winter boulevard, Zaporizhzhia, 69096 Ukraine
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Nicolaides NC, Charmandari E, Kino T, Chrousos GP. Stress-Related and Circadian Secretion and Target Tissue Actions of Glucocorticoids: Impact on Health. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:70. [PMID: 28503165 PMCID: PMC5408025 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Living organisms are highly complex systems that must maintain a dynamic equilibrium or homeostasis that requires energy to be sustained. Stress is a state in which several extrinsic or intrinsic disturbing stimuli, the stressors, threaten, or are perceived as threatening, homeostasis. To achieve homeostasis against the stressors, organisms have developed a highly sophisticated system, the stress system, which provides neuroendocrine adaptive responses, to restore homeostasis. These responses must be appropriate in terms of size and/or duration; otherwise, they may sustain life but be associated with detrimental effects on numerous physiologic functions of the organism, leading to a state of disease-causing disturbed homeostasis or cacostasis. In addition to facing a broad spectrum of external and/or internal stressors, organisms are subject to recurring environmental changes associated with the rotation of the planet around itself and its revolution around the sun. To adjust their homeostasis and to synchronize their activities to day/night cycles, organisms have developed an evolutionarily conserved biologic system, the "clock" system, which influences several physiologic functions in a circadian fashion. Accumulating evidence suggests that the stress system is intimately related to the circadian clock system, with dysfunction of the former resulting in dysregulation of the latter and vice versa. In this review, we describe the functional components of the two systems, we discuss their multilevel interactions, and we present how excessive or prolonged activity of the stress system affects the circadian rhythm of glucocorticoid secretion and target tissue effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas C. Nicolaides
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, ’Aghia Sophia’ Children’s Hospital, Athens, Greece
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
- *Correspondence: Nicolas C. Nicolaides,
| | - Evangelia Charmandari
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, ’Aghia Sophia’ Children’s Hospital, Athens, Greece
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Tomoshige Kino
- Division of Experimental Genetics, Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar
| | - George P. Chrousos
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, ’Aghia Sophia’ Children’s Hospital, Athens, Greece
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Ogłodek EA, Just MJ, Szromek AR, Araszkiewicz A. Melatonin and neurotrophins NT-3, BDNF, NGF in patients with varying levels of depression severity. Pharmacol Rep 2016; 68:945-51. [PMID: 27367919 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disrupted circadian rhythm of melatonin secretion in depression shows a relationship with the exacerbation of inflammatory processes. Proinflammatory mechanisms of depression are sustained by oxidative stress. This contributes to melatonin deficiency and to the malfunction of the defense mechanisms in the brain. Disrupted melatonin secretion in depression may have an influence on the concentrations of neurotrophic factors (NF), such as neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF). Disturbance in neurotrophin release may affect synaptic plasticity and cause exacerbation of neurodegenerative processes in the central nervous system. The aim of this study was to assess the concentrations of melatonin and NF of the brain in patients with varying levels of depression severity. METHOD 160 males and females were enrolled in the study, 120 of whom were diagnosed with various types of depression. The control group comprised 40 healthy individuals. At 3:00a.m. all patients had salivary melatonin concentrations determined utilizing a competitive enzyme immunoassay technique (ELISA). In addition, at 7:00a.m. all patients had serum neurotrophin (NT-3, BDNF, NGF) concentrations determined by means of ELISA. RESULTS The highest melatonin secretion was observed at 3:00a.m. in severely depressed females. In the groups with mild and moderate depression, melatonin secretion at 3:00a.m. was comparable between males and females. In addition, a decrease in the concentrations of neurotrophins was revealed in patients at all levels of depression severity. CONCLUSION Melatonin may be a significant marker of depression severity. Melatonin and NF in depressed patients show neuroprotective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa A Ogłodek
- Department of Psychiatry, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland.
