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Apte M, Nadavade N, Sheikh SS. A review on nitrates' health benefits and disease prevention. Nitric Oxide 2024; 142:1-15. [PMID: 37981005 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2023.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Dietary nitrates (NO3-) are naturally occurring compounds in various vegetables, especially beetroot, which is mainly supplemented in the form of BRJ. Dietary nitrates (NO3-) play a crucial function in human physiology. On consumption, nitrates (NO3-) undergo a conversion process, producing nitric oxide (NO) via a complex metabolic pathway. Nitric oxide (NO) is associated with many physiological processes, entailing immune modulation, neurotransmission, and vasodilation, enabling blood vessel dilation and relaxation, which boosts blood flow and oxygen delivery to tissues, positively influencing cardiovascular health, exercise performance, and cognitive function. There are various analytical processes to determine the level of nitrate (NO3-) present in dietary sources. The impact of dietary nitrates (NO3-) can differ among individuals. Thus, the review revisits the dietary source of nitrates (NO3-), its metabolism, absorption, excretion, analytical techniques to assess nitrates (NO3-) content in various dietary sources, and discusses health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhavi Apte
- Department: Quality Assurance, Pharmacognosy, and Phytochemistry, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai, India.
| | - Nishigandha Nadavade
- Department: Quality Assurance, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai, India.
| | - Sohail Shakeel Sheikh
- Department: Quality Assurance, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai, India.
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2
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Liu H, Huang Y, Huang M, Wang M, Ming Y, Chen W, Chen Y, Tang Z, Jia B. From nitrate to NO: potential effects of nitrate-reducing bacteria on systemic health and disease. Eur J Med Res 2023; 28:425. [PMID: 37821966 PMCID: PMC10566198 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-023-01413-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Current research has described improving multisystem disease and organ function through dietary nitrate (DN) supplementation. They have provided some evidence that these floras with nitrate (NO3-) reductase are mediators of the underlying mechanism. Symbiotic bacteria with nitrate reductase activity (NRA) are found in the human digestive tract, including the mouth, esophagus and gastrointestinal tract (GT). Nitrate in food can be converted to nitrite under the tongue or in the stomach by these symbiotic bacteria. Then, nitrite is transformed to nitric oxide (NO) by non-enzymatic synthesis. NO is currently recognized as a potent bioactive agent with biological activities, such as vasodilation, regulation of cardiomyocyte function, neurotransmission, suppression of platelet agglutination, and prevention of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. NO also can be produced through the conventional L-arginine-NO synthase (L-NOS) pathway, whereas endogenous NO production by L-arginine is inhibited under hypoxia-ischemia or disease conditions. In contrast, exogenous NO3-/NO2-/NO activity is enhanced and becomes a practical supplemental pathway for NO in the body, playing an essential role in various physiological activities. Moreover, many diseases (such as metabolic or geriatric diseases) are primarily associated with disorders of endogenous NO synthesis, and NO generation from the exogenous NO3-/NO2-/NO route can partially alleviate the disease progression. The imbalance of NO in the body may be one of the potential mechanisms of disease development. Therefore, the impact of these floras with nitrate reductase on host systemic health through exogenous NO3-/NO2-/NO pathway production of NO or direct regulation of floras ecological balance is essential (e.g., regulation of body homeostasis, amelioration of diseases, etc.). This review summarizes the bacteria with nitrate reductase in humans, emphasizing the relationship between the metabolic processes of this microflora and host systemic health and disease. The potential effects of nitrate reduction bacteria on human health and disease were also highlighted in disease models from different human systems, including digestive, cardiovascular, endocrine, nervous, respiratory, and urinary systems, providing innovative ideas for future disease diagnosis and treatment based on nitrate reduction bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Liu
- Department of Oral Surgery, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yisheng Huang
- Department of Oral Surgery, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingshu Huang
- Department of Oral Surgery, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Oral Surgery, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue Ming
- Department of Oral Surgery, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weixing Chen
- Department of Oral Surgery, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanxin Chen
- Department of Oral Surgery, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhengming Tang
- Department of Oral Surgery, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bo Jia
- Department of Oral Surgery, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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Yousefzadeh N, Jeddi S, Zarkesh M, Norouzirad R, Kashfi K, Ghasemi A. Protective effects of long-term nitrate administration against ovariectomy-induced kidney dysfunction in rats. Pharmacol Rep 2023:10.1007/s43440-023-00499-9. [PMID: 37258800 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-023-00499-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Menopause is associated with higher risks of chronic kidney disease. We determined the effect of nitrate on ovariectomy-induced kidney dysfunction METHODS: Control, ovariectomized (OVX), control + nitrate, and OVX + nitrate female Wistar rats (n = 10/group); sodium nitrate (100 mg/L) administered in drinking water for 9 months. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and albumin excretion rate (AER) were calculated from serum and urine parameters. At month 9, serum and kidney levels of nitric oxide (NO) metabolites (NOx), oxidative stress indices, and mRNA expression of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) were measured; with histological analyses of the kidney. RESULTS Compared to controls, OVX rats had lower GFR (31%, p = 0.0079), higher glomerular tuft volume (30%, p = 0.0402), and Bowman's capsule space (39%, p = 0.0224). OVX rats had lower serum NOx (33%, p = 0.0061) and kidney eNOS mRNA expression (34%, p = 0.0368). Nitrate administration to: (i) control rats increased serum NOx (59%, p < 0.0001), with no effect on other parameters; (ii) OVX rats increased serum (85%, p < 0.0001) and kidney (106%, p = 0.0008) NOx values, and restored kidney eNOS expression to normal value. Nitrate administration to OVX rats increased GFR (36%, p = 0.0361) and restored glomerular tuft volume and Bowman's capsule space to normal values. In OVX rats, it also increased serum catalase (CAT) activity, serum and kidney total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and decreased serum malondialdehyde (MDA). CONCLUSIONS Low-dose long-term nitrate administration protects against ovariectomy-induced kidney dysfunction in rats. This effect is associated with reducing ovariectomy-induced oxidative stress and restoring eNOS-derived NO deficiency in systemic circulation and the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasibeh Yousefzadeh
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sajad Jeddi
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Zarkesh
- Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Norouzirad
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Dezful University of Medical Sciences, Dezful, Iran
| | - Khosrow Kashfi
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, City University of New York School of Medicine, Newyork, NY, USA
| | - Asghar Ghasemi
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Aggarwal H, Pathak P, Kumar Y, Jagavelu K, Dikshit M. Modulation of Insulin Resistance, Dyslipidemia and Serum Metabolome in iNOS Knockout Mice following Treatment with Nitrite, Metformin, Pioglitazone, and a Combination of Ampicillin and Neomycin. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:195. [PMID: 35008623 PMCID: PMC8745663 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative and nitrosative stress plays a pivotal role in the incidence of metabolic disorders. Studies from this lab and others in iNOS-/- mice have demonstrated occurrence of insulin resistance (IR), hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia highlighting the importance of optimal redox balance. The present study evaluates role of nitrite, L-arginine, antidiabetics (metformin, pioglitazone) and antibiotics (ampicillin-neomycin combination, metronidazole) on metabolic perturbations observed in iNOS-/- mice. The animals were monitored for glucose tolerance (IPGTT), IR (insulin, HOMA-IR, QUICKI), circulating lipids and serum metabolomics (LC-MS). Hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia and IR were rescued by nitrite, antidiabetics, and antibiotics treatments in iNOS-/- mice. Glucose intolerance was improved with nitrite, metformin and pioglitazone treatment, while ampicillin-neomycin combination normalised the glucose utilization in iNOS-/- mice. Increased serum phosphatidylethanolamine lipids in iNOS-/- mice were reversed by metformin, pioglitazone and ampicillin-neomycin; dyslipidemia was however marginally improved by nitrite treatment. The metabolic improvements were associated with changes in selected serum metabolites-purines, ceramide, 10-hydroxydecanoate, glucosaminate, diosmetin, sebacic acid, 3-nitrotyrosine and cysteamine. Bacterial metabolites-hippurate, indole-3-ethanol; IR marker-aminoadipate and oxidative stress marker-ophthalmate were reduced by pioglitazone and ampicillin-neomycin, but not by nitrite and metformin treatment. Results obtained in the present study suggest a crucial role of gut microbiota in the metabolic perturbations observed in iNOS-/- mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hobby Aggarwal
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India; (H.A.); (P.P.); (K.J.)
| | - Priya Pathak
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India; (H.A.); (P.P.); (K.J.)
| | - Yashwant Kumar
- Non-Communicable Diseases Division, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad 121001, India;
| | - Kumaravelu Jagavelu
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India; (H.A.); (P.P.); (K.J.)
| | - Madhu Dikshit
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India; (H.A.); (P.P.); (K.J.)
- Non-Communicable Diseases Division, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad 121001, India;
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Villanueva CM, Espinosa A, Gracia-Lavedan E, Vlaanderen J, Vermeulen R, Molina AJ, Amiano P, Gómez-Acebo I, Castaño-Vinyals G, Vineis P, Kogevinas M. Exposure to widespread drinking water chemicals, blood inflammation markers, and colorectal cancer. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 157:106873. [PMID: 34543938 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trihalomethanes (THMs) and nitrate are widespread chemicals in drinking water associated with colorectal cancer risk but mechanisms are not well understood. OBJECTIVES We explored the association between exposure to THMs and nitrate in drinking water and inflammation markers, and the link with colorectal cancer risk. METHODS A subset of 198 colorectal cancer cases and 205 controls from the multicase-control study MCC-Spain were included. Average concentration of THMs (chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane, bromoform) and nitrate in tap water at the residence was estimated from age 18 until 2 years before the interview ("long term") and for a recent period (3 years before diagnosis). Serum levels of EGF, eotaxin, G-CSF, IL-17E, IL-1rA, IL-8, IP-10, MDC, MPO, periostin, VEGF, and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured. We estimated the linear association between inflammation markers and exposure among controls, and the odds ratio of colorectal cancer associated with THM and nitrate exposure, and inflammation markers. A mediation analysis was conducted to identify inflammation markers in the pathway between THM/nitrate exposure and colorectal cancer. RESULTS Serum concentrations of EGF, IL-8, IL-17E and eotaxin increased with recent residential levels of brominated THMs, chloroforom and/or total THM. No associations were observed for nitrate and for long-term residential THM levels. All residential exposures except chloroform were positively associated with colorectal cancer. Serum concentrations of VEGF and periostin were positively associated with colorectal cancer, while EGF was inversely associated. One protein-exposure combination (periostin-recent ingested brominated THMs) slightly mediated the association with colorectal cancer risk. DISCUSSION Results suggest that estimated THM exposure is involved in inflammation processes. However, the study design was limited to stablish etiologically relevant associations between the protein levels and colorectal cancer risk. The lack of association between nitrate exposure and inflammation markers suggests other biological mechanisms are involved in the link with colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina M Villanueva
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER epidemiología y salud pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Ana Espinosa
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER epidemiología y salud pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esther Gracia-Lavedan
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER epidemiología y salud pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jelle Vlaanderen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Roel Vermeulen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Antonio José Molina
- The Research Group in Gene - Environment and Health Interactions (GIIGAS)/Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), Universidad de León, León, Spain; Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Area of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Universidad de León, Spain
| | - Pilar Amiano
- CIBER epidemiología y salud pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, Biodonostia Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Inés Gómez-Acebo
- CIBER epidemiología y salud pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Gemma Castaño-Vinyals
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER epidemiología y salud pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paolo Vineis
- School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK; Italian Institute of Technology, Genova, Liguria, Italy
| | - Manolis Kogevinas
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER epidemiología y salud pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
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6
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Liu Y, Croft KD, Caparros-Martin J, O'Gara F, Mori TA, Ward NC. Beneficial effects of inorganic nitrate in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Arch Biochem Biophys 2021; 711:109032. [PMID: 34520731 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2021.109032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is considered the hepatic representation of the metabolic disorders. Inorganic nitrate/nitrite can be converted to nitric oxide, regulate glucose metabolism, lower lipid levels, and reduce inflammation, thus raising the hypothesis that inorganic nitrate/nitrite could be beneficial for improving NAFLD. This study assessed the therapeutic effects of chronic dietary nitrate on NAFLD in a mouse model. 60 ApoE-/- mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks to allow for the development of atherosclerosis with associated NAFLD. The mice were then randomly assigned to different groups (20/group) for a further 12 weeks: (i) HFD + NaCl (1 mmol/kg/day), (ii) HFD + NaNO3 (1 mmol/kg/day), and (iii) HFD + NaNO3 (10 mmol/kg/day). A fourth group of ApoE-/- mice consumed a normal chow diet for the duration of the study. At the end of the treatment, caecum contents, serum, and liver were collected. Consumption of the HFD resulted in significantly greater lipid accumulation in the liver compared to mice on the normal chow diet. Mice whose HFD was supplemented with dietary nitrate for the second half of the study, showed an attenuation in hepatic lipid accumulation. This was also associated with an increase in hepatic AMPK activity compared to mice on the HFD. In addition, a significant difference in bile acid profile was detected between mice on the HFD and those receiving the high dose nitrate supplemented HFD. In conclusion, dietary nitrate attenuates the progression of liver steatosis in ApoE-/- mice fed a HFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Kevin D Croft
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Jose Caparros-Martin
- Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Fergal O'Gara
- Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia; BIOMERIT Research Centre, School of Microbiology, University College Cork, T12 YN60, Cork, Ireland
| | - Trevor A Mori
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Natalie C Ward
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; Dobney Hypertension Centre, Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.
