1
|
Kamal UH, Jamil A, Fatima E, Khurram A, Khan Z, Kamdi ZA, Ahmed S, Farooq MZ, Jaglal M. Mortality Patterns of Esophageal Cancer in the United States: A 21-Year Retrospective Analysis. Am J Clin Oncol 2024:00000421-990000000-00230. [PMID: 39359061 DOI: 10.1097/coc.0000000000001147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Esophageal cancer (EC) is the sixth leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States, with a mere 20% survival rate in the first 5 years, making it a significant public health concern. Considering the lack of comprehensive evaluations of mortality trends, this study aims to provide an update on the mortality rates of esophageal cancer and its trends in the United States. METHODS The mortality trends among adults with EC were analyzed using data from the CDC WONDER database. Crude and age-adjusted mortality rates (AAMRs) per 100,000 people were extracted. Annual percent changes (APCs) in AAMRs with 95% CI were obtained using joinpoint regression analysis across different demographic (sex, race/ethnicity, and age) and geographic (state, urban-rural, and regional) subgroups. RESULTS Between 1999 and 2020, 309,725 documented deaths were attributed to esophageal cancer. The overall AAMR decreased from 1999 to 2020 (6.69 to 5.68). Males had higher consistently higher AAMRs than females (10.96 vs. 2.24). NH White had the highest overall AAMR (6.88), followed by NH Black (6.46), NH American Indian (4.95), Hispanic or Latino (3.31), and NH Asian or Pacific Islander (2.57). AAMR also varied by region (overall AAMR: Midwest: 7.18; Northeast: 6.75; South: 6.07; West: 5.76), and nonmetropolitan areas had higher AAMR (non-core areas: 7.09; micropolitan areas: 7.19) than metropolitan areas (large central metropolitan areas: 5.75; large fringe areas: 6.33). The states in the upper 90th percentile of esophageal cancer-related AAMR were Vermont, District of Columbia, West Virginia, Ohio, New Hampshire, and Maine, and exhibited an approximately two-fold increase in AAMRs, compared with states falling in the lower 10th percentile. CONCLUSIONS Over the last 2 decades, there has been an overall decline in mortality related to EC in the United States. However, demographic and geographic discrepancies in EC-related mortality persist, necessitating additional exploration and development of specifically directed treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Adeena Jamil
- Department of Medicine, Dow International Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Eeshal Fatima
- Department of Medicine, Services Institute of Medical Sciences, Lahore
| | - Abiha Khurram
- Department of Medicine, Dow International Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Zoha Khan
- Department of Medicine, Dow International Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Zainab Anwar Kamdi
- Department of Medicine, Dow International Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Sana Ahmed
- Department of Medicine, Dow International Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hammond MM, Cameron NA, Shah NS, Khan SS. An Age-Period-Cohort Analysis of Cardiovascular Disease Mortality in the United States from 1999 to 2018. Am J Med 2024; 137:509-514.e2. [PMID: 38401673 PMCID: PMC11144081 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2024.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although cardiovascular disease mortality rates in the United States declined from the 1970s to 2010s, they have now plateaued. The independent effects of age, period, and birth year (cohort) on cardiovascular disease mortality have not previously been defined. METHODS We used data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Wide-Ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research to examine the effects of age, period, and cohort on cardiovascular disease mortality among individuals aged 20-84 years from 1999 to 2018, prior to the onset of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Age effects were described as cardiovascular disease-related mortality rates in each 5-year age group adjusted for year of death (period) and year of birth (cohort). Period and cohort effects were quantified as adjusted rate ratios (RRs) comparing cardiovascular disease mortality rates in each period and cohort to the reference periods and reference cohort (ie, 1919 birth cohort), respectively. RESULTS Between 1999 to 2018, there were 10,404,327 cardiovascular disease deaths among US adults. In each individual birth cohort, the age-specific cardiovascular disease mortality rates were stable between ages 20 through 39 years. Age-specific rates were higher for each year older between ages 40 through 84 years adjusting for period effects. The period cardiovascular disease mortality rates were lower in later periods (2004-2008 period RR 0.87, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.85 to 0.88; 2009-2013 period RR 0.78, 95% CI 0.76 to 0.80) compared with the reference period (1999 to 2003) and plateaued thereafter. The cohort cardiovascular disease mortality rates were progressively lower in more recent birth cohorts (1924 birth cohort RR 0.85, 95% CI 0.83 to 0.87; 1974 birth cohort RR 0.29, 95% CI 0.27 to 0.32) compared with the reference cohort (1919 cohort) and plateaued thereafter. CONCLUSION Although cardiovascular disease mortality rates declined rapidly among those born between 1919 and 1974, improvements plateaued in birth cohorts thereafter even adjusted for period effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael M Hammond
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill.
