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Ammar EF, Hegazy YM, Al-Gaabary M, Mosad SM, Salem M, Marzok M, Housawi F, Al-Ali M, Alhaider A, Tahoun A. Epidemiological, and molecular investigation of Canine parvovirus-2 infection in Egypt. J Vet Sci 2024; 25:e56. [PMID: 39083208 PMCID: PMC11291436 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.23270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/03/2024] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Canine parvovirus enteritis (CPE) is a contagious viral disease of dogs caused by the canine parvovirus-2 (CPV-2) associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. CPV-2 has a high global evolutionary rate. Molecular characterization of CPV-2 and understanding its epidemiology are essential for controlling CPV-2 infections. OBJECTIVE This study examined the risk factors and survival outcomes of dogs infected with CPV-2. Molecular characterization of CPV-2 genotypes circulating in Egypt was performed to determine the evolution of CPV-2 nationally and globally. METHODS An age-matched case-control study was conducted on 47 control and 47 CPV-infected dogs. Conditional logistic regression analysis examined the association between the potential risk factors and CPE in dogs. Survival analysis was performed to determine the survival pattern of the infected dogs. Thirteen fecal samples from infected dogs were collected to confirm the CPV genotype by CPV-2 VP2 gene sequencing, assembly of nucleotide sequences, and phylogenic analysis. RESULTS Unvaccinated and roamer dogs had eight and 2.3 times higher risks of CPV infection than vaccinated dogs and non-roamer dogs, respectively. The risk of death from CPE was high among dogs without routine visits to veterinary clinics and among non-roamer dogs. Molecular characterization of CPV-2 confirmed its genotype identity and relationship with the CPV-2 c and b clade types. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This study highlights the potential factors for CPE control, especially vaccination and preventing dogs from roaming freely outside houses. Isolated CPV genotypes are closely related to southern Asian genotypes, suggesting a substantial opportunity for global transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Farag Ammar
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33511, Egypt
| | - Yamen Mohammed Hegazy
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33511, Egypt
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Magdy Al-Gaabary
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33511, Egypt
| | - Samah M Mosad
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Salem
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Marzok
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33511, Egypt.
| | - Fadhel Housawi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Al-Ali
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman Alhaider
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amin Tahoun
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33511, Egypt
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González‐Domínguez A, Cristobal‐Verdejo JI, López‐Espinar C, Fontela‐González S, Vázquez S, Justo‐Domínguez J, González‐Caramazana J, Bragado‐Cuesta M, Álvarez‐Punzano A, Herrería‐Bustillo VJ. Retrospective evaluation of hematological ratios in canine parvovirosis: 401 cases. J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:161-166. [PMID: 38100467 PMCID: PMC10800196 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The utility of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (MLR) as prognostic indicators has not been investigated in canine parvovirosis (CPV). HYPOTHESIS To evaluate whether these hematological ratios obtained at hospital admission in CPV are associated with outcome or duration of hospitalization. ANIMALS Four hundred one client-owned dogs presented with CPV. Methods-Retrospective multicenter cohort study. Medical records were reviewed to identify dogs with CPV. Data regarding signalment, complete blood count at admission, duration of hospitalization and outcome were collected. RESULTS Of the 401 dogs included in the study, 336 (83.8%) survived to discharge. The median (25th and 75th percentiles) PLR in nonsurvivors (336.56 [159.84-635.77]) was significantly higher than in survivors (217.65 [117.67-389.65]) (P = .003). The area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve for nonsurvival was 0.615 (95% CI [0.593-0.691], P = .003). A cut off of 700 showed a 21.5% sensitivity and 90% specificity for nonsurvival. No association was observed between hospitalization duration and either hematological ratios or total WBC counts. The median (25th and 75th percentiles) lymphocyte count was below reference interval in all dogs and was significantly lower in the dogs which died (0.82 × 109 /L [0.5-1.87]) than in survivors (1.27 × 109 /L [0.73-2.22]) (P = .005). The median (25th and 75th percentiles) monocyte count however was lower in survivors (0.38 × 109 /L [0.29-1.59]), than in nonsurvivors (0.73 × 109 /L [0.1-2]) (P = .002). CONCLUSIONS Evaluation of PLR at hospital admission might be a useful marker of disease severity and could have prognostic value in dogs with CPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea González‐Domínguez
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the Catholic University of Valencia—Emergency and critical careValenciaSpain
- Universidad de Leon—Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Emergency and Critical CareLeonCastilla y LeónSpain
| | | | | | | | - Sergio Vázquez
- Servicio de Oncología, IVC Evidensia Aúna Especialidades VeterinariasValenciaSpain
| | | | | | | | - Alicia Álvarez‐Punzano
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the Alfonso X El Sabio—Emergency and Critical CareMadridSpain
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Maden M, Gülersoy E. Serum/Faecal S100A12, CRP and lactoferrin can be used to distinguish ınfectious and non-ınfectious canine diarrhoea. Vet Med Sci 2023; 9:2485-2496. [PMID: 37688789 PMCID: PMC10650241 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic efficacies of selected inflammatory and intestinal biomarkers in cases of infectious and non-infectious diarrhoea in dogs. METHODS A total of 60 dogs, 12 healthy (Control Group) and 48 with diarrhoea were used. Viral, Bacterial, Parasitic (infectious) and Nutritional diarrhoea (non-infectious) subgroups (n: 12) were formed according to the aetiology, on the basis of clinical and laboratory examinations. Selected inflammatory and intestinal biomarkers (Calgranulin, S100A12; Lactoferrin, LCTF; C-reactive protein, CRP) were measured both in serum and faecal samples. RESULTS Compared to the Control and Nutritional Diarrhoea groups, the infectious diarrhoea groups had higher serum S100A12, LCTF, CRP, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine (CR), alanine transaminase and alkaline phosphatase, and lower glucose (GLU), sodium (Na) and potassium (K) concentrations (p < 0.05); Viral and Parasitic Diarrhoea groups had lower serum albumin (ALB) and total protein (TP) concentrations (p < 0.05). Faecal S100A12, LCTF and CRP concentrations were higher in infectious diarrhoea groups compared to the Control and Nutritional Diarrhoea groups (p < 0.05). Faecal LCTF and CRP concentrations were higher in the Bacterial Diarrhoea group than in the Viral and Parasitic Diarrhoea groups (p < 0.05). CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE It was determined that serum (area under curve, AUC: 0.842 and 0.956) and faecal (AUC: 0.975 and 0.786) S100A12 and CRP concentrations in viral diarrhoea; serum (AUC: 0.956) and faecal (AUC: 0.992) LCTF concentrations in bacterial diarrhoea have diagnostic values in the diagnosis of the presence of intestinal inflammation and damage and can be used in the differential diagnosis of infectious and non-infectious diarrhoea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Maden
- Department of Internal MedicineVeterinary FacultySelcuk UniversityKonyaTurkey
| | - Erdem Gülersoy
- Department of Internal MedicineVeterinary FacultyHarran UniversityŞanlıurfaTurkey
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Shahbazi Asil M, Zarifian N, Valafar A, Shirani D, Mehrzad J. Noticeable immune dysregulation-and-suppression in parvovirus affected dogs. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2023; 265:110663. [PMID: 37939594 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2023.110663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) is one of the most common causes of infectious diarrhea in small animals, with high mortality and morbidity. Information on the specific treatment option(s) for CPV diseases (CPVD) is unachievably little. So, the treatment is mainly supportive one. Disruption of dog's innate immune system in viral diseases simply occurs; presumably, the CPV-2 may change the level of some TLRs, interleukins, CD4 and CD8 in the leukocytes of CPVD dogs, and disruptive activities of these immune molecules might be attributable to severe CPVD in dogs. Study on the role of the key immune molecules in CPVD is rare. Herein, by conducting and relating the clinical, para-clinical, immunological and molecular diagnostic tests, we tried to establish how some key immune molecules behave in blood of parvovirus affected dogs. As such, in the 1st study, the mRNA levels of TLR2, TLR4, TLR9, IL-1β, IL-6, CD4 and CD8 genes in the leukocytes of CPVD were assessed with quantitative (q)RT-PCR along with CPV-2 detection by rapid immunochromatography and PCR tests. In a 2nd study, the same measurements as in the 1st study were evaluated in two groups of mild versus severe clinical signs of CPVD. Both in the 1st and the 2nd studies leukopenia, much more pronounced in the severe CPVD, and immune dysregulation were observed. In the 1st study, a noticeable increase in the mRNA levels of TLR2 and TLR4 was detected with a slight decrease in TLR9 and a significant decrease in the expression of IL-1β, IL-6, CD4 and CD8 in leukocytes of CPV-infected dogs. Compared to the mild CPVD, the intense of downregulating effects on those immune molecules in the 2nd study was remarkably much more pronounced in the severe CPVD. Overall, it proves strong immune dysregulation and suppression/incompetence and potential T-cells exhaustion in severely CPV-2-affected dogs. Technically and clinically, this would be substantially applicable in canine medicine. By targeting those key immune molecules and their signaling pathways, new clinicodiagnostic approaches for CPVD can be evolved, and biotechnicoclinically this would be substantially applicable in all physiopathological conditions of dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Shahbazi Asil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Niloofar Zarifian
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Valafar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Darioush Shirani
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jalil Mehrzad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
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Chethan GE, De UK, Singh MK, Chander V, Raja R, Paul BR, Choudhary OP, Thakur N, Sarma K, Prasad H. Antioxidant supplementation during treatment of outpatient dogs with parvovirus enteritis ameliorates oxidative stress and attenuates intestinal injury: A randomized controlled trial. Vet Anim Sci 2023; 21:100300. [PMID: 37333506 PMCID: PMC10276178 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2023.100300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
A prospective randomized controlled clinical study was conducted to determine whether antioxidant supplementation as an adjunct therapy alters hemogram, oxidative stress, serum intestinal fatty acid binding protein-2 (IFABP-2) level, fecal viral load, clinical score (CS) and survivability in outpatient canine parvovirus enteritis (CPVE) dogs. The dogs with CPVE were randomized to one of the five treatment groups: supportive treatment (ST) alone, ST with N-acetylcysteine (ST+NAC), resveratrol (ST+RES), coenzyme Q10 (ST+CoQ10) or ascorbic acid (ST+AA). The primary outcome measures were reduction of CS and fecal HA titre, and enhancement of survivability. Secondary outcome measures were reduction of oxidative stress indices and IFABP-2 level from day 0 to day 7. The mean CS and HA titre were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased from day 0 to 7 in ST and all antioxidant groups. The supplementations of NAC, RES and AA along with ST markedly (P < 0.05) reduced the concentrations of malondialdehyde, nitric oxide and IFABP-2 on day 7 as compared to ST alone. Additionally, NAC and RES supplementations markedly (P < 0.05) improved the total leukocyte count and neutrophil count in CPVE-affected dogs. NAC and RES could serve as better antioxidants for the amelioration of oxidative stress in CPVE but, the antioxidants did not confer any additional benefits in reduction of CS, fecal HA tire, or survivability when compared with ST alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gollahalli Eregowda Chethan
- Division of Medicine, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Selesih, Aizawl, 796015, Mizoram, India
| | - Ujjwal Kumar De
- Division of Medicine, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mithilesh Kumar Singh
- Immunology Section, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vishal Chander
- Division of Virology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, 263138, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Raguvaran Raja
- Division of Medicine, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Babul Rudra Paul
- Division of Medicine, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Om Prakash Choudhary
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Histology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Selesih, Aizawl, 796015, Mizoram, India
| | - Neeraj Thakur
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, RGSC-Banaras Hindu University, Barkachha, Mirzapur, 231001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kalyan Sarma
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Selesih, Aizawl, 796015, Mizoram, India
| | - Hridayesh Prasad
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Selesih, Aizawl, 796015, Mizoram, India
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Balıkçı C, Gülersoy E, Şahan A, Günal I. Efficacy of ultrasonographic caudal vena cava to aorta ratios for quantifying canine parvoviral enteritis rehydration. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2023; 64:930-935. [PMID: 37363869 DOI: 10.1111/vru.13276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantifying changes in intravascular fluid volume is important for treatment planning and follow-up assessment in dogs with dehydration. Recently, it has been reported that current standard methods used to estimate intravascular fluid volume in dogs are inadequate, invasive, or have complications such as thrombosis. The ultrasonographic ratio of dimensions for the caudal vena cava relative to the aorta (CVC/Ao) has been previously described as a promising, noninvasive method for quantifying changes in blood volume in dogs. This prospective observational study aimed to describe ultrasonographic CVC/Ao values before and after fluid replacement in a sample of dogs with varying degrees of dehydration due to naturally-occurring canine parvoviral enteritis (CPE), test correlations between this measure and clinical dehydration scores and determine the clinical efficacy of this measure for fluid therapy follow-up. The clinical dehydration score of 30 dogs naturally infected with canine parvovirus was determined at the first admission using standard clinical scoring methods, and then CVC/Ao was measured ultrasonographically. Following initial fluid therapy, the clinical dehydration scores and ultrasonographic CVC/Ao values were remeasured. On the basis of receiver operating characteristic analyses, ultrasonographic CVC/Ao was found to be a more sensitive and specific indicator than physical examination-based methods for estimating intravascular fluid alterations in dogs with dehydration due to parvovirus and rehydration following fluid therapy. Findings supported the use of this measure for treatment planning and follow-up in future dogs presenting with dehydration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Canberk Balıkçı
