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Vejrup K, Brantsæter AL, Caspersen IH, Haug LS, Villanger GD, Aase H, Knutsen HK. Mercury exposure in the Norwegian Mother, Father, and Child Cohort Study - measured and predicted blood concentrations and associations with birth weight. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30246. [PMID: 38726118 PMCID: PMC11078626 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Blood total mercury concentration (BTHg) predominantly contains methyl Hg from seafood, and less inorganic Hg. Measured BTHg is often available only in a small proportion of large cohort study samples. Associations between estimated dietary intake of total Hg (THg) and lower birth weight within strata of maternal seafood intake was previously reported in the Norwegian Mother, Father, and Child Cohort Study (MoBa). However, maternal seafood consumption was associated with increased birth weight, indicating negative confounding by seafood in the association between THg intake and birth weight. Using predicted BTHg as a proxy for measured BTHg, we hypothesized that predicted BTHg would be associated with decreased birth weight. Objectives To develop and validate a prediction model for BTHg in MoBa and to examine the association between predicted BTHg and birth weight in the MoBa population. Methods Using linear regression, measured maternal BTHg (n = 1437) was used to build the best fitting model (highest R-squared value). Model validation (n = 1436) was based on correlation and weighted Kappa (Кw). Associations between predicted BTHg in the MoBa population (n = 86,775) or measured BTHg (n = 3590) and birth weight were assessed by multivariate linear regression models. Results The best fitting model had R-squared = 0.3 and showed strong correlation (r = 0.53, p < 0.001) between predicted and measured BTHg. Cross-classification (quintiles) showed 73 % correctly classified and 3.3 % grossly misclassified, with Кw of 0.37. Measured BTHg was not associated with birth weight. Predicted BTHg was significantly associated with higher birth weight. There were no trends in birth weight with increasing quintiles of measured or predicted BTHg after stratification into high or low seafood consumption. Conclusions The results indicate that prediction of BTHg did not overcome negative confounding of the association between Hg exposure and birth weight by seafood intake. Furthermore, effect on birth weight of toxicological concern is unexpected in our observed BTHg range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Vejrup
- Institute of Military Epidemiology, Norwegian Armed Forces Joint Medical Serviced, Norway
| | - Anne Lise Brantsæter
- Department of Food Safety and Centre for Sustainable Diets, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway
| | - Ida H. Caspersen
- Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway
| | - Line S. Haug
- Department of Food Safety and Centre for Sustainable Diets, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway
| | - Gro D. Villanger
- Department of Child Health and Development, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway
| | - Heidi Aase
- Department of Child Health and Development, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway
| | - Helle K. Knutsen
- Department of Food Safety and Centre for Sustainable Diets, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway
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Geier DA, Geier MR. Estimated mercury vapor exposure from amalgams among American pregnant women. Hum Exp Toxicol 2024; 43:9603271241231945. [PMID: 38316638 DOI: 10.1177/09603271241231945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
This study examined the impact of mercury (Hg) vapor exposure from amalgams among all American pregnant women. Amalgam-Hg vapor exposure among 1,665,890 weighted-pregnant women (n = 37) was examined in the 2015-2020 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Correlation coefficients between amalgam surfaces and daily micrograms (µg) of urinary Hg excretion and daily µg of Hg vapor exposure from amalgams per kilogram (Kg) bodyweight were calculated. Daily Hg vapor exposure from amalgams was compared to Hg vapor safety limits. About 600,000 pregnant women (∼36%) had at least one amalgam surface. Median daily urinary Hg excretion was ∼2.5-fold higher among pregnant women with amalgams as compared to pregnant women without amalgams. A significant correlation was observed between the number of amalgam surfaces and daily urinary Hg excretion. Among pregnant women with amalgams, it was estimated that the median daily Hg vapor dose from amalgams was 7.66 µg of Hg and 0.073 µg of Hg/Kg bodyweight. Among all pregnant women, ∼28% received daily Hg vapor doses from amalgams above the least restrictive United States (US) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) safety limit and ∼36% received above the most restrictive California (CA) EPA safety limit. Given the potential for fetal toxicological effects from prenatal Hg vapor exposure, special emphasis needs to be placed on reducing/eliminating amalgams in pregnancy/women of reproductive age and future studies should evaluate adverse pregnancy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Geier
- Institute of Chronic Illnesses, Inc, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Mark R Geier
- Institute of Chronic Illnesses, Inc, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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Park SB, Kim EK, Sakong J, Park EY. Association between dental amalgam restoration and urine mercury concentrations among young women: a cross-sectional study. JOURNAL OF YEUNGNAM MEDICAL SCIENCE 2023; 40:373-380. [PMID: 36941777 PMCID: PMC10626308 DOI: 10.12701/jyms.2022.00955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between dental amalgam fillings and urine mercury concentrations was investigated in this study to assess the health risks associated with dental amalgams. METHODS This cross-sectional study included 99 women in their 20s who visited the dental clinic in Daegu, Korea. The 99 participants were composed of 68 subjects who had dental amalgam fillings (exposure group) and 31 subjects who did not have dental amalgam fillings (nonexposure group). Oral examinations were conducted by a single dental hygienist, sociodemographic features were investigated as confounding variables, and urine mercury concentrations were measured using an automatic mercury analyzer. RESULTS The mean±standard deviation of the urine mercury concentrations of the exposure and nonexposure groups were 1.50±1.78 μg/g creatinine and 0.53±0.63 μg/g creatinine, respectively. The exposure group showed significantly higher levels than the nonexposure group (p<0.01). The urine mercury concentration significantly increased with an increase in the number of teeth filled with amalgam, cavity surfaces involved, and number of defective amalgam fillings, and according to the latest exposure time (p<0.001). In the multiple regression analysis of amalgam-related factors and urine mercury concentrations after correction for confounding factors, the urine mercury concentration in the group with six or more amalgam-filled teeth, 11 or more cavity surfaces, and two or more defective amalgams was significantly higher than that in the nonexposure group (p<0.001). CONCLUSION According to this study, exposure to dental amalgams was confirmed to significantly affect urine mercury concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Bin Park
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Environment and Public Health Studies, Yeungnam University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Eun-Kyong Kim
- Department of Dental Hygiene, College of Science and Technology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Korea
| | - Joon Sakong
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Eun Young Park
- Department of Dentistry, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
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4
