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Nabi MM, Wang J, Journey CA, Bradley PM, Baalousha M. Temporal variability in TiO 2 engineered particle concentrations in rural Edisto River. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 297:134091. [PMID: 35218785 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is widely used in engineered particles including engineered nanomaterial (ENM) and pigments, yet its occurrence, concentrations, temporal variability, and fate in natural environmental systems are poorly understood. For three years, we monitored TiO2 concentrations in a rural river basin (Edisto River, < 1% urban land cover) in South Carolina, United States. The total concentrations of Ti, Nb, Al, Fe, Ce, and La in the Edisto River trended higher during spring/summer compared to autumn/winter. Upward trending Ti/Nb ratio in the spring/summer compared to near-background autumn/winter ratios of 255.7 ± 8.9 indicated agricultural preparation and growing-season-related increases in TiO2 engineered particles. In contrast, downward trending of the Ti/Al and Ti/Fe ratios in the spring and summer compared to the near-background autumn/winter ratios of 0.05 indicated greater mobilization of Fe and Al, relative to Ti during spring/summer. Surface-water concentrations of TiO2 engineered particles varied between 0 and 128.7 ± 3.9 μg TiO2 L-1. Increases in TiO2 concentrations over the spring/summer were associated with increases in phosphorus, orthophosphate, nitrate, ammonia, anthropogenic gadolinium, water temperature, suspended sediments, organic carbon, and alkalinity, and with decreases in dissolved oxygen. The association between these contaminants together with the timing of the increases in their concentrations is consistent with diffuse wastewater sources, such as reuse application overspray, biosolids fertilization, leaking sewers, or septic tanks, as the driver of instream concentrations; however, other diffuse sources cannot be ruled out. The findings of this study indicate spatially-distributed (non-point source) releases can result in high concentrations of TiO2 engineered particles, which may pose higher risks to rural stream aquatic ecosystems during the agricultural season. The results illustrate the importance of monitoring seasonal variations in engineered particles concentrations in surface waters for a more representative assessment of ecosystem risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Mahmudun Nabi
- Center for Environmental Nanoscience and Risk, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Jingjing Wang
- Center for Environmental Nanoscience and Risk, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Celeste A Journey
- U.S. Geological Survey, South Atlantic Water Science Center, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Paul M Bradley
- U.S. Geological Survey, South Atlantic Water Science Center, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Mohammed Baalousha
- Center for Environmental Nanoscience and Risk, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States.
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2
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Zhang Y, Zhang M, Yu W, Li J, Kong D. Ecotoxicological risk ranking of 19 metals in the lower Yangtze River of China based on their threats to aquatic wildlife. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 812:152370. [PMID: 34915017 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
With thousands of chemicals discharged into the aquatic environment, it is necessary to identify those that are likely to be having the greatest impact on wildlife to better protect the ecosystem. A risk ranking approach was developed to compare the ecotoxicological risk of chemicals on aquatic wildlife with a wide range of environmental measurement data and ecotoxicity data. Nineteen metals including some rarely monitored ones including antimony (Sb), molybdenum (Mo), cobalt (Co), vanadium (V), titanium (Ti) and thallium (Tl) in the lower Yangtze River were risk ranked as a case study. The risk ranking approach was conducted in three tiers: general risk ranking, lethal effects vs. non-lethal effects risk ranking, and species group-specific risk ranking. Iron, copper and titanium were identified as being of greatest concern. The contamination of iron, zinc, copper and nickel was widespread and may have already harmed wildlife according to the overlap between ecotoxicity and monitored levels. Based on this analysis, the risk from copper and some rarely monitored metals (titanium and boron) may have been underestimated. Greater efforts to reduce copper, iron and titanium contamination could make an important difference to the health of Chinese freshwater organisms in the Yangtze River.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueqing Zhang
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environment and Ecology of China, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Weixian Yu
- School of Science, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China
| | - Juying Li
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environment and Ecology of China, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Deyang Kong
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environment and Ecology of China, Nanjing 210042, China.
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3
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Wang JL, Alasonati E, Fisicaro P, Benedetti MF. Titanium nanoparticles fate in small-sized watersheds under different land-uses. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 422:126695. [PMID: 34418834 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Surface waters from three catchments having contrasting land-uses (forested, agricultural, and urban) were sampled monthly and analysed for nanoparticulate titanium dioxide (NPs-TiO2) by single particle ICPMS and electron microscopy. We report one-year of data for NPs-TiO2 having average number and mass concentrations of 9.1 × 108 NPs-TiO2 particles L-1 and 11 µg NPs-TiO2 L-1 respectively. An increase in concentration during warmer months is observed in the forested and agricultural catchments. Both concentrations of NPs-TiO2 are within the range of recently reported values using similar analytical approaches. The positive correlations for NPs-TiO2 mass concentration or particle number with the concentration of some trace elements and DOC in the forested and agricultural catchments suggest the detected NPs-TiO2 in these two systems are mostly from geogenic origin. Additionally, microscopy imaging confirmed the presence of NPs in the three catchments. Furthermore, the land-area normalized annual flux of NPs-TiO2 (1.65 kg TiO2 year-1 km-2) was highest for the agricultural catchment, suggesting that agricultural practices have a different impact on the NPs-TiO2 dynamics and exports than other land-uses (urban or forestry). A similar trend is also found by the reanalysis of recent literature data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Lan Wang
- Université de Paris, Institut de physique du globe de Paris, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France; Department of Biomedical and Inorganic Chemistry, Laboratoire National de Métrologie et d'Essais (LNE), 1 rue Gaston Boissier, Paris 75015, France
| | - Enrica Alasonati
- Department of Biomedical and Inorganic Chemistry, Laboratoire National de Métrologie et d'Essais (LNE), 1 rue Gaston Boissier, Paris 75015, France
| | - Paola Fisicaro
- Department of Biomedical and Inorganic Chemistry, Laboratoire National de Métrologie et d'Essais (LNE), 1 rue Gaston Boissier, Paris 75015, France
| | - Marc F Benedetti
- Université de Paris, Institut de physique du globe de Paris, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France.
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4
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López ADF, Fabiani M, Lassalle VL, Spetter CV, Severini MDF. Critical review of the characteristics, interactions, and toxicity of micro/nanomaterials pollutants in aquatic environments. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 174:113276. [PMID: 35090270 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.113276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A wide range of contaminants of emerging concern such as micro/nanoplastics (MPs/PNPs) and metal-nanoparticles (Me-NPs) from anthropogenic activities have been identified in aquatic environments. The hazardous effects of these micro/nanomaterials as pollutants in organisms and the lack of knowledge about their behavior in aquatic environments have generated growing concern in the scientific community. The nanomaterials have a colloidal-type behavior due to their size range but with differences in their physicochemical properties. This review comprises the behavior of micro/nanomaterials pollutants and the physicochemical interactions between MPs/PNPs and Me-NPs in aquatic environments, and their potential toxicological effects in organisms. Moreover, this article describes the potential use of Me-NPs to remove MPs/PNPs present in the water column due to their photocatalytic and magnetic properties. It also discusses the challenge to determine harmful effects of micro/nanomaterials pollutants in organisms and provides future research directions to improve integrated management strategies to mitigate their environmental impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Forero López
- Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía (IADO), CONICET/UNS, CCT-Bahía Blanca, Camino La Carrindanga, km 7.5, Edificio E1, B8000FWB Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - M Fabiani
- Instituto de Química del Sur (INQUISUR), Av. Alem 1253, B8000CPB Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - V L Lassalle
- Instituto de Química del Sur (INQUISUR), Av. Alem 1253, B8000CPB Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Avenida Alem 1253, B8000CPB Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - C V Spetter
- Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía (IADO), CONICET/UNS, CCT-Bahía Blanca, Camino La Carrindanga, km 7.5, Edificio E1, B8000FWB Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Avenida Alem 1253, B8000CPB Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M D Fernandez Severini
- Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía (IADO), CONICET/UNS, CCT-Bahía Blanca, Camino La Carrindanga, km 7.5, Edificio E1, B8000FWB Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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5
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Characterization of ozone dosage reduction mechanism in catalytic ozonation process coupled with coagulation and flocculation. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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6
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de Miranda LLR, Harvey KE, Ahmed A, Harvey SC. UV-filter pollution: current concerns and future prospects. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:840. [PMID: 34822005 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09626-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
UV-filters are widely used in cosmetics and personal care products to protect users' skin from redamage caused by ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun. Globally, an estimated 16,000 to 25,000 tonnes of products containing UV-filters were used in 2014 with modern consumption likely to be much higher. Beyond this use in cosmetics and personal care products, UV-filters are also widely used to provide UV-stability in industrial products such as paints and plastics. This review discusses the main routes by which UV-filters enter aquatic environments and summarises the conclusions of studies from the past 10 years that have investigated the effects of UV-filters on environmentally relevant species including corals, microalgae, fish, and marine mammals. Safety data regarding the potential impact of UV-filters on human health are also discussed. Finally, we explore the challenges surrounding UV-filter removal and research on more environmentally friendly alternatives to current UV-filters.