| | - Marek J Just
- Department of General and Endocrine Surgery, Municipal Hospital in Piekary Śląskie, Piekary Śląskie, Poland
| | - Adam R Szromek
- Silesian University of Technology in Gliwice, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Aleksander Araszkiewicz
- Department of Psychiatry, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
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Woodruff ER, Chun LE, Hinds LR, Spencer RL. Diurnal Corticosterone Presence and Phase Modulate Clock Gene Expression in the Male Rat Prefrontal Cortex. Endocrinology 2016; 157:1522-34. [PMID: 26901093 PMCID: PMC4816727 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mood disorders are associated with dysregulation of prefrontal cortex (PFC) function, circadian rhythms, and diurnal glucocorticoid (corticosterone [CORT]) circulation. Entrainment of clock gene expression in some peripheral tissues depends on CORT. In this study, we characterized over the course of the day the mRNA expression pattern of the core clock genes Per1, Per2, and Bmal1 in the male rat PFC and suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) under different diurnal CORT conditions. In experiment 1, rats were left adrenal-intact (sham) or were adrenalectomized (ADX) followed by 10 daily antiphasic (opposite time of day of the endogenous CORT peak) ip injections of either vehicle or 2.5 mg/kg CORT. In experiment 2, all rats received ADX surgery followed by 13 daily injections of vehicle or CORT either antiphasic or in-phase with the endogenous CORT peak. In sham rats clock gene mRNA levels displayed a diurnal pattern of expression in the PFC and the SCN, but the phase differed between the 2 structures. ADX substantially altered clock gene expression patterns in the PFC. This alteration was normalized by in-phase CORT treatment, whereas antiphasic CORT treatment appears to have eliminated a diurnal pattern (Per1 and Bmal1) or dampened/inverted its phase (Per2). There was very little effect of CORT condition on clock gene expression in the SCN. These experiments suggest that an important component of glucocorticoid circadian physiology entails CORT regulation of the molecular clock in the PFC. Consequently, they also point to a possible mechanism that contributes to PFC disrupted function in disorders associated with abnormal CORT circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R Woodruff
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309
| | - Lauren E Chun
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309
| | - Laura R Hinds
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309
| | - Robert L Spencer
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309
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Sun HQ, Li SX, Chen FB, Zhang Y, Li P, Jin M, Sun Y, Wang F, Mi WF, Shi L, Yue JL, Yang FD, Lu L. Diurnal neurobiological alterations after exposure to clozapine in first-episode schizophrenia patients. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2016; 64:108-16. [PMID: 26630391 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Irregular circadian rhythm and some of its most characteristic symptoms are frequently observed in patients with schizophrenia. However, changes in the expression of clock genes or neuropeptides that are related to the regulation of circadian rhythm may influence the susceptibility to recurrence after antipsychotic treatment in schizophrenia, but this possibility has not been investigated. METHODS Blood samples were collected from 15 healthy male controls and 13 male schizophrenia patients at 4h intervals for 24h before and after treatment with clozapine for 8 weeks. The outcome measures included the relative expression of clock gene mRNA PERIOD1 (PER1), PERIOD2 (PER2), PERIOD3 (PER3) and the levels of plasma cortisol, orexin, and insulin. RESULTS Compared with healthy controls, schizophrenia patients presented disruptions in diurnal rhythms of the expression of PER1, PER3, and NPAS2 and the release of orexin, accompanied by a delayed phase in the expression of PER2, decreases in PER3 and NPAS2 expression, and an increase in cortisol levels at baseline. Several of these disruptions (i.e., in PER1 and PER3 expression) persisted after 8 weeks of clozapine treatment, similar to the decreases in the 24-h expression of PER3 and NPAS2. Clozapine treatment for 8 weeks significantly decreased the 24-h levels of PER2 and increased the 24-h levels of insulin. CONCLUSION These persistent neurobiological changes that occur after 8 weeks of clozapine treatment may contribute to the vulnerability to recurrence and efficacy of long-term maintenance treatment in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Qiang Sun
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health and Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Su-Xia Li
- National Institute on Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Fang-Bin Chen
- 102 Military Hospital of China, Changzhou 213000, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- 102 Military Hospital of China, Changzhou 213000, China
| | - Peng Li
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health and Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; 102 Military Hospital of China, Changzhou 213000, China
| | - Mei Jin
- 102 Military Hospital of China, Changzhou 213000, China
| | - Yan Sun
- National Institute on Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Fan Wang
- Beijing Hui-Long-Guan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing 100096, China
| | - Wei-Feng Mi
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health and Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Le Shi
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health and Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; National Institute on Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jing-Li Yue