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Torrey EF, Simmons W. Mercury and Parkinson's Disease: Promising Leads, but Research Is Needed. PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2023; 2023:4709322. [PMID: 37744289 PMCID: PMC10517869 DOI: 10.1155/2023/4709322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Environmental toxicants are thought to play a major role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. In reviewing the literature on heavy metals known to be toxicants, we noted several recent studies on mercury suggesting a possible role in the etiology of some cases of this disease. We therefore undertook a review of this association, focusing especially on peer-reviewed articles to avoid the bias inherent in much of the literature regarding mercury. For most people, our contemporary exposure to mercury comes from dental amalgam tooth restorations and from eating fish contaminated with mercury. In both cases, mercury is known to get into the brain in utero and at all ages. It remains in the brain for many years and is known to produce permanent neuropsychological deficits. Mercury toxicity can produce tremors and other Parkinsonian clinical symptoms. It can also produce neurochemical and neuropathological changes similar to those found in Parkinson's disease, including the loss of dopamine neurons, degeneration of tubulin and axons, dysfunction of mitochondria, and the aggregation of alpha-synuclein. Relatively few studies have assessed mercury in parkinsonian patients, but almost all reported a statistically significant association. Published studies suggest some promising leads in the relationship between mercury exposure and Parkinson's disease. However, studies of patients are relatively few, and the need for research is clear. A search of Parkinsonian research studies currently funded by the US National Institutes of Health, Parkinson's Foundation, and the Michael J Fox Foundation yielded no studies on mercury. We believe such studies should be supported.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Fuller Torrey
- The Stanley Medical Research Institute, 9800 Medical Center, Suite C-050, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Wendy Simmons
- The Stanley Medical Research Institute, 9800 Medical Center, Suite C-050, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
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Nuvolone D, Aprea MC, Stoppa G, Petri D, Barbone F, Crocetti E, Voller F. Levels and determinants of urinary and blood metals in the geothermal area of Mt. Amiata in Tuscany (Italy). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:38319-38332. [PMID: 36577821 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24953-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Natural sources and anthropogenic activities are responsible for the widespread presence of heavy metals in the environment in the volcanic and geothermal area of Mt. Amiata (Tuscany, Italy). This study evaluates the extent of the population exposure to metals and describes the major individual and environmental determinants. A human biomonitoring survey was carried out to determine the concentrations of arsenic (As), mercury (Hg), thallium (Tl), antimony (Sb), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), vanadium (V), and manganese (Mn). The associations between socio-demographics, lifestyle, diet, environmental exposure, and metal concentrations were evaluated using multiple log-linear regression models, adjusted for urinary creatinine. A total of 2034 urine and blood samples were collected. Adjusted geometric averages were higher in women (except for blood Hg) and younger subjects (except for Tl and Cd). Smoking was associated with Cd, As, and V. Some dietary habits (rice, fish, and wine consumption) were associated with As, Hg, Co, and Ni. Amalgam dental fillings and contact lenses were associated with Hg levels, piercing with As, Co, and Ni. Among environmental determinants, urinary As levels were higher in subjects using the aqueduct water for drinking/cooking. The consumption of locally grown fruits and vegetables was associated with Hg, Tl, and Co. Exposure to geothermal plant emissions was associated only with Tl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Nuvolone
- Unit of Epidemiology, Regional Health Agency of Tuscany, Via Pietro Dazzi, 1, 50141, Florence, FI, Italy.
| | - Maria Cristina Aprea
- Public Health Laboratory, Department of Prevention, Health Agency of South-East Tuscany, Strada del Ruffolo 4, 53100, Siena, SI, Italy
| | - Giorgia Stoppa
- Unit of Epidemiology, Regional Health Agency of Tuscany, Via Pietro Dazzi, 1, 50141, Florence, FI, Italy
- Unit of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health University of Padova, Via Loredan 18, 35131, Padova, PD, Italy
| | - Davide Petri
- Unit of Epidemiology, Regional Health Agency of Tuscany, Via Pietro Dazzi, 1, 50141, Florence, FI, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 67, 56126, Pisa, PI, Italy
| | - Fabio Barbone
- Clinical Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Strada Di Fiume, 447, Trieste, Italy
| | - Emanuele Crocetti
- Unit of Epidemiology, Regional Health Agency of Tuscany, Via Pietro Dazzi, 1, 50141, Florence, FI, Italy
| | - Fabio Voller
- Unit of Epidemiology, Regional Health Agency of Tuscany, Via Pietro Dazzi, 1, 50141, Florence, FI, Italy
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Yang LC, Liu FH, Su NY, Wang YH, Yang PY, Chang YC. Decreased trends of using dental amalgam filling for decayed teeth in Taiwan from 1997 to 2013. J Dent Sci 2023; 18:400-406. [PMID: 36643251 PMCID: PMC9831824 DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/purpose Mercury within dental amalgam has been criticized for the potential toxicity and environmental hazard. Phasing down the use of dental amalgam is the transition for amalgam free dentistry. However, little is known about dental amalgam filling (AMF) in Taiwan. In this study, time trends of AMF were measured by using National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD). Materials and methods A retrospective study was conducted to analyze the AMF data in registered database compiled by Taiwanese NHIRD from 1997 to 2013. The AMF data were further analyzed according to sex, age, and geographic location, respectively. Time trends of dental visits for AMF and medical expenses for AMF were also evaluated. Results The average annual AMF ratio was 8.965% of nationwide population in Taiwan. The prevalence of AMF was significantly decreased both in male and female from 1997 to 2013 (P for trend <0.0001). The decreased pattern of AMF was found by the age stratification (P for trend <0.0001). The significant fall of AMF was also displayed in six districts (P for trend <0.0001). The number of dental visits were ranged from 821,749 in 1997 to 1,313,734 in 2013. However, time trends of dental visits for AMF were significantly decreased (P for trend <0.0001). The medical expenses for AMF were simultaneous significantly decreased from 1997 to 2013 (P for trend <0.0001). Conclusion Form the results of this nationwide population-based database, a significant decrease of AMF in Taiwan was observed during past 17 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Chiu Yang
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan,Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Hsuan Liu
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan,Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ni-Yu Su
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan,Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsun Wang
- Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Po-Yu Yang
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan,Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chao Chang
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan,Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan,Corresponding authorSchool of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, 110, Sec.1, Chien-Kuo N. Rd., Taichung, 40201, Taiwan.