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Harran, Şanlıurfa, Türkiye
| | - Erdem Gülersoy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Harran, Şanlıurfa, Türkiye
| | - Adem Şahan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Harran, Şanlıurfa, Türkiye
| | - Ismail Günal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Harran, Şanlıurfa, Türkiye
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Paul BR, Kumar De U, Sarkar VK, Gandhar JS, Patra MK, Singh MK, Soni S, Eregowda CG. Prognostic Potential of Thrombocyte Indices, Acute Phase Proteins, Electrolytes and Acid-Base Markers in Canine Parvovirus Infected Dogs With Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome. Top Companion Anim Med 2023; 56-57:100803. [PMID: 37598980 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcam.2023.100803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Dogs with canine parvovirus enteritis (CPVE) that develop systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) frequently have a poor prognosis. The aim of the study was to assess the prognostic potential of thrombocyte indices, acute phase proteins, electrolytes, and acid-base markers in CPVE puppies with SIRS (CPVE-SIRS+) at admission. A case-controlled, prospective, and observational study was performed on 36 CPVE puppies. Mean concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP), albumin, thrombocyte count, mean platelet volume (MPV), platelet distribution width (PDW), sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), chloride (Cl-) and ionized calcium (iCa) were measured and strong ion difference 3 (SID3), ATOT-albumin and ATOT-total protein were determined in CPVE-SIRS+ survivors and nonsurvivors. A prognostic cut-off value for predicting the disease outcome was determined by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. The mean values of MPV, PDW and CRP were significantly higher and the mean values of albumin, Cl- and ATOT-albumin were significantly lower in CPVE-SIRS+ nonsurvivor than CPVE-SIRS+ survivor puppies on the day of admission, but the thrombocyte count, Na+, K+, iCa, SID3 and ATOT- total protein values did not differ significantly. The positive predictive values (PPVs) for survival using cut-off value of MPV (≤15.08 fL), PDW (≤14.85%), CRP (≤180.7 mg/L), albumin (≥1.795 g/dL), Cl- (≥96.00 mmol/L), and ATOT-albumin (≥7.539) were determined as 100%, 100%, 100%, 80%, 100%, and 80%, respectively with better area under ROC curve and sensitivity. Based on sensitivity, specificity, and PPVs from ROC analysis, it is concluded that the determination of Cl- concentration and MPV at admission followed by CRP will serve as the most appropriate biomarkers in predicting the disease outcome of CPVE puppies that develop SIRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babul Rudra Paul
- Division of Medicine, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ujjwal Kumar De
- Division of Medicine, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Varun Kumar Sarkar
- Division of Medicine, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jitendra Singh Gandhar
- Division of Medicine, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Manas Kumar Patra
- Livestock Production and Management Section, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mithilesh Kumar Singh
- Immunology Section, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Srishti Soni
- Division of Medicine, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Chethan Gollahalli Eregowda
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram, India
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Tegegne D, Tsegaye G, Faustini G, Franzo G. First genetic detection and characterization of canine parvovirus type 2 (Carnivore protoparvovirus 1) in southwestern Ethiopia. Vet Res Commun 2023; 47:975-980. [PMID: 36322244 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-022-10027-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The species Carnivore protoparvovirus 1 includes viruses, e.g. canine parvovirus (CPV-2) and feline panleukopenia virus (FPV), which are among the most relevant for pets, causing extremely severe clinical signs and high fatality rate in dogs and cats. Moreover, a broad range of wild hosts, including endangered ones, were proven to be susceptible. Currently, no data on CPV-2 molecular epidemiology and strain characterization are available in Ethiopia, also considering the frequent contacts between domestic and wild populations. In the present study, a molecular epidemiology survey was performed on 92 fecal samples collected from domestic (n = 84) and stray (n = 8) dogs in southwestern Ethiopia in 2021. Approximately, 10% of the samples tested positive and the complete VP2 sequences of 5 strains were obtained, classified within the CPV-2a (n = 1) and CPV-2c (n = 4) antigenic variants. In most instances, the closest genetic relatives were strains of Chinese origin, which is fully compatible with the intense relationships that have been developing between the two countries, involving human being travels and their pets as well. Considering the clinical relevance of this infection and the risk it poses to local domestic and wild carnivore populations, especially endangered ones, much stronger monitoring and surveillance activity on foreign incoming animals should be performed. More strict constraints on animal introduction, e.g. compulsory vaccination, should also be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dechassa Tegegne
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Jimma University College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 307, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Girma Tsegaye
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Jimma University College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 307, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Giulia Faustini
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, Viale Dell'Università 16, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Giovanni Franzo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, Viale Dell'Università 16, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy.
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Paul BR, De UK, Sarkar VK, Gandhar JS, Patra MK, Agrawal RK, Singh MK, Soni S, Eregowda CG. Effect of systemic inflammatory response syndrome on thrombocytogram, acute phase proteins, electrolytes, acid-base indices and cytokine expression in naturally canine parvovirus infected dogs. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2023; 259:110598. [PMID: 37119726 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2023.110598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) in canine parvoviral enteritis (CPVE) is associated with high mortality in young puppies. Changes in acute phase response, thrombocytogram, inflammatory cytokine profiles, and disturbances in electrolyte and acid-base homeostasis are thought to have a significant impact on the development of SIRS. However, the mechanisms causing these perturbations have not been well described in CPVE puppies, especially with SIRS. The purpose of this study was to assess the changes of electrolytes, acid-base indices using strong ion model, acute phase proteins and thrombocytogram in blood and expressions of inflammatory cytokines in blood mononuclear cells of CPVE puppies with or without SIRS at admission. Additionally, the positive predictive value (PPV) and cut-off value with specificity and sensitivity of the biomarkers were determined by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis to predict the development of SIRS in CPVE puppies at admission. A case-controlled, prospective and observational study was conducted on fifteen SIRS-positive CPVE, twenty-one SIRS-negative CPVE and six healthy puppies. Our data showed marked hyponatremia, hypokalemia, hypoalbuminemia and hypoproteinemia, decreased ATot-albumin and ATot-total protein and increased mean platelet volume (MPV), platelet distribution width (PDW) and C-reactive protein (CRP) concentration and up-regulation of TNF-α, IL-8 and IL-10 expressions in SIRS-positive CPVE puppies as compared to SIRS-negative CPVE puppies at admission. Based on sensitivity, specificity and AUC from ROC curve analysis and PPV, the CRP concentration in serum at a cut-off value of 141.9 mg/L and TLC of blood at a cut-off value of 3.355 × 103/μL were identified as potential prognostic biomarkers followed by ATot-total protein and total protein at a cut-off value of 11.80 and 4.72 g/dL, respectively to predict the development of SIRS in CPVE puppies at admission. In conclusion, the findings of the current study will help the canine practitioners to institute the time-sensitive and need based interventions to disrupt progression along the continuum of shock and multi-organ dysfunction syndrome in CPVE puppies that develop SIRS at admission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babul R Paul
- Division of Medicine, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ujjwal K De
- Division of Medicine, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Varun K Sarkar
- Division of Medicine, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jitendra S Gandhar
- Division of Medicine, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Manas K Patra
- Livestock Production and Management Section, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ravi K Agrawal
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mithilesh K Singh
- Immunology Section, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Srishti Soni
- Division of Medicine, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Chethan G Eregowda
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Selesih, Aizawl 796014, Mizoram, India
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Turley K, Bracker K, Fernan C, Gao E, Orsky A, Yang D, Sinnott-Stutzman V. A comparison of the Sepsis-2 and Sepsis-3 definitions for assessment of mortality risk in dogs with parvovirus. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2023; 33:208-216. [PMID: 36815748 DOI: 10.1111/vec.13276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the use of a modified Sepsis-3 (mSepsis-3) definition compared to the currently used modified Sepsis-2 (mSepsis-2) definition to determine whether the mSepsis-2 or mSepsis-3 stratifications were able to identify populations of dogs ultimately more likely to die from canine parvovirus (CPV) infection. DESIGN Retrospective, January 2009 to March 2020. SETTING A private, small animal, urban, referral emergency and specialty hospital. ANIMALS Fifty-nine client-owned dogs hospitalized for treatment of CPV. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Dogs were divided into mSepsis-2 and mSepsis-3 categories based on the highest level of illness severity reached during hospitalization. Greater illness severity based on mSepsis-2 criteria (ie, sepsis, severe sepsis, septic shock) was associated with an increase in average length of stay (P < 0.001), increase in average cost of stay (P < 0.01), and presence of leukopenia (P < 0.05). An increase in illness severity within the mSepsis-2 criteria was not associated with hyperlactatemia (P = 0.29), presence of neutropenia (P = 0.12), or mortality (P = 0.35). Greater illness severity based on mSepsis-3 criteria (ie, infection only, sepsis, septic shock) was associated with an increase in mortality (P < 0.05), increase in average length of stay (P < 0.001), increase in average cost of stay (P < 0.01), presence of leukopenia (P < 0.01), and presence of neutropenia (P < 0.05). The mSepsis-3 criteria were not associated with the presence of hyperlactatemia (P = 0.68). There was no significant difference between survivors and nonsurvivors in the presence of leukopenia (P = 0.19), neutropenia (P = 0.67), or hyperlactatemia (P = 0.58). CONCLUSIONS The mSepsis-3 diagnostic criteria appear to better identify dogs with CPV at higher risk for mortality compared to the mSepsis-2 criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey Turley
- Emergency and Critical Care, Angell Animal Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kiko Bracker
- Emergency and Critical Care, Angell Animal Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Catherine Fernan
- Emergency and Critical Care, Angell Animal Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Emily Gao
- Emergency and Critical Care, Angell Animal Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alexandra Orsky
- Emergency and Critical Care, Angell Animal Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Danni Yang
- Emergency and Critical Care, Angell Animal Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Machado IC, Nunes T, Maximino M, Malato J, Tavares L, Almeida V, Sepúlveda N, Gil S. Epidemiologic Factors Supporting Triage of Infected Dog Patients Admitted to a Veterinary Hospital Biological Isolation and Containment Unit. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10030186. [PMID: 36977225 PMCID: PMC10057909 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10030186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The teaching hospital of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine at the University of Lisbon hosts a Biological Isolation and Containment Unit (BICU) for the hospitalization of both confirmed and suspected animals of an infectious disease. This study targets the BICU dog population to identify and characterize the most frequent infectious diseases recorded in a 7-year period. Several epidemiologic factors were analyzed for their significance to triage infected cases. During the study period, 534 dogs were admitted, of which 263 (49.3%) had a confirmed infectious disease diagnosis: parvovirosis (49.4%; n = 130); leptospirosis (21.7%; n = 57); multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial infection; (10.6%; n = 28), and canine distemper (9.9%; n = 26). Several potential risk factors for these diseases were identified: age under 2 years old (p < 0.001), incomplete vaccination for parvovirosis (p < 0.001), age ≥ 10 years old (p < 0.001), and the presence of concomitant disorders for MDR-infected cases (p = 0.03). Logistic regression models were constructed to classify cases and controls. The sensitivity and specificity estimates were very high (>0.83) for parvovirosis, MDR, and distemper infections. A lower sensitivity (0.77) was obtained for identifying cases with leptospirosis. In conclusion, infectious diseases are frequent, hence, it is essential to decrease their occurrence through effective preventive measures such as vaccination. The constructed logistic models can also help in triaging admitted dogs with a potential infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Cunha Machado
- Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- CIISA—Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Telmo Nunes
- CIISA—Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Miguel Maximino
- Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - João Malato
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular (IMM), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
- Centro de Estatística e Aplicações da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Luís Tavares
- CIISA—Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Virgilio Almeida
- CIISA—Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Nuno Sepúlveda
- Centro de Estatística e Aplicações da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
- Faculty of Mathematics and Information Science, Warsaw University of Technology, Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Solange Gil
- Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- CIISA—Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-351213652800
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12
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dos Santos TG, Orlandin JR, de Almeida MF, Scassiotti RF, Oliveira VC, Santos SIP, Pereira VM, Pinto PAF, Mariano CG, Ambrósio CE. Ozone therapy: protocol for treating canine parvovirus infection. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE 2023; 45:e004622. [PMID: 36819842 PMCID: PMC9930911 DOI: 10.29374/2527-2179.bjvm004622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine Parvovirus infection is a disease caused by Canine Parvovirus (CPV) that results in hemorrhagic gastroenteritis and secondary infections, mainly in puppies between six weeks and six months old that are not immunized. Since there is no specific treatment for the condition, supportive therapy based on antibiotics, antiemetics, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs is traditionally used. Ozone therapy is an economical treatment that has bactericidal, fungicidal, and antiviral properties, besides promoting oxygenation and tissue regeneration, as well as anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects, and was used as a complementary therapy in this study. Therefore, four mixed-breed dogs, aged between 2 and 3 months, with no previous immunization against CPV and testing positive for the virus in a rapid test were selected. The animals were randomly distributed into two groups, being 1: the control group (n=2) that received only supportive treatment; and 2: the experimental group (n=2), that in addition to conventional therapy received intravenously 500 mL of ozonized Ringer's Lactate solution. Before treatment and after 24 and 48 hours, the following clinical signs were evaluated: episodes of emesis and diarrhea, weight, hydration, blood glucose level, abdominal pain, and blood count. One control group animal died within the first hours of hospitalization. Both animals in the experimental group presented faster resolution of diarrheal episodes and shorter hospitalization time when compared to the surviving animal that received only supportive treatment. Although further studies are needed, ozone therapy showed promising results for the treatment of canine parvovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Gonçalves dos Santos
- Undergaduate in Veterinary MedicineDepartamento de Medicina VeterináriaFaculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de AlimentosPirassunungaSPBrazilUndergaduate in Veterinary Medicine, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, USP, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil,Correspondence
Tiago Gonçalves dos Santos; Carlos Eduardo Ambrósio
Laboratório de Cultivo de Células Tronco e Terapia Gênica, Departamento de Medicina, Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo - USP
Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, ZMV, Campus USP
CEP 13635-900 - Pirassununga (SP), Brasil
E-mail: ;
| | - Jéssica Rodrigues Orlandin
- VeterinarianDepartamento de Medicina VeterináriaFaculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de AlimentosPirassunungaSPBrazilVeterinarian, DSc. Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, USP, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Matheus Ferreira de Almeida
- Undergaduate in Veterinary MedicineDepartamento de Medicina VeterináriaFaculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de AlimentosPirassunungaSPBrazilUndergaduate in Veterinary Medicine, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, USP, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Ferreira Scassiotti
- VeterinarianDepartamento de Medicina Veterinária Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de AlimentosPirassunungaSPBrazilVeterinarian, MSc. Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, USP, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Cristina Oliveira
- BiologistDepartamento de Medicina VeterináriaFaculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de AlimentosPirassunungaSPBrazilBiologist, DSc, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, USP, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil.
| | - Sarah Ingrid Pinto Santos
- VeterinarianDepartamento de Medicina VeterináriaFaculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de AlimentosPirassunungaSPBrazilVeterinarian, DSc. Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, USP, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Vitória Mattos Pereira
- Undergaduate in Veterinary MedicineDepartamento de Medicina VeterináriaFaculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de AlimentosPirassunungaSPBrazilUndergaduate in Veterinary Medicine, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, USP, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Priscilla Avelino Ferreira Pinto
- PhysiotherapistDepartamento de CirurgiaFaculdade de Medicina Veterinária e ZootecniaPirassunungaSPBrazilPhysiotherapist, MSc, Departamento de Cirurgia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Clésio Gomes Mariano
- BiologistDepartamento de Medicina VeterináriaFaculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de AlimentosPirassunungaSPBrazilBiologist, MSc. Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, USP, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos Eduardo Ambrósio
- VeterinarianDepartamento de Medicina VeterináriaFaculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de AlimentosPirassunungaSPBrazilVeterinarian, DSc, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, SP, Brazil.
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13
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Kalogianni L, Polizopoulou ZS, Kazakos G, Kontopoulou K, Triantafyllou E, Siarkou VI, Ceron JJ, Chaintoutis SC, Dovas CI, Tamvakis A, Theodoridis A, Savvas I, Diakou A, Soubasis N. The role of the sequential organ failure assessment score in evaluating the outcome in dogs with parvoviral enteritis. Res Vet Sci 2022; 150:44-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Magalhães TR, Gregório H, Araújo J, Ribeiro L, Dourado MJ, Batista S, Queiroga FL. Prognostic factors associated with survival and hospitalization time in pediatric canine patients diagnosed with presumptive acute viral gastroenteritis. Vet World 2022; 15:2095-2101. [PMID: 36313832 PMCID: PMC9615509 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.2095-2101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Acute viral gastroenteritis is one of the main causes of hospitalization in dogs during the 1st year of life. This retrospective study aimed to describe a pediatric canine population presumptively diagnosed with acute viral gastroenteritis and to identify potential prognostic factors that influence hospitalization time (HT) and mortality. Materials and Methods: Canine patients up to 12 months of age diagnosed with presumptive acute viral gastroenteritis were searched retrospectively from two veterinary hospitals during a 5-year period (2015–2020). Information regarding patient signalment, prophylactic care, clinical signs, blood test results, presence of systemic inflammatory response syndrome, and additional treatments were recorded to analyze their association with HT and mortality. Only dogs with a complete medical record until death or discharge were included in the study. Results: Ninety-four dogs were identified: 76 dogs (80.9%) survived with a median HT of 5 days (range: 2–16 days) and 18 dogs (19.1%) died with a median HT of 3½ days (range: 1–8 days) after admission. The presence of fever and fresh frozen plasma (FFP) administration was significantly associated with a lower survival rate (p = 0.021 and p = 0.037) in the multivariate analysis. Among survivors, incomplete primo-vaccination, the presence of hematochezia, and FFP administration were considered independent predictors of time to clinical recovery (p = 0.026, p = 0.047, and p = 0.026, respectively), being associated with higher HT. Conclusion: The presence of fever and FFP administration was significantly associated with a lower survival rate. An inadequate primo-vaccination status prior to admission, hematochezia, and FFP administration was associated with longer HT in surviving patients. Further studies are needed to confirm the present results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Rodrigues Magalhães
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal; Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Hugo Gregório
- Anicura - Centro Hospitalar Veterinário, R. Manuel Pinto de Azevedo 118 4100-320 Porto, Portugal
| | - João Araújo
- Hospital Veterinário Bom Jesus, Av. General Carilho da Silva Pinto 52 4715-380 Braga, Portugal
| | - Lénio Ribeiro
- Anicura - Centro Hospitalar Veterinário, R. Manuel Pinto de Azevedo 118 4100-320 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria João Dourado
- Hospital Veterinário Bom Jesus, Av. General Carilho da Silva Pinto 52 4715-380 Braga, Portugal
| | - Sofia Batista
- Anicura - Centro Hospitalar Veterinário, R. Manuel Pinto de Azevedo 118 4100-320 Porto, Portugal
| | - Felisbina Luisa Queiroga
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal; Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal; Center for the Study of Animal Sciences, CECA-ICETA, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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15
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Abayli H, Aslan O, Tumer KC, Can-Sahna K, Tonbak S. Predominance and first complete genomic characterization of canine parvovirus 2b in Turkey. Arch Virol 2022; 167:1831-1840. [PMID: 35716267 PMCID: PMC9206223 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05509-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Viral enteritis is a significant threat to domestic dogs. The two primary pathogens that cause viral enteritis in dogs are canine coronavirus (CCoV) and canine parvovirus (CPV). In this study, we investigated the occurrence of CPV-2, CCoV, and canine circovirus coinfection by characterizing circulating subtypes of CPV-2 in faecal samples from symptomatic dogs admitted to veterinary clinics located in Ankara, Elazığ, Kayseri, and Kocaeli provinces of Turkey, between 2019 and 2022. Virus detection by PCR and RT-PCR revealed that CPV-2 was present in 48 (77.4%) samples, and no other agents were detected. Based on the occurrence of the codon GAT at positions 1276 to 1278 (coding for aspartate at residue 426) of VP2, all CPV-2 isolates were confirmed to be of the CPV-2b subtype. The complete genome sequences of two CPV-2b isolates showed a high degree of similarity to and phylogenetic clustering with Australian and East Asian strains/isolates. The predominant CPV strain circulating in the three different regions of Turkey was found to be a CPV-2b strain containing the amino acid substitutions at Y324I and T440A, which commonly contribute to immune escape. This is the first report of complete genomic analysis of CPV-2 isolates circulating in symptomatic domestic dogs in Turkey. The evolution of CPV-2 has raised questions about the efficacy of current vaccination regimes and highlights the importance of monitoring the emergence and spread of new CPV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Abayli
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Firat University, 23110, Elazig, Turkey.
| | - Oznur Aslan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Kenan Cağrı Tumer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Kezban Can-Sahna
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Firat University, 23110, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Sukru Tonbak
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Firat University, 23110, Elazig, Turkey
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16
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Sato-Takada K, Flemming AM, Voordouw MJ, Carr AP. Parvovirus enteritis and other risk factors associated with persistent gastrointestinal signs in dogs later in life: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:96. [PMID: 35277172 PMCID: PMC8915519 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03187-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Parvoviral enteritis (PE) is a viral gastrointestinal (GI) infection of dogs. Recovery from PE has been associated with persistent GI signs later in life. The objectives of this study were: (i) To determine whether dogs that have recovered from PE (post-parvo dogs) had an increased risk of persistent GI signs compared to uninfected control dogs. (ii) To investigate the lifestyle and clinicopathologic factors that are associated with persistent GI signs in post-parvo dogs. Methods A total of 86 post-parvo dogs and 52 age-matched control dogs were enrolled in this retrospective cohort study. Many years after hospitalization for PE, the owners were interviewed about the health and habits of their dogs using a questionnaire. We used generalized linear mixed effects models to test whether parvovirus enteritis and other risk factors are associated with owner-recognized general health problems in all dogs and with owner-recognized persistent GI signs in post-parvo dogs. Results The prevalence of persistent GI signs was significantly higher in post-parvo dogs compared to control dogs (57% vs 25%, P < 0.001). Markers of disease severity at the time of hospital admission such as neutropenia, low body temperature (BT), and treatment with an antiemetic medication (metoclopramide) were significant risk factors for persistent GI signs in post-parvo dogs. For example, PE-affected dogs that were hypothermic at hospital admission (BT of 37.2 °C) were 16.6 × more likely to have GI signs later in life compared to hyperthermic dogs (BT of 40.4 °C). The presence of persistent GI signs in post-parvo dogs was a risk factor for health problems in other organ systems. Conclusions Parvovirus enteritis is a significant risk factor for persistent GI signs in dogs highlighting the importance of prevention. The risk factors identified in the present study may guide future investigations on the mechanisms that link parvovirus enteritis to chronic health problems in dogs. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-022-03187-7.