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Affiliation(s)
- L L R de Miranda
- Biomolecular Research Group, School of Psychology and Life Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury, Kent, CT1 1QU, UK
| | - K E Harvey
- Biomolecular Research Group, School of Psychology and Life Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury, Kent, CT1 1QU, UK
| | - A Ahmed
- Biomolecular Research Group, School of Psychology and Life Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury, Kent, CT1 1QU, UK
| | - S C Harvey
- Biomolecular Research Group, School of Psychology and Life Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury, Kent, CT1 1QU, UK.
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7
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Li S, Wang W, Zhang Q, Yan B. Co-exposures of TiO 2 nanoparticles and cadmium ions at non-lethal doses aggravates liver injury in mice with ConA-induced hepatitis. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 86:103669. [PMID: 33964399 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2021.103669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The wide applications of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TNP) and ubiquitous cadmium (Cd) pollution increase the chances of their co-existence in the environment and also pose potential health risks to humans. However, toxicological understanding of effects of co-exposures of TNP and Cd to mammals is still lacking. In this study, non-lethal doses of TNP and CdCl2 were intravenously co-administered to healthy or Concanavalin A (ConA)-induced acute hepatitis mice. Co-exposures of TNP and CdCl2 increased the accumulation of Cd2+ in the liver of hepatitis mice, which was 1.42-fold higher than that of healthy mice. Co-exposures also caused liver damage only in hepatitis mice on the basis of histopathological and biochemical evidence. Further study showed that co-exposure upregulated hepatic oxidative stress, which further induced autophagy and apoptosis only in the liver of hepatitis mice. This finding underlines the potential toxicological consequences of co-exposures of TNP and CdCl2 in hepatitis sufferers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaishuai Li
- School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Wenwei Wang
- School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Qiu Zhang
- School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China.
| | - Bing Yan
- School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China; Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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8
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Mittal K, Rahim AA, George S, Ghoshal S, Basu N. Characterizing the effects of titanium dioxide and silver nanoparticles released from painted surfaces due to weathering on zebrafish ( Danio rerio). Nanotoxicology 2021; 15:527-541. [PMID: 33756094 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2021.1897173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Silver (nAg) and titanium dioxide nanoparticles (nTiO2) are common engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) added into paint for their antimicrobial and whitening properties, respectively. Weathering of outdoor painted surfaces can release such ENPs, though little is known about the potential effects of released ENPs on aquatic species. The objective of this study was to characterize the toxicity of nAg and nTiO2 released from painted panels using fish liver cells (CRL2643) and zebrafish embryos (OECD 236 embryotoxicity test). Cells and embryos were exposed to suspensions of pristine nAg or nTiO2, panels (unpainted or painted with nAg or nTiO2) or base paint, after sonication. Cell viability and gene expression were assessed using resazurin assay and qPCR, respectively, while embryo mortality and deformities were scored visually via microscopic examination. In the cell studies, both paint-released nanoparticles did not affect viability, but paint-released nAg resulted in differential expression of a few genes including gclc and ncf1. In embryos, paint-released nAg increased mortality and incidence of deformities, whereas paint-released nTiO2 resulted in differential expression of several genes including gclc, ncf1, txnrd1, gpx1b, and cyp1c1 but without major phenotypic abnormalities. Comparing the two types of exposures, paint-released exposures affected both molecular (gene expression) and apical (embryotoxicity) endpoints, while pristine exposures affected the expression of some genes but had no apical effects. The differing effects of paint-released and pristine nanoparticle exposures suggest that further research is needed to further understand how paint coatings (and the products of their weathering and aging) may influence nanoparticle toxicity to aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krittika Mittal
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Saji George
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Subhasis Ghoshal
- Department of Civil Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Niladri Basu
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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9
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Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Surface Water Quality in Mokopane Area, Limpopo, South Africa. WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13020220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Considering the well-documented impacts of land-use change on water resources and the rapid land-use conversions occurring throughout Africa, in this study, we conducted a spatiotemporal analysis of surface water quality and its relation with the land use and land cover (LULC) pattern in Mokopane, Limpopo province of South Africa. Various physico-chemical parameters were analyzed for surface water samples collected from five sampling locations from 2016 to 2020. Time-series analysis of key surface water quality parameters was performed to identify the essential hydrological processes governing water quality. The analyzed water quality data were also used to calculate the heavy metal pollution index (HPI), heavy metal evaluation index (HEI) and weighted water quality index (WQI). Also, the spatial trend of water quality is compared with LULC changes from 2015 to 2020. Results revealed that the concentration of most of the physico-chemical parameters in the water samples was beyond the World Health Organization (WHO) adopted permissible limit, except for a few parameters in some locations. Based on the calculated values of HPI and HEI, water quality samples were categorized as low to moderately polluted water bodies, whereas all water samples fell under the poor category (>100) and beyond based on the calculated WQI. Looking precisely at the water quality’s temporal trend, it is found that most of the sampling shows a deteriorating trend from 2016 to 2019. However, the year 2020 shows a slightly improving trend on water quality, which can be justified by lowering human activities during the lockdown period imposed by COVID-19. Land use has a significant relationship with surface water quality, and it was evident that built-up land had a more significant negative impact on water quality than the other land use classes. Both natural processes (rock weathering) and anthropogenic activities (wastewater discharge, industrial activities etc.) were found to be playing a vital role in water quality evolution. This study suggests that continuous assessment and monitoring of the spatial and temporal variability of water quality in Limpopo is important to control pollution and health safety in the future.