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7
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Björkman L, Musial F, Alræk T, Werner EL, Hamre HJ. Mercury, silver and selenium in serum before and after removal of amalgam restorations: results from a prospective cohort study in Norway. Acta Odontol Scand 2022; 81:298-310. [PMID: 36383213 DOI: 10.1080/00016357.2022.2143422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A prospective cohort study on changes of health complaints after removal of amalgam restorations was carried out at the request of the Norwegian Directorate of Health. The aim was to provide and evaluate experimental treatment to patients with health complaints attributed to dental amalgam fillings. METHODS Patients (n = 32) with medically unexplained physical symptoms (MUPS), which were attributed to dental amalgam restorations had all their amalgam restorations removed and replaced with other dental restorative materials. Samples of blood were collected before and 1 year after removal of the fillings, and concentration of inorganic mercury (I-Hg), methylmercury (MeHg), silver (Ag) and selenium (Se) in serum was determined by inductively coupled plasma-sector field mass spectrometry. The comparison groups (one with MUPS but without attribution to amalgam [n = 28] and one group of healthy individuals [n = 19]) received no treatment. The participants responded to questionnaires at baseline and at follow-up after 1 and 5 years. RESULTS Concentration of I-Hg and Ag in serum decreased significantly after removal of all amalgam restorations. Concentration of MeHg and Se in serum were not changed. Intensity of health complaints was significantly reduced after amalgam removal, but there were no statistically significant correlations between exposure indicators and health complaints. CONCLUSIONS Removal of all amalgam restorations is followed by a decrease of concentration of I-Hg and Ag in serum. The results support the hypothesis that exposure to amalgam fillings causes an increase of the daily dose of both I-Hg and Ag. Even though intensity of health complaints decreased after removal of all amalgam restorations there was no clear evidence of a direct relationship between exposure and health complaints. Trial registration: The project is registered at Clinicaltrials.gov (NCT01682278).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Björkman
- Dental Biomaterials Adverse Reaction Unit, NORCE Norwegian Research Centre AS, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Frauke Musial
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, The National Research Center in Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NAFKAM), UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Terje Alræk
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, The National Research Center in Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NAFKAM), UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Erik L. Werner
- Research Unit for General Practice, NORCE Norwegian Research Centre AS, Bergen, Norway
- Department of General Practice, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Harald J. Hamre
- Institute for Applied Epistemology and Medical Methodology, University of Witten/Herdecke, Freiburg, Germany
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Girgin G, Palabiyik-Yücelik SS, Sipahi H, Kilicarslan B, Ünüvar S, Tutkun E, Yilmaz ÖH, Baydar T. Mercury exposure, neopterin profile, and tryptophan degradation in dental technicians. Pteridines 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/pteridines-2022-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Amalgam has been widely used as a restorative dental material for over 150 years. Most standard dental amalgam formulations contain approximately 50% elemental mercury in a mixture of copper, tin, silver, and zinc. Mercury is a highly volatile metal, which can easily vaporize to a colorless and odorless gas. It has been demonstrated that mercury is released from dental amalgam, which is increased by chewing, eating, brushing, and drinking hot liquids. Besides this, amalgam is the main occupational exposure source of mercury for dental workers. It is known that mercury exposure causes immune modulation in humans. In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the changes in neopterin levels and tryptophan (Trp) degradation in dental technicians. It was observed that low levels of occupational mercury exposure resulted in decreased neopterin, kynurenine (Kyn), and Kyn/Trp levels. Moreover, mercury and neopterin levels had a significant positive correlation in workers. The lower neopterin levels and Kyn/Trp in dental technicians compared to an unexposed group indicates a possible immune suppression with low level of occupational mercury exposure during amalgam preparation. The relationship between urinary mercury levels as an indicator of occupational mercury exposure and neopterin reminded an effect on T-cell-mediated immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gözde Girgin
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University , Ankara , Turkey
| | | | - Hande Sipahi
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yeditepe University , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Bilge Kilicarslan
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Songül Ünüvar
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Inönü University , Malatya , Turkey
| | - Engin Tutkun
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Bozok University , Yozgat , Turkey
| | - Ömer Hinc Yilmaz
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Yildirim Beyazit University , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Terken Baydar
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University , Ankara , Turkey
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9
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Geier DA, Geier MR. Dental amalgam fillings and mercury vapor safety limits in American adults. Hum Exp Toxicol 2022; 41:9603271221106341. [DOI: 10.1177/09603271221106341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective For more than 150 years, dental amalgam fillings (50% metallic mercury (Hg0) by weight) have been used in American dentistry. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) acknowledged that amalgams release Hg vapor that may be harmful to certain patients. This study examined the impact of Hg vapor exposure from amalgams in American adults. Methods Amalgam-Hg vapor exposure among 158,274,824 weighted-adult Americans was examined in the 2015–2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Beta (β)-coefficients were calculated for the correlation between the number of amalgam surfaces and daily micrograms (μg) of urinary Hg and daily μg of Hg vapor exposure from amalgams per kilogram (Kg) bodyweight. Results About 91 million (57.8%) adults had ≥1 amalgam surface and about 67 million (42.2%) had no amalgams. A β-coefficient = 0.041 significantly correlated the number of amalgam surfaces to daily amounts of urinary Hg. Differences were observed for gender and racial groups. Daily Hg vapor doses from amalgams were in excess of the most restrictive California’s Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) safety limit for about 86 million (54.3%) adults and in excess of the least restrictive US EPA safety limit among about 16 million (10.4%) adults. The mean allowable number of amalgam surfaces ranged from 1.28 for adult females under the California’s EPA safety limit to 16.23 for adult males under the US EPA safety limit. Conclusion Given that American adults are receiving significant, ongoing exposure to Hg vapor from amalgams, careful evaluation of the need to reduce use of amalgams should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- DA Geier
- Research Department, Institute of Chronic Illnesses, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - MR Geier