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Feng X, Wu Z, Xu J, Xu Y, Zhao B, Pang B, Qu X, Hu L, Hu L, Fan Z, Jin L, Xia D, Chang S, Wang J, Zhang C, Wang S. Dietary nitrate supplementation prevents radiotherapy-induced xerostomia. eLife 2021; 10:70710. [PMID: 34581269 PMCID: PMC8563005 DOI: 10.7554/elife.70710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Management of salivary gland hypofunction caused by irradiation (IR) therapy for head and neck cancer remains lack of effective treatments. Salivary glands, especially the parotid gland, actively uptake dietary nitrate and secrete it into saliva. Here, we investigated the effect of dietary nitrate on the prevention and treatment of IR-induced parotid gland hypofunction in miniature pigs, and elucidated the underlying mechanism in human parotid gland cells. We found that nitrate administration prevented IR-induced parotid gland damage in a dose-dependent manner, by maintaining the function of irradiated parotid gland tissue. Nitrate could increase sialin expression, a nitrate transporter expressed in the parotid gland, making the nitrate-sialin feedback loop that facilitates nitrate influx into cells for maintaining cell proliferation and inhibiting apoptosis. Furthermore, nitrate enhanced cell proliferation via the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-protein kinase B (AKT)-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway in irradiated parotid gland tissue. Collectively, nitrate effectively prevented IR-induced xerostomia via the EGFR-AKT-MAPK signaling pathway. Dietary nitrate supplementation may provide a novel, safe, and effective way to resolve IR-induced xerostomia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Feng
- Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Salivary Gland Disease Center and Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy & Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhifang Wu
- Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Salivary Gland Disease Center and Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy & Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Junji Xu
- Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Salivary Gland Disease Center and Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy & Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yipu Xu
- Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Salivary Gland Disease Center and Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy & Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Salivary Gland Disease Center and Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy & Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Baoxing Pang
- Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Salivary Gland Disease Center and Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy & Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xingmin Qu
- Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Salivary Gland Disease Center and Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy & Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Hu
- Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Salivary Gland Disease Center and Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy & Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Hu
- Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Salivary Gland Disease Center and Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy & Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhipeng Fan
- Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Salivary Gland Disease Center and Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy & Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Luyuan Jin
- Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Salivary Gland Disease Center and Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy & Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Dengsheng Xia
- Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Salivary Gland Disease Center and Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy & Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shimin Chang
- Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Salivary Gland Disease Center and Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy & Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingsong Wang
- Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chunmei Zhang
- Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Salivary Gland Disease Center and Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy & Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Songlin Wang
- Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Salivary Gland Disease Center and Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy & Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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8
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Shannon OM, Easton C, Shepherd AI, Siervo M, Bailey SJ, Clifford T. Dietary nitrate and population health: a narrative review of the translational potential of existing laboratory studies. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2021; 13:65. [PMID: 34099037 PMCID: PMC8186051 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-021-00292-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary inorganic nitrate (NO3-) is a polyatomic ion, which is present in large quantities in green leafy vegetables and beetroot, and has attracted considerable attention in recent years as a potential health-promoting dietary compound. Numerous small, well-controlled laboratory studies have reported beneficial health effects of inorganic NO3- consumption on blood pressure, endothelial function, cerebrovascular blood flow, cognitive function, and exercise performance. Translating the findings from small laboratory studies into 'real-world' applications requires careful consideration. MAIN BODY This article provides a brief overview of the existing empirical evidence basis for the purported health-promoting effects of dietary NO3- consumption. Key areas for future research are then proposed to evaluate whether promising findings observed in small animal and human laboratory studies can effectively translate into clinically relevant improvements in population health. These proposals include: 1) conducting large-scale, longer duration trials with hard clinical endpoints (e.g. cardiovascular disease incidence); 2) exploring the feasibility and acceptability of different strategies to facilitate a prolonged increase in dietary NO3- intake; 3) exploitation of existing cohort studies to explore associations between NO3- intake and health outcomes, a research approach allowing larger samples sizes and longer duration follow up than is feasible in randomised controlled trials; 4) identifying factors which might account for individual differences in the response to inorganic NO3- (e.g. sex, genetics, habitual diet) and could assist with targeted/personalised nutritional interventions; 5) exploring the influence of oral health and medication on the therapeutic potential of NO3- supplementation; and 6) examining potential risk of adverse events with long term high- NO3- diets. CONCLUSION The salutary effects of dietary NO3- are well established in small, well-controlled laboratory studies. Much less is known about the feasibility and efficacy of long-term dietary NO3- enrichment for promoting health, and the factors which might explain the variable responsiveness to dietary NO3- supplementation between individuals. Future research focussing on the translation of laboratory data will provide valuable insight into the potential applications of dietary NO3- supplementation to improve population health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver M Shannon
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Chris Easton
- Institute for Clinical Exercise and Health Science, University of the West of Scotland, Blantyre, Scotland, UK
| | - Anthony I Shepherd
- School of Sport, Health & Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Mario Siervo
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - Stephen J Bailey
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Tom Clifford
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.
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9
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Systemic Insulin Resistance and Metabolic Perturbations in Chow Fed Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Knockout Male Mice: Partial Reversal by Nitrite Supplementation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9080736. [PMID: 32806494 PMCID: PMC7465804 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9080736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
iNOS, an important mediator of inflammation, has emerged as an important metabolic regulator. There are conflicting observations on the incidence of insulin resistance (IR) due to hyperglycemia/dyslipidemia in iNOS−/− mice. There are reports that high fat diet (HFD) fed mice exhibited no change, protection, or enhanced susceptibility to IR. Similar observations were also reported for low fat diet (LFD) fed KO mice. In the present study chow fed iNOS−/− mice were examined for the incidence of IR, and metabolic perturbations, and also for the effect of sodium nitrite supplementation (50 mg/L). In IR-iNOS−/− mice, we observed significantly higher body weight, BMI, adiposity, blood glucose, HOMA-IR, serum/tissue lipids, glucose intolerance, enhanced gluconeogenesis, and disrupted insulin signaling. Expression of genes involved in hepatic and adipose tissue lipid uptake, synthesis, oxidation, and gluconeogenesis was upregulated with concomitant downregulation of genes for hepatic lipid excretion. Nitrite supplementation restored NO levels, significantly improved systemic IR, glucose tolerance, and also reduced lipid accumulation by rescuing hepatic insulin sensitivity, glucose, and lipid homeostasis. Obesity, gluconeogenesis, and adipose tissue insulin signaling were only partially reversed in nitrite supplemented iNOS−/− mice. Our results thus demonstrate that nitrite supplementation to iNOS−/− mice improves insulin sensitivity and metabolic homeostasis, thus further highlighting the metabolic role of iNOS.
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10
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Kapil V, Khambata RS, Jones DA, Rathod K, Primus C, Massimo G, Fukuto JM, Ahluwalia A. The Noncanonical Pathway for In Vivo Nitric Oxide Generation: The Nitrate-Nitrite-Nitric Oxide Pathway. Pharmacol Rev 2020; 72:692-766. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.120.019240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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11
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McNally BD, Moran A, Watt NT, Ashmore T, Whitehead A, Murfitt SA, Kearney MT, Cubbon RM, Murray AJ, Griffin JL, Roberts LD. Inorganic Nitrate Promotes Glucose Uptake and Oxidative Catabolism in White Adipose Tissue Through the XOR-Catalyzed Nitric Oxide Pathway. Diabetes 2020; 69:893-901. [PMID: 32086288 DOI: 10.2337/db19-0892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
An aging global population combined with sedentary lifestyles and unhealthy diets has contributed to an increasing incidence of obesity and type 2 diabetes. These metabolic disorders are associated with perturbations to nitric oxide (NO) signaling and impaired glucose metabolism. Dietary inorganic nitrate, found in high concentration in green leafy vegetables, can be converted to NO in vivo and demonstrates antidiabetic and antiobesity properties in rodents. Alongside tissues including skeletal muscle and liver, white adipose tissue is also an important physiological site of glucose disposal. However, the distinct molecular mechanisms governing the effect of nitrate on adipose tissue glucose metabolism and the contribution of this tissue to the glucose-tolerant phenotype remain to be determined. Using a metabolomic and stable-isotope labeling approach, combined with transcriptional analysis, we found that nitrate increases glucose uptake and oxidative catabolism in primary adipocytes and white adipose tissue of nitrate-treated rats. Mechanistically, we determined that nitrate induces these phenotypic changes in primary adipocytes through the xanthine oxidoreductase-catalyzed reduction of nitrate to NO and independently of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α. The nitrate-mediated enhancement of glucose uptake and catabolism in white adipose tissue may be a key contributor to the antidiabetic effects of this anion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben D McNally
- Medical Research Council - Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Cambridge, U.K
- Department of Biochemistry and Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Amy Moran
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, U.K
| | - Nicole T Watt
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, U.K
| | - Tom Ashmore
- Department of Biochemistry and Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Anna Whitehead
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, U.K
| | - Steven A Murfitt
- Department of Biochemistry and Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Mark T Kearney
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, U.K
| | - Richard M Cubbon
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, U.K
| | - Andrew J Murray
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Julian L Griffin
- Medical Research Council - Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Cambridge, U.K
- Department of Biochemistry and Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, U.K
| | - Lee D Roberts
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, U.K.