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10
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Nabi MM, Wang J, Baalousha M. Episodic surges in titanium dioxide engineered particle concentrations in surface waters following rainfall events. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 263:128261. [PMID: 33297205 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Quantifying and characterizing engineered particles in environmental systems is key for assessing their risk but remains challenging and requires the distinction between natural and engineered particles. The objective of this study was to characterize and quantify the concentrations of titanium dioxide engineered particles in the Broad River, Columbia, South Carolina, United States during and following rainfall events. The elemental ratio distributions of Ti/Nb, Ti/Fe, and Ti/Al, determined on a single particle basis using inductively coupled plasma-time of flight-mass spectrometry (SP-ICP-TOF-MS), were similar between samples during the different rainfall events, indicating that naturally occurring particles had the same elemental ratios and origin. Therefore, the changes in the Ti/Nb ratios in the bulk water samples were attributed to the introduction of titanium dioxide engineered particles into the Broad River with urban runoff during and following rainfall events. The total concentrations of Ti, Fe, Al, Nb, Ce, and La in the Broad River followed the same trend of rise and fall as the discharge/runoff. The elemental ratios of Ti/Nb were higher (e.g., 330 to 565) than the average crustal values (e.g., 320) and the natural background elemental ratios in surface waters in Columbia, SC (e.g., 266.4 ± 8.9), suggesting contamination with titanium dioxide engineered particles. The concentration of titanium dioxide engineered particles were estimated by mass balance calculations using total titanium concentrations and increases in Ti/Nb ratios above the natural background ratios. The concentrations of titanium dioxide engineered particles in the Broad River varied between 20 and 140 μg TiO2 L-1 following rainfall events. The source of titanium dioxide was attributed to urban runoff due to the absence of sewage contamination as indicated by the low size of the gadolinium anomaly. The findings of this study demonstrate that urban runoff is a major source of titanium dioxide engineered particles to urban rivers, which results in episodic high concentrations of titanium dioxide engineered particles, which may pose environmental risks during and following rainfall events. This study also highlights the importance of determining the temporal variations in engineered particle concentrations in surface waters for a more comprehensive risk assessment of engineered particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Mahmudun Nabi
- Center for Environmental Nanoscience and Risk, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Jingjing Wang
- Center for Environmental Nanoscience and Risk, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Mohammed Baalousha
- Center for Environmental Nanoscience and Risk, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.
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11
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Wang J, Nabi MM, Mohanty SK, Afrooz AN, Cantando E, Aich N, Baalousha M. Detection and quantification of engineered particles in urban runoff. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 248:126070. [PMID: 32028165 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Urban runoff conveys contaminants including titanium dioxide (TiO2), widely used as engineered nanoparticles (e.g., 1-100 nm) and pigments (e.g., 100-300 nm) in the urban environment, to receiving surface waters. Yet, the concentrations of TiO2 engineered particles (e.g., engineered nanoparticles and pigments) in urban runoff has not been determined due to difficulties in distinguishing natural from engineered TiO2 particles in environmental matrices. The present study examines the occurrence and estimates the concentrations of TiO2 engineered particles in urban runoff under wet- and dry-weather conditions. Urban runoff was collected from two bridges in Columbia, South Carolina, USA under wet-weather conditions and from the Ballona Creek and Los Angeles (LA) River in Los Angeles, California, USA under dry-weather conditions. The concentrations of TiO2 engineered particles were determined by mass balance calculations based on shifts in elemental concentration ratios in urban runoff relative to natural background elemental ratios. Elemental ratios of Ti to Nb in urban runoff were higher than the natural background ratios, indicating Ti contamination. The occurrence of TiO2 engineered particles was further confirmed by transmission electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy. The concentration of TiO2 engineered particles in urban runoff was estimated to be in the range of 5-150 μg L-1. Therefore, this study identifies urban runoff as a previously unaccounted source of TiO2 engineered particle release to the environment, which should be included in engineered nanoparticle fate modeling studies and in estimating environmental release of engineered nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Wang
- Center for Environmental Nanoscience and Risk, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Md Mahmudun Nabi
- Center for Environmental Nanoscience and Risk, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Sanjay K Mohanty
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Arm Nabiul Afrooz
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project, Costa Mesa, CA, United States
| | - Elizabeth Cantando
- Virginia Tech National Center for Earth and Environmental Nanotechnology (NanoEarth), 1991 Kraft Dr., Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Nirupam Aich
- Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14260, United States
| | - Mohammed Baalousha
- Center for Environmental Nanoscience and Risk, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States.
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12
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Sungur Ş, Kaya P, Koroglu M. Determination of titanium dioxide nanoparticles used in various foods. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2020; 13:260-267. [PMID: 32456558 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2020.1769193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is commonly used in foods with code E171. There is information on the food packaging that it contains E171 in the ingredients section. However, there is no information on the amount of E171 used as ingredient. Therefore, determination of TiO2 content of foods is extremely important for human health. In this study, confectionary foods, chewing gums, chocolates and white colored foods were investigated. TiO2 levels of investigated foods were determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The average titanium dioxide concentrations were found ranging from 3 to 2400 mg kg-1. The size of TiO2 particles in the foods samples was determined with transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Titanium dioxide nanoparticles in the studied foods were found to vary in size from 30 to 410 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Şana Sungur
- Science and Letters Faculty, Department of Chemistry, Mustafa Kemal University , Hatay, Turkey
| | - Pınar Kaya
- Science and Letters Faculty, Department of Chemistry, Mustafa Kemal University , Hatay, Turkey
| | - Muaz Koroglu
- Science and Letters Faculty, Department of Chemistry, Mustafa Kemal University , Hatay, Turkey
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13
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Sanchís J, Jiménez-Lamana J, Abad E, Szpunar J, Farré M. Occurrence of Cerium-, Titanium-, and Silver-Bearing Nanoparticles in the Besòs and Ebro Rivers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:3969-3978. [PMID: 32191837 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b05996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The presence of anthropogenic nanoparticles (NPs) in the aquatic environment has become an emerging concern in terms of environmental and health safety. In the present study, we assessed the presence of Ag-bearing, Ti-bearing, and Ce-bearing NPs in the Barcelona catchment area, including the Besòs River basin and the Barcelona coast, and in the Ebro River Delta, using single particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (sp-ICP-MS). Ti-NPs and Ce-NPs were ubiquitously detected in surface waters, and their presence was related to a high natural background. Concentrations of Ti-NPs ranged from 23.2 × 106 to 298 × 106 Ti-NPs/L, with high concentrations being detected in areas with little anthropogenic pressure, while the presence of nanosilver (17.9 × 106 to 45.1 × 106 Ag-NPs/L) in the analyzed rivers was limited to certain hotspots close to wastewater treatment plants discharge points. The concentrations of Ce-NPs in the river ranged from 18.1 × 106 to 278 × 106 NPs/L, and they were related to the natural occurrence of the mineral Monazite-(Ce). Overall, the concentrations of these nanomaterials in the Barcelonan coast were significantly attenuated by river-sea environmental dilution. Nevertheless, Ce-NPs were eventually detected in some seawater samples with low levels of lanthanum-NPs, suggesting anthropogenic inputs of nanoCeO2, probably from atmospheric deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Sanchís
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA- CSIC), C/Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, H2O Building, C/Emili Grahit, 101, E17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
- University of Girona, 17071, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | | | - Esteban Abad
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA- CSIC), C/Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joanna Szpunar
- Universite de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2SUPPA, CNRS, IPREM, Pau, France
| | - Marinella Farré
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA- CSIC), C/Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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14
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Sousa VS, Ribau Teixeira M. Metal-based engineered nanoparticles in the drinking water treatment systems: A critical review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 707:136077. [PMID: 31863978 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of nanotechnologically-enabled materials, compounds or products inevitably leads to engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) released into surface waters. ENPs have already been detected in wastewater streams, drinking water sources and even in tap water at concentrations in the ng/L and μg/L range, making the latter a potential route for humans. The presence of ENPs in raw waters raises concerns over the possibility that ENPs might pose a hazard to the quality and security of drinking water and whether drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) are prepared to handle this problem. Therefore, it is essential to critically evaluate if ENPs can be effectively removed through water treatment processes to control environmental and human health risks associated with their release. This review includes a summary of the available information on production, presence, potential hazards to human health and environment, and release and behaviour of metal-based ENPs in surface waters and drinking water. In addition, the most extensively studied water treatment processes to remove metal-based ENPs, specifically conventional and advanced processes, are discussed and highlighted in detail. Furthermore, this work identifies the research gaps regarding ENPs removal in DWTPs and discusses future aspects of ENPs in water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vânia Serrão Sousa
- CENSE, Center for Environmental and Sustainability Research, Portugal; University of Algarve, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, bldg 7, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Margarida Ribau Teixeira
- CENSE, Center for Environmental and Sustainability Research, Portugal; University of Algarve, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, bldg 7, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.