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health and Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Fu-De Yang
- Beijing Hui-Long-Guan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing 100096, China
| | - Lin Lu
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health and Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorder, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
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Abstract
Up to 50% of patients with autoimmune diseases show an impairment of health-related quality of life and exhibit depression-like symptoms. The immune system not only leads to inflammation in affected organs, but also mediates behavior abnormalities including fatigue and depression-like symptoms. This review focuses on the different pathways involved in the communication of the immune system with the neuronal network and the body's timing system. The latter is built up by a hierarchically organized expression of clock genes. As discussed here, the activation of the immune system interferes with high amplitude expression of clock genes, an effect which may play a pivotal role in depression-like behavior in autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Pryce
- Preclinical Laboratory for Translational Research into Affective Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy & Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Adriano Fontana
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Tu KY, Wu MK, Chen YW, Lin PY, Wang HY, Wu CK, Tseng PT. Significantly Higher Peripheral Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 Levels in Patients With Major Depressive Disorder or Bipolar Disorder Than in Healthy Controls: A Meta-Analysis and Review Under Guideline of PRISMA. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e2411. [PMID: 26825882 PMCID: PMC5291552 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000002411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
An increasing amount of research has focused on insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) because of multiple neurotrophic effects, including neurogenesis, remyelination, and synaptogenesis. In addition, IGF-1 can mediate an antidepressant effect in patients with major affective disorder, and its levels in the cerebrospinal fluid have been found to vary with antidepressant treatment. Furthermore, it has been proven to crossover the blood-brain barrier, with a reciprocal feedback loop being the central effect. However, recent studies have reported inconclusive findings about the role of IGF-1 in major affective disorder. The aim of the current study was to conduct a thorough meta-analysis of changes in peripheral IGF-1 levels in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) or bipolar disorder (BD). We conducted a thorough literature search and compared peripheral IGF-1 levels in patients with MDD or BD and in healthy controls, and investigated clinical variables through meta-regression. Electronic research was conducted through platform of PubMed. We used inclusion criteria as clinical trials discussing comparisons of peripheral IGF-1 protein levels in patients with MDD or BD and those in healthy controls. We analyzed the cases from 9 studies with the random-effect model. The main finding was that peripheral IGF-1 levels in the patients were significantly higher than in the healthy controls (P < 0.001), with a significant inverse association with duration of illness (P = 0.03). In meta-analysis comparing peripheral IGF-1 levels in patients with BD or MDD before and after treatment, there was no significant change in peripheral IGF-1 levels after treatment (P = 0.092). The small numbers of studies and lack of correlation data with growth hormone in current studies are the main limitations of this meta-analysis. Our results indicated that peripheral IGF-1 levels may not be an indicator of disease severity, but may be a disease trait marker or an indicator of cognition. However, further investigations on the correlation between cognitive function and peripheral IGF-1 levels are needed to explore the role of IGF-1 in the pathophysiology of MDD and BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Yu Tu
- From the Department of Psychiatry, Tsyr-Huey Mental Hospital, Kaohsiung Jen-Ai's Home, Taiwan (K-YT, H-YW, C-KW, P-TT); Department of Neurology, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan (Y-WC); Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan (M-KW, P-YL); and Center for Translational Research in Biomedical Sciences, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan (P-YL)
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van Kerkhof LWM, Van Dycke KCG, Jansen EHJM, Beekhof PK, van Oostrom CTM, Ruskovska T, Velickova N, Kamcev N, Pennings JLA, van Steeg H, Rodenburg W. Diurnal Variation of Hormonal and Lipid Biomarkers in a Molecular Epidemiology-Like Setting. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135652. [PMID: 26285127 PMCID: PMC4540433 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Many molecular epidemiology studies focusing on high prevalent diseases, such as metabolic disorders and cancer, investigate metabolic and hormonal markers. In general, sampling for these markers can occur at any time-point during the day or after an overnight fast. However, environmental factors, such as light exposure and food intake might affect the levels of these markers, since they provide input for the internal time-keeping system. When diurnal variation is larger than the inter-individual variation, time of day should be taken into account. Importantly, heterogeneity in diurnal variation and disturbance of circadian rhythms among a study population might increasingly occur as a result of our increasing 24/7 economy and related variation in exposure to environmental factors (such as light and food). Aim The aim of the present study was to determine whether a set of often used biomarkers shows diurnal variation in a setting resembling large molecular epidemiology studies, i.e., non-fasted and limited control possibilities for other environmental influences. Results We show that markers for which diurnal variation is not an issue are adrenocorticotropic hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, estradiol and high-density lipoprotein. For all other tested markers diurnal variation was observed in at least one gender (cholesterol, cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, free fatty acids, low-density lipoprotein, luteinizing hormone, prolactin, progesterone, testosterone, triglycerides, total triiodothyronine and thyroid-stimulating hormone) or could not reliably be detected (human growth hormone). Discussion Thus, studies investigating these markers should take diurnal variation into account, for which we provide some options. Furthermore, our study indicates the need for investigating diurnal variation (in literature or experimentally) before setting up studies measuring markers in routine and controlled settings, especially since time-of-day likely matters for many more markers than the ones investigated in the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda W. M. van Kerkhof
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Kirsten C. G. Van Dycke
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Genetics, Center for Biomedical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eugene H. J. M. Jansen
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Piet K. Beekhof
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Conny T. M. van Oostrom
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Tatjana Ruskovska
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Goce Delcev University, Stip, Republic of Macedonia
| | - Nevenka Velickova
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Goce Delcev University, Stip, Republic of Macedonia
| | - Nikola Kamcev
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Goce Delcev University, Stip, Republic of Macedonia
| | - Jeroen L. A. Pennings
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Harry van Steeg
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Wendy Rodenburg
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Multiple lines of evidence suggest that psychopathological symptoms of bipolar disorder arise in part from a malfunction of the circadian system, linking the disease with an abnormal internal timing. Alterations in circadian rhythms and sleep are core elements in the disorders, characterizing both mania and depression and having recently been shown during euthymia. Several human genetic studies have implicated specific genes that make up the genesis of circadian rhythms in the manifestation of mood disorders with polymorphisms in molecular clock genes not only showing an association with the disorder but having also been linked to its phenotypic particularities. Many medications used to treat the disorder, such as antidepressant and mood stabilizers, affect the circadian clock. Finally, circadian rhythms and sleep researches have been the starting point of the developing of chronobiological therapies. These interventions are safe, rapid and effective and they should be considered first-line strategies for bipolar depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Dallaspezia
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Scientific Institute and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy,
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Prenatal stress produces sex-specific changes in depression-like behavior in rats: implications for increased vulnerability in females. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2015; 6:462-74. [PMID: 26152908 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174415001282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Stress during rat gestation can elicit depression-like physiological and behavioral responses in the offspring. However, human clinical depression is more prevalent among females than males. Accordingly, we examined how repeated variable prenatal stress (PS) alters rat anxiety- and depression-like behavior as well as circadian patterning of motor activity in both male and female offspring. For this purpose, we exposed pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats to multiple stressors during gestational days 13-21. Subsequently, we monitored locomotor and rearing/climbing activities in home-like cages for 24 h and measured anxiety- (elevated plus maze, EPM) and depression-like (forced swim test, FST) behaviors in the offspring at a young adult age. As a stressful event later in life (in addition to PS) may be needed to actually trigger an episode of clinical depression, half of the animals were exposed to an acute stressor (elevated platform) before EPM testing. Dams exposed to the stressor battery had increased plasma corticosterone levels compared with controls. Male PS offspring displayed changes in locomotor and rearing/climbing activity relative to controls. Additionally, anxiety measures in the EPM were affected in control animals after acute stressor exposure, however, this response was blunted in PS offspring. Moreover, FST immobility, as an indicator of depressive-like behavior, was increased in female but not male PS rats. Altogether, our results identify both sex- and circadian phase-specific effects of PS. These findings indicate that the PS rat model reflects multiple clinical depression characteristics, including elevated female vulnerability.