| | - Natalie A Cameron
- Department of Medicine (General Internal Medicine and Geriatrics), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Nilay S Shah
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill; Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Sadiya S Khan
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill; Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sørensen TIA. An adiposity force induces obesity in humans independently of a normal energy balance system-a thought experiment. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220203. [PMID: 37482783 PMCID: PMC10363699 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity in humans represents a cumulative retention of a tiny fraction of total energy intake as fat, which is accompanied by growth of the metabolically active, energy-demanding, lean body mass. Since the energy balance regulation operates irrespective of the excess fat storage, availability of the required energy supplies is a permissive condition for obesity development. It occurs predominantly among people genetically predisposed and/or living with social or mental challenges. I propose a theory in which the body responds to social disruptions as threats of a future lack of food by an adiposity force building a reserve of energy independent of the regulation of the energy balance. It is based on the assumption that our evolutionary development required collaboration in gathering and sharing of food, combined with precautionary measures against anticipated failing food supplies. Social challenges are perceived as such threats, which activate the adiposity force through the brain to instigate the growth of fat and lean mass by neuro-hormonal signalling. If both perceived social threats and food abundance continue, the adiposity force pushes the fat accretion process to continue without inhibition by feedback signals from the fat mass, eventually leading to more obesity, and more so among the genetically predisposed. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Causes of obesity: theories, conjectures and evidence (Part I)'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thorkild I. A. Sørensen
- University of Copenhagen, Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hansen KE, Murali S, Chaves IZ, Suen G, Ney DM. Glycomacropeptide Impacts Amylin-Mediated Satiety, Postprandial Markers of Glucose Homeostasis, and the Fecal Microbiome in Obese Postmenopausal Women. J Nutr 2023; 153:1915-1929. [PMID: 37116657 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity with metabolic syndrome is highly prevalent and shortens lifespan. OBJECTIVES In a dose-finding crossover study, we evaluated the effect of glycomacropeptide (GMP) on satiety, glucose homeostasis, amino acid concentrations, inflammation, and the fecal microbiome in 13 obese women. METHODS Eligible women were ≤10 yr past menopause with a body mass index [BMI (in kg/m2)] of 28 to 35 and no underlying inflammatory condition affecting study outcomes. Participants consumed GMP supplements (15 g GMP + 10 g whey protein) twice daily for 1 wk and thrice daily for 1 wk, with a washout period between the 2 wk. Women completed a meal tolerance test (MTT) on day 1 (soy MTT) and day 7 (GMP MTT) of each week. During each test, subjects underwent measures of glucose homeostasis, satiety, cytokines, and the fecal microbiome compared with that of usual diet, and rated the acceptability of consuming GMP supplements. RESULTS The mean ± SE age of the 13 women was 57 ± 1 yr, with a median of 8 yr (range: 3-9 yr) past menopause and a BMI of 30 (IQR: 29-32). GMP was highly acceptable to participants, permitting high adherence. Metabolic effects were similar for twice or thrice daily GMP supplementation. Glucose, insulin, and cytokine concentrations were no different. The postprandial area under the curve (AUC) for glucagon concentrations was significantly lower, and the insulin-glucagon ratio was significantly higher with GMP than that with the soy MTT. Postprandial AUC amylin concentration was significantly higher with GMP than that with the soy MTT and correlated with C-peptide (P < 0.001; R2 = 0.52) and greater satiety. Ingestion of GMP supplements twice daily reduced members of the genus Streptococcus (P = 0.009) and thrice daily consumption reduced overall α diversity. CONCLUSIONS GMP is shown to increase amylin concentrations, improve glucose homeostasis, and alter the fecal microbiome. GMP can be a helpful nutritional supplement in obese postmenopausal women at risk for metabolic syndrome. Further investigation is warranted. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT05551091.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen E Hansen
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine & Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Sangita Murali
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Ibrahim Z Chaves
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Garret Suen
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Denise M Ney
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Opazo Breton M, Gray LA. An age-period-cohort approach to studying long-term trends in obesity and overweight in England (1992-2019). Obesity (Silver Spring) 2023; 31:823-831. [PMID: 36746761 PMCID: PMC10947422 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to understand long-term trends in obesity and overweight in England by estimating life-course transitions as well as historical and birth cohort trends for both children and adults. METHODS Data on individuals aged 5 to 85 years old from the Health Survey for England were used, covering the period 1992 to 2019 and birth cohorts born between 1909 and 2013. Individual BMI values were classified as healthy weight, overweight, or obesity. Trends were compared, and an age-period-cohort model was estimated using logistic regression and categorical age, period, and cohort groups. RESULTS There was significant variation in age trajectories by birth cohorts for healthy weight and obesity prevalence. The odds of having obesity compared with a healthy weight increased consistently with age, increased throughout the study period (but faster between 1992 and 2001), and were higher for birth cohorts born between 1989 and 2008. The odds of having overweight showed an inverted U-shape among children, increased through adulthood, have been stable since 2012, and were considerably higher for the youngest birth cohort (2009-2013). CONCLUSIONS Younger generations with higher overweight prevalence coupled with increasing obesity prevalence with age suggest that obesity should remain a high priority for public health policy makers in England.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura A. Gray
- School of Health and Related ResearchUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
- Healthy Lifespan InstituteUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Intersecting identities and adolescent depression: Patterns of depressed mood and anhedonia in the past decade. J Affect Disord 2022; 319:518-525. [PMID: 36162694 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.09.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research suggests adolescent depression is increasing and certain adolescents may be uniquely vulnerable. However, limited conceptualizations of identity and time, as well as the reliance on unitary conceptualizations of depression, inhibits a nuanced perspective on these trends. In response, we examined how adolescent depressive symptoms, depressed mood, and anhedonia, vary across intersecting identities over time. METHODS Secondary data analysis on the National Survey on Drug Use and Health between 2009 and 2017 was conducted. In total 145,499 nationally representative adolescents (ages 12-17) completed a diagnostic assessment for depression. Lifetime and past year reports of depressive symptoms, depressed mood, and anhedonia were treated as separate variables. A novel, mixed-level model in which participants were nested within identity (defined by one's age, gender, race/ethnicity, poverty level) and time was used to test our aims. RESULTS Overall, the relation between depression outcomes and identity did not vary over time (p > .01). Further, identity's impact on depression was approximately ten-fold that of temporal effects. Multiracial, late adolescent, female adolescents were at particular risk. Findings concerning depressed mood and anhedonia were similar across analyses. LIMITATIONS All facets of identity (e.g., sexual identity) were not included in the model and a unidimensional measure of poverty may have underestimated its depressogenic influence. CONCLUSION Adolescent depression outcomes are mostly consistent across criterial symptom subtypes and time, but vary as a function of identity. Prevention protocols that highlight mechanisms of risk tethered to social identity, and include salient experiences of females, late adolescents, and multiracial youth in particular, need to be prioritized in mental health initiatives.
Collapse
|
7
|
Kholmatova K, Krettek A, Leon DA, Malyutina S, Cook S, Hopstock LA, Løvsletten O, Kudryavtsev AV. Obesity Prevalence and Associated Socio-Demographic Characteristics and Health Behaviors in Russia and Norway. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19159428. [PMID: 35954782 PMCID: PMC9367755 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19159428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Associations between obesity and socio-demographic and behavioral characteristics vary between populations. Exploring such differences should throw light on factors related to obesity. We examined associations between general obesity (GO, defined by body mass index) and abdominal obesity (AO, defined by waist-to-hip ratio) and sex, age, socio-economic characteristics (education, financial situation, marital status), smoking and alcohol consumption in women and men aged 40–69 years from the Know Your Heart study (KYH, Russia, N = 4121, 2015–2018) and the seventh Tromsø Study (Tromsø7, Norway, N = 17,646, 2015–2016). Age-standardized prevalence of GO and AO was higher in KYH compared to Tromsø7 women (36.7 vs. 22.0% and 44.2 vs. 18.4%, respectively) and similar among men (26.0 vs. 25.7% and 74.8 vs. 72.2%, respectively). The positive association of age with GO and AO was stronger in KYH vs. Tromsø7 women and for AO it was stronger in men in Tromsø7 vs. KYH. Associations between GO and socio-economic characteristics were similar in KYH and Tromsø7, except for a stronger association with living with spouse/partner in KYH men. Smoking had a positive association with AO in men in Tromsø7 and in women in both studies. Frequent drinking was negatively associated with GO and AO in Tromsø7 participants and positively associated with GO in KYH men. We found similar obesity prevalence in Russian and Norwegian men but higher obesity prevalence in Russian compared to Norwegian women. Other results suggest that the stronger association of obesity with age in Russian women is the major driver of the higher obesity prevalence among them compared to women in Norway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Kholmatova
- Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway; (A.K.); (D.A.L.); (L.A.H.); (O.L.); (A.V.K.)