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15
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Westerhoff P, Atkinson A, Fortner J, Wong MS, Zimmerman J, Gardea-Torresdey J, Ranville J, Herckes P. Low risk posed by engineered and incidental nanoparticles in drinking water. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 13:661-669. [PMID: 30082812 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-018-0217-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Natural nanoparticles (NNPs) in rivers, lakes, oceans and ground water predate humans, but engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) are emerging as potential pollutants due to increasing regulatory and public perception concerns. This Review contrasts the sources, composition and potential occurrence of NNPs (for example, two-dimensional clays, multifunctional viruses and metal oxides) and ENPs in surface water, after centralized drinking water treatment, and in tap water. While analytical detection challenges exist, ENPs are currently orders of magnitude less common than NNPs in waters that flow into drinking water treatment plants. Because such plants are designed to remove small-sized NNPs, they are also very good at removing ENPs. Consequently, ENP concentrations in tap water are extremely low and pose low risk during ingestion. However, after leaving drinking water treatment plants, corrosion by-products released from distribution pipes or in-home premise plumbing can release incidental nanoparticles into tap water. The occurrence and toxicity of incidental nanoparticles, rather than ENPs, should therefore be the focus of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Westerhoff
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
| | - Ariel Atkinson
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - John Fortner
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael S Wong
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, Department of Chemical Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Julie Zimmerman
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jorge Gardea-Torresdey
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, Department of Chemistry, University of Texas - El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - James Ranville
- Department of Chemistry and Geochemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA
| | - Pierre Herckes
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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16
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Peters RJB, van Bemmel G, Milani NBL, den Hertog GCT, Undas AK, van der Lee M, Bouwmeester H. Detection of nanoparticles in Dutch surface waters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 621:210-218. [PMID: 29179077 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Nano-enabled consumer products are a likely source of nanoparticles in the environment and a number of studies have shown the release of nanoparticles from commercial products. Predicted environmental concentrations have been calculated but there is a need for real measurement data to validate these calculations. However, the detection of engineered nanoparticles in environmental matrices is challenging because of the low predicted environmental concentrations which may be in the ng/L range. In this study nanosized Ag, CeO2 and TiO2 have been measured in multiple surface water samples collected along the rivers Meuse and IJssel in the Netherlands using single-particle ICP-MS as measurement technique. Validation of the analytical method showed its capability to quantitatively determine nanoparticles at low concentrations. Concentration mass detection limits for Ag, CeO2 and TiO2 were 0.1ng/L, 0.05ng/L and 10ng/L respectively. Size detection limits for Ag, CeO2 and TiO2 were 14, 10 and 100nm. The results of the study confirm the presence of nano-sized Ag and CeO2 particles and micro-sized TiO2 particles in these surface waters. n-Ag was present in all samples in concentrations ranging from 0.3 to 2.5ng/L with an average concentration of 0.8ng/L and an average particle size of 15nm. n-CeO2 was found in all samples with concentrations ranging from 0.4 to 5.2ng/L with an average concentration of 2.7ng/L and an average particle size of 19nm. Finally, μ-TiO2 was found in all samples with a concentration ranging from 0.2 to 8.1μg/L with an average concentration of 3.1μg/L and an average particle size of 300nm. The particle sizes that were found are comparable with the particle sizes that are used in nanomaterial applications and consumer products. The nanoparticle concentrations confirm the predicted environmental concentrations values in water for all three nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruud J B Peters
- RIKILT Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Greet van Bemmel
- RIKILT Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nino B L Milani
- RIKILT Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Anna K Undas
- RIKILT Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Hans Bouwmeester
- RIKILT Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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17
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Qin J, Sui M, Yuan B, Wang J, Yuan Z, Xu G. The decay of silver nanoparticles in preoxidation process. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 619-620:1618-1627. [PMID: 29103649 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the fate of metal-based nanoparticles in water oxidation treatment processes, the decay of Ag-NPs in the presence of three kinds of water treatment preoxidants, sodium hypochlorite (NaClO), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and potassium permanganate (KMnO4), was investigated in this work. Dissolution of Ag-NPs into silver ions (Ag+) was found to occur under exposure to NaClO, H2O2 and KMnO4. The morphology of Ag-NPs changed after reacting with NaClO, H2O2 and KMnO4. Factors affecting the decay of Ag-NPs, i.e., the dosage of oxidants, pH, the presence of humic acid, typical ions in water, and the size of the nanoparticles, were investigated. A higher dosage of oxidants, the presence of calcium ions, and lower size of Ag-NPs promoted the decay of Ag-NPs. The presence of humic acid and sulfide ions inhibited the decay of Ag-NPs. The decay of Ag-NPs under exposure to oxidants was significantly affected by the pH. The mechanism of the Ag-NPs in the presence of oxidants under different environmental conditions is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| | - Minghao Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| | - Bojie Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| | - Jingyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| | - Zhen Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| | - Guangyi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
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18
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Baranidharan S, Kumar A. Preliminary evidence of nanoparticle occurrence in water from different regions of Delhi (India). ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2018; 190:240. [PMID: 29568994 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-018-6529-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to obtain preliminary evidence of metal-based nanoparticle (NP) occurrence in Delhi (India). Six sampling locations (inlets and outlets of two different municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), groundwater, and river water) were collected in three independent sampling events. Microscopic analysis (TEM) found majority (40%) of the particles ranged between 150 and 200 nm followed by particles of size 100-150 nm (22%) at the inlet of WWTP, while at outlet, 90% of the particles were < 100 nm. Compared with the outlet of the WWTPs, particles at the inlet were found to be greater than 40%. Intensity-based particle size distribution (PSD) revealed particle size at influent in the range of 210 nm, while at effluent, particle size for both WWTPs ranged < 100 nm. Particles of size between 100 and 200 nm were found to get removed from both the treatment plants and thus making it evident that NP gets settled or adsorbed in sludge. Spectral analysis (EDX) further confirmed the presence of metals such as Al, As, Ag, Mn, Fe, Ti, and Zn at different weight percentages. Overall, findings of this study confirmed the presence of metal-based engineered NPs (ENPs) from anthropogenic sources and it cannot also be ruled out the possible formation of NPs within the wastewater from natural minerals. Moreover, to solve definitive clues for ascertaining the sources of NPs in complex samples, more sophisticated research techniques, such as inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) in combination with field flow fractionation, single-particle ICP-MS, and radio-labeling in combination or in single should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Baranidharan
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India
| | - Arun Kumar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India.