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12
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Heredia Martinez A, Rosa Diez G, Ferraris V, Coccia PA, Ferraris JR, Checa A, Wheelock CE, Lundberg JO, Weitzberg E, Carlström M, Krmar RT. "Removal of nitrate and nitrite by hemodialysis in end-stage renal disease and by sustained low-efficiency dialysis in acute kidney injury". Nitric Oxide 2020; 98:33-40. [PMID: 32119993 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2020.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & PURPOSE It is well established that end-stage renal disease (ESRD) is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality both in the adult and pediatric population. Although the underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly understood, compromised nitric oxide (NO) bioactivity has been suggested as a contributing factor. With this in mind, we investigated the effects of hemodialysis on NO homeostasis and bioactivity in blood. METHODS & RESULTS Plasma and dialysate samples were obtained before and after hemodialysis sessions from adults (n = 33) and pediatric patients (n = 10) with ESRD on chronic renal replacement therapy, and from critically ill adults with acute kidney injury (n = 12) at their first sustained low-efficiency dialysis session. Levels of nitrate, nitrite, cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) and amino acids relevant for NO homeostasis were analyzed. We consistently found that nitrate and cGMP levels in plasma were significantly reduced after hemodialysis, whereas post-dialysis nitrite and amino acids coupled to NO synthase activity (i.e., arginine and citrulline) were only significantly reduced in adults with ESRD. The amount of excreted nitrate and nitrite during dialysis were similar to daily endogenous levels that would be expected from endothelial NO synthase activity. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that hemodialysis significantly reduces circulating levels of nitrate and cGMP, indicating that this medical procedure may impair NO synthesis and potentially NO signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Veronica Ferraris
- Servicio de Nefrología del Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paula A Coccia
- Servicio de Nefrología del Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jorge R Ferraris
- Servicio de Nefrología del Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Antonio Checa
- Dept. of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Craig E Wheelock
- Dept. of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jon O Lundberg
- Dept. of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eddie Weitzberg
- Dept. of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mattias Carlström
- Dept. of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Rafael T Krmar
- Dept. of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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13
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Cui H, Feng Y, Shu C, Yuan R, Bu L, Jia M, Pang B. Dietary Nitrate Protects Against Skin Flap Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Rats via Modulation of Antioxidative Action and Reduction of Inflammatory Responses. Front Pharmacol 2020; 10:1605. [PMID: 32038262 PMCID: PMC6987438 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary nitrate, found abundant in green vegetables, can be absorbed into the blood and be converted to nitric oxide (NO) in the body. Dietary nitrate has been proved to have many positive physiological functions in the body. Here, we evaluated the therapeutic effects of dietary nitrate on skin flap recovery following ischemia reperfusion (IR). Wistar rats were pretreated with nitrate from one week prior to ischemia to the end of reperfusion. It was found that oral administration of nitrate increased serum nitrate and nitrite levels, protected cells from apoptosis, and attenuated flap tissue edema. In the meantime, the oxidative stress marker malondialdehyde was reduced, while the activities of antioxidant enzymes were restored after nitrate treatment. Moreover, the macrophage and neutrophil infiltration in the flap was significantly attenuated by nitrate supplementation, as were the pro-inflammatory cytokines. In sum, we found that oral administration of nitrate can attenuate skin flap IR injury through the regulation of oxidative stress and inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Cui
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,School of Stomatology of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuanyong Feng
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,School of Stomatology of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chuanliang Shu
- Department of Stomatology, The Affiliated Qingdao Hiser Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Rongtao Yuan
- Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Affiliated to Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lingxue Bu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,School of Stomatology of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Muyun Jia
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,School of Stomatology of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Baoxing Pang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,School of Stomatology of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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14
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Tian R, Peng R, Yang Z, Peng YY, Lu N. Supplementation of dietary nitrate attenuated oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction in diabetic vasculature through inhibition of NADPH oxidase. Nitric Oxide 2020; 96:54-63. [PMID: 31972252 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2020.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The metabolic disorders in diabetes, which are usually accompanied by oxidative stress and impaired nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability, increase the risk of detrimental cardiovascular complications. Herein, we investigated the therapeutic potential of dietary nitrate, which is found in high content in green leafy vegetables, on vascular oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction in diabetic mice induced by high-fat diet and streptozotocin injection. Dietary nitrate in drinking water fuelled a nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway, which inhibited vascular oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction and many features of metabolic syndrome in diabetic mice. These beneficial effects of nitrate on diabetic mice were abolished by PTIO (NO scavenger) treatment and significantly prevented by febuxostat (xanthine oxidoreductase inhibitor), demonstrating the central importance of NO in bioactivation of nitrate. The favorable effects of nitrate were not further influenced by apocynin (NADPH oxidase inhibitor), suggesting NADPH oxidase as a possible target. In high glucose-incubated vascular endothelial cells, NO donor attenuated oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction via the inhibition of NADPH oxidase, where a heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)-dependent mechanism was demonstrated for the antioxidant abilities of NO. Altogether, boosting this nitrate-nitrite-NO signaling pathway resulted in the decreases of NADPH oxidase-derived oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction and metabolic disorders in diabetic vasculature. These findings may have novel implications for the preventive strategy against diabetes-induced vascular dysfunction and associated complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Tian
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Jiangxi Province and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Rou Peng
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Jiangxi Province and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Ziyi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Jiangxi Province and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yi-Yuan Peng
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Jiangxi Province and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China.
| | - Naihao Lu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Jiangxi Province and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China.
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15
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Moretti C, Zhuge Z, Zhang G, Haworth SM, Paulo LL, Guimarães DD, Cruz JC, Montenegro MF, Cordero-Herrera I, Braga VA, Weitzberg E, Carlström M, Lundberg JO. The obligatory role of host microbiota in bioactivation of dietary nitrate. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 145:342-348. [PMID: 31600544 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a key signalling molecule in the regulation of cardiometabolic function and impaired bioactivity is considered to play an important role in the onset and progression of cardiovascular and metabolic disease. Research has revealed an alternative NO-generating pathway, independent of NO synthase (NOS), in which the inorganic anions nitrate (NO3-) and nitrite (NO2-) are serially reduced to form NO. This work specifically aimed at investigating the role of commensal bacteria in bioactivation of dietary nitrate and its protective effects in a model of cardiovascular and metabolic disease. In a two-hit model, germ-free and conventional male mice were fed a western diet and the NOS inhibitor l-NAME in combination with sodium nitrate (NaNO3) or placebo (NaCl) in the drinking water. Cardiometabolic parameters including blood pressure, glucose tolerance and body composition were measured after six weeks treatment. Mice in both placebo groups showed increased body weight and fat mass, reduced lean mass, impaired glucose tolerance and elevated blood pressure. In conventional mice, nitrate treatment partly prevented the cardiometabolic disturbances induced by a western diet and l-NAME. In contrast, in germ-free mice nitrate had no such beneficial effects. In separate cardiovascular experiments, using conventional and germ-free animals, we assessed NO-like signalling downstream of nitrate by administration of sodium nitrite (NaNO2) via gavage. In this acute experimental setting, nitrite lowered blood pressure to a similar degree in both groups. Likewise, isolated vessels from germ-free mice robustly dilated in response to the NO donor sodium nitroprusside. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate the obligatory role of host-microbiota in bioactivation of dietary nitrate, thus contributing to its favourable cardiometabolic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Moretti
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Zhengbing Zhuge
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gensheng Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Neuroscience, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sarah McCann Haworth
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Luciano L Paulo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden; Biotechnology Center, Federal University of Paraiba, Joao Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Drielle D Guimarães
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Josiane C Cruz
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden; Biotechnology Center, Federal University of Paraiba, Joao Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Marcelo F Montenegro
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Isabel Cordero-Herrera
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Valdir A Braga
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden; Biotechnology Center, Federal University of Paraiba, Joao Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Eddie Weitzberg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mattias Carlström
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jon O Lundberg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
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16
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Peleli M, Ferreira DMS, Tarnawski L, McCann Haworth S, Xuechen L, Zhuge Z, Newton PT, Massart J, Chagin AS, Olofsson PS, Ruas JL, Weitzberg E, Lundberg JO, Carlström M. Dietary nitrate attenuates high-fat diet-induced obesity via mechanisms involving higher adipocyte respiration and alterations in inflammatory status. Redox Biol 2019; 28:101387. [PMID: 31765889 PMCID: PMC6883295 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that dietary nitrate can reverse several features of the metabolic syndrome, but the underlying molecular mechanisms still remain elusive. The aim of the present study was to explore mechanisms involved in the effects of dietary nitrate on the metabolic dysfunctions induced by high-fat diet (HFD) in mice. Four weeks old C57BL/6 male mice, exposed to HFD for ten weeks, were characterised by increased body weight, fat content, increased fasting glucose and impaired glucose clearance. All these metabolic abnormalities were significantly attenuated by dietary nitrate. Mechanistically, subcutaneous primary mouse adipocytes exposed to palmitate (PA) and treated with nitrite exhibited higher mitochondrial respiration, increased protein expression of total mitochondrial complexes and elevated gene expression of the thermogenesis gene UCP-1, as well as of the creatine transporter SLC6A8. Finally, dietary nitrate increased the expression of anti-inflammatory markers in visceral fat, plasma and bone marrow-derived macrophages (Arginase-1, Egr-2, IL-10), which was associated with reduction of NADPH oxidase-derived superoxide production in macrophages. In conclusion, dietary nitrate may have therapeutic utility against obesity and associated metabolic complications possibly by increasing adipocyte mitochondrial respiration and by dampening inflammation and oxidative stress. Dietary nitrate attenuates high-fat diet-induced adiposity and glucose intolerance. Mechanistically, boosting the nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway:induces expression of thermogenesis-associated genes in adipocytes increases adipocyte respiration attenuates macrophage-induced oxidative stress modulates inflammatory profile
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Affiliation(s)
- M Peleli
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - D M S Ferreira
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - L Tarnawski
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S McCann Haworth
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - L Xuechen
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Z Zhuge
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - P T Newton
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J Massart
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Integrative Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A S Chagin
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
| | - P S Olofsson
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J L Ruas
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - E Weitzberg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J O Lundberg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Carlström
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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17
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Fischer A, Lüersen K, Schultheiß G, de Pascual-Teresa S, Mereu A, Ipharraguerre IR, Rimbach G. Supplementation with nitrate only modestly affects lipid and glucose metabolism in genetic and dietary-induced murine models of obesity. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2019; 66:24-35. [PMID: 32001953 PMCID: PMC6983433 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.19-43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To gain a better understanding of how nitrate may affect carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, female wild-type mice were fed a high-fat, high-fructose diet supplemented with either 0, 400, or 800 mg nitrate/kg diet for 28 days. Additionally, obese female db/db mice were fed a 5% fat diet supplemented with the same levels and source of nitrate. Nitrate decreased the sodium-dependent uptake of glucose by ileal mucosa in wild-type mice. Moreover, nitrate significantly decreased triglyceride content and mRNA expression levels of Pparγ in liver and Glut4 in skeletal muscle. Oral glucose tolerance as well as plasma cholesterol, triglyceride, insulin, leptin, glucose and the activity of ALT did not significantly differ between experimental groups but was higher in db/db mice than in wild-type mice. Nitrate changed liver fatty acid composition and mRNA levels of Fads only slightly. Further hepatic genes encoding proteins involved in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism were not significantly different between the three groups. Biomarkers of inflammation and autophagy in the liver were not affected by the different dietary treatments. Overall, the present data suggest that short-term dietary supplementation with inorganic nitrate has only modest effects on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in genetic and dietary-induced mouse models of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Fischer
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Food Science, University of Kiel, Hermann-Rodewald-Strasse 6, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Kai Lüersen
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Food Science, University of Kiel, Hermann-Rodewald-Strasse 6, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Gerhard Schultheiß
- Animal Welfare Officer, University of Kiel, Hermann-Rodewald-Strasse 12, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Sonia de Pascual-Teresa