- International Research Competence Centre, Northern State Medical University, Troitsky Av., 51, 163069 Arkhangelsk, Russia
- Correspondence:
| | - Alexandra Krettek
- Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway; (A.K.); (D.A.L.); (L.A.H.); (O.L.); (A.V.K.)
- Department of Public Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Skövde, 541 28 Skövde, Sweden
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - David A. Leon
- Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway; (A.K.); (D.A.L.); (L.A.H.); (O.L.); (A.V.K.)
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK;
| | - Sofia Malyutina
- Research Institute of Internal and Preventive Medicine, Branch of Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Academician M.A. Lavrentiev Av., 17, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia;
- Department of Therapy, Hematology and Transfusiology, Novosibirsk State Medical University, Krasny Av., 52, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Sarah Cook
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK;
- Faculty of Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LY, UK
| | - Laila A. Hopstock
- Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway; (A.K.); (D.A.L.); (L.A.H.); (O.L.); (A.V.K.)
| | - Ola Løvsletten
- Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway; (A.K.); (D.A.L.); (L.A.H.); (O.L.); (A.V.K.)
| | - Alexander V. Kudryavtsev
- Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway; (A.K.); (D.A.L.); (L.A.H.); (O.L.); (A.V.K.)
- International Research Competence Centre, Northern State Medical University, Troitsky Av., 51, 163069 Arkhangelsk, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Rafei A, Elliott MR, Jones RE, Riosmena F, Cunningham SA, Mehta NK. Obesity Incidence in U.S. Children and Young Adults: A Pooled Analysis. Am J Prev Med 2022; 63:51-59. [PMID: 35256211 PMCID: PMC9232860 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2021.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Obesity prevalence among children and adolescents has risen sharply, yet there is a limited understanding of the age-specific dynamics of obesity as there is no single nationally representative cohort following children into young adulthood. Investigators constructed a pooled data set of 5 nationally representative panels and modeled age-specific obesity incidence from childhood into young adulthood. METHODS This longitudinal prospective follow-up used 718,560 person-years of observation in a pooled data set of 5 high-quality nationally representative panels-National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 and 1997, National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, and Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Kindergarten cohorts of 1998 and 2011-constructed by the authors, covering 1980-2016. Differences in obesity incidence across birth cohorts and disparities in obesity incidence by sex and race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic Black, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic White) were tested in multivariate models. Data were analyzed from September 2018 to October 2021. RESULTS Obesity incidence increased by approximately 6% for each 1 year of age (hazard ratio=1.06, 95% CI=1.05, 1.07); however, incidence was nonlinear, exhibiting an inverted "U"-shaped pattern before 15 years of age and then rising from adolescence through 30 years. Obesity incidence more than doubled between the cohorts born in 1957-1965 and those born in 1974-1985 during adolescence. There was no significant change among those born in 1991-1994 and 2003-2006 up to age 15 years. Compared with non-Hispanic White children, non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic children had higher obesity incidence in all study cohorts. The magnitude of these disparities on the relative scale remained stable throughout the study period. CONCLUSIONS Although many children become obese before the age of 10, obesity incidence rises from about 15 years into early adulthood, suggesting that interventions are required at multiple developmental stages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Rafei
- Survey Methodology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Michael R Elliott
- Survey Methodology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Rebecca E Jones
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Fernando Riosmena
- Population Program, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado; The Geography Department, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado
| | | | - Neil K Mehta
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Population Health, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
A reversal in the obesity epidemic? A quasi-cohort and gender-oriented analysis in Spain. DEMOGRAPHIC RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.4054/demres.2022.46.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
|
10
|
Heo JW, Kim SE, Sung MK. Sex Differences in the Incidence of Obesity-Related Gastrointestinal Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031253. [PMID: 33513939 PMCID: PMC7865604 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide, with 9.6 million people estimated to have died of cancer in 2018. Excess body fat deposition is a risk factor for many types of cancer. Men and women exhibit differences in body fat distribution and energy homeostasis regulation. This systematic review aimed to understand why sex disparities in obesity are associated with sex differences in the incidence of gastrointestinal cancers. Cancers of the esophagus, liver, and colon are representative gastrointestinal cancers, and obesity is a convincing risk factor for their development. Numerous epidemiological studies have found sex differences in the incidence of esophageal, liver, and colorectal cancers. We suggest that these sexual disparities are partly explained by the availability of estrogens and other genetic factors regulating inflammation, cell growth, and apoptosis. Sex differences in gut microbiota composition may contribute to differences in the incidence and phenotype of colorectal cancer. To establish successful practices in personalized nutrition and medicine, one should be aware of the sex differences in the pathophysiology and associated mechanisms of cancer development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sung-Eun Kim
- Correspondence: (S.-E.K.); (M.-K.S.); Tel.: +82-2-2077-7722 (S.-E.K.); +82-2-710-9395 (M.-K.S.)