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Nováková M, Praško J, Látalová K, Sládek M, Sumová A. The circadian system of patients with bipolar disorder differs in episodes of mania and depression. Bipolar Disord 2015; 17:303-14. [PMID: 25359533 DOI: 10.1111/bdi.12270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Bipolar disorder is a common psychiatric disease characterized by mood disturbances with alternating episodes of mania and depression. Moreover, disturbances in the sleep/wake cycle are prevalent. We tested a hypothesis that the function of the circadian system, which drives the sleep/wake cycle, may differ in patients with bipolar disorder depending on whether they are experiencing an episode of mania or depression. METHODS To assess the functional state of the central circadian clock, daily profiles of melatonin levels in saliva were determined. The functional state of the peripheral clocks was assessed by determining daily profiles of Per1 and Nr1d1 clock gene expression in buccal mucosa cells. Sixteen patients with bipolar disorder in a manic episode, 22 patients in a depressive episode, and 19 healthy control subjects provided samples at regular intervals during a 24-hour cycle. RESULTS During episodes of mania, the daily profiles of melatonin differed compared with healthy controls and patients in an episode of depression, mainly due to elevated melatonin levels during the daytime. No difference was found between melatonin profiles of control subjects and patients in depression. The Per1 and Nr1d1 profiles were advanced in patients in mania compared with those in depression. Compared with controls, a trend toward an advance was apparent in the profiles of patients during an episode of mania but not depression. The amplitude of the Nr1d1 expression profile was higher in mania than in depression. CONCLUSIONS The data revealed differences in the functional state of the circadian system in patients with bipolar disorder depending on whether they were experiencing a manic or a depressive episode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Nováková
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague
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Carpenter JS, Robillard R, Lee RSC, Hermens DF, Naismith SL, White D, Whitwell B, Scott EM, Hickie IB. The relationship between sleep-wake cycle and cognitive functioning in young people with affective disorders. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124710. [PMID: 25898321 PMCID: PMC4405360 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although early-stage affective disorders are associated with both cognitive dysfunction and sleep-wake disruptions, relationships between these factors have not been specifically examined in young adults. Sleep and circadian rhythm disturbances in those with affective disorders are considerably heterogeneous, and may not relate to cognitive dysfunction in a simple linear fashion. This study aimed to characterise profiles of sleep and circadian disturbance in young people with affective disorders and examine associations between these profiles and cognitive performance. Actigraphy monitoring was completed in 152 young people (16–30 years; 66% female) with primary diagnoses of affective disorders, and 69 healthy controls (18–30 years; 57% female). Patients also underwent detailed neuropsychological assessment. Actigraphy data were processed to estimate both sleep and circadian parameters. Overall neuropsychological performance in patients was poor on tasks relating to mental flexibility and visual memory. Two hierarchical cluster analyses identified three distinct patient groups based on sleep variables and three based on circadian variables. Sleep clusters included a ‘long sleep’ cluster, a ‘disrupted sleep’ cluster, and a ‘delayed and disrupted sleep’ cluster. Circadian clusters included a ‘strong circadian’ cluster, a ‘weak circadian’ cluster, and a ‘delayed circadian’ cluster. Medication use differed between clusters. The ‘long sleep’ cluster displayed significantly worse visual memory performance compared to the ‘disrupted sleep’ cluster. No other cognitive functions differed between clusters. These results highlight the heterogeneity of sleep and circadian profiles in young people with affective disorders, and provide preliminary evidence in support of a relationship between sleep and visual memory, which may be mediated by use of antipsychotic medication. These findings have implications for the personalisation of treatments and improvement of functioning in young adults early in the course of affective illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne S. Carpenter