- Research Department, Institute of Chronic Illnesses, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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10
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Ishida Y, Aoki H, Miyasaka T, Aoyagi Y, Miura D, Shinya A. Effects of Removal Conditions on Mercury Amount Remaining in the Oral Cavity and inside Drainage System after Removing Dental Amalgams. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182413135. [PMID: 34948745 PMCID: PMC8700763 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182413135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mercury is produced and drained into the environment by removing dental amalgams, which may cause mercury pollution. This study aimed to clarify the mercury amount remaining in the oral cavity and inside the drain system after removal. The effects of the removal conditions and differences in drainage systems were also investigated. Dental amalgams filled in the tooth and placed in a phantom head were removed using an air turbine under several conditions (two removal methods, absence of cooling water, and intraoral suction). Then, the oral cavity was rinsed with 100 mL of water (oral rinse water), and 500 mL of water was suctioned to wash the inside of the drainage system (system rinse water). Both water samples were collected in two ways (amalgam separator and gas-liquid separator), and their mercury amounts were measured. It was found that the amount of mercury left in the oral cavity and drainage system after dental amalgams removal could be reduced when the amalgams were removed by being cut into fragments as well as using cooling water and intraoral suction. In addition, using amalgam separators can significantly reduce the amount of mercury in the discharge water and prevent the draining of mercury into the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Ishida
- Department of Dental Materials Science, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, The Nippon Dental University, Tokyo 102-8159, Japan; (H.A.); (T.M.); (Y.A.); (D.M.); (A.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-3-3261-8658
| | - Harumi Aoki
- Department of Dental Materials Science, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, The Nippon Dental University, Tokyo 102-8159, Japan; (H.A.); (T.M.); (Y.A.); (D.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Taira Miyasaka
- Department of Dental Materials Science, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, The Nippon Dental University, Tokyo 102-8159, Japan; (H.A.); (T.M.); (Y.A.); (D.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Yusuke Aoyagi
- Department of Dental Materials Science, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, The Nippon Dental University, Tokyo 102-8159, Japan; (H.A.); (T.M.); (Y.A.); (D.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Daisuke Miura
- Department of Dental Materials Science, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, The Nippon Dental University, Tokyo 102-8159, Japan; (H.A.); (T.M.); (Y.A.); (D.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Akikazu Shinya
- Department of Dental Materials Science, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, The Nippon Dental University, Tokyo 102-8159, Japan; (H.A.); (T.M.); (Y.A.); (D.M.); (A.S.)
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomaterials Science, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
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Puścion-Jakubik A, Mielech A, Abramiuk D, Iwaniuk M, Grabia M, Bielecka J, Markiewicz-Żukowska R, Socha K. Mercury Content in Dietary Supplements From Poland Containing Ingredients of Plant Origin: A Safety Assessment. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:738549. [PMID: 34803687 PMCID: PMC8595131 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.738549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) is a fairly common environmental pollutant. Chronic exposure to this element may cause, inter alia, kidney damage, and disturbances in the functioning of the nervous system. Literature data indicate that food, including dietary supplements (DS), may sometimes be contaminated with Hg. Therefore, the aim of the study was to assess Hg content in DS containing ingredients of plant origin. The study covered 200 DS available for sale in Poland. Hg content was determined by using the AAS method with the amalgamation technique using the AMA-254 analyzer. The highest average Hg content was found in preparations used as adjuncts for lowering glucose levels (23.97 ± 38.56 μg/kg). The highest percentage of PTWI (1.143%) was found in DS aimed at improving vitality. Due to the fact that DS are commonly used, their quality should be constantly monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Puścion-Jakubik
- Department of Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
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12
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Yin L, Lin S, Summers AO, Roper V, Campen MJ, Yu X. Children with Amalgam Dental Restorations Have Significantly Elevated Blood and Urine Mercury Levels. Toxicol Sci 2021; 184:104-126. [PMID: 34453845 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfab108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human exposure to organic mercury (Hg) as methylmercury (MeHg) from seafood consumption is widely considered a health risk because pure methylmercury is extremely neurotoxic. In contrast, the clinical significance of Hg exposure from amalgam (AMG) dental restorations, the only other major nonoccupational source of Hg exposure, has long been debated. Here, we examined data from the two most recent National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) on 14 181 subjects to assess the contributions of seafood consumption versus AMG to blood total mercury (THg), inorganic mercury (IHg), and methyl mercury (MeHg) and to urine creatinine corrected mercury (UTHg). All subjects were also classified as to their self-reported qualitative consumption of seafood (59% fish and 44% shellfish). Subjects with restorations were grouped into three groups (0) those without AMG (64.4%), (1) those with 1-5 dental AMG restorations (19.7%), (2) those with more than five AMG (16%). Seafood consumption increased total mercury in urine (UTHg) and total mercury (THg) and methyl mercury (MeHg) in blood, but unlike AMG, seafood did not increase blood inorganic mercury (IHg). Using stratified covariate (ANOVA) and multivariate (GLM) analyses revealed a strong correlation of blood (THg and IHg) and urine (UTHg) levels with the number of AMGs. In a subpopulation without fish consumption, having more than five AMG restorations raised blood THg (103%), IHg (221%), and urine UTHg (221%) over the group without AMG. The most striking difference was noted in classification by age: subjects under 6 years old with more than five AMG restorations had the highest blood IHg and urine UTHg among all age groups. Elevation of bivalent IHg on a large scale in children warrants urgent in-depth risk assessment with specific attention to genetic- and gender-associated vulnerabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yin
- Reprotox Biotech, Science & Technology Park, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Simon Lin
- The Center for Pediatric Dentistry, University of Washington, WA, USA
| | - Anne O Summers
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Van Roper
- College of Nursing, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Matthew J Campen
- College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico College of Nursing, NM, USA
| | - Xiaozhong Yu