| | - Mi-Kyung Sung
- Correspondence: (S.-E.K.); (M.-K.S.); Tel.: +82-2-2077-7722 (S.-E.K.); +82-2-710-9395 (M.-K.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
A systematic review on the association of month and season of birth with future anthropometric measures. Pediatr Res 2021; 89:31-45. [PMID: 32353858 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-020-0908-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal factors might have some health impacts later in life. This study aims to systematically review the current literature on the association between season and month of birth with birth weight as well as with weight status in childhood. METHODS The search process was conducted in electronic databases, including papers published until April 2019 in ISI Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. The following search strategy was used with MeSH terms: ("Seasons"[Mesh]) AND ("Obesity"[Mesh] OR "Pediatric Obesity"[Mesh] OR "Obesity, Abdominal"[Mesh] OR "Overweight"[Mesh] OR "Birth Weight"[Mesh] OR "Body Height"[Mesh]). After the selection process, 50 papers were included in this systematic review. RESULTS This review showed that individuals who are born in cold season (winter month) have higher body mass index (BMI) and weight in childhood. Birth in March was associated with lower weight and BMI in boys according to most studies. All studies, except one of them, showed that season/month of birth was not associated with birth weight. CONCLUSIONS This systematic review confirms a relationship between season and month of birth with birth weight and body size in childhood; however, the impact of confounding factors, for example, vitamin D status, should be considered in the underlying pathway of this association. IMPACT The results provide evidence for the effect of season and month of birth on body size in childhood. Our systematic review suggests that there is no pattern between birth weight and season/month of birth, and the occurrence of low birth weight was more frequent among infants who were born in summer than others. Further research should focus on identifying the impact of confounding factors, for example, vitamin D status in the underlying pathway of this association. There was response to the controversial findings about the effect of environment factors, such as season and month of birth, and future anthropometric indices, such as obesity, weight, height, and birth weight. Obesity is a complex and multifactorial disorder; the findings of the current study would be useful in determining the relationship pathway between the season and the month of birth with other underlying factors for childhood obesity.
Collapse
|
12
|
Lê-Scherban F, Moore J, Headen I, Utidjian L, Zhao Y, Forrest CB. Are there birth cohort effects in disparities in child obesity by maternal education? Int J Obes (Lond) 2020; 45:599-608. [PMID: 33335294 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-020-00724-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children belonging to the same birth cohort (i.e., born in the same year) experience shared exposure to a common obesity-related milieu during the critical early years of development-e.g., secular beliefs and feeding practices, adverse chemical exposures, food access and nutrition assistance policies-that set the stage for a shared trajectory of obesity as they mature. Fundamental cause theory suggests that inequitable distribution of recent efforts to stem the rise in child obesity may exacerbate cohort-based disparities over time. METHODS Data were from electronic health records spanning 2007-2016 linked to birth records for children ages 2-19 years. We used hierarchical age-period-cohort models to investigate cohort effects on disparities in obesity related to maternal education. We hypothesized that maternal education-based disparities in prevalence of obesity would be larger among more recent birth cohorts. RESULTS Sex-stratified models adjusted for race/ethnicity showed substantial obesity disparities by maternal education that were evident even at young ages: prevalence among children with maternal education < high school compared to maternal college degree was approximately three times as high among girls and twice as high among boys. For maternal education < high school, disparities compared to maternal college degree were higher in more recent birth cohorts. Among girls, this disparity cohort effect was evident at younger ages (at age 4, the disparity increased by 4 [0.1-8] percentage points per 5 birth years), while among boys it was larger at older ages (at age 16, the disparity increased by 7 [1-14] percentage points per 5 birth years). CONCLUSIONS There may be widening maternal education-based disparities in child obesity by birth cohort at some ages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Félice Lê-Scherban
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, 3215 Market Street, 5th Floor, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA. .,Drexel Urban Health Collaborative, Drexel University, 3600 Market Street, 7th Floor, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Jeffrey Moore
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, 3215 Market Street, 5th Floor, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Irene Headen
- Drexel Urban Health Collaborative, Drexel University, 3600 Market Street, 7th Floor, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Department of Community Health and Prevention, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, 3215 Market Street, 4th Floor, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Levon Utidjian
- Division of General Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3401 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Applied Clinical Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 2716 South Street, Suite 11-473, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Yuzhe Zhao
- Drexel Urban Health Collaborative, Drexel University, 3600 Market Street, 7th Floor, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Christopher B Forrest
- Applied Clinical Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 2716 South Street, Suite 11-473, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Yang Y, Kelifa MO, Yu B, Herbert C, Wang Y, Jiang J. Gender-specific temporal trends in overweight prevalence among Chinese adults: a hierarchical age-period-cohort analysis from 2008 to 2015. Glob Health Res Policy 2020; 5:42. [PMID: 32944654 PMCID: PMC7488461 DOI: 10.1186/s41256-020-00169-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background As a key health risk, the prevalence of overweight has been strikingly increasing worldwide. This study aimed to disentangle the net age, period, and cohort effects on overweight among Chinese adults by gender. Methods Data came from the Chinese General Social Survey from 2008 to 2015, which was a repeated cross-sectional survey (n = 55,726, aged 18 and older). χ2 or t tests were used to estimate the gender disparities in overweight and socioeconomic status (SES). A series of hierarchical age-period-cohort cross-classified random-effects models were performed using SAS version 9.4 to estimate the overall and gender-specific temporal trends of overweight, as well as the association between SES and overweight. Further, a series of line charts were used to present the age and cohort variations in overweight. Results After controlling for covariates, significant age and cohort effects were observed among adults in China (b = 0.0205, p < 0.001; b = 0.0122, p < 0.05; respectively). Specifically, inverted U-shaped age effects were identified for both genders, with a high probability of overweight occurring in middle age (b = -0.0012, p < 0.001). Overweight was more prevalent among men than women before 60 years old, and this trend reversed thereafter (b = -0.0253, p < 0.001). Moreover, men born during the war (before 1950) and reform cohorts (after the 1975s) demonstrated a substantial decline in overweight, while men born in 1950-1975 showed an increasing trend in overweight prevalence (b = 0.0378, p < 0.05). However, the cohort effect on women was not statistically significant. Additionally, a higher SES was related to an elevated probability of overweight. Conclusion Gender-specific age and cohort effects on the prevalence of overweight were observed among Chinese adults. Both China and other developing countries need to pay attention to the coming obesity challenge and related health inequality. Full life-cycle overweight prevention interventions should focus on middle-aged adults, men born in the war and reform eras, and adults with a higher SES.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yinmei Yang
- School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, 115 Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430071 Hubei China
| | | | - Bin Yu
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, 2004 Mowry Road, Gainesville, FL 100231 USA
| | - Carly Herbert
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA USA
| | - Yongbo Wang
- School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, 115 Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430071 Hubei China
| | - Junfeng Jiang
- School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, 115 Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430071 Hubei China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Long-term trends in the body mass index and obesity risk in Estonia: an age-period-cohort approach. Int J Public Health 2020; 65:859-869. [PMID: 32725394 DOI: 10.1007/s00038-020-01447-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To analyse the age, period and cohort effects on the mean body mass index (BMI) and obesity over the past two decades in Estonia. METHODS Study used data from nationally representative repeated cross-sectional surveys on 11,547 men and 16,298 women from 1996 to 2018. The independent effects of age, period and cohort on predicted mean BMI and probability of obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) were modelled using hierarchical age-period-cohort analysis. RESULTS Curvilinear association between age and mean BMI was found for men, whereas the increase in mean BMI was almost linear for women. The predicted mean BMI for 40-year-old men had increased by 6% and probability of obesity by 1.8 times over 1996-2018; the period effects were slightly smaller for women. Men from the 1970s birth cohort had higher mean BMI compared to the average, whereas no significant cohort effects were found for obesity outcome. CONCLUSIONS Population-level BMI changes in Estonia during 1996-2018 were mostly driven by period rather than cohort-specific changes.