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Food Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), José Antonio Novais 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alessandro Mereu
- Yara Iberian, C/ Infanta Mercedes 31 - 2nd floor, 28020 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio R Ipharraguerre
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Food Science, University of Kiel, Hermann-Rodewald-Strasse 6, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Gerald Rimbach
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Food Science, University of Kiel, Hermann-Rodewald-Strasse 6, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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18
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Raubenheimer K, Bondonno C, Blekkenhorst L, Wagner KH, Peake JM, Neubauer O. Effects of dietary nitrate on inflammation and immune function, and implications for cardiovascular health. Nutr Rev 2019; 77:584-599. [PMID: 31150091 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuz025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inorganic dietary nitrate, found abundantly in green leafy and some root vegetables, elicits several beneficial physiological effects, including a reduction in blood pressure and improvements in blood flow through nitrate-nitrite-nitric oxide signaling. Recent animal and human studies have shown that dietary nitrate and nitrite also modulate inflammatory processes and immune cell function and phenotypes. Chronic low-grade inflammation and immune dysfunction play a critical role in cardiovascular disease. This review outlines the current evidence on the efficacy of nitrate-rich plant foods and other sources of dietary nitrate and nitrite to counteract inflammation and promote homeostasis of the immune and vascular systems. The data from these studies suggest that immune cells and immune-vasculature interactions are important targets for dietary interventions aimed at improving, preserving, or restoring cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Raubenheimer
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Catherine Bondonno
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
- Medical School, Royal Perth Hospital Unit, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Lauren Blekkenhorst
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Karl-Heinz Wagner
- Research Platform Active Ageing, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jonathan M Peake
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Tissue Repair and Translational Physiology Program, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Oliver Neubauer
- Research Platform Active Ageing, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Tissue Repair and Translational Physiology Program, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
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19
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Rege SD, Royes L, Tsai B, Zhang G, Yang X, Gomez-Pinilla F. Brain Trauma Disrupts Hepatic Lipid Metabolism: Blame It on Fructose? Mol Nutr Food Res 2019; 63:e1801054. [PMID: 31087499 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201801054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE The action of brain disorders on peripheral metabolism is poorly understood. The impact of traumatic brain injury (TBI) on peripheral organ function and how TBI effects can be influenced by the metabolic perturbation elicited by fructose ingestion are studied. METHODS AND RESULTS It is found that TBI affects glucose metabolism and signaling proteins for insulin and growth hormone in the liver; these effects are exacerbated by fructose ingestion. Fructose, principally metabolized in the liver, potentiates the action of TBI on hepatic lipid droplet accumulation. Studies in isolated cultured hepatocytes identify GH and fructose as factors for the synthesis of lipids. The liver has a major role in the synthesis of lipids used for brain function and repair. TBI results in differentially expressed genes in the hypothalamus, primarily associated with lipid metabolism, providing cues to understand central control of peripheral alterations. Fructose-fed TBI animals have elevated levels of markers of inflammation, lipid peroxidation, and cell energy metabolism, suggesting the pro-inflammatory impact of TBI and fructose in the liver. CONCLUSION Results reveal the impact of TBI on systemic metabolism and the aggravating action of fructose. The hypothalamic-pituitary-growth axis seems to play a major role in the regulation of the peripheral TBI pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shraddha D Rege
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Luiz Royes
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,Centro De Educacao Fisica e Desportos, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, 97105, Brazil
| | - Brandon Tsai
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Guanglin Zhang
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Xia Yang
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Fernando Gomez-Pinilla
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, UCLA Brain Injury Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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Mortensen LA, Bistrup C, Stubbe J, Carlström M, Checa A, Wheelock CE, Palarasah Y, Bladbjerg EM, Thiesson HC, Jensen BL. Effect of spironolactone for 1 yr on endothelial function and vascular inflammation biomarkers in renal transplant recipients. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2019; 317:F529-F539. [PMID: 31166706 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00025.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Kidney transplantation is associated with increased cardiovascular risk. Endothelial dysfunction and vascular inflammation contribute to negative outcome. In experimental models, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists improved endothelial function and reduced inflammation. The present study tested the hypothesis that the mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist spironolactone improves endothelial function and reduces vascular inflammation in renal transplant patients. Eighty prevalent renal transplant patients from an ongoing, double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial were included. Paired plasma samples before and after 1 yr of treatment (n = 39 in the spironolactone-treated group and 41 in the placebo-treated group) were used to determine markers of endothelial dysfunction (nitrite, nitrate, cGMP, arginine, citrulline, ornithine, asymmetric dimethylarginine, symmetric dimethylarginine, NG-monomethyl-l-arginine, von Willebrand factor, tissue-type plasminogen activator antigen, and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 antigen) and markers of inflammation (intercellular adhesion molecule, vascular adhesion molecule, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and serum amyloid protein A). The median time since the transplantation was 4.6 (0.12-22.3) yr in the spironolactone-treated group and 2.1 (0.17-13.9) yr in the placebo-treated group (P > 0.05). Spironolactone increased plasma aldosterone (P < 0.001) and K+ (P < 0.001). Blood pressure did not change significantly. No significant differences were detected between groups in any of the measured markers of endothelial dysfunction or inflammation except in the subgroup analysis of patients with diabetes, where spironolactone decreased nitrite compared with placebo. In this study, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonism did not improve biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction or vascular inflammation in prevalent renal transplant patients. Further studies are needed to evaluate the potential beneficial effect of early or late mineralocorticoid receptor antagonism on vascular outcomes in renal transplant patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line A Mortensen
- Department of Nephrology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Claus Bistrup
- Department of Nephrology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jane Stubbe
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Mattias Carlström
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Antonio Checa
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Craig E Wheelock
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yaseelan Palarasah
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Unit for Thrombosis Research, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hospital of South West Jutland, Esbjerg, Denmark
| | - Else M Bladbjerg
- Unit for Thrombosis Research, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hospital of South West Jutland, Esbjerg, Denmark.,Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Helle C Thiesson
- Department of Nephrology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Boye L Jensen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Horscroft JA, O'Brien KA, Clark AD, Lindsay RT, Steel AS, Procter NEK, Devaux J, Frenneaux M, Harridge SDR, Murray AJ. Inorganic nitrate, hypoxia, and the regulation of cardiac mitochondrial respiration-probing the role of PPARα. FASEB J 2019; 33:7563-7577. [PMID: 30870003 PMCID: PMC6529343 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201900067r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Dietary inorganic nitrate prevents aspects of cardiac mitochondrial dysfunction induced by hypoxia, although the mechanism is not completely understood. In both heart and skeletal muscle, nitrate increases fatty acid oxidation capacity, and in the latter case, this involves up-regulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)α expression. Here, we investigated whether dietary nitrate modifies mitochondrial function in the hypoxic heart in a PPARα-dependent manner. Wild-type (WT) mice and mice without PPARα (Ppara−/−) were given water containing 0.7 mM NaCl (control) or 0.7 mM NaNO3 for 35 d. After 7 d, mice were exposed to normoxia or hypoxia (10% O2) for the remainder of the study. Mitochondrial respiratory function and metabolism were assessed in saponin-permeabilized cardiac muscle fibers. Environmental hypoxia suppressed mass-specific mitochondrial respiration and additionally lowered the proportion of respiration supported by fatty acid oxidation by 18% (P < 0.001). This switch away from fatty acid oxidation was reversed by nitrate treatment in hypoxic WT but not Ppara−/− mice, indicating a PPARα-dependent effect. Hypoxia increased hexokinase activity by 33% in all mice, whereas lactate dehydrogenase activity increased by 71% in hypoxic WT but not Ppara−/− mice. Our findings indicate that PPARα plays a key role in mediating cardiac metabolic remodeling in response to both hypoxia and dietary nitrate supplementation.—Horscroft, J. A., O’Brien, K. A., Clark, A. D., Lindsay, R. T., Steel, A. S., Procter, N. E. K., Devaux, J., Frenneaux, M., Harridge, S. D. R., Murray, A. J. Inorganic nitrate, hypoxia, and the regulation of cardiac mitochondrial respiration—probing the role of PPARα.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Horscroft
- Department of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Katie A O'Brien
- Department of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Anna D Clark
- Department of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ross T Lindsay
- Department of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alice Strang Steel
- Department of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nathan E K Procter
- Bob Champion Research and Education Building, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Jules Devaux
- Department of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Frenneaux
- Bob Champion Research and Education Building, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen D R Harridge
- Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Andrew J Murray
- Department of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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22
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Ma L, Hu L, Feng X, Wang S. Nitrate and Nitrite in Health and Disease. Aging Dis 2018; 9:938-945. [PMID: 30271668 PMCID: PMC6147587 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2017.1207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The source of dietary nitrate (NO3) is mainly green, leafy vegetables, partially absorbed into blood through intestinal mucosa. The recycled nitrate is reabsorbed and concentrated by the salivary glands and then secreted into saliva. In 2012, sialin was first discovered as the mammalian membrane nitrate transporter in salivary glands and plays a key role in circulation of inorganic nitrate, providing a scientific basis for further investigation into the circulation and functions of nitrate. Dietary nitrate can be converted to nitrite (NO2) by oral commensal bacteria under the tongue or in the stomach, following which nitrite is converted to nitric oxide (NO) through non-enzymatic synthesis. Previously, nitrate and nitrite were thought to be carcinogenic due to the potential formation of nitrogen compounds, whereas the beneficial functions of NO3--NO2--NO pathway were ignored. Under conditions of hypoxia and ischemia, the production of endogenous NO from L-arginine is inhibited, while the activity of exogenous NO3--NO2--NO is enhanced. Recently, a greater amount of evidence has shown that nitrate and nitrite serve as a reservoir and perform positive biological NO-like functions. Therefore, exogenous dietary nitrate plays an important role in various physiological activities as an effective supplement of nitrite and NO in human body. Here we generally review the source, circulation and bio-functions of dietary nitrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linsha Ma
- Salivary Gland Disease Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Liang Hu
- Salivary Gland Disease Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xiaoyu Feng
- Salivary Gland Disease Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Songlin Wang
- Salivary Gland Disease Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
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Mahdi A, Kövamees O, Checa A, Wheelock CE, von Heijne M, Alvarsson M, Pernow J. Arginase inhibition improves endothelial function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus despite intensive glucose-lowering therapy. J Intern Med 2018; 284:388-398. [PMID: 30151846 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arginase is implicated in the pathogenesis behind endothelial dysfunction in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) by its inhibition of nitric oxide formation. Strict glycaemic control is not sufficient to improve endothelial function or cardiovascular outcomes in patients with T2DM, thus other treatment strategies are needed. We hypothesized that arginase inhibition improves endothelial function beyond glucose-lowering therapy following glucose optimization in patients with poorly controlled T2DM. METHODS AND RESULTS Endothelial function was evaluated in 16 patients with poorly controlled T2DM (visit 1) and 16 age-matched controls using venous occlusion plethysmography. T2DM patients were re-evaluated (visit 2) after intensive glucose-lowering regimen. Endothelium-dependent (EDV) and -independent (EIDV) vasodilatations were evaluated before and after 120 min intra-arterial infusion of the arginase inhibitor N(ω)-hydroxy-nor-L-arginine (nor-NOHA). HbA1c was reduced from 87 ± 17 (visit 1) to 65 ± 11 mmol mol-1 (visit 2, P < 0.001). Basal EDV, but not EIDV, was significantly lower in patients with T2DM than in healthy subjects (P < 0.05). EDV and EIDV were unaffected by glucose-lowering regimen in patients with T2DM. Arginase inhibition enhanced EDV in T2DM patients both at visit 1 and visit 2 (P < 0.01). There was no difference in improvement in EDV between the two occasions. EIDV was unaltered by nor-NOHA in T2DM at visit 1, but was slightly improved at visit 2. CONCLUSIONS Arginase inhibition improves endothelial function in patients with poorly controlled T2DM, which is maintained following glucose optimization. Thus, arginase inhibition is a promising therapeutic target beyond glucose lowering for improving endothelial function in T2DM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mahdi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - O Kövamees
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Checa
- Division of Physiological Chemistry 2, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C E Wheelock
- Division of Physiological Chemistry 2, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M von Heijne
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Alvarsson
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J Pernow
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO), generated from L-arginine and oxygen by NO synthases, is a pleiotropic signaling molecule involved in cardiovascular and metabolic regulation. More recently, an alternative pathway for the formation of this free radical has been explored. The inorganic anions nitrate (NO3-) and nitrite (NO2-), originating from dietary and endogenous sources, generate NO bioactivity in a process involving seemingly symbiotic oral bacteria and host enzymes in blood and tissues. The described cardio-metabolic effects of dietary nitrate from experimental and clinical studies include lowering of blood pressure, improved endothelial function, increased exercise performance, and reversal of metabolic syndrome, as well as antidiabetic effects. The mechanisms underlying the salutary metabolic effects of nitrate are being revealed and include interaction with mitochondrial respiration, activation of key metabolic regulatory pathways, and reduction of oxidative stress. Here we review the recent advances in the nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway, focusing on metabolic effects in health and disease.