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Tuteja D, Banu K, Mondal B. Canine parvovirology - A brief updated review on structural biology, occurrence, pathogenesis, clinical diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2022; 82:101765. [PMID: 35182832 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2022.101765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Canine parvovirus (CPV) is a major cause of hemorrhagic diarrhea and mortality in puppies worldwide. There are 2 types of Parvovirus which affects canines: Canine parvovirus 2 (CPV-2) and Canine parvovirus 1 (CPV-1) or the Minute Virus of Canine (MVC). CPV-2 originated from Feline panleukopenia virus and has undergone genetic variation to give rise to its three variants (CPV-2a, CPV-2b and CPV-2c). Amino acid substitutions in VP2 capsid protein have led virus to adapt new host range. The original CPV-2 was known to be dominant in Japan, Belgium, Australia as well as USA and later circulated throughout the world. Clinically, CPV-2 infection is characterized by anorexia, lethargy, depression, vomiting, leukopenia and severe hemorrhagic diarrhea. Several diagnostic tests have been developed to detect parvoviral infections which are categorized into immunological tests (latex agglutination test, SIT-SAT and ELISA etc.) and molecular based tests (PCR, mPCR and RT-PCR etc.). To control and manage the disease several treatments like fluid therapies, antibiotics, and adjunctive treatments are available and some are in various stages of development. Apart from this, many vaccines are also commercially available and some are in developmental stages. The present review contains detailed information regarding structural biology, occurrence, pathogenesis, clinical diagnosis, treatments and prevention in order to understand the need and the growing importance of CPV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Tuteja
- Shankaranarayana Life Sciences LLP, Shankaranarayana Life Sciences, Bommasandra Industrial Area, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560100, India
| | - Kauser Banu
- Shankaranarayana Life Sciences LLP, Shankaranarayana Life Sciences, Bommasandra Industrial Area, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560100, India
| | - Bhairab Mondal
- Shankaranarayana Life Sciences LLP, Shankaranarayana Life Sciences, Bommasandra Industrial Area, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560100, India.
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18
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Walter-Weingärtner J, Bergmann M, Weber K, Truyen U, Muresan C, Hartmann K. Comparison of Eight Commercially Available Faecal Point-of-Care Tests for Detection of Canine Parvovirus Antigen. Viruses 2021; 13:v13102080. [PMID: 34696513 PMCID: PMC8540396 DOI: 10.3390/v13102080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) is considered the gold standard for the laboratory diagnosis of canine parvovirus (CPV) infection but can only be performed in specialized laboratories. Several point-of-care tests (POCT), detecting CPV antigens in faeces within minutes, are commercially available. The aim of this study was to evaluate eight POCT in comparison with qPCR. Faecal samples of 150 dogs from three groups (H: 50 client-owned, healthy dogs, not vaccinated within the last four weeks; S: 50 shelter dogs, healthy, not vaccinated within the last four weeks; p = 50 dogs with clinical signs of CPV infection) were tested with eight POCT and qPCR. Practicability, sensitivity, specificity, positive (PPV) and negative predictive values (NPV), as well as overall accuracy were determined. To assess the differences between and agreement among POCT, McNemar’s test and Cohen’s Kappa statistic were performed. Specificity and PPV were 100.0% in all POCT. Sensitivity varied from 22.9–34.3% overall and from 32.7–49.0% in group P. VetexpertRapidTestCPVAg® had the highest sensitivity (34.3% overall, 49.0% group P) and differed significantly from the 3 POCT with the lowest sensitivities (Fassisi®Parvo (27.7% overall, 36.7% group P), Primagnost®ParvoH+K (24.3% overall, 34.7% group P), FASTest®PARVOCard (22.9% overall, 32.7% group P)). The agreement among all POCT was at least substantial (kappa >0.80). A positive POCT result confirmed the infection with CPV in unvaccinated dogs, whereas a negative POCT result did not definitely exclude CPV infection due to the low sensitivity of all POCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Walter-Weingärtner
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinaerstrasse 13, 80539 Munich, Germany; (M.B.); (K.W.); (K.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-89-218-026-50
| | - Michèle Bergmann
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinaerstrasse 13, 80539 Munich, Germany; (M.B.); (K.W.); (K.H.)
| | - Karin Weber
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinaerstrasse 13, 80539 Munich, Germany; (M.B.); (K.W.); (K.H.)
| | - Uwe Truyen
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Cosmin Muresan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Str. Calea Manastur 3–5, 400372 Cluj Napoca, Romania;
| | - Katrin Hartmann
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinaerstrasse 13, 80539 Munich, Germany; (M.B.); (K.W.); (K.H.)
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19
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Muñoz AI, Vallejo-Castillo L, Fragozo A, Vázquez-Leyva S, Pavón L, Pérez-Sánchez G, Soria-Castro R, Mellado-Sánchez G, Cobos-Marin L, Pérez-Tapia SM. Increased survival in puppies affected by Canine Parvovirus type II using an immunomodulator as a therapeutic aid. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19864. [PMID: 34615970 PMCID: PMC8494837 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99357-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine parvovirus type II (CPV-2) infection induces canine parvoviral enteritis (CPE), which in turn promotes sepsis and systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). Mortality in this disease is usually registered within 48-72 h post-hospitalization, the critical period of the illness. It has been recently described that the use of an immunomodulator, whose major component is monomeric ubiquitin (mUb) without the last two glycine residues (Ub∆GG), in pediatric human patients with sepsis augments survival. It is known that CXCR4 is the cell receptor of extracellular ubiquitin in humans. This work aimed to explore the effect of one immunomodulator (human Dialyzable Leukocyte Extract-hDLE) as a therapeutic auxiliary in puppies with sepsis and SIRS induced by CPE. We studied two groups of puppies with CPV-2 infection confirmed by polymerase chain reaction. The first group received conventional treatment (CT) and vehicle (V), while the second group received CT plus the immunomodulator (I). We assessed both groups' survival, clinical condition, number of erythrocytes, neutrophils, and lymphocytes during the hospitalization period. In addition, hematocrit, hemoglobin, plasma proteins and cortisol values, as well as norepinephrine/epinephrine and serotonin concentration were determined. Puppies treated with CT + I showed 81% survival, mild clinical signs, and a significant decrease in circulating neutrophils and lymphocytes in the critical period of the treatment. In contrast, the CT + V group presented a survival of 42%, severe clinical status, and no improvement of the parameters evaluated in the critical period of the disease. We determined in silico that human Ub∆GG can bind to dog CXCR4. In conclusion, the administration of a human immunomodulator (0.5 mg/day × 5 days) to puppies with CPE under six months of age reduces the severity of clinical signs, increases survival, and modulates inflammatory cell parameters. Further studies are necessary to take full advantage of these clinical findings, which might be mediated by the human Ub∆GG to canine CXCR4 interaction.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/chemistry
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/therapeutic use
- Antiviral Agents/pharmacology
- Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use
- Biomarkers
- Dog Diseases/drug therapy
- Dog Diseases/mortality
- Dog Diseases/virology
- Dogs
- Drug Synergism
- Host-Pathogen Interactions
- Humans
- Immunologic Factors/pharmacology
- Immunologic Factors/therapeutic use
- Parvoviridae Infections/veterinary
- Parvovirus, Canine/physiology
- Prognosis
- Protein Binding
- Receptors, CXCR4/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, CXCR4/chemistry
- Receptors, CXCR4/metabolism
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- Treatment Outcome
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana I Muñoz
- Departamento de Inmunología. Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Col. Santo Tomás, Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, 11340, CDMX, México
| | - Luis Vallejo-Castillo
- Unidad de Desarrollo e Investigación en Bioprocesos (UDIBI), ENCB, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, 11340, CDMX, México
- Laboratorio Nacional para Servicios Especializados de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación (I + D + i) para Farmoquímicos y Biotecnológicos (LANSEIDI-FarBiotec-CONACyT), ENCB, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, 11340, CDMX, México
| | - Ana Fragozo
- Unidad de Desarrollo e Investigación en Bioprocesos (UDIBI), ENCB, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, 11340, CDMX, México
- Laboratorio Nacional para Servicios Especializados de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación (I + D + i) para Farmoquímicos y Biotecnológicos (LANSEIDI-FarBiotec-CONACyT), ENCB, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, 11340, CDMX, México
| | - Said Vázquez-Leyva
- Unidad de Desarrollo e Investigación en Bioprocesos (UDIBI), ENCB, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, 11340, CDMX, México
- Laboratorio Nacional para Servicios Especializados de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación (I + D + i) para Farmoquímicos y Biotecnológicos (LANSEIDI-FarBiotec-CONACyT), ENCB, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, 11340, CDMX, México
| | - Lenin Pavón
- Laboratorio de Psicoinmunología, Dirección de Investigación en Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente, Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, Colonia San Lorenzo Huipulco, Alcaldía Tlalpan, 14370, CDMX, México.
| | - Gilberto Pérez-Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Psicoinmunología, Dirección de Investigación en Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente, Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, Colonia San Lorenzo Huipulco, Alcaldía Tlalpan, 14370, CDMX, México
| | - Rodolfo Soria-Castro
- Departamento de Inmunología. Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Col. Santo Tomás, Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, 11340, CDMX, México
| | - Gabriela Mellado-Sánchez
- Unidad de Desarrollo e Investigación en Bioprocesos (UDIBI), ENCB, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, 11340, CDMX, México
- Laboratorio Nacional para Servicios Especializados de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación (I + D + i) para Farmoquímicos y Biotecnológicos (LANSEIDI-FarBiotec-CONACyT), ENCB, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, 11340, CDMX, México
| | - Laura Cobos-Marin
- Laboratorio de Virología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, 04510, CDMX, México
| | - Sonia Mayra Pérez-Tapia
- Departamento de Inmunología. Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Col. Santo Tomás, Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, 11340, CDMX, México.
- Unidad de Desarrollo e Investigación en Bioprocesos (UDIBI), ENCB, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, 11340, CDMX, México.
- Laboratorio Nacional para Servicios Especializados de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación (I + D + i) para Farmoquímicos y Biotecnológicos (LANSEIDI-FarBiotec-CONACyT), ENCB, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, 11340, CDMX, México.
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20
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Jinadasa R, Ghosh S, Hills S, Premalal T, Atapattu U, Fuward M, Kalupahana W, Dunowska M. Genomic Variability of Canine Parvoviruses from a Selected Population of Dogs and Cats in Sri Lanka. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10091102. [PMID: 34578133 PMCID: PMC8466987 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10091102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to identify canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) subtypes circulating among a selected population of domestic dogs and cats in Sri Lanka and to investigate the evolutionary patterns among Sri Lankan viruses in the context of contemporary global CPV-2 sequences. Altogether, 40/61 (65.6%) samples tested were positive for CPV-2 DNA, including 31/48 (64.6%) dogs and 9/13 (69%) cats. All three subtypes (CPV-2a, CPV-2b and CPV-2c) were detected, with CPV-2a being most common. International median joining haplotype network of 291 CPV-2 sequences suggested that there was little barrier for CPV-2 moving between different geographical regions worldwide, including Sri Lanka, and that there was no correlation between the genetic structure within the molecular network and the decade of sample collection. By contrast, there was correlation between CPV-2 subtype and genetic structure, both within the international network and within the network built from 31 Sri Lankan CPV-2 sequences only. The structure within the latter was not correlated with the location of the veterinary clinic where the samples were submitted, the age or species of the host. Altogether, we have shown that there is considerable variability of CPV-2 genotypes circulating in Sri Lanka, which is likely driven by both local evolution and introduction from other countries. The similarity of CPV-2 obtained from cats and dogs suggests that cats may play a role in the epidemiology of CPV-2 in Sri Lanka.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasika Jinadasa
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka; (T.P.); (U.A.); (W.K.)