- College of Nursing, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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Mulligan S, Smith L, Martin N. Sustainable oral healthcare and the environment: challenges. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021. [DOI: 10.12968/denu.2021.48.6.493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Oral healthcare has an environmental impact that is specific to the profession and is currently unsustainable. This impact results in unwanted and difficult-to-manage waste, carbon emissions and other environmental impacts that contribute to climate change. Contributions to this pollution come from the supply chain that provides the required materials and sundries, patient and staff commuting/travelling, direct patient care, the use and end-of-life management of restorative materials and single-use plastics (SUPs) such as personal protective equipment (PPE). This article explores these various contributors to pollution arising from oral healthcare. CPD/Clinical Relevance: The provision of oral healthcare has an environmental impact that requires consideration and action in order to become sustainable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Mulligan
- Clinical Teacher, Doctoral Clinical Fellow, General Dental Practitioner, School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield
| | - Lucy Smith
- Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield
| | - Nicolas Martin
- Professor of Restorative Dentistry, School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield
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14
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Branco V, Aschner M, Carvalho C. Neurotoxicity of mercury: an old issue with contemporary significance. ADVANCES IN NEUROTOXICOLOGY 2021; 5:239-262. [PMID: 34263092 PMCID: PMC8276940 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ant.2021.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Mercury exerts a variety of toxic effects, depending on the specific compound and route of exposure. However, neurotoxicity in virtue of its consequence to health causes the greatest concern for toxicologists. This is particularly true regarding fetal development, where neurotoxic effects are much more severe than in adults, and the toxicity threshold is lower. Here, we review the major concepts regarding the neurotoxicity of mercury compounds (mercury vapor; methylmercury and ethylmercury), from exposure routes to toxicokinetic particularities leading to brain deposition and the development of neurotoxic effects. Albeit research on the neurotoxicity of mercury compounds has significantly advanced from the second half of the twentieth century onwards, several grey areas regarding the mechanism of toxicity still exist. Thus, we emphasize research advances during the last two decades concerning the molecular interactions of mercury which cause neurotoxic effects. Highlights include the disruption of glutamate signaling and excitotoxicity resulting from exposure to mercury and the interaction with redox active residues such as cysteines and selenocysteines which are the premise accounting for the disruption of redox homeostasis caused by mercurials. We also address how immunotoxic effects at the CNS, namely microglia and astrocyte activation modulate developmental neurotoxicity, a major topic in contemporary research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasco Branco
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, USA
| | - Cristina Carvalho
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
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Sources and Toxicity of Mercury in the San Francisco Bay Area, Spanning California and Beyond. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 2020:8184614. [PMID: 33014081 PMCID: PMC7519205 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8184614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This report synthesizes and evaluates published scientific literature on the environmental occurrence and biomagnification of mercury with emphasis on the San Francisco Bay Area (SFBA), California. Mercury forms various compounds, well known for their toxicity in humans and environmental ecosystems. Elemental mercury is transported and distributed by air, water, and sediments. Through the metabolic processes of algae and bacteria, mercury is converted into organic compounds, such as methylmercury (MeHg), which then bioaccumulates up through trophic levels. In fish, it is found primarily in skeletal muscle, while in humans, the primary target organs are the brain and kidneys. Health concerns exist regarding bioaccumulation of mercury in humans. This paper reviews the known anthropogenic sources of mercury contamination, including atmospheric deposition through aerial transport from coal burning power plants, cement production, and residual contaminants of mercury from gold mining, as well as mercury-containing waste from silver amalgams emitted from dental offices into waterways. Although tools exist for measuring mercury levels in hair, breast milk, urine, blood, and feces in humans, current diagnostic tools are inadequate in measuring total mercury load, including deposited mercury in tissues. Additionally, insufficient attention is being paid to potential synergistic impacts of mercury interaction with multipliers such as lead, cadmium, and aluminum. We provide specific data on methylmercury concentrations at different trophic levels, followed by recommendations for reducing the level of mercury in the SFBA in order to protect the health of humans and other species.
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Sekovanić A, Piasek M, Orct T, Sulimanec Grgec A, Matek Sarić M, Stasenko S, Jurasović J. Mercury Exposure Assessment in Mother-Infant Pairs from Continental and Coastal Croatia. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10060821. [PMID: 32471193 PMCID: PMC7355586 DOI: 10.3390/biom10060821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The main source of mercury (Hg) exposure in the general population is fish. Another possible source is dental amalgam. Here, we compare the levels of Hg and selenium (Se) in samples of maternal and fetal origin collected shortly after childbirth of healthy postpartum women in the coastal (n = 96) and continental (n = 185) areas of Croatia related to maternal seafood/fish consumption. We also evaluated Hg concentrations and maternal serum metallothionein (MT2) concentrations in relation to the number of dental amalgam fillings, and MT2A-5A/G (rs28366003) polymorphism. The levels of Hg and Se in maternal hair and blood/serum, placenta and cord blood/serum increased in relation to increasing fish consumption with the highest values in subjects from the coast. The concentrations of each element and between elements correlated across the matrices. Increasing amalgam number correlated linearly with increased Hg levels in maternal and cord serum and was not associated with serum MT2. No association of MT2A-5A/G polymorphism and Hg or Se levels were found. The results confirmed higher fish consumption in coastal vs. continental Croatia and increases of both Hg and Se related to fish consumption in all analyzed samples. Increased blood Hg reflected the predominant MeHg share from seafood, while increased serum Hg matched exposure from dental amalgams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankica Sekovanić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.S.); (T.O.); (A.S.G.); (J.J.)
| | - Martina Piasek
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.S.); (T.O.); (A.S.G.); (J.J.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Tatjana Orct
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.S.); (T.O.); (A.S.G.); (J.J.)
| | - Antonija Sulimanec Grgec
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.S.); (T.O.); (A.S.G.); (J.J.)
| | | | - Sandra Stasenko
- Clinical Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Merkur University Hospital, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Jasna Jurasović
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.S.); (T.O.); (A.S.G.); (J.J.)