Collapse
|
15
|
Carioli G, Bertuccio P, Levi F, Boffetta P, Negri E, La Vecchia C, Malvezzi M. Cohort Analysis of Epithelial Cancer Mortality Male-to-Female Sex Ratios in the European Union, USA, and Japan. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17155311. [PMID: 32718003 PMCID: PMC7432705 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17155311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To illustrate trends in sex ratios in epithelial cancer mortality in the EU, USA, and Japan, with a focus on age-specific and cohort patterns. METHODS We obtained certified deaths and resident populations from the World Health Organisation for the period of 1970-2014 for the USA, Japan, and the EU for 12 epithelial cancer sites. From these, we calculated both the age-specific and age-standardised male-to-female mortality sex ratios. We applied an age-period-cohort model to the sex ratios in order to disentangle the effects of age, period of death, and birth cohort. RESULTS Age-standardised mortality sex ratios were found to be unfavourable to males, apart from thyroid cancer. The highest standardised rates were in laryngeal cancer: 7·7 in the 1970s in the USA, 17·4 in the 1980s in the EU, and 16·8 in the 2000s in Japan. Cohort patterns likely to be due to excess smoking (1890 cohort) and drinking (1940 cohort) in men were identified in the USA, and were present but less defined in the EU and Japan for the oral cavity, oesophagus, liver, pancreas, larynx, lung, bladder, and kidney. CONCLUSION Mortality sex ratio patterns are partly explained by the differences in exposure to known and avoidable risk factors. These are mostly tobacco, alcohol, and obesity/overweight, as well as other lifestyle-related factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Greta Carioli
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Universitá degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (G.C.); (C.L.V.)
| | - Paola Bertuccio
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Universitá degli Studi di Milano, 20157 Milan, Italy; (P.B.); (E.N.)
| | - Fabio Levi
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), Unisanté, University of Lausanne, CH-1010 Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | - Paolo Boffetta
- Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA;
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Eva Negri
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Universitá degli Studi di Milano, 20157 Milan, Italy; (P.B.); (E.N.)
| | - Carlo La Vecchia
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Universitá degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (G.C.); (C.L.V.)
| | - Matteo Malvezzi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Universitá degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (G.C.); (C.L.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-02-503-20-872
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Salinas JJ, Sheen J, Carlyle M, Shokar NK, Vazquez G, Murphy D, Alozie O. Using Electronic Medical Record Data to Better Understand Obesity in Hispanic Neighborhoods in El Paso, Texas. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17124591. [PMID: 32604719 PMCID: PMC7345673 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17124591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity has been persistent amongst Hispanics over the last 20 years. Socioeconomic inequities have led to delayed diagnosis and treatment of chronic medical conditions related to obesity. Factors contributing include lack of insurance and insufficient health education. It is well-documented that obesity amongst Hispanics is higher in comparison to non-Hispanics, but it is not well-understood how the socioeconomic context along with Hispanic ethnic concentration impact the prevalence of obesity within a community. Specifically studying obesity within Hispanic dominant regions of the United States, along the Texas–Mexico border will aid in understanding this relationship. El Paso, Texas is predominantly Mexican-origin Hispanic, making up 83% of the county’s total population. Through the use of electronic medical records, BMI averages along with obesity prevalence were analyzed for 161 census tracts in the El Paso County. Geographic weighted regression and Hot Spot technology were used to analyze the data. This study did identify a positive association between Hispanic ethnic concentration and obesity prevalence within the El Paso County. Median income did have a direct effect on obesity prevalence while evidence demonstrates that higher education is protective for health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J. Salinas
- Department of Molecular and Translational, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA; (J.S.); (M.C.)
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX 79905, USA; (N.K.S.); (G.V.); (D.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-915-215-4827
| | - Jon Sheen
- Department of Molecular and Translational, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA; (J.S.); (M.C.)
| | - Malcolm Carlyle
- Department of Molecular and Translational, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA; (J.S.); (M.C.)
| | - Navkiran K. Shokar
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX 79905, USA; (N.K.S.); (G.V.); (D.M.)
| | - Gerardo Vazquez
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX 79905, USA; (N.K.S.); (G.V.); (D.M.)
| | - Daniel Murphy
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX 79905, USA; (N.K.S.); (G.V.); (D.M.)