- Correspondence: (R.J.); (M.D.)
| | - Sayani Ghosh
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand;
| | - Simon Hills
- Institute of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand;
| | - Thushini Premalal
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka; (T.P.); (U.A.); (W.K.)
| | - Ushani Atapattu
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka; (T.P.); (U.A.); (W.K.)
| | - Manohari Fuward
- Government Veterinary Hospital, Gatambe, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka;
| | - Wasantha Kalupahana
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka; (T.P.); (U.A.); (W.K.)
| | - Magdalena Dunowska
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand;
- Correspondence: (R.J.); (M.D.)
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21
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Oikonomidis IL, Theodorou K, Papaioannou E, Xenoulis PG, Adamama-Moraitou KK, Steiner JM, Kritsepi-Konstantinou M, Suchodolski JS, Rallis T, Soubasis N. Serial measurement of thyroid hormones in hospitalised dogs with canine parvoviral enteritis: Incidence of non-thyroidal illness syndrome and its association with outcome and systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Vet J 2021; 274:105715. [PMID: 34252549 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2021.105715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to serially evaluate the serum concentrations of total thyroxine (tT4), free thyroxine (fT4) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in dogs with canine parvoviral enteritis (CPVE) during a 5-day hospitalisation period and assess the association of these hormone concentrations with the outcome and the development of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). Dogs with confirmed CPVE that were hospitalised for at least 5 days were included. The thyroid hormones concentrations were measured on days 1, 3 and 5 of hospitalisation. Twenty-eight dogs were included. All (28/28, 100%), 19/28 (69.7%) and 23/28 (82.1%) dogs had a low serum tT4, fT4 and TSH concentration, respectively, on at least 1 day during the hospitalisation period. Overall, 11/28 (39.3%) dogs were diagnosed with SIRS on at least 1 day. In survivors, serum tT4 concentration was significantly higher on day 5 (median, range: 11.8 nmol/L, <6.4-32.2 nmol/L) compared to those on days 1 (<6.4 nmol/L, <6.4-20.1 nmol/L; P = 0.010) or 3 (7.6 nmol/L, <6.4-25.2 nmol/L; P = 0.019). Survivors had a significantly higher tT4 concentration (median, range: 11.8 nmol/L, <6.4-32.2 nmol/L) on day 5 compared to non-survivors (<6.4 nmol/L, <6.4-7.2 nmol/L; P = 0.002). Regardless of the day of hospitalisation, dogs with SIRS had significantly lower tT4 (<6.4 nmol/L, <6.4-16.3 nmol/L) compared to dogs without SIRS (8.6 nmol/L, <6.4-32.2 nmol/L; P = 0.006). A significant difference was also found in fT4 between dogs with SIRS (<3.9 pmol/L, <3.9-16.2 pmol/L) and dogs without SIRS (15.1 pmol/L, <3.9-59.2; pmol/L; P < 0.001). Non-thyroidal illness syndrome was frequently observed in dogs with CPVE, and a negative association between tT4 and fT4 concentrations and SIRS was noted. Serial measurements of tT4 concentrations appeared to have prognostic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- I L Oikonomidis
- Easter Bush Pathology, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, UK; Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - K Theodorou
- Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - E Papaioannou
- Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - P G Xenoulis
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece; Gastrointestinal Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, Texas, USA
| | - K K Adamama-Moraitou
- Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - J M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, Texas, USA
| | - M Kritsepi-Konstantinou
- Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - J S Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, Texas, USA
| | - T Rallis
- Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - N Soubasis
- Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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22
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du Preez K, Rautenbach Y, Hooijberg EH, Goddard A. Oxidative burst and phagocytic activity of phagocytes in canine parvoviral enteritis. J Vet Diagn Invest 2021; 33:884-893. [PMID: 34148453 DOI: 10.1177/10406387211025513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine parvoviral enteritis (CPE) is a severe disease characterized by systemic inflammation and immunosuppression. The function of circulating phagocytes (neutrophils and monocytes) in affected dogs has not been fully investigated. We characterized the functional capacity of canine phagocytes in CPE by determining their oxidative burst and phagocytic activities using flow cytometry. Blood was collected from 28 dogs with CPE and 11 healthy, age-matched, control dogs. Oxidative burst activity was assessed by stimulating phagocytes with opsonized Escherichia coli or phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and measuring the percentage of phagocytes producing reactive oxygen species and the magnitude of this production. Phagocytosis was measured by incubating phagocytes with opsonized E. coli and measuring the percentage of phagocytes containing E. coli and the number of bacteria per cell. Complete blood counts and serum C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations were also determined. Serum CRP concentration was negatively and positively correlated with segmented and band neutrophil concentrations, respectively. Overall, no differences in phagocyte function were found between dogs with CPE and healthy control dogs. However, infected dogs with neutropenia or circulating band neutrophils had decreased PMA-stimulated oxidative burst activity compared to healthy controls. Additionally, CPE dogs with neutropenia or circulating band neutrophils had decreased PMA- and E. coli-stimulated oxidative burst activity and decreased phagocytosis of E. coli compared to CPE dogs without neutropenia or band neutrophils. We conclude that phagocytes have decreased oxidative burst and phagocytic activity in neutropenic CPE dogs and in CPE dogs with circulating band neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly du Preez
- Section of Clinical Pathology, Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Yolandi Rautenbach
- Section of Clinical Pathology, Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Emma H Hooijberg
- Section of Clinical Pathology, Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Amelia Goddard
- Section of Clinical Pathology, Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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23
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Shima FK, Gberindyer FA, Tion MT, Fagbohun OA, Omobowale TO, Nottidge HO. Diagnostic Performance of a Rapid Immunochromatographic Test Kit for Detecting Canine Parvovirus Infection. Top Companion Anim Med 2021; 45:100551. [PMID: 34119705 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcam.2021.100551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In dogs, canine parvovirus (CPV) enteritis is associated with high morbidity and fatality rates requiring early diagnosis to facilitate treatment and reduce its spread. In recent times, various commercial immunochromatographic (IC) test kits are available for its rapid diagnosis, which require an assessment of their accuracy. Therefore, precision of a point-of-care IC combination test kit for canine coronavirus (CCoV)/CPV faecal antigen detection was evaluated in this study. Multicentred random faecal samples from 115 dogs with gastroenteritis were checked for the presence of CPV antigens using the SensPERT IC combination test kit and the result was compared with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as a reference test. Parvovirus was detected in 105 (91.3%) and 108 (93.9%) faecal samples by the point-of-care test kit and PCR, respectively. The point-of-care IC test kit showed 95.4% relative sensitivity, 71.4% specificity, 98.1% positive predictive value, 50.0% negative predictive value, and 93.9% accuracy comparable to conventional PCR in the samples tested. This point-of-care test kit also demonstrated a fair positive likelihood ratio (3.34), a very low negative likelihood ratio (0.07) and a moderate agreement (Kappa = 0.6) compared with conventional PCR. This test kit has shown to be very useful in the screening of dogs for CPV infection, and is a reliable alternative for diagnosing CPV both in conventional laboratories and remote areas without laboratories. Negative results in the IC testing with high suspicion of CPV infection should be further confirmed using superior test such as PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix K Shima
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Fidelis A Gberindyer
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria
| | - Matthew T Tion
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria
| | - Olusegun A Fagbohun
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | | | - Helen O Nottidge
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
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24
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Flores Dueñas CA, Gaxiola Camacho SM, Montaño Gómez MF, Villa Angulo R, Enríquez Verdugo I, Rentería Evangelista T, Pérez Corrales JA, Rodríguez Gaxiola MÁ. The effect of short term peripheral parenteral nutrition on treatment outcomes and mortality in critically ill pediatric canine patients. Ir Vet J 2021; 74:15. [PMID: 34082821 PMCID: PMC8176690 DOI: 10.1186/s13620-021-00194-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Peripheral parenteral nutrition (PPN) is increasingly considered as an alternative to central parenteral nutrition (CPN) given the higher cost and more frequent clinical complications associated with the latter. However, the assessment of potential risks and benefits of PPN in critically ill pediatric canine patients has not been extensively performed. In this study, we aimed to explore the effect of short-term, hypocaloric PPN on weight loss, length of hospital stay, the incidence of complications, adverse effects, and mortality in critically ill pediatric canine patients. Results Between August 2015 and August 2018, a total of 59 critically ill pediatric canine patients aged from 1 to 6 months admitted at the Veterinary Sciences Research Institute of the Autonomous University of Baja California were included in this non-randomized clinical trial. Canine pediatric patients were initially allocated to 3 groups: 11 in group 1 receiving parenteral nutrition (PN) supplementation equivalent to 40% of the resting energy requirement (RER), 12 in group 2 receiving supplementation of 50% of the RER, and 36 in group 3 receiving no PN supplementation. After establishing that there was no significant difference between 40 and 50% of PN supplementation, these groups were not separated for downstream analysis. Similar lengths of hospital stays were noted among study subjects who received PN supplementation and those who did not (4.3 ± 1.5 vs. 5.0 ± 1.5, days, p = 0.097). No metabolic-, sepsis- or phlebitis-related complications were observed in any animal in the PPN supplemented group. Higher mortality (19.4% vs. 0%, p = 0.036), and a greater percentage of weight loss (9.24% vs. 0%, p < 0.001) were observed in patients who received no supplementation. Conclusion Even though short-term, hypocaloric PPN did not reduce the length of hospital stay, it was associated with lower mortality and resulted in mitigation of weight loss. In contrast to previous studies evaluating central and peripheral parenteral nutrition protocols, we observed a lower frequency of metabolic, septic, and phlebitis complications using a 40–50% parenteral nutrition treatment. The parenteral nutrition therapeutic intervention used in our study may reduce PN-related adverse effects and promote a favorable disease outcome in critically ill canine patients. Larger studies will be needed to confirm these observations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rafael Villa Angulo
- Engineering Institute, Autonomous University of Baja California, Mexicali, Mexico
| | - Idalia Enríquez Verdugo
- Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics School, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacán, Mexico
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25
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Risk and Environmental Factors Associated with the Presence of Canine Parvovirus Type 2 in Diarrheic Dogs from Thessaly, Central Greece. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10050590. [PMID: 34065865 PMCID: PMC8151960 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10050590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) primarily infects dogs, which are the main host reservoir, causing severe gastrointestinal disease associated with immunosuppression. The present study was conducted in Thessaly, Greece and aimed to identify risk and environmental factors associated with CPV-2 infection in diarrheic dogs. Fecal samples were collected from 116 dogs presenting diarrhea and were tested by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the presence of CPV-2 DNA. Supplementary data regarding clinical symptoms, individual features, management factors and medical history were also gathered for each animal during clinical evaluation. Sixty-eight diarrheic dogs were found to be positive for the virus DNA in their feces. Statistical analysis revealed that CPV-2 DNA was less likely to be detected in senior dogs, while working dogs, namely hounds and shepherds, had higher odds to be positive for the virus. Livestock density and land uses, specifically the categories of discontinuous urban fabric and of human population density, were identified as significant environmental parameters associated with CPV-2 infection by using Geographical Information System (GIS) together with the Ecological Niche Model (ENM). This is the first description of the environmental variables associated with the presence of CPV-2 DNA in dogs’ feces in Greece.