- Clinical Research Unit, Brain & Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Rébecca Robillard
- Clinical Research Unit, Brain & Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Rico S. C. Lee
- Clinical Research Unit, Brain & Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Daniel F. Hermens
- Clinical Research Unit, Brain & Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Sharon L. Naismith
- Clinical Research Unit, Brain & Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Django White
- Clinical Research Unit, Brain & Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Bradley Whitwell
- Clinical Research Unit, Brain & Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Elizabeth M. Scott
- Clinical Research Unit, Brain & Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Ian B. Hickie
- Clinical Research Unit, Brain & Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Guo TY, Liu LJ, Xu LZ, Zhang JC, Li SX, Chen C, He LG, Chen YM, Yang HD, Lu L, Hashimoto K. Alterations of the daily rhythms of HPT axis induced by chronic unpredicted mild stress in rats. Endocrine 2015; 48:637-43. [PMID: 24929805 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-014-0314-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between thyroid function and depression has long been recognized. Patients with thyroid disorders are more prone to develop depressive symptoms and conversely depression may be accompanied by various subtle thyroid abnormalities. However, the daily rhythm alteration of the functions of the hypothalamus pituitary thyroid axis (HPT) is uncertain. In the present study, we investigated the effects of chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) on the daily rhythm alterations of triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), and Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) in the plasma. We found that CUMS led to depressive-like behavior and the daily rhythm of T3, T4, and TSH in the plasma being disturbed, as well the plasma levels of T3 and T4 decreased compared to control group. Our findings indicate that CUMS not only induce hypofunction of HPT axis but also the disturbance of daily rhythm of PHT axis in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-You Guo
- Department of Psychology, Normal College, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
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Liu C, Chung M. Genetics and epigenetics of circadian rhythms and their potential roles in neuropsychiatric disorders. Neurosci Bull 2015; 31:141-59. [PMID: 25652815 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-014-1495-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythm alterations have been implicated in multiple neuropsychiatric disorders, particularly those of sleep, addiction, anxiety, and mood. Circadian rhythms are known to be maintained by a set of classic clock genes that form complex mutual and self-regulatory loops. While many other genes showing rhythmic expression have been identified by genome-wide studies, their roles in circadian regulation remain largely unknown. In attempts to directly connect circadian rhythms with neuropsychiatric disorders, genetic studies have identified gene mutations associated with several rare sleep disorders or sleep-related traits. Other than that, genetic studies of circadian genes in psychiatric disorders have had limited success. As an important mediator of environmental factors and regulators of circadian rhythms, the epigenetic system may hold the key to the etiology or pathology of psychiatric disorders, their subtypes or endophenotypes. Epigenomic regulation of the circadian system and the related changes have not been thoroughly explored in the context of neuropsychiatric disorders. We argue for systematic investigation of the circadian system, particularly epigenetic regulation, and its involvement in neuropsychiatric disorders to improve our understanding of human behavior and disease etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics of China, Changsha, 410078, China,