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kim SM, Choi JH, Son MJ, Rim H, Shin HS. Is Body Mass Index a Significant Independent Risk Factor for Graft Failure and Patient Death in the Modern Immunosuppressive Era? Transplant Proc 2020; 52:3058-3068. [PMID: 32475532 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2020.02.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Previous studies have shown that kidney transplant recipients with a high body mass index (BMI) have inferior graft and patient outcomes compared to patients with a lower BMI. We hypothesized that there would be secular improvements in outcomes among high BMI recipients. We used data from the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) to determine whether obesity affects patient and graft outcomes following kidney transplantation in the modern immunosuppressive era. METHODS The study sample consisted of 69,749 recipients from 1987 to 1999 and 197,986 recipients from 2000 to 2016. BMI values were categorized into 11 tiers: below 18 kg/m2, from 18 to 36 kg/m2 at 2 kg/m2-unit increments, and above 36 kg/m2. We created multivariate models to evaluate the independent effect of BMI on graft and patient outcomes, adjusting for factors known to affect graft success and patient survival. RESULTS Overall graft and patient survival has improved for all BMI categories. Cox regression modeling hazard ratios showed that the relative risk for graft loss, patient death, and patient death with a functioning graft in the modern immunosuppressive era (2000 to 2016) has significantly decreased compared to the earlier era (1987 to 1999), especially for living kidney transplant recipients. CONCLUSIONS The relative risk of graft failure and patient death with increasing BMI has appreciably decreased in the modern immunosuppressive era, especially for living donor transplant recipients. Withholding transplantation from patients with higher BMIs may no longer be justifiable on grounds of worse clinical outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sun Min Kim
- Renal Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Kosin University, College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hyuc Choi
- Renal Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Kosin University, College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Mu Jin Son
- Renal Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Kosin University, College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hark Rim
- Renal Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Kosin University, College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Sik Shin
- Renal Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Kosin University, College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Gasier HG, Yu T, Swift JM, Metzger CE, McNerny EM, Swallow EA, Piantadosi CA, Allen MR. Carbon Monoxide and Exercise Prevents Diet-Induced Obesity and Metabolic Dysregulation Without Affecting Bone. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2020; 28:924-931. [PMID: 32237119 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Carbon monoxide (CO) may counteract obesity and metabolic dysfunction in rodents consuming high-fat diets, but the skeletal effects are not understood. This study investigated whether low-dose inhaled CO (250 ppm) with or without moderate intensity aerobic exercise (3 h/wk) would limit diet-induced obesity and metabolic dysregulation and preserve bone health. METHODS Obesity-resistant (OR) rats served as controls, and obesity-prone (OP) rats were randomized to sedentary, sedentary plus CO, exercise, or CO plus exercise. For 10 weeks, OP rats consumed a high-fat, high-sucrose diet, whereas OR rats consumed a low-fat control diet. Measurements included indicators of obesity and metabolism, bone turnover markers, femoral geometry and microarchitecture, bone mechanical properties, and tibial morphometry. RESULTS A high-fat, high-sucrose diet led to obesity, hyperinsulinemia, and hyperleptinemia, without impacting bone. CO alone led only to a modest reduction in weight gain. Exercise attenuated weight gain and improved the metabolic profile; however, bone fragility increased. Combined CO and exercise led to body mass reduction and a metabolic state similar to control OR rats and prevented the exercise-induced increase in bone fragility. CONCLUSIONS CO and aerobic exercise training prevent obesity and metabolic sequelae of nutrient excess while stabilizing bone physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heath G Gasier
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Military and Emergency Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Tianzheng Yu
- Department of Military and Emergency Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Joshua M Swift
- Warfighter Performance, Office of Naval Research, Arlington, Virginia, USA
| | - Corrine E Metzger
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Erin M McNerny
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Swallow
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Claude A Piantadosi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Matthew R Allen
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
He H, Chen N, Hou Y, Wang Z, Zhang Y, Zhang G, Fu J. Trends in the incidence and survival of patients with esophageal cancer: A SEER database analysis. Thorac Cancer 2020; 11:1121-1128. [PMID: 32154652 PMCID: PMC7180574 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.13311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have indicated that the incidence of esophageal cancer has declined in the past decade in the U.S. However, trends in the incidence and survival have not been thoroughly examined. METHODS Data from 46 063 patients with esophageal cancer between 1973 and 2015 were collected from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database. The trends in the age-adjusted incidence and survival were analyzed using joinpoint regression models. RESULTS The age-adjusted incidence of esophageal cancer increased from 5.55 to 7.44 per 100 000 person-years between 1973 and 2004. Later, it decreased at an annual percentage change of 1.23%. In the last 40 years, the strong male predominance increased slightly. Importantly, the percentage of patients with localized stage of squamous cell cancer decreased. It was observed that the incidence of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma declined since 1986, while the incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma sharply increased since 1973 and surpassed the rate of squamous cell cancer, mainly due to the increase in the incidence among men. Consistently, the estimated 40-year limited-duration prevalence of esophageal adenocarcinoma was higher than that of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Additionally, we observed a modest but significant improvement in survival during the study period. CONCLUSION The incidence of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma has decreased significantly over the past four decades in the U.S., while the incidence of adenocarcinoma has increased, particularly among men. Overall, the long-term survival of patients with esophageal cancer is poor but it has improved over the past decades, especially for the localized disease. KEY POINTS Significant findings of the study The incidence of esophageal cancer has decreased at an annual percentage change of 1.23% since 2004. The incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma has sharply increased since 1973 and surpassed the rate of squamous cell cancer, mainly due to the increase in the incidence among men. What this study adds There has been a shift in the prevalence of esophageal cancer histological subtypes over the past decades in the U.S. We found that the incidence of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma has continued to decrease, while the esophageal adenocarcinoma rate has continued to increase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haiqi He
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Nanzheng Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yue Hou
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Guangjian Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Junke Fu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Chaurasiya D, Gupta A, Chauhan S, Patel R, Chaurasia V. Age, period and birth cohort effects on prevalence of obesity among reproductive-age women in India. SSM Popul Health 2019; 9:100507. [PMID: 31998829 PMCID: PMC6978492 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2019.100507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cohort effect shows that obesity for recent cohort has narrowed down. Our study shows as age increases the risk of obesity also increases. Cohort relative risk is higher among women in rural area than women in urban area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Chaurasiya
- Department of Mathematical Demography and Statistics, International Institute for Population Sciences, Govandi Station Road, Deonar, Mumbai, 400088, India
| | - Ajay Gupta
- Department of Mathematical Demography and Statistics, International Institute for Population Sciences, Govandi Station Road, Deonar, Mumbai, 400088, India
| | - Shekhar Chauhan
- Department of Population Policies and Programs, International Institute for Population Sciences, Govandi Station Road, Deonar, Mumbai, 400088, India
- Corresponding author.