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26
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Werner M, Unterer S. [Use of antimicrobials in acute canine diarrhea - overview of potential risks, indications and alternatives]. TIERAERZTLICHE PRAXIS AUSGABE KLEINTIERE HEIMTIERE 2021; 49:110-120. [PMID: 33902119 DOI: 10.1055/a-1395-2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In Germany, antibiotics are frequently used in dogs with gastrointestinal disorders such as acute diarrhea. In line with global efforts to limit antibiotic use, this literature review aims to provide a guideline for the rational and judicious use of antibiotics in acute canine diarrhea. Antibiotics can lead to gastrointestinal side effects and may exert a negative influence on the intestinal microbiota in addition to increasing the occurrence of resistant bacteria. There is also evidence that chronic immunological diseases may be triggered by the administration of antibiotics. Therefore, these should not be administered in uncomplicated acute diarrhea without signs of sepsis or systemic inflammatory reaction. In addition, enteropathogenic bacteria usually do not play a role in the etiology of acute diarrhea. For select clinical entities such as acute hemorrhagic diarrhea syndrome, antibiotic therapy should only be recommended in cases displaying signs of bacterial translocation with subsequent sepsis. In the case of parvovirosis, on the other hand, the administration of antibiotics is unavoidable due to the immunological incompetence of the dog caused by the accompanying severe neutropenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Werner
- Medizinische Kleintierklinik, Zentrum für Klinische Tiermedizin, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
| | - Stefan Unterer
- Medizinische Kleintierklinik, Zentrum für Klinische Tiermedizin, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
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27
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Chalifoux NV, Parker SE, Cosford KL. Prognostic indicators at presentation for canine parvoviral enteritis: 322 cases (2001-2018). J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2021; 31:402-413. [PMID: 33792158 DOI: 10.1111/vec.13052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate clinicopathological prognostic indicators associated with survival based on hematology and serum biochemistry profile findings at presentation of dogs with canine parvoviral enteritis (CPE). Secondary objectives were to describe the signalment, history, physical examination findings, and progression of disease while in hospital and correlate them to survival. DESIGN Retrospective study from medical records of dogs diagnosed with CPE between 2001 and 2018. SETTING University teaching hospital. ANIMALS Three hundred twenty-two dogs diagnosed with CPE that received in-hospital treatment. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Of 322 hospitalized dogs, 294 dogs (91%) survived infection with a median hospitalization time of 79 hours. Multivariable analysis showed that glucose (P = 0.04), total magnesium (P = 0.011), and the dichotomized variable of a low HCT (P = 0.033) on presentation were significantly associated with survival. For every 1 mmol/L (18 mg/dL) decrease in glucose concentration, cases had 1.85 lower odds of survival. For every 0.1 mmol/L (0.2 mEq/L) increase in total magnesium concentration, cases had 2.50 lower odds of survival. Cases with a low HCT had 10.69 lower odds of survival. On univariable analyses, non-survivors had a lower median body weight (P = 0.006) and presented more commonly for diarrhea (P = 0.015). At least 1 episode of diarrhea (P = 0.003) and hematochezia or melena (P < 0.001) in hospital were negatively associated with outcome, in addition to the persistence of diarrhea (P = 0.026) and hyporexia (P = 0.018) in hospital for 5 to 6 days. CONCLUSIONS Survival rates of 91% were achieved with in-hospital treatment in this cohort of dogs. Negative biochemical prognostic indicators affecting survival include a low HCT, decreased blood glucose concentrations, and increased total serum magnesium concentrations at presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nolan V Chalifoux
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Sarah E Parker
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Kevin L Cosford
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Horecka K, Ratnayaka N, Davis EA. Changes in Mass Treatment of the Canine Parvovirus ICU Population in Relation to Public Policy Changes during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Viruses 2020; 12:E1419. [PMID: 33321892 PMCID: PMC7763010 DOI: 10.3390/v12121419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous work has indicated that canine parvovirus (CPV) prevalence in the Central Texas region may follow yearly, periodic patterns. The peak in CPV infection rates occurs during the summer months of May and June, marking a distinct "CPV season". We hypothesized that human activity contributes to these seasonal changes in CPV infections. The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in drastic changes in human behavior which happened to synchronize with the CPV season in Central Texas, providing a unique opportunity with which to assess whether these society-level behavioral changes result in appreciable changes in CPV patient populations in the largest CPV treatment facility in Texas. In this work, we examine the population of CPV-infected patients at a large, dedicated CPV treatment clinic in Texas (having treated more than 5000 CPV-positive dogs in the last decade) and demonstrate that societal-behavioral changes due to COVID-19 were associated with a drastic reduction in CPV infections. This reduction occurred precisely when CPV season would typically begin, during the period immediately following state-wide "reopening" of business and facilities, resulting in a change in the typical CPV season when compared with previous years. These results provide evidence that changes in human activity may, in some way, contribute to changes in rates of CPV infection in the Central Texas region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Horecka
- Research Department, Austin Pets Alive!, Austin, TX 78703, USA; (N.R.); (E.A.D.)
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Alves F, Alonso F, Horta R, Barbosa B, Beier S, Paes P. Prognostic values of physical and hematological parameters of dogs naturally infected with parvovirus PVC-2: retrospective study of 103 cases. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-11517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Canine parvovirosis is a high mortality disease with acute clinical picture. However, there are few available resources to help stablish prognosis accurately. This study aimed to determine the prognostic threshold values for vital and hematological parameters of dogs naturally infected by the Carnivore protoparvovirus 1 (CPV). A retrospective study of 103 canine parvovirosis cases was carried out. Twenty seven percent of these (28/103) died, 96% (27/28) of which within the first four days of hospitalization. Deceased animals had significantly higher median values for heart (HR) and respiratory (f) rates, as well as significantly lower systolic blood pressure (SBP) than survivors. Severely leukopenic animals (<1,000 cells/μL), had a significantly higher mortality rate (68%, n=13) compared to that of other patients (P<0.0007). Animals with at least two of the following findings: severe hypotension (SBP< 90mmHg), tachycardia (HR > 150 bpm) and leukopenia, represented 34% (34/101) of the cases and had a survival rate of 29% (10/34), while animals with at most one of these parameters represented 66% (67/101) and had a survival rate of 94% (63/67). The presence of two or three abnormal parameters was significantly related to the higher death risk among dogs with parvovirosis (P<0.0001).
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Affiliation(s)
- F.S. Alves
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - S. Beier
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - P.R.O. Paes
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Ogbu KI, Chukwudi IC, Mira F, Eze UU, Di Bella S, Olaolu OS, Tion MT, Purpari G, Cannella V, Nwosuh IC, Guercio A, Anene BM. Current status and risk factors of canine parvovirus type 2 in North Central Nigeria. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 74:101578. [PMID: 33246241 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2020.101578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Since its emergence in Nigeria, canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) infection has posed problems to dog breeding and requires constant awareness and monitoring. In this study, the status, the assessment of extrinsic risk factors of parvoviral infection in dog kennels in North Central Nigeria, and isolation of the CPV-2 were carried out. Potential risk factors were considered during sampling: age, breed, sex, location, vaccination and health status, using well-structured questionnaires on dog owners with experience of CPV-2 infection. There was high prevalence which depended on age, breed, location, clinical status of the dog while vaccination status of the dogs did not influence the prevalence. CPV-2 vaccination compliance by the breeders and management system of the kennels were also observed as risk factors. Isolation of CPV-2a and -2c strains from Nigeria for further study has been reported. The spread of CPV-2 in Nigeria is increasing, hence needs for continual epidemiological monitoring and review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Ikejiofor Ogbu
- Department of Animal Health, Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology, National Veterinary Research Institute Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria; Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria.
| | - Ijeoma Chekwube Chukwudi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria.
| | - Francesco Mira
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Ukamaka Uchenna Eze
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria.
| | - Santina Di Bella
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Olushola Samuel Olaolu
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria.
| | - Matthew Terzungwe Tion
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria.
| | - Giuseppa Purpari
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Vincenza Cannella
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Ignatius Chika Nwosuh
- Viral Research Division, National Veterinary Research Institute Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria.
| | - Annalisa Guercio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Boniface Maduka Anene
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria.
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Abstract
Canine parvoviral enteritis is one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality in dogs worldwide. Tests can detect viral antigen in feces, and characteristic decreases in total leukocyte, neutrophil, and lymphocyte counts can increase the index of suspicion in affected cases and can be used to prognosticate morbidity and mortality. The standard of care for infected animals includes IV crystalloid and sometimes colloid fluids, antiemetics, broad-spectrum antibiotics, and early enteral nutrition. Vaccination induces protective immunity in most dogs. Vaccination, along with limiting exposure in young puppies, is the most effective means of preventing parvoviral enteritis in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa M Mazzaferro
- Cornell University Veterinary Specialists, 880 Canal Street, Stamford, CT 06902, USA; Emergency and Critical Care, Cornell University Hospital for Animals, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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Acciacca RA, Sullivan LA, Webb TL, Johnson V, Dow SW. Clinical evaluation of hyperimmune plasma for treatment of dogs with naturally occurring parvoviral enteritis. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2020; 30:525-533. [PMID: 32705762 DOI: 10.1111/vec.12987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the clinical efficacy of a single infusion of hyperimmune plasma (HIP) in dogs with canine parvovirus (CPV). DESIGN Prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. SETTING University teaching hospital. ANIMALS Client-owned dogs with naturally occurring CPV. INTERVENTIONS Dogs presenting for CPV treatment (n = 31) underwent cardiovascular resuscitation and were randomized to receive a single dose of either HIP (10 mL/kg IV) or placebo (0.9% sodium chloride [10 mL/kg IV]) during the first 6 hours of hospitalization. All dogs were treated with a standardized treatment protocol (IV fluid therapy [120 mL/kg/d isotonic crystalloids], cefoxitin [30 mg/kg IV q 8 h], maropitant [1 mg/kg IV q 24 h], and buprenorphine [0.01-0.02 mg/kg IV q 8 h]) until hospital discharge. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Dogs treated with HIP (n = 16) demonstrated a lower shock index at 24 hours (median = 0.77, range: 0.5-1.5) than those treated with placebo (n = 15, median = 1.34, range: 0.5-1.7; P = 0.02). Plasma lactate concentration was lower at 24 hours in HIP-treated dogs (median = 1.3 mmol/L, range: 0.9-3.4 mmol/L) than in placebo-treated dogs (median = 2.1 mmol/L, range: 1.1-3.4 mmol/L; P = 0.01). There was no difference in duration of hospitalization when comparing HIP-treated dogs (median = 3.2 days, range: 0.83-10 days) to placebo-treated dogs (median = 2.83 days, range: 1-8.38 days; P = 0.35). Survival was 16 of 16 (100%) for the HIP group and 14 of 15 (93.3%) for the placebo group (P = 0.32). CONCLUSIONS HIP at 10 mL/kg IV administered to dogs with CPV within the first 6 hours of hospitalization improves markers of shock during the initial 24 hours of hospitalization. No effects were observed on duration of hospitalization or mortality; however, this study was underpowered to evaluate these effects. HIP was well tolerated in this population of critically ill dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Acciacca
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Lauren A Sullivan
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Tracy L Webb
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Valerie Johnson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Steven W Dow
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
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Alves F, Prata S, Nunes T, Gomes J, Aguiar S, Aires da Silva F, Tavares L, Almeida V, Gil S. Canine parvovirus: a predicting canine model for sepsis. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:199. [PMID: 32539830 PMCID: PMC7294767 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02417-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sepsis is a severe condition associated with high prevalence and mortality rates. Parvovirus enteritis is a predisposing factor for sepsis, as it promotes intestinal bacterial translocation and severe immunosuppression. This makes dogs infected by parvovirus a suitable study population as far as sepsis is concerned. The main objective of the present study was to evaluate the differences between two sets of SIRS (Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome) criteria in outcome prediction: SIRS 1991 and SIRS 2001. The possibility of stratifying and classifying septic dogs was assessed using a proposed animal adapted PIRO (Predisposition, Infection, Response and Organ dysfunction) scoring system. RESULTS The 72 dogs enrolled in this study were scored for each of the PIRO elements, except for Infection, as all were considered to have the same infection score, and subjected to two sets of SIRS criteria, in order to measure their correlation with the outcome. Concerning SIRS criteria, it was found that the proposed alterations on SIRS 2001 (capillary refill time or mucous membrane colour alteration) were significantly associated with the outcome (OR = 4.09, p < 0.05), contrasting with the 1991 SIRS criteria (p = 0.352) that did not correlate with the outcome. No significant statistical association was found between Predisposition (p = 1), Response (p = 0.1135), Organ dysfunction (p = 0.1135), total PIRO score (p = 0.093) and outcome. To explore the possibility of using the SIRS criteria as a fast decision-making tool, a Fast-and-Frugal tree (FFT) was created with a sensitivity of 92% and a specificity of 29%. CONCLUSION These results suggest that increasing the SIRS criteria specificity may improve their prognostic value and their clinical usefulness. In order to improve the proposed PIRO scoring system outcome prediction ability, more specific criteria should be added, mainly inflammatory and organ dysfunction biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Alves
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, ULisboa, Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - S. Prata
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, ULisboa, Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, ULisboa, Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - T. Nunes
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, ULisboa, Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- CIISA - Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - J. Gomes
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, ULisboa, Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - S. Aguiar
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, ULisboa, Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- CIISA - Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - F. Aires da Silva
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, ULisboa, Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- CIISA - Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - L. Tavares
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, ULisboa, Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- CIISA - Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - V. Almeida
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, ULisboa, Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- CIISA - Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - S. Gil
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, ULisboa, Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, ULisboa, Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- CIISA - Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
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Lifestyle as Risk Factor for Infectious Causes of Death in Young Dogs: A Retrospective Study in Southern Italy (2015-2017). Vet Med Int 2020; 2020:6207297. [PMID: 32566119 PMCID: PMC7293748 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6207297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases are a common cause of death in young dogs. Several factors are thought to predispose young dogs to microbiological infections. Identifying the cause of death is often a challenge, and broad diagnostic analysis is often needed. Here, we aimed to determine the infectious causes of death in young dogs aged up to 1 year, examining how it relates to age (under and over 6 months), lifestyle (owned versus ownerless), breed (purebred and crossbreed), and gender. A retrospective study was conducted in a 3-year period (2015-2017) on 138 dead dogs that had undergone necropsy and microbiological diagnostics. Enteritis and pneumonia were the most commonly observed lesions. Polymicrobism was more prevalent (62.3%) than single-agent infections and associated with a higher rate of generalised lesions. Ownerless dogs showed over a three-fold higher predisposition to viral coinfections than owned dogs. Above all, canine parvovirus was the most prevalent agent (77.5%), followed by canine coronavirus (31.1%) and canine adenovirus (23.9%); ownerless pups had a higher predisposition to these viruses. Escherichia coli (23.9%), Clostridium perfringens type A (18.1%), and Enterococcus spp. (8.7%) were the most commonly identified bacteria, which mostly involved in coinfections. A lower prevalence of CDV and Clostridium perfringens type A was observed in puppies under 6 months of age. In conclusion, this study is the first comprehensive survey on a wide panel of microbiological agents related to necropsy lesions. It lays the groundwork for future studies attempting to understand the circulation of infectious agents in a determined area.