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Effect of long-term nitrite administration on browning of white adipose tissue in type 2 diabetic rats: A stereological study. Life Sci 2018; 207:219-226. [PMID: 29898382 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nitric oxide (NO) deficiency is associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes. Nitrite, a NO donor, is considered as a new therapeutic agent in diabetes. This study aims at determining effects of long-term nitrite administration on browning of white adipose tissue (WAT) in type 2 diabetic rats. METHODS Male rats were divided into 4 groups: Control, control + nitrite, diabetes, and diabetes + nitrite. Sodium nitrite (50 mg/L in drinking water) was administered for 3 months. Body weight was measured weekly. Fasting serum levels of glucose and nitric oxide metabolites (NOx) were measured monthly. Histological evaluations and measurement of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) and NOx levels in adipose tissue were done at the end of the study. RESULTS Nitrite decreased serum glucose concentration and body weight gain in diabetic rats by 27.6% and 37.9%, respectively. In diabetic rats, nitrite increased NOx and cGMP levels in inguinal WAT by 95.7% and 33.1%, respectively. Numerical density in WAT of nitrite-treated diabetic rats was higher than in diabetic ones (995 ± 83 vs. 2513 ± 256 cell/mm3, P < 0.001); in addition, total surface area (4.84 ± 0.32 vs. 44.26 ± 9.7, mm2, P < 0.001) and volume of inguinal beige adipose tissue (7.2 ± 0.49 vs. 66.4 ± 14.51 mm3, <0.001) were higher in nitrite-treated diabetic rats compared to diabetic ones. CONCLUSIONS Favorable effects of long-term nitrite administration in obese type 2 diabetic rats is, at least in part, due to browning of WAT and also associated with increased NOx and cGMP level in adipose tissue. These findings may have potential applications for management of diabesity.
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Ashor AW, Lara J, Siervo M. Medium-term effects of dietary nitrate supplementation on systolic and diastolic blood pressure in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hypertens 2018; 35:1353-1359. [PMID: 28319596 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000001305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Dietary nitrate supplementation has been shown to lower blood pressure (BP) particularly in short-term clinical trials. Whether these effects are sustained in the long-term remains to be established. The objective was to conduct a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials that examined whether dietary nitrate supplementation for more than 1 week has beneficial effects on SBP and DBP. METHODS Electronic databases were searched from inception until May 2016. Specific inclusion criteria were duration at least 1 week, report of effects on SBP or DBP or both and comparison of inorganic nitrate or beetroot juice supplementation with placebo control groups. Random-effects models were used to calculate the pooled BP effect sizes. RESULTS Thirteen trials met eligibility criteria. The trials included a total of 325 participants with seven to 65 participants per study. The duration of each intervention ranged from 1 to 6 weeks. Ten trials assessed BP in resting clinic conditions, whereas 24-h ambulatory and daily home monitorings were used in six and three trials, respectively. Overall, dietary nitrate was associated with a significant decline in SBP [-4.1 mmHg (95% confidence interval: -6.1, -2.2); P < 0.001] and DBP [-2.0 mmHg (95% confidence interval: -3.0, -0.9); P < 0.001]. However, the effect was only significant when measured in resting clinical settings as no significant changes in BP were observed using 24-h ambulatory and daily home BP monitorings. CONCLUSION Positive effects of medium-term dietary nitrate supplementation on BP were only observed in clinical settings, which were not corroborated by more accurate methods such as 24-h ambulatory and daily home monitorings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammar W Ashor
- aHuman Nutrition Research Centre, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University bDepartment of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Effects of long-term nitrate supplementation on carbohydrate metabolism, lipid profiles, oxidative stress, and inflammation in male obese type 2 diabetic rats. Nitric Oxide 2018; 75:27-41. [PMID: 29432804 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Supplementation with inorganic nitrate to boost the nitrate-nitrite-nitric oxide (NO) pathway, may act as a potential therapeutic agent in diabetes. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of nitrate on carbohydrate metabolism, lipid profiles, oxidative stress, and inflammation in obese type 2 diabetic rats. METHODS Male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups: Control, control + nitrate, diabetes, and diabetes + nitrate. Diabetes was induced using a high-fat diet and low-dose of streptozotocin. Sodium nitrate (100 mg/L in drinking water) was administered simultaneously for two months. Serum levels of fasting glucose, insulin, and lipid profiles were measured every 2-weeks. Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) was measured monthly. Serum thiobarbituric reactive substances (TBARS) level and catalase activity were measured before and after treatment. At the end of the study, glucose, pyruvate, and insulin tolerance tests were done. Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) and insulin content from isolated pancreatic islets were also assessed; mRNA expression of iNOS as well as mRNA expression and protein levels of GLUT4 in insulin-sensitive tissues, and serum IL-1β were determined. RESULTS Nitrate supplementation in diabetic rats significantly improved glucose tolerance, lipid profiles, and catalase activity as well as decreased gluconeogenesis, fasting glucose, insulin, and IL-1β; although it had no significant effect on GSIS, islet insulin content, HbA1c, and serum TBARS. Compared to the controls, in diabetic rats, mRNA expression and protein levels of GLUT4 were significantly lower in the soleus muscle (54% and 34%, respectively) and epididymal adipose tissue (67% and 41%, respectively). In diabetic rats, nitrate administration increased GLUT4 mRNA expression and protein levels in both soleus muscle (215% and 17%, respectively) and epididymal adipose tissue (344% and 22%, respectively). In diabetic rats, nitrate significantly decreased elevated iNOS mRNA expression in both the soleus muscle and epididymal adipose tissue. CONCLUSION Chronic nitrate supplementation in obese type 2 diabetic rats improved glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia; these favorable effects were associated with increased mRNA and protein expression of GLUT4 and decreased mRNA expression of iNOS in insulin-sensitive tissues, and with decreased gluconeogenesis, inflammation, and oxidative stress.
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Xu Y, Pang B, Hu L, Feng X, Hu L, Wang J, Zhang C, Wang S. Dietary nitrate protects submandibular gland from hyposalivation in ovariectomized rats via suppressing cell apoptosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 497:272-278. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.02.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Woessner MN, McIlvenna LC, Ortiz de Zevallos J, Neil CJ, Allen JD. Dietary nitrate supplementation in cardiovascular health: an ergogenic aid or exercise therapeutic? Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2018; 314:H195-H212. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00414.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oral consumption of inorganic nitrate, which is abundant in green leafy vegetables and roots, has been shown to increase circulating plasma nitrite concentration, which can be converted to nitric oxide in low oxygen conditions. The associated beneficial physiological effects include a reduction in blood pressure, modification of platelet aggregation, and increases in limb blood flow. There have been numerous studies of nitrate supplementation in healthy recreational and competitive athletes; however, the ergogenic benefits are currently unclear due to a variety of factors including small sample sizes, different dosing regimens, variable nitrate conversion rates, the heterogeneity of participants’ initial fitness levels, and the types of exercise tests used. In clinical populations, the study results seem more promising, particularly in patients with cardiovascular diseases who typically present with disruptions in the ability to transport oxygen from the atmosphere to working tissues and reduced exercise tolerance. Many of these disease-related, physiological maladaptations, including endothelial dysfunction, increased reactive oxygen species, reduced tissue perfusion, and muscle mitochondrial dysfunction, have been previously identified as potential targets for nitric oxide restorative effects. This review is the first of its kind to outline the current evidence for inorganic nitrate supplementation as a therapeutic intervention to restore exercise tolerance and improve quality of life in patients with cardiovascular diseases. We summarize the factors that appear to limit or maximize its effectiveness and present a case for why it may be more effective in patients with cardiovascular disease than as ergogenic aid in healthy populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary N. Woessner
- Clinical Exercise Science Research Program, Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Western Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Luke C. McIlvenna
- Clinical Exercise Science Research Program, Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joaquin Ortiz de Zevallos
- Clinical Exercise Science Research Program, Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Christopher J. Neil
- Clinical Exercise Science Research Program, Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Western Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jason D. Allen
- Clinical Exercise Science Research Program, Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Western Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
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Inorganic nitrate alleviates the senescence-related decline in liver function. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2018; 61:24-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s11427-017-9207-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Jiménez-Maldonado A, Ying Z, Byun HR, Gomez-Pinilla F. Short-term fructose ingestion affects the brain independently from establishment of metabolic syndrome. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1864:24-33. [PMID: 29017895 PMCID: PMC5705281 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Chronic fructose ingestion is linked to the global epidemic of metabolic syndrome (MetS), and poses a serious threat to brain function. We asked whether a short period (one week) of fructose ingestion potentially insufficient to establish peripheral metabolic disorder could impact brain function. We report that the fructose treatment had no effect on liver/body weight ratio, weight gain, glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, was sufficient to reduce several aspects of hippocampal plasticity. Fructose consumption reduced the levels of the neuronal nuclear protein NeuN, Myelin Basic Protein, and the axonal growth-associated protein 43, concomitant with a decline in hippocampal weight. A reduction in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 alpha and Cytochrome c oxidase subunit II by fructose treatment is indicative of mitochondrial dysfunction. Furthermore, the GLUT5 fructose transporter was increased in the hippocampus after fructose ingestion suggesting that fructose may facilitate its own transport to brain. Fructose elevated levels of ketohexokinase in the liver but did not affect SIRT1 levels, suggesting that fructose is metabolized in the liver, without severely affecting liver function commensurable to an absence of metabolic syndrome condition. These results advocate that a short period of fructose can influence brain plasticity without a major peripheral metabolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhe Ying
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, UCLA, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Hyae Ran Byun
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, UCLA, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Fernando Gomez-Pinilla
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, UCLA, Los Angeles, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, UCLA Brain Injury Research Center, Los Angeles, USA.