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19
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Lai RWS, Yeung KWY, Yung MMN, Djurišić AB, Giesy JP, Leung KMY. Regulation of engineered nanomaterials: current challenges, insights and future directions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:3060-3077. [PMID: 28639026 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9489-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Substantial production and wide applications of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) have raised concerns over their potential influences on the environment and humans. However, regulations of products containing ENMs are scarce, even in countries with the greatest volume of ENMs produced, such as the United States and China. After a comprehensive review of life cycles of ENMs, five major challenges to regulators posed by ENMs are proposed in this review: (a) ENMs exhibit variable physicochemical characteristics, which makes them difficult for regulators to establish regulatory definition; (b) Due to diverse sources and transport pathways for ENMs, it is difficult to monitor or predict their fates in the environment; (c) There is a lack of reliable techniques for quantifying exposures to ENMs; (d) Because of diverse intrinsic properties of ENMs and dynamic environmental conditions, it is difficult to predict bioavailability of ENMs on wildlife and the environment; and (e) There are knowledge gaps in toxicity and toxic mechanisms of ENMs from which to predict their hazards. These challenges are all related to issues in conventional assessments of risks that regulators rely on. To address the fast-growing nanotechnology market with limited resources, four ENMs (nanoparticles of Ag, TiO2, ZnO and Fe2O3) have been prioritized for research. Compulsory reporting schemes (registration and labelling) for commercial products containing ENMs should be adopted. Moreover, to accommodate their potential risks in time, an integrative use of quantitative structure-activity relationship and adverse outcome pathway (QSAR-AOP), together with qualitative alternatives to conventional risk assessment are proposed as tools for decision making of regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Racliffe W S Lai
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Katie W Y Yeung
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mana M N Yung
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - John P Giesy
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Kenneth M Y Leung
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China.
- State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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20
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Sonane M, Moin N, Satish A. The role of antioxidants in attenuation of Caenorhabditis elegans lethality on exposure to TiO 2 and ZnO nanoparticles. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 187:240-247. [PMID: 28854380 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.08.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The exponential increase in the usage of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) has raised global concerns due to their potential toxicity and environmental impacts. Nano-TiO2 and nano-ZnO have been extensively used in various applications. Thus, there is a need for determining the toxic potentials of ENPs as well as, to develop the possible attenuation method for ENPs toxicity. Both in the in vitro and in vivo systems, exposure to the majority of ENPs have shown Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) generation, which leads to oxidative stress mediated inflammation, genotoxicity, and cytotoxicity. Hence, with the rationale of determining easy and economical protection against ENPs exposure, the amelioration effect of the antioxidants (curcumin and vitamin-C) against the nano-TiO2 and nano-ZnO induced ROS and lethality were investigated in Caenorhabditis elegans. We not only employed pre-treatment and along with treatment approach, but also determined the effect of antioxidants at different time points of treatment. Our study revealed that both the antioxidants efficiently ameliorate nanoparticles induced ROS as well as lethality in worms. Further, the pretreatment approach was more effective than the along with treatment. Therefore, our study indicates the possibility of evading the nanotoxicity by incorporating curcumin and vitamin-C in everyday diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhavi Sonane
- Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Nanotherapeutics & Nanomaterial Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, M.G. Marg, Post Box-80, Lucknow 226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Department of Biochemistry, Babu Banarasi Das University, Lucknow 227015, India
| | - Nida Moin
- Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Nanotherapeutics & Nanomaterial Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, M.G. Marg, Post Box-80, Lucknow 226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Department of Biochemistry, Babu Banarasi Das University, Lucknow 227015, India
| | - Aruna Satish
- Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Nanotherapeutics & Nanomaterial Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, M.G. Marg, Post Box-80, Lucknow 226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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21
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Srivastava S, Kumar A. Comparative cytotoxicity of nanoparticles and ions to Escherichia coli in binary mixtures. J Environ Sci (China) 2017; 55:11-19. [PMID: 28477804 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2016.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to understand toxicity of mixture of nanoparticles (NPs) (ZnO and TiO2) and their ions to Escherichia coli. Results indicated the decrease in percentage growth of E. coli with the increase in concentration of NPs both in single and mixture setups. Even a small concentration of 1mg/L was observed to be significantly toxic to E. coli in binary mixture setup (exposure concentration: 1mg/L ZnO and 1mg/L TiO2; 21.15% decrease in plate count concentration with respect to control). Exposure of E. coli to mixture of NPs at 1000mg/L (i.e., 1000mg/L ZnO and 1000mg/L TiO2) resulted in 99.63% decrease in plate count concentration with respect to control. Toxic effects of ions to E. coli were found to be lesser than their corresponding NPs. The percentage growth reduction was found to be 36% for binary mixture of zinc and titanium ions at the highest concentration (i.e., 803.0mg/L Zn and 593.3mg/L Ti where ion concentrations are equal to the Zn ions present in 1000mg/L ZnO NP solution and Ti+4 ions present in 1000mg/L TiO2 NP solution). Nature of mixture toxicity of the two NPs to E. coli was found to be antagonistic. The alkaline phosphatase (Alp) assay indicated that the maximum damage was observed when E. coli was exposed to 1000mg/L of mixture of NPs. This study tries to fill the knowledge gap on information of toxicity of mixture of NPs to bacteria which has not been reported earlier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Srivastava
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Arun Kumar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India.
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22
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Oriekhova O, Stoll S. Stability of uncoated and fulvic acids coated manufactured CeO2 nanoparticles in various conditions: From ultrapure to natural Lake Geneva waters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 562:327-334. [PMID: 27100013 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.03.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the behavior of engineered nanoparticles in natural water and impact of water composition in changing conditions is of high importance to predict their fate once released into the environment. In this study we investigated the stability of uncoated and Suwannee River fulvic acids coated CeO2 manufactured nanoparticles in various environmental conditions. The effect of pH changes on the nanoparticle and coating stability was first studied in ultrapure water as well as the variation of zeta potentials and sizes with time in presence of fulvic acids at environmental pH. Then the stability of CeO2 in synthetic and natural Lake Geneva waters was investigated as a function of fulvic acids concentration. Our results indicate that the adsorption of environmentally relevant concentrations of Suwannee River fulvic acids promotes CeO2 stabilization in ultrapure water as well as synthetic water and that the coating stability is high upon pH variations. On the other hand in natural Lake Geneva water CeO2 NPs are found in all cases aggregated due to the effect of heterogeneous organic and inorganic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olena Oriekhova
- Institute F.-A. Forel, University of Geneva, Faculty of Science, Uni Carl Vogt, Group of Environmental Physical Chemistry, 66, Boulevard Carl-Vogt, CH 1211 Geneva, 4, Switzerland.
| | - Serge Stoll
- Institute F.-A. Forel, University of Geneva, Faculty of Science, Uni Carl Vogt, Group of Environmental Physical Chemistry, 66, Boulevard Carl-Vogt, CH 1211 Geneva, 4, Switzerland.