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Horecka K, Porter S, Amirian ES, Jefferson E. A Decade of Treatment of Canine Parvovirus in an Animal Shelter: A Retrospective Study. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E939. [PMID: 32485882 PMCID: PMC7341501 DOI: 10.3390/ani10060939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we present 11.5 years of monthly treatment statistics showing an overall intake of 5127 infected dogs between June 2008 and December 2019, as well as more detailed datasets from more recent, less protracted time periods for the examination of mortality risk, seasonality, and resource requirements in the mass treatment of canine parvovirus (CPV) in a private animal shelter. The total survival rate of animals during the study period was 86.6% (n = 4438/5127 dogs survived) with the probability of survival increasing to 96.7% after five days of treatment (with 80% of fatalities occurring in that period). A distinct parvovirus season peaking in May and June and troughing in August, September, December, and January was observed, which could have contributed as much as 41 animals peak-to-trough in the monthly population (with a potential, smaller season occurring in October). Low-weight and male animals were at higher risk for death, whereas age was not a significant contributing factor. Treatment time averaged 9.03 h of total care during a seven-day median treatment duration. These findings, taken together, demonstrate that canine parvovirus can be successfully treated in a sustainable manner within a shelter setting using a largely volunteer workforce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Horecka
- Research Department, Austin Pets Alive!, Austin, TX 78703, USA; (S.P.); (E.S.A.); (E.J.)
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Risk, prognosis and causality of parvo viral enteritis in dogs in Sri Lanka. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 72:101496. [PMID: 32562954 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2020.101496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We studied the causal variation, prognosis and risk factors of parvo viral enteritis using both molecular and statistical analysis. A multivariate factor analysis was performed to see the effect of the breed, age, vaccination status and the leukocyte counts on disease severity and survival. Twenty PCR amplicons (partial VP2 gene) from vaccinated dogs were sequenced to identify the variants. A total of 109 samples were positive for parvo viral DNA, 71 of which were from dogs who have received at least one dose of CPV-2 vaccine. Over 90% were leukopenic on 2nd and 3rd day of diarrhoea. Age < 6 months was negatively correlated with leukocyte count and the leukocyte count was negatively correlated with survival. Dobermans and Labradors showed significant negative correlation with survival. All variants of parvovirus affected dogs with the 2c being the predominant (2c = 12, 2a = 7, 2b = 1). All 20 strains harboured three additional amino acid substitutions (i.e. Phe267Tyr, Ser297Ala and Tyr324Ile) and warrant further studies on potential changes of the antigenicity of the virus.
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Franzo G, Corso B, Tucciarone CM, Drigo M, Caldin M, Cecchinato M. Comparison and validation of different models and variable selection methods for predicting survival after canine parvovirus infection. Vet Rec 2020; 187:e76. [PMID: 32169946 DOI: 10.1136/vr.105283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canine parvovirus (CPV) represents one of the major infections in dogs. While supportive therapy significantly reduces mortality, other approaches have been reported to provide significant benefits. Unfortunately, the high cost of these treatments is typically a limiting factor. Consequently, a reliable prognostic tool allowing for an informed therapeutic approach would be of great interest. However, current methods are essentially based on 'a priori' selection of predictive variables, which could limit their predictive potential. METHODS In the present study, the predictive performances in terms of CPV enteritis survival likelihood of an operator-validated logistic regression were compared with those of more flexible methods featured by automatic variable selection. Several anamnestic, clinical, haematological and biochemical parameters were collected from 134 dogs at admission in a veterinary practice. Animal status was monitored until dismissal or death (mortality=21.6%). RESULTS The best automatic variable selection method (random forest) showed excellent discriminatory capabilities (AUC=0.997, sensitivity=0.941 and specificity=1) compared with the logistic regression model (AUC=0.831, sensitivity=0.882 and specificity=0.652), when evaluated on a fully independent test data set. The implemented approaches allowed to identify antithrombin, serum aspartate aminotransferase, serum lipase, monocyte and lymphocyte count as the clinical parameter combination with the highest predictive capability, thus limiting the panel of required tests. CONCLUSION The model validated in the present study allows prompt prediction of disease severity at admission and provides objective and reliable criteria to support the clinician in selection of the therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Franzo
- Animal Medicine, Production and Health, Università degli Studi di Padova, Scuola di Agraria e Medicina Veterinaria, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Barbara Corso
- Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council, Padova, Italy
| | - Claudia Maria Tucciarone
- Animal Medicine, Production and Health, Università degli Studi di Padova, Scuola di Agraria e Medicina Veterinaria, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Michele Drigo
- Animal Medicine, Production and Health, Università degli Studi di Padova, Scuola di Agraria e Medicina Veterinaria, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Caldin
- San Marco Private Veterinary Clinic, Veggiano, Padova, Italy
| | - Mattia Cecchinato
- Animal Medicine, Production and Health, Università degli Studi di Padova, Scuola di Agraria e Medicina Veterinaria, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
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Perley K, Burns CC, Maguire C, Shen V, Joffe E, Stefanovski D, Redding L, Germanis L, Drobatz KJ, Watson B. Retrospective evaluation of outpatient canine parvovirus treatment in a shelter-based low-cost urban clinic. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2020; 30:202-208. [PMID: 32096333 DOI: 10.1111/vec.12941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate survival and associated risk factors when utilizing an outpatient treatment protocol for treatment of canine parvovirus (CPV) performed in a shelter-based low-cost urban clinic. DESIGN Retrospective study. SETTING Pennsylvania Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. ANIMALS Ninety-five CPV positive dogs presented between June 1 and July 31, 2016. Owners elected for outpatient care when inpatient care was not financially feasible and the dog was considered medically stable for outpatient care. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Of the 95 CPV positive dogs, 79 (83%) survived treatment. Logistic regression indicated that an increasing number of days with clinical signs prior to treatment and an increase in percent body weight during treatment were significantly associated with survival (odds ratio [OR], 3.15, P = 0.020; and OR, 1.29, P = 0.027, respectively). Hypothermia upon presentation (T < 37℃) was negatively associated with survival (OR, 0.002; P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The survival rate of this clinic suggests that an outpatient program may be a potential alternative treatment to inpatient care. Longer duration of clinical signs prior to treatment and an increase in percent body weight during treatment appear to be associated with increased survival outcomes, while hypothermia on presentation appears to be associated with decreased survival outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Perley
- Pennsylvania SPCA, Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Charlotte C Burns
- Pennsylvania SPCA, Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Caroline Maguire
- Pennsylvania SPCA, Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Virginia Shen
- Pennsylvania SPCA, Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - EmmaRose Joffe
- Pennsylvania SPCA, Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Darko Stefanovski
- Pennsylvania SPCA, Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Laurel Redding
- Pennsylvania SPCA, Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Lisa Germanis
- Pennsylvania SPCA, Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Kenneth J Drobatz
- Pennsylvania SPCA, Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Brittany Watson
- Pennsylvania SPCA, Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
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Petini M, Drigo M, Zoia A. Prognostic value of systemic inflammatory response syndrome and serum concentrations of acute phase proteins, cholesterol, and total thyroxine in cats with panleukopenia. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:719-724. [PMID: 31977127 PMCID: PMC7096634 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Feline parvovirus (FPV) is a common and potentially lethal infectious agent in cats. Objective To assess the prognostic value of age, neuter status, serum concentrations of serum amyloid A (SAA), haptoglobin, cholesterol and total thyroxine (tT4), and the presence of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) in cats with panleukopenia. Animals Client‐owned cats with FPV infection diagnosed by a positive fecal ELISA test, positive PCR on feces or blood or both. Methods Retrospective cohort study. The electronic medical database was searched for cats with FPV infection presented between January 2010 and January 2018. Cats were divided into survivors and nonsurvivors according to their survival status 28 days after hospital admission. The prognostic importance of each variable was investigated univariately and by multivariable Cox's proportional‐hazards regression. Finally, receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to identify the best cutoff value for discriminating survivors from nonsurvivors for the statistically significant prognostic predictors identified by multivariable analysis. Results Seventy cats were enrolled in the study. Multivariable analysis determined that only serum tT4 concentration at hospital admission was significantly (P = .01) associated with survival. A cutoff value of 0.82 μg/dL was identified by ROC curve analysis for serum tT4 concentration in discriminating survivors from nonsurvivors. Sensitivity at this cutoff was 73.9% and specificity was 82.9% (area under the curve, 0.783; 95% confidence interval, 0.668‐0.873; P < .0001). Conclusion and Clinical Relevance Serum tT4 concentration at hospital admission has prognostic value in cats with FPV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Petini
- Division of Internal Medicine, San Marco Veterinary Clinic, Padua, Italy
| | - Michele Drigo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Andrea Zoia
- Division of Internal Medicine, San Marco Veterinary Clinic, Padua, Italy
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Socioeconomic, geographic and climatic risk factors for canine parvovirus infection and euthanasia in Australia. Prev Vet Med 2019; 174:104816. [PMID: 31739219 PMCID: PMC7126844 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.104816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
11 % of Australian veterinary hospitals reported >40 canine parvovirus cases in 2016. Socioeconomic disadvantage was the strongest risk factor for canine parvovirus. Euthanasia is the leading cause of fatality for canine parvovirus related disease. Hottest month of the year is associated with canine parvovirus case occurrence. Low rainfall is associated with higher canine parvovirus cases.