| | - Ratna Patel
- Department of Public Health and Mortality Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Govandi Station Road, Deonar, Mumbai, 400088, India
| | - Vaishali Chaurasia
- Department of Mathematical Demography and Statistics, International Institute for Population Sciences, Govandi Station Road, Deonar, Mumbai, 400088, India
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Chrysant SG, Chrysant GS. Obesity-related heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: new treatment strategies. Hosp Pract (1995) 2019; 47:67-72. [PMID: 30712418 DOI: 10.1080/21548331.2019.1575662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Obesity has risen in the US and worldwide, and has become a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and mostly HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Also, the prevalence of HF is quite high in the US accounting for 6.6 million adults at present and is projected to reach 8.5 million by the year 2030 and is equally divided between HFpEF and heart failure reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Patients with HFpEF are resistant to treatment with drugs usually used for the treatment of HFrEF, but the reasons for this resistance are not clearly known. METHODS In order to get a better perspective on the current status of the underlying pathophysiology and treatment of patients with HFpEF, a Medline search of the English language literature was conducted between 2015 and 2018 using the terms obesity, HFpEF, diabetes, treatment, SGLT2 inhibitors, and neprilysin inhibitors and 24 pertinent papers were selected. RESULTS The review of these papers revealed that patients with HFpEF have expanded plasma volume, restricted left ventricular distension with increased end-diastolic volume and depressed natriuretic peptide levels. In this respect, drugs that cause increased diuresis and natriuresis should a reasonable choice to treat these patients. The recently FDA approved sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors for the treatment of T2DM, are a good choice, for the treatment of HFpEF, since they cause osmotic diuresis from glucose excretion and increase salt and water excretion and decrease plasma volume. In addition, they produce loss of calories leading to weight and blood pressure reduction and have shown to prevent the new onset HFpEF and decrease hospitalizations and death from this disease. CONCLUSION The results of this analysis has shown that HFpEF has different pathophysiology from HFrEF and is difficult to treat. Drugs that block renal tubular glucose reabsorption and cause osmotic diuresis and natriuresis could be a good choice to treat patients with HFpEF alone or in combination with diuretics and other drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven G Chrysant
- a Department of Cardiology , University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center , Oklahoma City , OK , USA
| | - George S Chrysant
- b Department of Cardiology , INTEGRIS Baptist Medical Center , Oklahoma City , OK , USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Inflammatory and other breast cancer incidence rate trends by estrogen receptor status in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database (2001-2015). Breast Cancer Res Treat 2019; 175:755-764. [PMID: 30915662 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-019-05193-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) rates increased in the United States before the turn of the twenty-first century. We examine trends by estrogen receptor (ER) status since then. METHODS Using data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program for years 2001-2015, we calculated age-adjusted incidence rates for IBC (defined by AJCC TNM category T4d, extent of disease codes, and morphology code 8530) by ER status, which was imputed if unknown, among women aged 25-84 years. For comparison, we included other locally advanced breast cancer and other breast cancers partitioned into localized and regional/distant/unstaged. We fit joinpoint log-linear models to annual rates to calculate annual percentage change (APC) and average annual percentage change (AAPC). RESULTS The rate of increase in ER+ IBC rates among women aged 25-44 (AAPC = 0.5) was similar to other advanced tumor types, but declines among women aged 45-84 (AAPC = - 2.2) were more rapid. Declines in ER- IBC rates for women aged 25-84 (AAPC = - 3.7) were more rapid than for other tumor types. CONCLUSIONS Our results show a reversal of the rising rates of IBC overall reported at the end of the twentieth century. Direction of trends for IBC is consistent with other breast cancer types, except for ER+ localized breast cancer in older women. Decreasing parity and rising prevalence of older age at first birth may contribute to declining rates of ER- IBC. Otherwise, patterns of changing risk factors are inconsistent with the trends we observed. Further studies of IBC are necessary to identify additional risk factors and possible preventive strategies.
Collapse
|
23
|
Dumon C, Diabira D, Chudotvorova I, Bader F, Sahin S, Zhang J, Porcher C, Wayman G, Medina I, Gaiarsa JL. The adipocyte hormone leptin sets the emergence of hippocampal inhibition in mice. eLife 2018; 7:e36726. [PMID: 30106375 PMCID: PMC6112852 DOI: 10.7554/elife.36726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain computations rely on a proper balance between excitation and inhibition which progressively emerges during postnatal development in rodent. γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmission supports inhibition in the adult brain but excites immature rodent neurons. Alterations in the timing of the GABA switch contribute to neurological disorders, so unveiling the involved regulators may be a promising strategy for treatment. Here we show that the adipocyte hormone leptin sets the tempo for the emergence of GABAergic inhibition in the newborn rodent hippocampus. In the absence of leptin signaling, hippocampal neurons show an advanced emergence of GABAergic inhibition. Conversely, maternal obesity associated with hyperleptinemia delays the excitatory to inhibitory switch of GABA action in offspring. This study uncovers a developmental function of leptin that may be linked to the pathogenesis of neurological disorders and helps understanding how maternal environment can adversely impact offspring brain development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camille Dumon
- Aix-Marseille University UMR 1249, INSERM (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale) Unité 1249, INMED (Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée)MarseilleFrance
| | - Diabe Diabira
- Aix-Marseille University UMR 1249, INSERM (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale) Unité 1249, INMED (Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée)MarseilleFrance
| | - Ilona Chudotvorova
- Aix-Marseille University UMR 1249, INSERM (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale) Unité 1249, INMED (Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée)MarseilleFrance
| | - Francesca Bader
- Aix-Marseille University UMR 1249, INSERM (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale) Unité 1249, INMED (Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée)MarseilleFrance
- Plateforme Post-Génomique, INMEDMarseilleFrance
| | - Semra Sahin
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of Integrative Physiology and NeuroscienceWashington State UniversityPullmanUnited States
| | - Jinwei Zhang
- Institute of Biochemical and Clinical Sciences, Hatherly LaboratoryUniversity of Exeter Medical SchoolExeterUnited Kingdom
| | - Christophe Porcher
- Aix-Marseille University UMR 1249, INSERM (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale) Unité 1249, INMED (Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée)MarseilleFrance
| | - Gary Wayman
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of Integrative Physiology and NeuroscienceWashington State UniversityPullmanUnited States
| | - Igor Medina
- Aix-Marseille University UMR 1249, INSERM (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale) Unité 1249, INMED (Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée)MarseilleFrance
| | - Jean-Luc Gaiarsa
- Aix-Marseille University UMR 1249, INSERM (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale) Unité 1249, INMED (Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée)MarseilleFrance
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Stock MS, Whitson M, Burton AM, Dawson NT, Sobolewski EJ, Thompson BJ. Echo Intensity Versus Muscle Function Correlations in Older Adults are Influenced by Subcutaneous Fat Thickness. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2018; 44:1597-1605. [PMID: 29776601 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Recently, an equation that allows investigators to correct echo intensity for subcutaneous fat was developed. We evaluated correlations between uncorrected and corrected echo intensity versus measures of lower-extremity function. Twenty-three older adults (11 men, 12 women; mean age = 72 y) participated. B-Mode ultrasonography was used to quantify rectus femoris echo intensity and subcutaneous fat thickness. Knee extensor isometric peak torque and rate of torque development at 200 ms (RTD200) were determined (joint angle = 90°). Fast gait speed was evaluated at 10- and 400-m distances. Partial correlations between normalized peak torque, RTD200 and 10- and 400-m gait speed versus uncorrected echo intensity were weak and insignificant. Correction for subcutaneous fat strengthened the correlations (peak torque r = -0.500, RTD200 r= -0.425, 10-m r = -0.409, 400-m r = -0.410). Correcting echo intensity values for subcutaneous fat strengthened the associations with lower-extremity muscle function in older adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matt S Stock
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Doctor of Physical Therapy Program, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA.