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Bunney BG, Li JZ, Walsh DM, Stein R, Vawter MP, Cartagena P, Barchas JD, Schatzberg AF, Myers RM, Watson SJ, Akil H, Bunney WE. Circadian dysregulation of clock genes: clues to rapid treatments in major depressive disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2015; 20:48-55. [PMID: 25349171 PMCID: PMC4765913 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2014.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 09/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Conventional antidepressants require 2-8 weeks for a full clinical response. In contrast, two rapidly acting antidepressant interventions, low-dose ketamine and sleep deprivation (SD) therapy, act within hours to robustly decrease depressive symptoms in a subgroup of major depressive disorder (MDD) patients. Evidence that MDD may be a circadian-related illness is based, in part, on a large set of clinical data showing that diurnal rhythmicity (sleep, temperature, mood and hormone secretion) is altered during depressive episodes. In a microarray study, we observed widespread changes in cyclic gene expression in six regions of postmortem brain tissue of depressed patients matched with controls for time-of-death (TOD). We screened 12 000 transcripts and observed that the core clock genes, essential for controlling virtually all rhythms in the body, showed robust 24-h sinusoidal expression patterns in six brain regions in control subjects. In MDD patients matched for TOD with controls, the expression patterns of the clock genes in brain were significantly dysregulated. Some of the most robust changes were seen in anterior cingulate (ACC). These findings suggest that in addition to structural abnormalities, lesion studies, and the large body of functional brain imaging studies reporting increased activation in the ACC of depressed patients who respond to a wide range of therapies, there may be a circadian dysregulation in clock gene expression in a subgroup of MDDs. Here, we review human, animal and neuronal cell culture data suggesting that both low-dose ketamine and SD can modulate circadian rhythms. We hypothesize that the rapid antidepressant actions of ketamine and SD may act, in part, to reset abnormal clock genes in MDD to restore and stabilize circadian rhythmicity. Conversely, clinical relapse may reflect a desynchronization of the clock, indicative of a reactivation of abnormal clock gene function. Future work could involve identifying specific small molecules capable of resetting and stabilizing clock genes to evaluate if they can rapidly relieve symptoms and sustain improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- BG Bunney
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - JZ Li
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - DM Walsh
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - R Stein
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - MP Vawter
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - P Cartagena
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - JD Barchas
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - AF Schatzberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - RM Myers
- HudsonAlpha, Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - SJ Watson
- Department of Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - H Akil
- Department of Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - WE Bunney
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
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Leliavski A, Dumbell R, Ott V, Oster H. Adrenal Clocks and the Role of Adrenal Hormones in the Regulation of Circadian Physiology. J Biol Rhythms 2014; 30:20-34. [DOI: 10.1177/0748730414553971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian circadian timing system consists of a master pacemaker in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and subordinate clocks that disseminate time information to various central and peripheral tissues. While the function of the SCN in circadian rhythm regulation has been extensively studied, we still have limited understanding of how peripheral tissue clock function contributes to the regulation of physiological processes. The adrenal gland plays a special role in this context as adrenal hormones show strong circadian secretion rhythms affecting downstream physiological processes. At the same time, they have been shown to affect clock gene expression in various other tissues, thus mediating systemic entrainment to external zeitgebers and promoting internal circadian alignment. In this review, we discuss the function of circadian clocks in the adrenal gland, how they are reset by the SCN and may further relay time-of-day information to other tissues. Focusing on glucocorticoids, we conclude by outlining the impact of adrenal rhythm disruption on neuropsychiatric, metabolic, immune, and malignant disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Leliavski
- Chronophysiology Group, Medical Department, University of Lübeck, Germany
| | - Rebecca Dumbell
- Chronophysiology Group, Medical Department, University of Lübeck, Germany
| | - Volker Ott
- Institute of Neuroendocrinology, University of Lübeck, Germany
| | - Henrik Oster
- Chronophysiology Group, Medical Department, University of Lübeck, Germany
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