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Changes in arterial pressure and markers of nitric oxide homeostasis and oxidative stress following surgical correction of hydronephrosis in children. Pediatr Nephrol 2018; 33:639-649. [PMID: 29196979 PMCID: PMC5859689 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-017-3848-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent clinical studies have suggested an increased risk of elevated arterial pressure in patients with hydronephrosis. Animals with experimentally induced hydronephrosis develop hypertension, which is correlated to the degree of obstruction and increased oxidative stress. In this prospective study we investigated changes in arterial pressure, oxidative stress, and nitric oxide (NO) homeostasis following correction of hydronephrosis. METHODS Ambulatory arterial pressure (24 h) was monitored in pediatric patients with hydronephrosis (n = 15) before and after surgical correction, and the measurements were compared with arterial pressure measurements in two control groups, i.e. healthy controls (n = 8) and operated controls (n = 8). Markers of oxidative stress and NO homeostasis were analyzed in matched urine and plasma samples. RESULTS The preoperative mean arterial pressure was significantly higher in hydronephrotic patients [83 mmHg; 95% confidence interval (CI) 80-88 mmHg] than in healthy controls (74 mmHg; 95% CI 68-80 mmHg; p < 0.05), and surgical correction of ureteral obstruction reduced arterial pressure (76 mmHg; 95% CI 74-79 mmHg; p < 0.05). Markers of oxidative stress (i.e., 11-dehydroTXB2, PGF2α, 8-iso-PGF2α, 8,12-iso-iPF2α-VI) were significantly increased (p < 0.05) in patients with hydronephrosis compared with both control groups, and these were reduced following surgery (p < 0.05). Interestingly, there was a trend for increased NO synthase activity and signaling in hydronephrosis, which may indicate compensatory mechanism(s). CONCLUSION This study demonstrates increased arterial pressure and oxidative stress in children with hydronephrosis compared with healthy controls, which can be restored to normal levels by surgical correction of the obstruction. Once reference data on ambulatory blood pressure in this young age group become available, we hope cut-off values can be defined for deciding whether or not to correct hydronephrosis surgically.
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Tsikas D, Schwedhelm KS, Surdacki A, Giustarini D, Rossi R, Kukoc-Modun L, Kedia G, Ückert S. S-Nitroso- N-acetyl-L-cysteine ethyl ester (SNACET) and N-acetyl-L-cysteine ethyl ester (NACET)-Cysteine-based drug candidates with unique pharmacological profiles for oral use as NO, H 2S and GSH suppliers and as antioxidants: Results and overview. J Pharm Anal 2017; 8:1-9. [PMID: 29568662 PMCID: PMC5859134 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
S-Nitrosothiols or thionitrites with the general formula RSNO are formally composed of the nitrosyl cation (NO+) and a thiolate (RS−), the base of the corresponding acids RSH. The smallest S-nitrosothiol is HSNO and derives from hydrogen sulfide (HSH, H2S). The most common physiological S-nitrosothiols are derived from the amino acid L-cysteine (CysSH). Thus, the simplest S-nitrosothiol is S-nitroso-L-cysteine (CysSNO). CysSNO is a spontaneous potent donor of nitric oxide (NO) which activates soluble guanylyl cyclase to form cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). This activation is associated with multiple biological actions that include relaxation of smooth muscle cells and inhibition of platelet aggregation. Like NO, CysSNO is a short-lived species and occurs physiologically at concentrations around 1 nM in human blood. CysSNO can be formed from CysSH and higher oxides of NO including nitrous acid (HONO) and its anhydride (N2O3). The most characteristic feature of RSNO is the S-transnitrosation reaction by which the NO+ group is reversibly transferred to another thiolate. By this way numerous RSNO can be formed such as the low-molecular-mass S-nitroso-N-acetyl-L-cysteine (SNAC) and S-nitroso-glutathione (GSNO), and the high-molecular-mass S-nitrosol-L-cysteine hemoglobin (HbCysSNO) present in erythrocytes and S-nitrosol-L-cysteine albumin (AlbCysSNO) present in plasma at concentrations of the order of 200 nM. All above mentioned RSNO exert NO-related biological activity, but they must be administered intravenously. This important drawback can be overcome by lipophilic charge-free RSNO. Thus, we prepared the ethyl ester of SNAC, the S-nitroso-N-acetyl-L-cysteine ethyl ester (SNACET), from synthetic N-acetyl-L-cysteine ethyl ester (NACET). Both NACET and SNACET have improved pharmacological features over N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) and S-nitroso-N-acetyl-L-cysteine (SNAC), respectively, including higher oral bioavailability. SNACET exerts NO-related activities which can be utilized in the urogenital tract and in the cardiovascular system. NACET, with high oral bioavailability, is a strong antioxidant and abundant precursor of GSH, unlike its free acid N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC). Here, we review the chemical and pharmacological properties of SNACET and NACET as well as their analytical chemistry. We also report new results from the ingestion of S-[15N]nitroso-N-acetyl-L-cysteine ethyl ester (S15NACET) demonstrating the favorable pharmacological profile of SNACET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Tsikas
- Institute of Toxicology, Core Unit Proteomics, Hannover Medical School, 30623 Hannover, Germany
| | - Kathrin S Schwedhelm
- Institute of Toxicology, Core Unit Proteomics, Hannover Medical School, 30623 Hannover, Germany
| | - Andrzej Surdacki
- Second Department of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
| | - Daniela Giustarini
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Ranieri Rossi
- Department of Life Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Lea Kukoc-Modun
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - George Kedia
- Department of Urology and Urological Oncology, Hannover Medical School, 30623 Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Ückert
- Department of Urology and Urological Oncology, Hannover Medical School, 30623 Hannover, Germany
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Ghasemi A, Jeddi S. Anti-obesity and anti-diabetic effects of nitrate and nitrite. Nitric Oxide 2017; 70:9-24. [PMID: 28804022 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Prevalence of obesity is increasing worldwide and type 2 diabetes to date is the most devastating complication of obesity. Decreased nitric oxide bioavailability is a feature of obesity and diabetes that links these two pathologies. Nitric oxide is synthesized both by nitric oxide synthase enzymes from l-arginine and nitric oxide synthase-independent from nitrate/nitrite. Nitric oxide production from nitrate/nitrite could potentially be used for nutrition-based therapy in obesity and diabetes. Nitric oxide deficiency also contributes to pathogeneses of cardiovascular disease and hypertension, which are associated with obesity and diabetes. This review summarizes pathways for nitric oxide production and focuses on the anti-diabetic and anti-obesity effects of the nitrate-nitrite-nitric oxide pathway. In addition to increasing nitric oxide production, nitrate and nitrite reduce oxidative stress, increase adipose tissue browning, have favorable effects on nitric oxide synthase expression, and increase insulin secretion, all effects that are potentially promising for management of obesity and diabetes. Based on current data, it could be suggested that amplifying the nitrate-nitrite-nitric oxide pathway is a diet-based strategy for increasing nitric oxide bioavailability and the management of these two interlinked conditions. Adding nitrate/nitrite to drugs that are currently used for managing diabetes (e.g. metformin) and possibly anti-obesity drugs may also enhance their efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asghar Ghasemi
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Sajad Jeddi
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Abstract
Dietary nitrate is mainly obtained from vegetables, especially green leafy vegetables and beetroot. As a result of early research, dietary nitrate is currently viewed as a contaminant linked to increased risks of stomach cancer and methaemoglobinaemia. Consequently, nitrate levels are restricted in certain vegetables and in water supplies to ensure exposure levels remain below an acceptable daily intake of 3·7 mg/kg per d. The average nitrate intake in the UK is approximately 70 mg/d, although some population groups, such as vegetarians, may consume three times that amount. However, recent studies in the last decade suggest that dietary nitrate can significantly reduce systolic blood pressure via the nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway. A small, downward shift in systolic blood pressure across the population could significantly reduce the incidence of hypertension and mortality from CVD such as stroke. Interestingly, vegetarians tend to have lower levels of blood pressure than omnivores and epidemiological studies suggest that vegetarians have lower risks of CVD. Recent evidence is mainly focused on the acute effects of dietary nitrate supplementation and there is a lack of data looking at the chronic effects of high nitrate consumption in humans. Nevertheless, due to potential health benefits, some authors are recommending that nitrate should be considered as a nutrient necessary for health, rather than as a contaminant which needs to be restricted. This review will discuss the emerging role of dietary nitrate in the control of blood pressure and whether there is sufficient evidence to state that nitrate is a 'new' nutrient.
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Hypoxia in Obesity and Diabetes: Potential Therapeutic Effects of Hyperoxia and Nitrate. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:5350267. [PMID: 28607631 PMCID: PMC5457776 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5350267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity and diabetes is increasing worldwide. Obesity and diabetes are associated with oxidative stress, inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, insulin resistance, and glucose intolerance. Obesity, a chronic hypoxic state that is associated with decreased nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability, is one of the main causes of type 2 diabetes. The hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) is involved in the regulation of several genes of the metabolic pathways including proinflammatory adipokines, endothelial NO synthase (eNOS), and insulin signaling components. It seems that adipose tissue hypoxia and NO-dependent vascular and cellular dysfunctions are responsible for other consequences linked to obesity-related disorders. Although hyperoxia could reverse hypoxic-related disorders, it increases the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and decreases the production of NO. Nitrate can restore NO depletion and has antioxidant properties, and recent data support the beneficial effects of nitrate therapy in obesity and diabetes. Although it seems reasonable to combine hyperoxia and nitrate treatments for managing obesity/diabetes, the combined effects have not been investigated yet. This review discusses some aspects of tissue oxygenation and the potential effects of hyperoxia and nitrate interventions on obesity/diabetes management. It can be proposed that concomitant use of hyperoxia and nitrate is justified for managing obesity and diabetes.
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Timpani CA, Trewin AJ, Stojanovska V, Robinson A, Goodman CA, Nurgali K, Betik AC, Stepto N, Hayes A, McConell GK, Rybalka E. Attempting to Compensate for Reduced Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase Protein with Nitrate Supplementation Cannot Overcome Metabolic Dysfunction but Rather Has Detrimental Effects in Dystrophin-Deficient mdx Muscle. Neurotherapeutics 2017; 14:429-446. [PMID: 27921261 PMCID: PMC5398978 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-016-0494-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy arises from the loss of dystrophin and is characterized by calcium dysregulation, muscular atrophy, and metabolic dysfunction. The secondary reduction of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) from the sarcolemma reduces NO production and bioavailability. As NO modulates glucose uptake, metabolism, and mitochondrial bioenergetics, we investigated whether an 8-week nitrate supplementation regimen could overcome metabolic dysfunction in the mdx mouse. Dystrophin-positive control (C57BL/10) and dystrophin-deficient mdx mice were supplemented with sodium nitrate (85 mg/l) in drinking water. Following the supplementation period, extensor digitorum longus and soleus were excised and radioactive glucose uptake was measured at rest (basal) and during contraction. Gastrocnemius was excised and mitochondrial respiration was measured using the Oroboros Oxygraph. Tibialis anterior was analyzed immunohistochemically for the presence of dystrophin, nNOS, nitrotyrosine, IgG and CD45+ cells, and histologically to assess areas of damage and regeneration. Glucose uptake in the basal and contracting states was normal in unsupplemented mdx muscles but was reduced following nitrate supplementation in mdx muscles only. The mitochondrial utilization of substrates was also impaired in mdx gastrocnemius during phosphorylating and maximal uncoupled respiration, and nitrate could not improve respiration in mdx muscle. Although nitrate supplementation reduced mitochondrial hydrogen peroxide emission, it induced mitochondrial uncoupling in red gastrocnemius, increased muscle fiber peroxynitrite (nitrotyrosine), and promoted skeletal muscle damage. Our novel data suggest that despite lower nNOS protein expression and likely lower NO production in mdx muscle, enhancing NO production with nitrate supplementation in these mice has detrimental effects on skeletal muscle. This may have important relevance for those with DMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara A Timpani
- Centre for Chronic Disease, College of Health & Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, 8001, Australia
| | - Adam J Trewin
- Institute of Sport, Exercise & Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, 8001, Australia
| | - Vanesa Stojanovska
- Centre for Chronic Disease, College of Health & Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, 8001, Australia
| | - Ainsley Robinson
- Centre for Chronic Disease, College of Health & Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, 8001, Australia
| | - Craig A Goodman
- Centre for Chronic Disease, College of Health & Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, 8001, Australia
- Institute of Sport, Exercise & Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, 8001, Australia
- Australian Institute of Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Western Health, Melbourne, Victoria, 3021, Australia
| | - Kulmira Nurgali
- Centre for Chronic Disease, College of Health & Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, 8001, Australia
| | - Andrew C Betik
- Centre for Chronic Disease, College of Health & Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, 8001, Australia
- Institute of Sport, Exercise & Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, 8001, Australia
| | - Nigel Stepto
- Institute of Sport, Exercise & Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, 8001, Australia
| | - Alan Hayes
- Centre for Chronic Disease, College of Health & Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, 8001, Australia
- Institute of Sport, Exercise & Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, 8001, Australia
- Australian Institute of Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Western Health, Melbourne, Victoria, 3021, Australia
| | - Glenn K McConell
- Institute of Sport, Exercise & Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, 8001, Australia
- Australian Institute of Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Western Health, Melbourne, Victoria, 3021, Australia
| | - Emma Rybalka
- Centre for Chronic Disease, College of Health & Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, 8001, Australia.