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23
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Troester M, Brauch HJ, Hofmann T. Vulnerability of drinking water supplies to engineered nanoparticles. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 96:255-279. [PMID: 27060529 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The production and use of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) inevitably leads to their release into aquatic environments, with the quantities involved expected to increase significantly in the future. Concerns therefore arise over the possibility that ENPs might pose a threat to drinking water supplies. Investigations into the vulnerability of drinking water supplies to ENPs are hampered by the absence of suitable analytical methods that are capable of detecting and quantifiying ENPs in complex aqueous matrices. Analytical data concerning the presence of ENPs in drinking water supplies is therefore scarce. The eventual fate of ENPs in the natural environment and in processes that are important for drinking water production are currently being investigated through laboratory based-experiments and modelling. Although the information obtained from these studies may not, as yet, be sufficient to allow comprehensive assessment of the complete life-cycle of ENPs, it does provide a valuable starting point for predicting the significance of ENPs to drinking water supplies. This review therefore addresses the vulnerability of drinking water supplies to ENPs. The risk of ENPs entering drinking water is discussed and predicted for drinking water produced from groundwater and from surface water. Our evaluation is based on reviewing published data concerning ENP production amounts and release patterns, the occurrence and behavior of ENPs in aquatic systems relevant for drinking water supply and ENP removability in drinking water purification processes. Quantitative predictions are made based on realistic high-input case scenarios. The results of our synthesis of current knowledge suggest that the risk probability of ENPs being present in surface water resources is generally limited, but that particular local conditions may increase the probability of raw water contamination by ENPs. Drinking water extracted from porous media aquifers are not generally considered to be prone to ENP contamination. In karstic aquifers, however, there is an increased probability that if any ENPs enter the groundwater system they will reach the extraction point of a drinking water treatment plant (DWTP). The ability to remove ENPs during water treatment depends on the specific design of the treatment process. In conventional DWTPs with no flocculation step a proportion of ENPs, if present in the raw water, may reach the final drinking water. The use of ultrafiltration techniques improves drinking water safety with respect to ENP contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Troester
- DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser, Karlsruher Str. 84, 76139 Karlsruhe, Germany; Department of Environmental Geosciences, University of Vienna, Althanstr. 14 UZA II, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | | | - Thilo Hofmann
- Department of Environmental Geosciences, University of Vienna, Althanstr. 14 UZA II, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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24
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Linnik PN, Zhezherya VA. Titanium in natural surface waters: The content and coexisting forms. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s107036321513006x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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25
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Farkas J, Bergum S, Nilsen EW, Olsen AJ, Salaberria I, Ciesielski TM, Bączek T, Konieczna L, Salvenmoser W, Jenssen BM. The impact of TiO2 nanoparticles on uptake and toxicity of benzo(a)pyrene in the blue mussel (Mytilus edulis). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 511:469-476. [PMID: 25574974 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.12.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles are emerging contaminants of concern. Knowledge on their environmental impacts is scarce, especially on their interactive effects with other contaminants. In this study we investigated effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NP) on the blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) and determined their influence on the bioavailability and toxicity of benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P), a carcinogenic polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH). Blue mussels were exposed to either TiO2NP (0.2 and 2.0 mg L(-1)) or B(a)P (20 μg L(-1)) and to the respective combinations of these two compounds. Aqueous contaminant concentrations, the uptake of Ti and B(a)P into mussel soft tissue, effects on oxidative stress and chromosomal damage were analyzed. The uncoated TiO2NP agglomerated rapidly in the seawater. The presence of TiO2NP significantly reduced the bioavailability of B(a)P, shown by lowered B(a)P concentrations in exposure tanks and in mussel tissue. The activities of antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were impacted by the various exposure regimes, indicating oxidative stress in the contaminant exposure groups. While SOD activity was increased only in the 0.2TiO2NP exposure group, CAT activity was enhanced in both combined exposure groups. The GPx activity was increased only in the groups exposed to the two single compounds. In hemocytes, increased chromosomal damage was detected in mussels exposed to the single compounds, which was further increased after exposure to the combination of compounds. In this study we show that the presence of TiO2NP in the exposure system reduced B(a)P uptake in blue mussels. However, since most biomarker responses did not decrease despite of the lower B(a)P uptake in combined exposures, the results suggest that TiO2NP can act as additional stressor, or potentially alters B(a)P toxicity by activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Farkas
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - S Bergum
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - E W Nilsen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - A J Olsen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - I Salaberria
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - T M Ciesielski
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - T Bączek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - L Konieczna
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - W Salvenmoser
- Department of Biology, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - B M Jenssen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
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Linnik PN, Zhezherya VA, Ivanechko YS, Linnik RP. Humic substances and their role in migration of metals in the high colored surface waters: The case study of rivers of the Pripyat’ river basin. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363214130143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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27
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Wu N, Wyart Y, Rose J, Angeletti B, Moulin P. Application of membrane processes in fractionation of elements in river water. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2015; 72:2277-2290. [PMID: 26676017 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2015.444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The influence of wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents from one microelectronic industrial zone on element concentrations and partitioning in river water was investigated. The stepwise membrane filtration is used to distinguish different size fractions including large particulate (>18 μm), particulate (0.2-18 μm), colloidal/nanoparticle (10 kDa-0.2 μm) and truly dissolved fractions (<10 kDa) in river water samples and WWTP effluents. Results demonstrated that anthropogenic inputs (WWTP effluents and industrial area) had an important influence on concentrations and partitioning of some elements in river water. Mass balance results showed that membrane filtration processes could realize a good fractionation for many elements (good recoveries) in water samples. Flux decline during 0.2 μm and 10 kDa filtrations were analyzed, and corresponding fouling mechanisms are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Wu
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, M2P2 UMR 7340, Equipe Procédés Membranaires (EPM), Europôle de l'Arbois, BP80, Pavillon Laennec, Hall C, 13545 Aix-en-Provence Cedex 4, France E-mail: ; Present address: College of Engineering and Technology, Tianjin Agricultural University, 300384 Tianjin, China
| | - Y Wyart
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, M2P2 UMR 7340, Equipe Procédés Membranaires (EPM), Europôle de l'Arbois, BP80, Pavillon Laennec, Hall C, 13545 Aix-en-Provence Cedex 4, France E-mail:
| | - J Rose
- Aix Marseille Université, CEREGE, UMR 7330, IRD, Europôle de l'Arbois, BP8013545 Aix-en-Provence Cedex 4, France and CNRS, Duke University, International Consortium for the Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology iCEINT, Europôle de l'Arbois, 13545 Aix-en-Provence Cedex 4, France
| | - B Angeletti
- Aix Marseille Université, CEREGE, UMR 7330, IRD, Europôle de l'Arbois, BP8013545 Aix-en-Provence Cedex 4, France and CNRS, Duke University, International Consortium for the Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology iCEINT, Europôle de l'Arbois, 13545 Aix-en-Provence Cedex 4, France
| | - P Moulin
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, M2P2 UMR 7340, Equipe Procédés Membranaires (EPM), Europôle de l'Arbois, BP80, Pavillon Laennec, Hall C, 13545 Aix-en-Provence Cedex 4, France E-mail:
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Investigation of FeCl3 induced coagulation processes using electrophoretic measurement, nanoparticle tracking analysis and dynamic light scattering: Importance of pH and colloid surface charge. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2014.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Wagner S, Gondikas A, Neubauer E, Hofmann T, von der Kammer F. Finde den Unterschied: synthetische und natürliche Nanopartikel in der Umwelt - Freisetzung, Verhalten und Verbleib. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201405050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Wagner S, Gondikas A, Neubauer E, Hofmann T, von der Kammer F. Spot the difference: engineered and natural nanoparticles in the environment--release, behavior, and fate. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:12398-419. [PMID: 25348500 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201405050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The production and use of nanoparticles leads to the emission of manufactured or engineered nanoparticles into the environment. Those particles undergo many possible reactions and interactions in the environment they are exposed to. These reactions and the resulting behavior and fate of nanoparticles in the environment have been studied for decades through naturally occurring nanoparticulate (1-100 nm) and colloidal (1-1000 nm) substances. The knowledge gained from these investigations is nowhere near sufficiently complete to create a detailed model of the behavior and fate of engineered nanoparticles in the environment, but is a valuable starting point for the risk assessment of these novel materials. It is the aim of this Review to critically compare naturally observed processes with those found for engineered systems to identify the "nanospecific" properties of manufactured particles and describe critical knowledge gaps relevant for the risk assessment of manufactured nanomaterials in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Wagner