| | | | - Adam M Burton
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Doctor of Physical Therapy Program, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Nicole T Dawson
- Innovative Mobility Initiative Laboratory, Doctor of Physical Therapy Program, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Eric J Sobolewski
- Molnar Human Performance Laboratory, Health Science, Furman University, Greenville, South Carolina, USA
| | - Brennan J Thompson
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, Kinesiology and Health Science, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Halbert CH, Jefferson M, Nemeth L, Melvin CL, Nietert P, Rice L, Chukwuka KM. Weight loss attempts in a racially diverse sample of primary care patients. Prev Med Rep 2018; 10:167-171. [PMID: 29868362 PMCID: PMC5984215 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite efforts to promote healthy weight, obesity is at epidemic levels among adults in the US. We examined the prevalence of weight loss attempts among a racially diverse sample of overweight and obese primary care patients (n = 274) based on sociodemographic, clinical and psychological factors, and shared decision-making (SDM) about weight loss/management. This observational study was conducted from December 2015 through January 2017. Data were obtained by self-report via survey. Overall, 64% of participants were attempting to lose weight at the time of survey. No significant differences in current weight loss attempts were found based on racial background, sociodemographic characteristics, or clinical factors. Participants who believed they were obese/overweight (OR = 6.70, 95% CI = 2.86, 15.72, p < 0.0001) or who were ready to lose/manage their weight (OR = 4.50, 95% CI = 1.82, 11.09, p = 0.001) had an increased likelihood of attempting to lose weight. The likelihood of attempting to lose weight increased with greater SDM with providers (OR = 1.54, 95% CI = 1.06, 2.22, p = 0.02). Patient perceptions about their weight, their readiness for weight loss/management, and SDM were associated significantly with weight loss attempts. Obesity is a significant clinical and public health issue. 64% of obese/overweight primary care patients was trying to lose weight. Weight loss attempts did not differ based on race, SES, or clinical factors. Weight loss efforts were associated with perceived obesity status and readiness. Greater shared decision-making was associated with making weight loss efforts.
Collapse
|
26
|
A retrospective study on association between obesity and cardiovascular risk diseases with aging in Chinese adults. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5806. [PMID: 29643416 PMCID: PMC5895579 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24161-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of overweight and obesity and its relationship with cardiovascular risk diseases among different sex and age groups in an urban Chinese adult population. A retrospective analysis was performed on 384,061 Chinese adults aged 20 years and older in Nanjing. The age-standardized prevalence of overweight and obesity was 42.8% and 13.2% in men and 23.9% and 6.6% in women. A gradually increasing trend was observed in the prevalence of overweight and obesity from 2008 to 2016, especially in individuals aged 20~39 years. Overweight and obesity were significantly associated with increased risks of dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and hyperuricemia. Age weakened such relationship for both genders, which spiked in individuals aged 20~39 years. For men and women aged 20~39 years, the OR (95% CI) of obesity reached 4.23 (4.01–4.47) and 5.29 (4.63–6.04) for dyslipidemia, 3.70 (2.97–4.60) and 6.38 (3.86–10.55) for diabetes mellitus, 6.19 (5.76–6.64) and 9.36 (7.86–11.13) for hypertension, and 3.66 (3.45–3.88) and 6.65 (5.70–7.74) for hyperuricemia, respectively. The increasing trend in the epidemic of overweight and obesity is a risk factor for cardiovascular risk diseases in Chinese adults, especially in individuals aged 20~39 years.
Collapse
|
27
|
Heme Oxygenase Induction Suppresses Hepatic Hepcidin and Rescues Ferroportin and Ferritin Expression in Obese Mice. J Nutr Metab 2017; 2017:4964571. [PMID: 29062571 PMCID: PMC5618758 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4964571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepcidin, a phase II reactant secreted by hepatocytes, regulates cellular iron levels by increasing internalization of ferroportin-a transmembrane protein facilitating egress of cellular iron. Chronic low-grade inflammatory states, such as obesity, have been shown to increase oxidative stress and enhance hepcidin secretion from hepatocytes and macrophages. Heme-heme oxygenase (HO) is a stress response system which reduces oxidative stress. We investigated the effects of HO-1 induction on hepatic hepcidin levels and on iron homeostasis in hepatic tissues from lean and obese mice. Obese mice exhibited hyperglycemia (p < 0.05); increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines (MCP-1, IL-6, p < 0.05); oxidative stress (p < 0.05); and increased hepatic hepcidin levels (p < 0.05). Enhancement of hepcidin was reflected in the reduced expression of ferroportin in obese mice (p < 0.05). However, this effect is accompanied by a significant decline in ferritin expression. Additionally, there are reduced insulin receptor phosphorylation and attenuation of metabolic regulators pAMPK, pAKT, and pLKB1. Cobalt protoporphyrin- (CoPP-) induced HO-1 upregulation in obese mice reversed these alterations (p < 0.05), while attenuating hepatic hepcidin levels. These effects of CoPP were prevented in obese mice concurrently exposed to an inhibitor of HO (SnMP) (p < 0.05). Our results highlight a modulatory effect of HO on iron homeostasis mediated through the suppression of hepatic hepcidin.
Collapse
|
28
|
Benton SM, Litwin SE. Round Valve in an Oval Hole: Right-Sizing Prosthetic Aortic Valves With Preoperative Computed Tomography. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2017; 10:CIRCIMAGING.117.006404. [PMID: 28487321 DOI: 10.1161/circimaging.117.006404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|