- Institute of Sport, Exercise & Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, 8001, Australia.
- Australian Institute of Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Western Health, Melbourne, Victoria, 3021, Australia.
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Gheibi S, Bakhtiarzadeh F, Jeddi S, Farrokhfall K, Zardooz H, Ghasemi A. Nitrite increases glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and islet insulin content in obese type 2 diabetic male rats. Nitric Oxide 2017; 64:39-51. [PMID: 28089828 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Reduced bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO) is associated with pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. Nitrite can act as a substrate for generation of systemic NO. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of nitrite administration on glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) and islet insulin content in obese type 2 diabetic rats. METHODS Male rats were divided into 4 groups: Control, control + nitrite, diabetes, and diabetes + nitrite. Sodium nitrite (50 mg/L in drinking water) was administered for 8 weeks. Diabetes was induced using high-fat diet and low-dose of streptozotocine. Serum levels of fasting glucose, insulin, and lipid profile were measured and the insulin resistance/sensitivity indices were calculated every 2 weeks. Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) was measured every month. At the end of the study, tissue levels of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) protein and serum interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) were measured as well as glucose and insulin tolerance test were done. GSIS from isolated pancreatic islets and islet insulin content were also determined. RESULTS Nitrite administration significantly increased insulin secretion in both control and diabetic rats in presence of 16.7 mM glucose. Nitrite also significantly increased islet insulin content by 27% and 39% in both control and diabetic rats, respectively. Nitrite decreased elevated serum IL-1β in diabetic rats (4.0 ± 0.2 vs. 2.9 ± 0.2 pg/mL, P = 0.001). In diabetic rats, nitrite also significantly increased tissue levels of GLUT4 by 22% and 26% in soleus muscle and epididymal adipose tissue, respectively. In addition, nitrite significantly improved glucose and insulin tolerance, insulin sensitivity, lipid profile, and decreased fasting glucose and insulin, but had no effect on HbA1C. CONCLUSIONS Long-term nitrite administration increased both insulin secretion and insulin content in obese type 2 diabetic rats. In addition, nitrite therapy had favorable effects on glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, inflammation, and dyslipidemia in type 2 diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevda Gheibi
- Neurophysiology Research Center and Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Bakhtiarzadeh
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sajad Jeddi
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Khadijeh Farrokhfall
- Atherosclerosis and Coronary Artery Research Center, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Homeira Zardooz
- Neurophysiology Research Center and Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Asghar Ghasemi
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Ivarsson N, Schiffer TA, Hernández A, Lanner JT, Weitzberg E, Lundberg JO, Westerblad H. Dietary nitrate markedly improves voluntary running in mice. Physiol Behav 2016; 168:55-61. [PMID: 27794435 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nitrate supplementation is shown to increase submaximal force in human and mouse skeletal muscles. In this study, we test the hypothesis that the increased submaximal force induced by nitrate supplementation reduces the effort of submaximal voluntary running, resulting in increased running speed and distance. C57Bl/6N male mice were fed nitrate in the drinking water and housed with or without access to an in-cage running wheel. Nitrate supplementation in sedentary mice had no effect on endurance in a treadmill test, nor did it enhance mitochondrial function. However, after three weeks with in-cage running wheel, mice fed nitrate ran on average 20% faster and 30% further than controls (p<0.01). Compared to running controls, this resulted in ~13% improved endurance on a subsequent treadmill test (p<0.05) and increased mitochondrial oxidative capacity, as judged from a mean increase in citrate synthase activity of 14% (p<0.05). After six weeks with nitrate, the mice were running 58% longer distances per night. When nitrate supplementation was removed from the diet, the running distance and speed decreased to the control level, despite the improved endurance achieved during nitrate supplementation. In conclusion, low-frequency force improvement due to nitrate supplementation facilitates submaximal exercise such as voluntary running.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Ivarsson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Tomas A Schiffer
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrés Hernández
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johanna T Lanner
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eddie Weitzberg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jon O Lundberg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Håkan Westerblad
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Hezel M, Peleli M, Liu M, Zollbrecht C, Jensen BL, Checa A, Giulietti A, Wheelock CE, Lundberg JO, Weitzberg E, Carlström M. Dietary nitrate improves age-related hypertension and metabolic abnormalities in rats via modulation of angiotensin II receptor signaling and inhibition of superoxide generation. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 99:87-98. [PMID: 27474450 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Advanced age is associated with increased risk for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. A proposed central event is diminished amounts of nitric oxide (NO) due to reduced generation by endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) and increased oxidative stress. In addition, it is widely accepted that increased angiotensin II (ANG II) signaling is also implicated in the pathogenesis of endothelial dysfunction and hypertension by accelerating formation of reactive oxygen species. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that dietary nitrate supplementation could reduce blood pressure and improve glucose tolerance in aged rats, via attenuation of NADPH oxidase activity and ANG II receptor signaling. Dietary nitrate supplementation for two weeks reduced blood pressure (10-15mmHg) and improved glucose clearance in old, but not in young rats. These favorable effects were associated with increased insulin responses, reduced plasma creatinine as well as improved endothelial relaxation to acetylcholine and attenuated contractility to ANG II in resistance arteries. Mechanistically, nitrate reduced NADPH oxidase-mediated oxidative stress in the cardiovascular system and increased cGMP signaling. Finally, nitrate treatment in aged rats normalized the gene expression profile of ANG II receptors (AT1A, AT2, AT1A/AT2 ratio) in the renal and cardiovascular systems without altering plasma levels of renin or ANG II. Our results show that boosting the nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway can partly compensate for age-related disturbances in endogenous NO generation via inhibition of NADPH oxidase and modulation of ANG II receptor expression. These novel findings may have implications for nutrition-based preventive and therapeutic strategies against cardiovascular and metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hezel
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Maria Peleli
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ming Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christa Zollbrecht
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Boye L Jensen
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Antonio Checa
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alessia Giulietti
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Craig E Wheelock
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jon O Lundberg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eddie Weitzberg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mattias Carlström
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Peleli M, Zollbrecht C, Montenegro MF, Hezel M, Zhong J, Persson EG, Holmdahl R, Weitzberg E, Lundberg JO, Carlström M. Enhanced XOR activity in eNOS-deficient mice: Effects on the nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway and ROS homeostasis. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 99:472-484. [PMID: 27609225 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) is generally known as the final enzyme in purine metabolism and as a source of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In addition, this enzyme has been suggested to mediate nitric oxide (NO) formation via reduction of inorganic nitrate and nitrite. This NO synthase (NOS)-independent pathway for NO generation is of particular importance during certain conditions when NO bioavailability is diminished due to reduced activity of endothelial NOS (eNOS) or increased oxidative stress, including aging and cardiovascular disease. The exact interplay between NOS- and XOR-derived NO generation is not fully elucidated yet. The aim of the present study was to investigate if eNOS deficiency is associated with changes in XOR expression and activity and the possible impact on nitrite, NO and ROS homeostasis. Plasma levels of nitrate and nitrite were similar between eNOS deficient (eNOS-/-) and wildtype (wt) mice. XOR activity was upregulated in eNOS-/- compared with wt, but not in nNOS-/-, iNOS-/- or wt mice treated with the non-selective NOS inhibitor L-NAME. Following an acute dose of nitrate, plasma nitrite increased more in eNOS-/- compared with wt, and this augmented response was abolished by the selective XOR inhibitor febuxostat. Livers from eNOS-/- displayed higher nitrite reducing capacity compared with wt, and this effect was attenuated by febuxostat. Dietary supplementation with nitrate increased XOR expression and activity, but concomitantly reduced superoxide generation. The latter effect was also seen in vitro after nitrite administration. Treatment with febuxostat elevated blood pressure in eNOS-/-, but not in wt mice. A high dose of dietary nitrate reduced blood pressure in naïve eNOS-/- mice, and again this effect was abolished by febuxostat. In conclusion, eNOS deficiency is associated with an upregulation of XOR facilitating the nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway and decreasing the generation of ROS. This interplay between XOR and eNOS is proposed to play a significant role in NO homeostasis and blood pressure regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Peleli
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christa Zollbrecht
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marcelo F Montenegro
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael Hezel
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jianghong Zhong
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erik G Persson
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Rikard Holmdahl
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eddie Weitzberg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jon O Lundberg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Mattias Carlström
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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42
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Porpino SKP, Zollbrecht C, Peleli M, Montenegro MF, Brandão MCR, Athayde-Filho PF, França-Silva MS, Larsson E, Lundberg JO, Weitzberg E, Persson EG, Braga VA, Carlström M. Nitric oxide generation by the organic nitrate NDBP attenuates oxidative stress and angiotensin II-mediated hypertension. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:2290-302. [PMID: 27160064 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE NO deficiency and oxidative stress are crucially involved in the development or progression of cardiovascular disease, including hypertension and stroke. We have previously demonstrated that acute treatment with the newly discovered organic nitrate, 2-nitrate-1,3-dibuthoxypropan (NDBP), is associated with NO-like effects in the vasculature. This study aimed to further characterize the mechanism(s) and to elucidate the therapeutic potential in a model of hypertension and oxidative stress. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH A combination of ex vivo, in vitro and in vivo approaches was used to assess the effects of NDBP on vascular reactivity, NO release, NADPH oxidase activity and in a model of hypertension. KEY RESULTS Ex vivo vascular studies demonstrated NDBP-mediated vasorelaxation in mesenteric resistance arteries, which was devoid of tolerance. In vitro studies using liver and kidney homogenates revealed dose-dependent and sustained NO generation by NDBP, which was attenuated by the xanthine oxidase inhibitor febuxostat. In addition, NDBP reduced NADPH oxidase activity in the liver and prevented angiotensin II-induced activation of NADPH oxidase in the kidney. In vivo studies showed that NDBP halted the progression of hypertension in mice with chronic angiotensin II infusion. This was associated with attenuated cardiac hypertrophy, and reduced NADPH oxidase-derived oxidative stress and fibrosis in the kidney and heart. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS The novel organic nitrate NDBP halts the progression of angiotensin II-mediated hypertension. Mechanistically, our findings suggest that NDBP treatment is associated with sustained NO release and attenuated activity of NADPH oxidase, which to some extent requires functional xanthine oxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suênia K P Porpino
- Dept. of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Dept. of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Biotechnology Center, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Christa Zollbrecht
- Dept. of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Peleli
- Dept. of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Maria C R Brandão
- Biotechnology Center, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | | | | | - Erik Larsson
- Dept. of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jon O Lundberg
- Dept. of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eddie Weitzberg
- Dept. of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erik G Persson
- Dept. of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Valdir A Braga
- Biotechnology Center, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Mattias Carlström
- Dept. of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Carlström M, Cananau C, Checa A, Wide K, Sartz L, Svensson A, Wheelock CE, Westphal S, Békássy Z, Bárány P, Lundberg JO, Hansson S, Weitzberg E, Krmar RT. Peritoneal dialysis impairs nitric oxide homeostasis and may predispose infants with low systolic blood pressure to cerebral ischemia. Nitric Oxide 2016; 58:1-9. [PMID: 27234508 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & PURPOSE Infants on chronic peritoneal dialysis (PD) have an increased risk of developing neurological morbidities; however, the underlying biological mechanisms are poorly understood. In this clinical study, we investigated whether PD-mediated impairment of nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability and signaling, in patients with persistently low systolic blood pressure (SBP), can explain the occurrence of cerebral ischemia. METHODS & RESULTS Repeated blood pressure measurements, serial neuroimaging studies, and investigations of systemic nitrate and nitrite levels, as well as NO signaling, were performed in ten pediatric patients on PD. We consistently observed the loss of both inorganic nitrate (-17 ± 3%, P < 0.05) and nitrite (-34 ± 4%, P < 0.05) during PD, which may result in impairment of the nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway. Indeed, PD was associated with significant reduction of cyclic guanosine monophosphate levels (-59.4 ± 15%, P < 0.05). This reduction in NO signaling was partly prevented by using a commercially available PD solution supplemented with l-arginine. Although PD compromised nitrate-nitrite-NO signaling in all cases, only infants with persistently low SBP developed ischemic cerebral complications. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggests that PD impairs NO homeostasis and predisposes infants with persistently low SBP to cerebral ischemia. These findings improve current understanding of the pathogenesis of infantile cerebral ischemia induced by PD and may lead to the new treatment strategies to reduce neurological morbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattias Carlström
- Dept. of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Carmen Cananau
- Dept. Radiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Antonio Checa
- Dept. of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Div. of Physiological Chemistry 2, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Katarina Wide
- Dept. of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Div. of Pediatrics, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Lisa Sartz
- Dept. of Pediatrics, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anders Svensson
- Dept. Radiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Craig E Wheelock
- Dept. of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Div. of Physiological Chemistry 2, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Susanne Westphal
- Dept. of Pediatrics, The Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Zivile Békássy
- Dept. of Pediatrics, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Peter Bárány
- Dept. of Renal Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Jon O Lundberg
- Dept. of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sverker Hansson
- Dept. of Pediatrics, The Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Eddie Weitzberg
- Dept. of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rafael T Krmar
- Dept. of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Div. of Pediatrics, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden.