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Deering K, Spiegel E, Quaisser C, Nowak D, Rakete S, Garí M, Bose-O'Reilly S. Exposure assessment of toxic metals and organochlorine pesticides among employees of a natural history museum. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 184:109271. [PMID: 32143026 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Chemical compounds such as arsenic, mercury and organochlorine pesticides have been extensively used as preventive and curative conservation treatments for cultural and biological collections to protect them from pest and mold infestations. Most of the aforementioned compounds have been classified as carcinogenic, mutagenic and teratogenic and represent a health risk for members of staff exposed to contaminated objects. The present study addresses the internal exposure of 28 museum employees in Museum für Naturkunde Berlin by measuring arsenic species and mercury in urine as well as hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (α-HCH, β-HCH, γ-HCH), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (4,4'-DDT) and its main metabolite, dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (4,4'-DDE), and pentachlorophenol (PCP) in blood serum. This study was carried out in order to assess the internal exposure of Natural History Museum staff members to toxic metals and organochlorine pesticides. During a working week, two blood samples and five urine samples were taken from each participant, involving 8 women and 20 men. Information about work activity and exposure related factors such as dust development through work, use of personal protective equipment, as well as a nutrition diary were obtained through a questionnaire. Information on fish and seafood intakes as well as amalgam fillings was also available. The results of the study showed that the museum staff members had quantified concentrations of arsenic (median of 6.4 μg/l; maximum of 339 μg/l), mercury (median of 0.20 μg/l; max of 2.6 μg/l), β-HCH (median of 0.12 μg/l; max of 0.39 μg/l) and 4,4'-DDT (median of 0.050 μg/l; max of 0.82 μg/l). Despite that all the concentrations were below the established reference values, multivariate regression models were able to show that museum staff members are currently exposed to the aforementioned compounds while handling museum objects. To validate our findings, further studies are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Deering
- Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Ziemssenstr. 1, D-80336, Munich, Germany.
| | - Elise Spiegel
- Care for Art, Maximilianstr. 31, D-80539, Munich, Germany.
| | - Christiane Quaisser
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Research on Evolution and Biodiversity, Invalidenstr. 43, D-10115, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Dennis Nowak
- Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Ziemssenstr. 1, D-80336, Munich, Germany.
| | - Stefan Rakete
- Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Ziemssenstr. 1, D-80336, Munich, Germany.
| | - Mercè Garí
- Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Ziemssenstr. 1, D-80336, Munich, Germany; Institute of Computational Biology, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Oberschleißheim, Germany.
| | - Stephan Bose-O'Reilly
- Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Ziemssenstr. 1, D-80336, Munich, Germany; Institute of Public Health, Medical Decision Making and Health Technology Assessment, Department of Public Health, Health Services Research and Health Technology Assessment, UMIT (University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology), Eduard Wallnoefer Zentrum 1, A-6060, Hall I.T., Austria; University Children's Hospital Regensburg (KUNO-Clinics), University of Regensburg, Clinic St. Hedwig, Steinmetzstr. 1-3, 93049, Regensburg, Germany.
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Al-Khafaji TGH, Al-Timimi AHO, Abbas AS, Alanz MAA, Murshedi SJK, Alam MK. Mercury Loss From Dental Amalgam Fillings. PESQUISA BRASILEIRA EM ODONTOPEDIATRIA E CLÍNICA INTEGRADA 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/pboci.2020.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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19
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Araujo MW, Lipman RD, Platt JA. Amalgam. J Am Dent Assoc 2019; 150:813-815. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adaj.2019.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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20
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Wiggins AG, LaVoie SP, Wireman J, Summers AO. Thinking outside the (pill) box: Does toxic metal exposure thwart antibiotic stewardship best practices? Plasmid 2018; 99:68-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plasmid.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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21
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Abass K, Huusko A, Knutsen HK, Nieminen P, Myllynen P, Meltzer HM, Vahakangas K, Rautio A. Quantitative estimation of mercury intake by toxicokinetic modelling based on total mercury levels in humans. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 114:1-11. [PMID: 29455008 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Mercury is a toxic metal that can be disseminated into the environment from both natural and anthropogenic sources. Human exposure to the metal stems mainly from food, and more particularly from the consumption of fish and other seafoods. Examining dietary exposure and measuring mercury levels in body tissues are two ways of estimating exposure to mercury. In this study, we utilized a modelling system consisting of three linear toxicokinetic models for describing the fate of methyl mercury, inorganic mercury, and metallic mercury in the body, in order to estimate daily intake of mercury as measured through total mercury concentrations in the blood. We then compared the results stemming from our modelling system to those of the detailed semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) of the Norwegian Fish and Game (NFG) Study, a project that focused on dietary mercury exposure. The results indicate that toxicokinetic modelling based on blood levels gave higher daily intake values of mercury compared to those of the FFQ. Furthermore, the former had a wider range of estimates than the latter. The properties of the toxicokinetic model or limitations in the dietary exposure assessment could be posited as reasons for the differences between the respective methods. Moreover, the results may have been influenced by sources of mercury exposure that cannot be described as dietary, such as amalgam fillings.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Abass
- Arctic Health, Faculty of Medicine; and Thule Institute, University of Oulu, Finland.