- Department of Environmental Geosciences, University of Vienna, Althansstrasse 14, UZA II, Vienna, 1090 (Austria)
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31
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Geertsen V, Tabarant M, Spalla O. Behavior and Determination of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles in Nitric Acid and River Water by ICP Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2014; 86:3453-60. [DOI: 10.1021/ac403926r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Geertsen
- Commissariat à
l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, CEA Saclay,
DSM/IRAMIS/NIMBE/LIONS, CNRS UMR 3299, 91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France
| | - Michel Tabarant
- Commissariat
à
l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, CEA Saclay,
DEN/DANS/DPC/SEARS/LISL, 91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France
| | - Olivier Spalla
- Commissariat à
l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, CEA Saclay,
DSM/IRAMIS/NIMBE/LIONS, CNRS UMR 3299, 91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France
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32
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Liu Y, Tourbin M, Lachaize S, Guiraud P. Nanoparticles in wastewaters: Hazards, fate and remediation. POWDER TECHNOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2013.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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33
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Al-Kattan A, Wichser A, Vonbank R, Brunner S, Ulrich A, Zuin S, Nowack B. Release of TiO2 from paints containing pigment-TiO2 or nano-TiO2 by weathering. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2013; 15:2186-2193. [PMID: 24056809 DOI: 10.1039/c3em00331k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The release of nanomaterials from products and applications that are used by industry and consumers has only been studied to a very limited extent. The amount and the characteristics of the released particles determine the potential environmental exposure. In this work we investigated the release of Ti from paints containing pigment-TiO2 and nano-TiO2. Panels covered with paint with and without nano-TiO2 were exposed to simulated weathering by sunlight and rain in climate chambers. The same paints were also studied in small-scale leaching tests to elucidate the influence of various parameters on the release such as composition of water, type of support and UV-light. Under all conditions we only observed a very low release close to background values, less than 1.5 μg l(-1) in the climate chamber over 113 irrigations per drying cycle and between 0.5 and 14 μg l(-1) in the leaching tests, with the highest concentrations observed after prolonged UV-exposure. The actual release of Ti over the 113 weathering cycles was only 0.007% of the total Ti, indicating that TiO2 was strongly bound in the paint. Extraction of UV-exposed and then milled paint resulted in about 100-times larger release of Ti from the nano-TiO2 containing paint whereas the paint with only pigment-TiO2 did not show this increase. This indicated that the release of Ti from the paints is an effect of the addition of nano-TiO2, either by photocatalytic degradation of the organic paint matrix (observed by electron microscopic imaging of the paint surface) or by direct release of nano-TiO2. Our work suggests that paints containing nano-TiO2 may release only very limited amounts of materials into the environment, at least over the time-scales investigated in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Al-Kattan
- Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Science and Technology, Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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David Holbrook R, Motabar D, Quiñones O, Stanford B, Vanderford B, Moss D. Titanium distribution in swimming pool water is dominated by dissolved species. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2013; 181:68-74. [PMID: 23820189 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The increased use of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (nano-TiO2) in consumer products such as sunscreen has raised concerns about their possible risk to human and environmental health. In this work, we report the occurrence, size fractionation and behavior of titanium (Ti) in a children's swimming pool. Size-fractionated samples were analyzed for Ti using ICP-MS. Total titanium concentrations ([Ti]) in the pool water ranged between 21 μg/L and 60 μg/L and increased throughout the 101-day sampling period while [Ti] in tap water remained relatively constant. The majority of [Ti] was found in the dissolved phase (<1 kDa), with only a minor fraction of total [Ti] being considered either particulate or microparticulate. Simple models suggest that evaporation may account for the observed variation in [Ti], while sunscreen may be a relevant source of particulate and microparticule Ti. Compared to diet, incidental ingestion of nano-Ti from swimming pool water is minimal.
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Affiliation(s)
- R David Holbrook
- Materials Measurement Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Mail Stop 6371, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA.
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35
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Gottschalk F, Sun T, Nowack B. Environmental concentrations of engineered nanomaterials: review of modeling and analytical studies. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2013; 181:287-300. [PMID: 23856352 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 626] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Scientific consensus predicts that the worldwide use of engineered nanomaterials (ENM) leads to their release into the environment. We reviewed the available literature concerning environmental concentrations of six ENMs (TiO2, ZnO, Ag, fullerenes, CNT and CeO2) in surface waters, wastewater treatment plant effluents, biosolids, sediments, soils and air. Presently, a dozen modeling studies provide environmental concentrations for ENM and a handful of analytical works can be used as basis for a preliminary validation. There are still major knowledge gaps (e.g. on ENM production, application and release) that affect the modeled values, but over all an agreement on the order of magnitude of the environmental concentrations can be reached. True validation of the modeled values is difficult because trace analytical methods that are specific for ENM detection and quantification are not available. The modeled and measured results are not always comparable due to the different forms and sizes of particles that these two approaches target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadri Gottschalk
- Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Technology and Society Laboratory, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, CH-9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
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36
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Exopolysaccharides protect Synechocystis against the deleterious effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in natural and artificial waters. J Colloid Interface Sci 2013; 405:35-43. [PMID: 23777864 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2013.05.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We have studied the effect of TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) on the model cyanobacteria Synechocystis PCC6803. We used well-characterized NPs suspensions in artificial and natural (Seine River, France) waters. We report that NPs trigger direct (cell killing) and indirect (cell sedimentation precluding the capture of light, which is crucial to photosynthesis) deleterious effects. Both toxic effects increase with NPs concentration and are exacerbated by the presence of UVAs that increase the production of Reactive Oxygen Species (hydroxyl and superoxide radicals) by TiO2 NPs. Furthermore, we compared the responses of the wild-type strain of Synechocystis, which possesses abundant exopolysaccharides surrounding the cells, to that of an EPS-depleted mutant. We show, for the first time, that the exopolysaccharides play a crucial role in Synechocystis protection against cell killing caused by TiO2 NPs.
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37
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Jacob DL, Borchardt JD, Navaratnam L, Otte ML, Bezbaruah AN. Uptake and translocation of Ti from nanoparticles in crops and wetland plants. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2013; 15:142-53. [PMID: 23487992 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2012.683209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Bioavailability of engineered metal nanoparticles affects uptake in plants, impacts on ecosystems, and phytoremediation. We studied uptake and translocation of Ti in plants when the main source of this metal was TiO2 nanoparticles. Two crops (Phaseolus vulgaris (bean) and Triticum aestivum (wheat)), a wetland species (Rumex crispus, curly dock), and the floating aquatic plant (Elodea canadensis, Canadian waterweed), were grown in nutrient solutions with TiO2 nanoparticles (0, 6, 18 mmol Ti L(-1) for P. vulgaris, T. aestivum, and R. crispus; and 0 and 12 mmol Ti L(-1) for E. canadensis). Also examined in E. canadensis was the influence of TiO2 nanoparticles upon the uptake of Fe, Mn, and Mg, and the influence of P on Ti uptake. For the rooted plants, exposure to TiO2 nanoparticles did not affect biomass production, but significantly increased root Ti sorption and uptake. R. crispus showed translocation of Ti into the shoots. E. canadensis also showed significant uptake of Ti, P in the nutrient solution significantly decreased Ti uptake, and the uptake patterns of Mn and Mg were altered. Ti from nano-Ti was bioavailable to plants, thus showing the potential for cycling in ecosystems and for phytoremediation, particularly where water is the main carrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna L Jacob
- Wet Ecosystem Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Dept. 2715, PO Box 6050, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA.