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Dietary nitrate improves cardiac contractility via enhanced cellular Ca²⁺ signaling. Basic Res Cardiol 2016; 111:34. [PMID: 27071401 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-016-0551-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The inorganic anion nitrate (NO3 (-)), which is naturally enriched in certain vegetables (e.g., spinach and beetroot), has emerged as a dietary component that can regulate diverse bodily functions, including blood pressure, mitochondrial efficiency, and skeletal muscle force. It is not known if dietary nitrate improves cardiac contractility. To test this, mice were supplemented for 1-2 weeks with sodium nitrate in the drinking water at a dose similar to a green diet. The hearts from nitrate-treated mice showed increased left ventricular pressure and peak rate of pressure development as measured with the Langendorff heart technique. Cardiomyocytes from hearts of nitrate-treated and control animals were incubated with the fluorescent indicator Fluo-3 to measure cytoplasmic free [Ca(2+)] and fractional shortening. Cardiomyocytes from nitrate-treated mice displayed increased fractional shortening, which was linked to larger Ca(2+) transients. Moreover, nitrate hearts displayed increased protein expression of the L-type Ca(2+) channel/dihydropyridine receptor and peak L-type Ca(2+) channel currents. The nitrate-treated hearts displayed increased concentration of cAMP but unchanged levels of cGMP compared with controls. These findings provide the first evidence that dietary nitrate can affect the expression of important Ca(2+) handling proteins in the heart, resulting in increased cardiomyocyte Ca(2+) signaling and improved left ventricular contractile function. Our observation shows that dietary nitrate impacts cardiac function and adds understanding to inorganic nitrate as a physiological modulator.
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d'El-Rei J, Cunha AR, Trindade M, Neves MF. Beneficial Effects of Dietary Nitrate on Endothelial Function and Blood Pressure Levels. Int J Hypertens 2016; 2016:6791519. [PMID: 27088010 PMCID: PMC4819099 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6791519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Poor eating habits may represent cardiovascular risk factors since high intake of fat and saturated fatty acids contributes to dyslipidemia, obesity, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension. Thus, nutritional interventions are recognized as important strategies for primary prevention of hypertension and as adjuvants to pharmacological therapies to reduce cardiovascular risk. The DASH (Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension) plan is one of the most effective strategies for the prevention and nonpharmacological management of hypertension. The beneficial effects of DASH diet on blood pressure might be related to the high inorganic nitrate content of some food products included in this meal plan. The beetroot and other food plants considered as nitrate sources account for approximately 60-80% of the daily nitrate exposure in the western population. The increased levels of nitrite by nitrate intake seem to have beneficial effects in many of the physiological and clinical settings. Several clinical trials are being conducted to determine the broad therapeutic potential of increasing the bioavailability of nitrite in human health and disease, including studies related to vascular aging. In conclusion, the dietary inorganic nitrate seems to represent a promising complementary therapy to support hypertension treatment with benefits for cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenifer d'El-Rei
- Department of Clinical Medicine, State University of Rio de Janeiro, 20551-030 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ana Rosa Cunha
- Department of Clinical Medicine, State University of Rio de Janeiro, 20551-030 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Michelle Trindade
- Department of Clinical Medicine, State University of Rio de Janeiro, 20551-030 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Mario Fritsch Neves
- Department of Clinical Medicine, State University of Rio de Janeiro, 20551-030 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Marsch E, Theelen TL, Janssen BJA, Briede JJ, Haenen GR, Senden JMG, van Loon LJC, Poeze M, Bierau J, Gijbels MJ, Daemen MJAP, Sluimer JC. The effect of prolonged dietary nitrate supplementation on atherosclerosis development. Atherosclerosis 2015; 245:212-21. [PMID: 26724532 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Short term dietary nitrate or nitrite supplementation has nitric oxide (NO)-mediated beneficial effects on blood pressure and inflammation and reduces mitochondrial oxygen consumption, possibly preventing hypoxia. As these processes are implicated in atherogenesis, dietary nitrate was hypothesized to prevent plaque initiation, hypoxia and inflammation. AIMS Study prolonged nitrate supplementation on atherogenesis, hypoxia and inflammation in low density lipoprotein receptor knockout mice (LDLr(-/-)). METHODS LDLr(-/-) mice were administered sodium-nitrate or equimolar sodium-chloride in drinking water alongside a western-type diet for 14 weeks to induce atherosclerosis. Plasma nitrate, nitrite and hemoglobin-bound nitric oxide were measured by chemiluminescence and electron parametric resonance, respectively. RESULTS Plasma nitrate levels were elevated after 14 weeks of nitrate supplementation (NaCl: 40.29 ± 2.985, NaNO3: 78.19 ± 6.837, p < 0.0001). However, prolonged dietary nitrate did not affect systemic inflammation, hematopoiesis, erythropoiesis and plasma cholesterol levels, suggesting no severe side effects. Surprisingly, neither blood pressure, nor atherogenesis were altered. Mechanistically, plasma nitrate and nitrite were elevated after two weeks (NaCl: 1.0 ± 0.2114, NaNO3: 3.977 ± 0.7371, p < 0.0001), but decreased over time (6, 10 and 14 weeks). Plasma nitrite levels even reached baseline levels at 14 weeks (NaCl: 0.7188 ± 0.1072, NaNO3: 0.9723 ± 0.1279 p = 0.12). Also hemoglobin-bound NO levels were unaltered after 14 weeks. This compensation was not due to altered eNOS activity or conversion into peroxynitrite and other RNI, suggesting reduced nitrite formation or enhanced nitrate/nitrite clearance. CONCLUSION Prolonged dietary nitrate supplementation resulted in compensation of nitrite and NO levels and did not affect atherogenesis or exert systemic side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Marsch
- Department Pathology, CARIM, MUMC, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ben J A Janssen
- Department Pharmacology, CARIM, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jacco J Briede
- Department Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Guido R Haenen
- Department Toxicology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joan M G Senden
- NUTRIM, School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, MUMC, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lucas J C van Loon
- NUTRIM, School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, MUMC, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Poeze
- Department Surgery/Intensive Care Medicine, MUMC, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jörgen Bierau
- Department of Clinical Genetics, MUMC, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marion J Gijbels
- Department Pathology, CARIM, MUMC, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department Molecular Genetics, CARIM, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department Medical Biochemistry, AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Ramms
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry I, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Philip L S M Gordts
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Peleli M, Hezel M, Zollbrecht C, Persson AEG, Lundberg JO, Weitzberg E, Fredholm BB, Carlström M. In adenosine A2B knockouts acute treatment with inorganic nitrate improves glucose disposal, oxidative stress, and AMPK signaling in the liver. Front Physiol 2015; 6:222. [PMID: 26300787 PMCID: PMC4528163 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Accumulating studies suggest that nitric oxide (NO) deficiency and oxidative stress are central pathological mechanisms in type 2 diabetes (T2D). Recent findings demonstrate therapeutic effects by boosting the nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway, which is an alternative pathway for NO formation. This study aimed at investigating the acute effects of inorganic nitrate on glucose and insulin signaling in adenosine A2B receptor knockout mice (A−/−2B), a genetic mouse model of impaired metabolic regulation. Methods: Acute effects of nitrate treatment were investigated in aged wild-type (WT) and A−/−2B mice. One hour after injection with nitrate (0.1 mmol/kg, i.p.) or placebo, metabolic regulation was evaluated by intraperitoneal glucose and insulin tolerance tests. NADPH oxidase-mediated superoxide production and AMPK phosphorylation were measured in livers obtained from non-treated or glucose-treated mice, with or without prior nitrate injection. Plasma was used to determine insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and NO signaling. Results: A−/−2B displayed increased body weight, reduced glucose clearance, and attenuated overall insulin responses compared with age-matched WT mice. Nitrate treatment increased circulating levels of nitrate, nitrite and cGMP in the A−/−2B, and improved glucose clearance. In WT mice, however, nitrate treatment did not influence glucose clearance. HOMA-IR increased following glucose injection in the A−/−2B, but remained at basal levels in mice pretreated with nitrate. NADPH oxidase activity in livers from A−/−2B, but not WT mice, was reduced by nitrate treatment. Livers from A−/−2B displayed reduced AMPK phosphorylation compared with WT mice, and this was increased by nitrate treatment. Finally, injection with the anti-diabetic agent metformin induced similar therapeutic effects in the A−/−2B as observed with nitrate. Conclusion: The A−/−2B mouse is a genetic mouse model of metabolic syndrome. Acute treatment with nitrate improved the metabolic profile in it, at least partly via reduction in oxidative stress and improved AMPK signaling in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Peleli
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael Hezel
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christa Zollbrecht
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Erik G Persson
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jon O Lundberg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eddie Weitzberg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bertil B Fredholm
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mattias Carlström
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, Sweden
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