| | - A Huusko
- Arctic Health, Faculty of Medicine; and Thule Institute, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - H K Knutsen
- Division for Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway
| | - P Nieminen
- Medical Informatics and Statistics Research Group, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - P Myllynen
- Northern Laboratory Centre NordLab, Oulu FI-90220, Finland
| | - H M Meltzer
- Division for Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway
| | - K Vahakangas
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy/Toxicology, University of Eastern Finland, Finland
| | - A Rautio
- Arctic Health, Faculty of Medicine; and Thule Institute, University of Oulu, Finland
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22
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LaVoie SP, Summers AO. Transcriptional responses of Escherichia coli during recovery from inorganic or organic mercury exposure. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:52. [PMID: 29338696 PMCID: PMC5769350 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4413-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The protean chemical properties of mercury have long made it attractive for diverse applications, but its toxicity requires great care in its use, disposal, and recycling. Mercury occurs in multiple chemical forms, and the molecular basis for the distinct toxicity of its various forms is only partly understood. Global transcriptomics applied over time can reveal how a cell recognizes a toxicant and what cellular subsystems it marshals to repair and recover from the damage. The longitudinal effects on the transcriptome of exponential phase E. coli were compared during sub-acute exposure to mercuric chloride (HgCl2) or to phenylmercuric acetate (PMA) using RNA-Seq. Results Differential gene expression revealed common and distinct responses to the mercurials throughout recovery. Cultures exhibited growth stasis immediately after each mercurial exposure but returned to normal growth more quickly after PMA exposure than after HgCl2 exposure. Correspondingly, PMA rapidly elicited up-regulation of a large number of genes which continued for 30 min, whereas fewer genes were up-regulated early after HgCl2 exposure only some of which overlapped with PMA up-regulated genes. By 60 min gene expression in PMA-exposed cells was almost indistinguishable from unexposed cells, but HgCl2 exposed cells still had many differentially expressed genes. Relative expression of energy production and most metabolite uptake pathways declined with both compounds, but nearly all stress response systems were up-regulated by one or the other mercurial during recovery. Conclusions Sub-acute exposure influenced expression of ~45% of all genes with many distinct responses for each compound, reflecting differential biochemical damage by each mercurial and the corresponding resources available for repair. This study is the first global, high-resolution view of the transcriptional responses to any common toxicant in a prokaryotic model system from exposure to recovery of active growth. The responses provoked by these two mercurials in this model bacterium also provide insights about how higher organisms may respond to these ubiquitous metal toxicants. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-017-4413-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P LaVoie
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
| | - Anne O Summers
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
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Liu Y, Buchanan S, Anderson HA, Xiao Z, Persky V, Turyk ME. Association of methylmercury intake from seafood consumption and blood mercury level among the Asian and Non-Asian populations in the United States. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 160:212-222. [PMID: 29020643 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MeHg is a well-established neurotoxicant for fetal brain growth and development and has been shown to increase the risk of cardiovascular disease in aging populations. In the U.S., Asian populations are of particular concern because of their seafood consumption behaviors. OBJECTIVES Our objective was to calculate the average daily MeHg intake (ADMI) from seafood and to assess the relationship between ADMI with blood methylmercury (BMeHg) concentrations, specifically among women of reproductive age (WORA) and adults ≥ 50 years of age. METHODS We estimated ADMI from seafood using the 30-day fish consumption data from the NHANES 2011-2014 datasets. Using multivariable linear regression, we estimated the proportional change in mean BMeHg associated with a doubling of the ADMI. Further, correlations between ADMI and BMeHg were compared between Asians and other racial/ethnic groups. RESULTS Our analysis found both Asian WORA and Asian adults age ≥ 50 years old had significantly higher BMeHg levels and ADMI than their Non-Asian counterparts. Correlations between ADMI from seafood and blood Hg levels were stronger among Asian WORA than among Non-Asian WORA. Key fish species that influenced the dietary MeHg intake for Asians were mackerel, tuna, and "other known/unknown fish species". CONCLUSION We confirmed that Asian populations have higher MeHg intake than the Non-Asian population in the U.S. and seafood intake is a key predictor of blood Hg concentration, especially among Asian women of reproductive age. Future studies should incorporate information on other known and unknown fish species that are frequently consumed by Asian populations and different parts and fish organs eaten to better understand determinants of MeHg exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Liu
- University of Illinois at Chicago, School of Public Health, Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, 1603 West Taylor Street, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Susan Buchanan
- University of Illinois at Chicago, School of Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, 2121 West Taylor Street, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Henry A Anderson
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Population Health Sciences, 614 Walnut Street, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Zhiwen Xiao
- University of Illinois at Chicago, School of Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, 2121 West Taylor Street, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Victoria Persky
- University of Illinois at Chicago, School of Public Health, Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, 1603 West Taylor Street, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mary E Turyk
- University of Illinois at Chicago, School of Public Health, Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, 1603 West Taylor Street, Chicago, IL, USA
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24
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Vacchina V, Séby F, Chekri R, Verdeil J, Dumont J, Hulin M, Sirot V, Volatier JL, Serreau R, Rousseau A, Simon T, Guérin T. Optimization and validation of the methods for the total mercury and methylmercury determination in breast milk. Talanta 2017; 167:404-410. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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25
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Żarski JF, Skibniewski M, Skibniewska E, Żarski TP, Majdecka T. The Presence of Mercury in the Tissues of Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos L.) from Włocławek Reservoir in Poland. Biol Trace Elem Res 2017; 176:384-390. [PMID: 27651095 PMCID: PMC5344933 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-016-0845-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The study aimed at determining the degree of mercury contamination of mallards, game waterbirds migrating from the regions of the unknown degree of contamination and establishing whether the consumption of their meat comprises a hazard to human health in view of the binding norms concerning the mercury content in food products. The investigations were carried out on 30 mallards shot during the duck shooting season in which mercury concentrations in the muscles, liver, and kidneys were determined using the cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry (CV-AAS) method. The mean Hg concentration in the investigated tissues in all birds studied amounted to 0.110, 0.154, and 0.122 mg kg-1 for the muscles, kidneys, and liver, respectively. The study indicated statistically significant (p ≤ 0.01) positive correlation between all of the organs examined. Animals were divided into two groups differing in both absolute values of Hg concentrations and those measured in individual tissues. In particular organs of birds representing the first group, the presence of highly significant correlation (p ≤ 0.01) was observed in all organs examined. In the second group, highly significant positive correlation between Hg concentrations in the liver and kidneys and highly significant negative dependence between the liver and muscles was noted. The examinations revealed that some birds must have come from regions of a high degree of mercury contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy F Żarski
- Department of Animals Environment Biology, Faculty of Animal Science, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Skibniewski
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159 C, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Ewa Skibniewska