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38
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Wu N, Wyart Y, Liu Y, Rose J, Moulin P. An overview of solid/liquid separation methods and size fractionation techniques for engineered nanomaterials in aquatic environment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2013.788073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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39
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Jarvie HP, Neal C, Rowland AP, Neal M, Morris PN, Lead JR, Lawlor AJ, Woods C, Vincent C, Guyatt H, Hockenhull K. Role of riverine colloids in macronutrient and metal partitioning and transport, along an upland-lowland land-use continuum, under low-flow conditions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 434:171-185. [PMID: 22417883 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.11.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2011] [Revised: 11/20/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
An assessment is made of the role of riverine colloids in macronutrient (nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon), metal and trace element partitioning and transport, for five rivers in the Ribble and Wyre catchments in north-western England, under baseflow/near-baseflow conditions. Cross-flow ultrafiltration was used to separate colloidal (<0.45 µm >1 kDa) and truly dissolved (<1 kDa) fractions from river water. Clear patterns were observed, along the upland-lowland land use continuum, in the partitioning and transport of macronutrients and metals between the colloidal, truly dissolved and acid-available particulate (>0.45 μm, suspended) fractions. Of these operationally-defined fractions measured, colloids were generally more important for both macronutrient and metal transport in the upland than in the lowland rivers. The results suggest that organic moieties in truly dissolved form from sewage effluent may have a greater capacity to chelate metals. Organic-rich colloids in the upland moorlands and metal oxide colloidal precipitates in the industrial rivers had a higher capacity for binding metals than the colloidal fractions in the urban and agricultural lowland rivers. Aggregation of these colloids may provide an important mechanism for formation of larger suspended particulates, accounting for a higher degree of metal enrichment in the acid-available particulate fractions of the upland moorland and lowland industrial rivers, than in the lowland agricultural and urban rivers. This mechanism of transfer of contaminants to larger aggregates via colloidal intermediates, known as 'colloidal pumping' may also provide a mechanism for particulate P formation and the high proportion of P being transported in the particulate fraction in the uplands. The cross-flow ultrafiltration data also allowed refinement of partition coefficients, by accounting for colloids within the solids phase and replacing the filtered (<0.45 μm) fraction with the truly dissolved (<1 kDa) concentrations. These provided a clearer description of the controls on metal and P partitioning along the upland-lowland continuum.
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Affiliation(s)
- H P Jarvie
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, UK.
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40
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Weir A, Westerhoff P, Fabricius L, von Goetz N. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles in food and personal care products. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:2242-50. [PMID: 22260395 PMCID: PMC3288463 DOI: 10.1021/es204168d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1207] [Impact Index Per Article: 100.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Titanium dioxide is a common additive in many food, personal care, and other consumer products used by people, which after use can enter the sewage system and, subsequently, enter the environment as treated effluent discharged to surface waters or biosolids applied to agricultural land, incinerated wastes, or landfill solids. This study quantifies the amount of titanium in common food products, derives estimates of human exposure to dietary (nano-) TiO(2), and discusses the impact of the nanoscale fraction of TiO(2) entering the environment. The foods with the highest content of TiO(2) included candies, sweets, and chewing gums. Among personal care products, toothpastes and select sunscreens contained 1% to >10% titanium by weight. While some other crèmes contained titanium, despite being colored white, most shampoos, deodorants, and shaving creams contained the lowest levels of titanium (<0.01 μg/mg). For several high-consumption pharmaceuticals, the titanium content ranged from below the instrument detection limit (0.0001 μg Ti/mg) to a high of 0.014 μg Ti/mg. Electron microscopy and stability testing of food-grade TiO(2) (E171) suggests that approximately 36% of the particles are less than 100 nm in at least one dimension and that it readily disperses in water as fairly stable colloids. However, filtration of water solubilized consumer products and personal care products indicated that less than 5% of the titanium was able to pass through 0.45 or 0.7 μm pores. Two white paints contained 110 μg Ti/mg while three sealants (i.e., prime coat paint) contained less titanium (25 to 40 μg Ti/mg). This research showed that, while many white-colored products contained titanium, it was not a prerequisite. Although several of these product classes contained low amounts of titanium, their widespread use and disposal down the drain and eventually to wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) deserves attention. A Monte Carlo human exposure analysis to TiO(2) through foods identified children as having the highest exposures because TiO(2) content of sweets is higher than other food products and that a typical exposure for a US adult may be on the order of 1 mg Ti per kilogram body weight per day. Thus, because of the millions of tons of titanium-based white pigment used annually, testing should focus on food-grade TiO(2) (E171) rather than that adopted in many environmental health and safety tests (i.e., P25), which is used in much lower amounts in products less likely to enter the environment (e.g., catalyst supports, photocatalytic coatings).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Weir
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Box 5306, Tempe, AZ 85287-5306
| | - Paul Westerhoff
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Box 5306, Tempe, AZ 85287-5306
- Corresponding author: ; phone: 480-965-2885; fax: 480-965-0557
| | - Lars Fabricius
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Natalie von Goetz
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
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41
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Rowland AP, Neal C, Reynolds B, Jarvie HP, Sleep D, Lawlor AJ, Neal M. The biogeochemistry of arsenic in a remote UK upland site: trends in rainfall and runoff, and comparisons with urban rivers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 13:1255-63. [PMID: 21442109 DOI: 10.1039/c0em00772b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ten years of monitoring of rainfall and streams in the remote acidic and acid sensitive moorland and afforested moorland of upland mid-Wales reveals concentrations of arsenic (As) typically <1 µg L(-1). On average, the lowest concentrations occur within rainfall and they have declined over time probably in response to reductions in global emissions. There is a corresponding reduction within the streams except for forested systems where concentrations up to doubled following clear-fell. Within the streams there are both annual cycling and diurnal cycling of As. The annual cycling gives maxima during the summer months and this probably reflects the importance of groundwater inputs and mineralisation/desorption from the surface soil layers. Correspondingly, the diurnal cycling occurs during the summer months at low flow periods with As concentrations highest in the afternoon/evening. For the urban/industrial basins of northern England with historically a much higher As deposition, land contamination and effluent discharges, comparative data indicate As concentrations around three fold higher: strong seasonal patterns are observed for the same reasons as with the uplands. Across the sites, the As concentrations are over an order of magnitude lower than that of environmental concern. Nonetheless, the results clearly show the effects of declining emissions on rainfall deposition and some indication of areas of historic contamination. Arsenic is mainly present in the <0.45 fraction, but cross-flow filtration indicates that approx. 43% is in the colloidal phase at the clean water sites, and 16% in the colloidal phase at the contaminated sites. Part of this colloidal component may well be associated with organic carbon.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Rowland
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Library Avenue, Lancaster, LA1 4AP, UK.
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42
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Neal C, Rowland P, Scholefield P, Vincent C, Woods C, Sleep D. The Ribble/Wyre observatory: major, minor and trace elements in rivers draining from rural headwaters to the heartlands of the NW England historic industrial base. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2011; 409:1516-1529. [PMID: 21296383 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2010] [Revised: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Information on a new observatory study of the water quality of two major river basins in northwestern England (the Ribble and Wyre) is presented. It covers upland, intermediate and lowland environments of contrasting pollution history with sufficient detail to examine transitional gradients. The upland rivers drain acidic soils subjected to long-term acidic deposition. Nonetheless, the acidic runoff from the soils is largely neutralised by high alkalinity groundwaters, although the rivers retain, perhaps as colloids, elements such as Al and Fe that are mobilised under acid conditions. The lowland rivers are contaminated and have variable water quality due to variable urban/industrial point and diffuse inputs reflecting local and regional differences in historic and contemporary sources. For most determinands, pollutant concentrations are not a major cause for concern although phosphate levels remain high. Set against earlier studies for other regions, there may be a general decline in pollutant levels and this is most clearly observed for boron where effluent inputs have declined significantly due to reductions in household products that are flushed down the drain. High concentrations of sodium and chloride occurred briefly after a severe cold spell due to flushing of road salts. A major inventory for water quality within rural, urban, industrial and agricultural typologies is provided within data summary attachments for over 50 water quality determinands. Within the next year, the full dataset will be made available from the CEH website. This, with ongoing monitoring, represents a platform for water quality studies across a wide range of catchment typologies pertinent to environmental management of clean and impacted systems within the UK. The study provides a base of research "from source to sea" including extensions to the estuary and open sea for a semi-confined basin, the Irish Sea, where there are many issues of pollution inputs and contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Neal
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, OXON, OX10 8BB, UK
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