Infection of canids with canine parvovirus (CPV) can result in severe, often fatal disease. This study aimed to examine climatic, socioeconomic and geographic risk factors for CPV infection and CPV-associated euthanasia in Australia. Australian veterinary hospital responses (534; 23.5 %) to a national veterinary survey of CPV case occurrences and euthanasias in 2016 were used. Severe caseloads (>40 cases per annum) were reported by 26 (11 %) hospitals (median 60 cases; IQR 50–110). Case reporting, case numbers, and without-treatment euthanasia were significantly associated with disadvantage across all Socio-Economic Index for Areas quintiles (p < 0.0001) – the greater the disadvantage, the more reports. Strong negative correlations were found between case numbers and the Index of Relative Socioeconomic Disadvantage (rSP = –0.3357, p < 0.0001) and also between euthanasia and the Index of Education and Occupation (rSP = –0.3762, p < 0.0001). Hospitals in more remote areas were also more likely to report cases and to euthanize without treatment (p < 0.0001). Of the climate variables, temperature of the hottest month was most strongly positively correlated with case numbers (rSP = 0.421, p < 0.0001), and lower annual rainfall was associated with more case-reporting hospitals (p < 0.0001). These results confirm that socioeconomic disadvantage is a significant risk-factor for CPV infection and outcome, and high temperature may also contribute to risk.
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Altered blood procalcitonin, C-reactive protein, and leucocytes count in association with canine parvovirus (CPV) enteritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-019-02941-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Corda A, Pinna Parpaglia ML, Sotgiu G, Zobba R, Gomez Ochoa P, Prieto Ramos J, French A. Use of 2-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography to assess left ventricular systolic function in dogs with systemic inflammatory response syndrome. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:423-431. [PMID: 30773683 PMCID: PMC6430955 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Early identification of systolic dysfunction in dogs with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) potentially could improve the outcome and decrease mortality. Objective To compare 2‐dimensional speckle tracking (2D‐STE) with 2‐dimensional (2D) and M‐mode echocardiography in the evaluation of systolic function in SIRS dogs. Animals Seventeen SIRS and 17 healthy dogs. Methods Prospective observational case‐control study. Each dog underwent physical examination, conventional echocardiography, 2D‐STE, and C‐reactive protein measurement. Results Dogs with SIRS had lower 2D‐STE ejection fraction (X4D‐EF; 44 ± 8 versus 53 ± 8; P = .003), endocardial global longitudinal strain (ENDO‐G‐Long‐St; −14.6 ± 3.2 versus −18.5 ± 4.1; P = .003), and normalized left ventricular diameter in diastole (1.38 ± 0.25 versus 1.54 ± 0.17; P = .04) and systole (0.85 ± 0.18 versus 0.97 ± 0.11; P = .03) as compared to healthy dogs. Simpson method of disks (SMOD) right parasternal EF (55 ± 9 versus 60 ± 6; P = .07) and end systolic volume index (ESVI; 23 ± 10 versus 21 ± 6; P = .61), SMOD left apical EF (59 ± 9 versus 59 ± 6; P = .87) and ESVI (20 ± 8 versus 22 ± 6; P = .25), fractional shortening (FS; 34 ± 5 versus 33 ± 4; P = .39), M‐mode EF (64 ± 7 versus 62 ± 5; P = .35), and ESVI (23 ± 11 versus 30 ± 9; P = .06) were not significantly different between SIRS and control group, respectively. Conclusion and Clinical Importance Speckle tracking X4D‐EF and ENDO‐G‐Long‐St are more sensitive than 2D and M‐Mode FS, EF, and ESVI in detecting systolic impairment in dogs with SIRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Corda
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Sotgiu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Rosanna Zobba
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Pablo Gomez Ochoa
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jorge Prieto Ramos
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Small Animal Hospital, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Anne French
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Small Animal Hospital, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Kelman M, Ward MP, Barrs VR, Norris JM. The geographic distribution and financial impact of canine parvovirus in Australia. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 66:299-311. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Kelman
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science The University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Michael P. Ward
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science The University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Vanessa R. Barrs
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science The University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Jacqueline M. Norris
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science The University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
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van den Berg MF, Schoeman JP, Defauw P, Whitehead Z, Breemersch A, Goethals K, Daminet S, Meyer E. Assessment of acute kidney injury in canine parvovirus infection: Comparison of kidney injury biomarkers with routine renal functional parameters. Vet J 2018; 242:8-14. [PMID: 30503549 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Dogs with naturally occurring canine parvovirus (CPV) infection are at risk of developing acute kidney injury (AKI) due to several factors, including severe dehydration, hypotension and sepsis. Serum creatinine (sCr) and serum urea are insensitive markers for the assessment of early kidney injury. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate potential kidney injury in dogs with CPV infection using both routine renal functional parameters and several kidney injury biomarkers. Twenty-two dogs with CPV infection were prospectively enrolled and compared with eight clinically healthy control dogs. Urinary immunoglobulin G (uIgG) and C-reactive protein (uCRP) were measured to document glomerular injury, whereas urinary retinol-binding protein (uRBP) and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (uNGAL) served as markers for tubular injury. These biomarkers were compared to routine renal functional parameters, including sCr, serum urea, urinary protein:creatinine ratio (UPC) and urine specific gravity (USG). Dogs with CPV infection had significantly higher concentrations of uIgG, uCRP, uRBP and uNGAL compared to healthy dogs. In contrast, sCr was significantly lower in dogs with CPV infection compared to controls, while serum urea was not significantly different. UPC and USG were both significantly higher in CPV-infected dogs. This study demonstrated that dogs with CPV infection had evidence of AKI, which remained undetected by the routine functional markers sCr and serum urea, but was revealed by UPC, uIgG, uCRP, uRBP and uNGAL. These results emphasize the added value of novel urinary kidney injury biomarkers to detect canine patients at risk of developing AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F van den Berg
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - J P Schoeman
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| | - P Defauw
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Z Whitehead
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| | - A Breemersch
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - K Goethals
- Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - S Daminet
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - E Meyer
- Department of Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Goggs R, Mastrocco A, Brooks MB. Retrospective evaluation of 4 methods for outcome prediction in overt disseminated intravascular coagulation in dogs (2009-2014): 804 cases. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2018; 28:541-550. [PMID: 30302935 DOI: 10.1111/vec.12777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The clinical diagnosis of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) in dogs is challenging. It was hypothesized that dogs with laboratory abnormalities consistent with overt DIC have increased mortality and hence survival could be used to evaluate the performance of DIC scoring systems. Four DIC scoring systems were compared in clinically ill dogs: The International Society of Thrombosis and Haemostasis (ISTH) score; a previously published veterinary DIC score; a system using in-house reference intervals (RIs) for coagulation assays; and the published veterinary DIC score modified by use of in-house RI values. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. SETTING University teaching hospital. ANIMALS Eight hundred four client-owned dogs with underlying disorders associated with DIC. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Medical records were reviewed to identify dogs for which a coagulation panel consisting of coagulation times, D-dimer concentration, antithrombin activity, fibrinogen concentration, and platelet count had been analyzed. Four methods for overt DIC scoring were then applied, and the ability of these scores to predict mortality was evaluated. Use of institution RIs for diagnosis of overt DIC provided the most accurate prognostic assessment. A score based on abnormalities in 3 of 6 parameters to identify overt DIC was 72.7% sensitive and 80.9% specific for mortality and was accurate in 78.4% of cases. The mortality rate of dogs diagnosed with overt DIC via this method was 62.5%, compared to 12.9% in the dogs not in overt DIC, a relative risk of nonsurvival of 4.84 (95% confidence interval 3.80-6.16). CONCLUSIONS In dogs at-risk for DIC, an in-house RI scoring system accurately predicted mortality. With further prospective validation, this system holds promise as a diagnostic tool for consistent characterization of overt DIC in clinical studies and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Goggs
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, 14853
| | - Alicia Mastrocco
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, 14853
| | - Marjory B Brooks
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, 14853
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Sarpong KJ, Lukowski JM, Knapp CG. Evaluation of mortality rate and predictors of outcome in dogs receiving outpatient treatment for parvoviral enteritis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2017; 251:1035-1041. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.251.9.1035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Altman K, Kelman M, Ward M. Are vaccine strain, type or administration protocol risk factors for canine parvovirus vaccine failure? Vet Microbiol 2017; 210:8-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Molecular characterization of canine parvovirus and canine enteric coronavirus in diarrheic dogs on the island of St. Kitts: First report from the Caribbean region. Virus Res 2017; 240:154-160. [PMID: 28847699 PMCID: PMC7114545 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Although canine parvovirus (CPV) and canine enteric coronavirus (CCoV) are important enteric pathogens of dogs and have been studied extensively in different parts of the world, there are no reports on these viruses from the Caribbean region. During 2015–2016, a total of 104 diarrheic fecal samples were collected from puppies and adult dogs, with or without hemorrhagic gastroenteritis, on the Caribbean island of St. Kitts (KNA). By PCR, 25 (24%, n = 104) samples tested positive for CPV. Based on analysis of the complete deduced VP2 amino acid sequences, 20 of the KNA CPV strains were assigned to new CPV-2a (also designated as CPV-2a-297A). On the other hand, the VP2 genes of the remaining 5 strains were partially characterized, or could not be sequenced. New CPV-2a was the predominant CPV variant in St. Kitts, contrasting the molecular epidemiology of CPV variants reported in most studies from nearby North and South American countries. By RT-PCR, CCoVs were detected in 5 samples (4.8%, n = 104). Based on analysis of partial M-protein gene, the KNA CCoV strains were assigned to CCoV-I genotype, and were closely related to CCoV-I strains from Brazil. To our knowledge, this is the first report on detection and genetic diversity of CPV and CCoV in dogs from the Caribbean region, and underscores the importance of similar studies in the other Caribbean islands.
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Stull JW, Kasten JI, Evason MD, Sherding RG, Hoet AE, O'Quin J, Burkhard MJ, Weese JS. Risk reduction and management strategies to prevent transmission of infectious disease among dogs at dog shows, sporting events, and other canine group settings. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2017; 249:612-27. [PMID: 27585099 DOI: 10.2460/javma.249.6.612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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50
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Gerlach M, Proksch AL, Unterer S, Speck S, Truyen U, Hartmann K. Efficacy of feline anti-parvovirus antibodies in the treatment of canine parvovirus infection. J Small Anim Pract 2017; 58:408-415. [PMID: 28369886 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This prospective, randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blinded study aimed to evaluate efficacy of commercially available feline anti-parvovirus antibodies in dogs with canine parvovirus infection. METHODS First, cross-protection of feline panleukopenia virus antibodies against canine parvovirus was evaluated in vitro. In the subsequent prospective clinical trial, 31 dogs with clinical signs of canine parvovirus infection and a positive faecal canine parvovirus polymerase chain reaction were randomly assigned to a group receiving feline panleukopenia virus antibodies (n=15) or placebo (n=16). All dogs received additional routine treatment. Clinical signs, blood parameters, time to clinical recovery and mortality were compared between the groups. Serum antibody titres and quantitative faecal polymerase chain reaction were compared on days 0, 3, 7, and 14. RESULTS In vitro, canine parvovirus was fully neutralised by feline panleukopenia virus antibodies. There were no detected significant differences in clinical signs, time to clinical recovery, blood parameters, mortality, faecal virus load, or viral shedding between groups. Dogs in the placebo group showed a significant increase of serum antibody titres and a significant decrease of faecal virus load between day 14 and day 0, which was not detectable in dogs treated with feline panleukopenia virus antibodies. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE No significant beneficial effect of passively transferred feline anti-parvovirus antibodies in the used dosage regimen on the treatment of canine parvovirus infection was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gerlach
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - A L Proksch
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - S Unterer
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - S Speck
- Institute for Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, University of Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - U Truyen
- Institute for Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, University of Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - K Hartmann
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, 80539, Munich, Germany
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