- Department of Animals Environment Biology, Faculty of Animal Science, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tadeusz P Żarski
- Department of Animals Environment Biology, Faculty of Animal Science, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786, Warsaw, Poland
- Halina Konopacka Higher School of Physical Culture and Tourism, Andrzeja 1, 05-800, Pruszków, Poland
| | - Teresa Majdecka
- Department of Animals Environment Biology, Faculty of Animal Science, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786, Warsaw, Poland
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Björkman L, Sjursen TT, Dalen K, Lygre GB, Berge TLL, Svahn J, Lundekvam BF. Long term changes in health complaints after removal of amalgam restorations. Acta Odontol Scand 2017; 75:208-219. [PMID: 28093013 DOI: 10.1080/00016357.2016.1278262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Concerns over adverse effects of mercury released from dental amalgam sometimes lead patients to request removal of their amalgam restorations. Several studies report improvement of subjective health after removal of amalgam restorations, but the mechanisms are unclear. The aim of this paper is to present data on long term changes in intensity of health complaints after amalgam removal in a group of patients with health complaints self-attributed to dental amalgam. Data from the five years follow-up in a clinical trial are presented and related to potential determinants of change. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients previously referred to a specialty unit for health complaints attributed to amalgam restorations were included in the study. The 20 participants who were allocated to the treatment group had all amalgam restorations removed and replaced with other dental restorative materials. Intensity of health complaints was calculated from questionnaire data and personality variables were measured by MMPI-2. RESULTS At the follow-up five years after the amalgam removal was completed, intensity of general health complaints was significantly reduced (p=.001), but the symptom load was still high. The reduction was significantly correlated with concentration of mercury in urine at pre-treatment. There were no significant correlations with personality variables. CONCLUSIONS Removal of amalgam restorations was followed by a long term reduction of general health complaints, which was associated with mercury concentration in urine before amalgam removal. Additional studies are needed to confirm the potential mechanisms for the observed reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Björkman
- Dental Biomaterials Adverse Reaction Unit, Uni Research, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Therese T. Sjursen
- Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Knut Dalen
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Gunvor B. Lygre
- Dental Biomaterials Adverse Reaction Unit, Uni Research, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Johanna Svahn
- Dental Biomaterials Adverse Reaction Unit, Uni Research, Bergen, Norway
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Yin L, Yu K, Lin S, Song X, Yu X. Associations of blood mercury, inorganic mercury, methyl mercury and bisphenol A with dental surface restorations in the U.S. population, NHANES 2003-2004 and 2010-2012. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2016; 134P1:213-225. [PMID: 27639196 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The potential adverse health effects of mercury from amalgam and bisphenol A (BPA) from composite resin have been significant concerns. It is unclear whether dental restorative materials significantly contribute to mercury or BPA levels. The purpose of this study is to use NHANES data including 14,703 subjects (2003-2004: n=7514; 2011-2012: n=7189) to examine the association between Dental Surface Restorations (DSR) and blood total mercury (THg), inorganic mercury (IHg), methyl mercury (MeHg) and urinary BPA through the stratification of covariates and multivariate analysis. Subjects were divided into three groups based on the number of dental surface restorations (DSRs, 0, 1-8, >8). Blood THg and IHg in 2003-2004 were significantly higher in the subjects with DSR (geometric mean of 0.48, 0.69 and 1.17μg/l for THg; 0.32, 0.33 and 0.39μg/l for IHg with DSR 0, 1-8 and >8). Similarly, increases of THg, IHg and MeHg were also observed in 2013-2014 (geometric mean of 0.51, 0.69 and 0.99μg/l for THg; 0.40, 0.49 and 0.66μg/l for MeHg; 0.20, 0.22 and 0.29μg/l for IHg with DSR 0, 1-8 and >8). Linear regression model analysis revealed blood THg and IHg in 2003-2004 and THg, IHg and MeHg in 2011-2012 were quantitatively associated with the number of DSRs. A dramatic decrease in urinary BPA from 2003 to 2004-2011-2012 was observed, but no significant increase with DSRs in either period of study. In conclusion, significant increases in blood THg, IHg, and MeHg in the subjects with DSRs are confirmed in a nationally representative population, a critical step in assessing the potential risk of adverse effects from dental restorative materials, but no association between dental fillings and urinary BPA was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yin
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Kevin Yu
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Simon Lin
- The Center for Pediatric Dentistry, University of Washington, USA
| | - Xiao Song
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Xiaozhong Yu
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
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Al-Rabab'ah MA, Bustani MA, Khraisat AS, Sawair FA. Phase down of amalgam. Awareness of Minamata convention among Jordanian dentists. Saudi Med J 2016; 37:1381-1386. [PMID: 27874155 PMCID: PMC5303778 DOI: 10.15537/smj.2016.12.16163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the knowledge of Jordanian dentists toward phase down of dental amalgam as recommended by the Minamata Convention, and their training and competency in placing posterior composites. Methods: This study was conducted through structured questionnaire interviews with randomly selected cohort of dentists in Jordan between March 2015 and June 2015. Out of 230 dentists who were invited, 196 (85.2%) agreed to participate. Dentists were asked if they know about the Minamata Convention. They were also asked about their training in placement of posterior composite. Results: Out of the 196 interviewed, only 13.8% know about Minamata Convention and 17% had an undergraduate training in favor of placing composites in posterior teeth. Approximately 50% of those dentists were not trained in using rubber dam when placing posterior composites, while only 38.3% had training in sectional matrix placement. Undergraduate training did not influence (p=0.00) the dentists' decision to remove old amalgam based on patient's demands. Only 28.1% were of the opinion of discontinuing the use of amalgam due to its alleged health and environmental hazards. There was no general agreement on the type of composite, liner, and bonding strategy when placing posterior composites. Conclusion: Dentists are not well informed on the Minamata Convention and the phase down of amalgam. Training in posterior composite placement should be given more room in undergraduate curriculum and continuous dental education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A Al-Rabab'ah
- Conservative Dentistry Department, School of Dentistry, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan. E-mail.
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29
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Sahani M, Sulaiman NS, Tan BS, Yahya NA, Anual ZF, Mahiyuddin WRW, Khan MF, Muttalib KA. Mercury in dental amalgam: Are our health care workers at risk? JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2016; 66:1077-1083. [PMID: 27192328 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2016.1188866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Dental amalgam in fillings exposes workers to mercury. The exposure to mercury was investigated among 1871 dental health care workers. The aim of the study was to evaluate the risk of mercury exposure among dental compared to nondental health care workers and to determine other risk factors for mercury exposure. Respondents answered questionnaires to obtain demographic, personal, professional, and workplace information and were examined for their own amalgam fillings. Chronic mercury exposure was assessed through urinary mercury levels. In total, 1409 dental and 462 nondental health care workers participated in the study. Median urine mercury levels for dental and nondental health care workers were 2.75 μg/L (interquartile range [IQR] = 3.0175) and 2.66 μg/L (IQR = 3.04) respectively. For mercury exposure, there were no significant risk factor found among the workers involved within the dental care. The Mann-Whitney test showed that urine mercury levels were significantly different between respondents who eat seafood more than 5 times per week compared to those who eat it less frequently or not at all (p = 0.003). The urinary mercury levels indicated significant difference between dental workers in their practice using squeeze cloths (Mann-Whitney test, p = 0.03). Multiple logistic regression showed that only the usage of cosmetic products that might contain mercury was found to be significantly associated with the urinary mercury levels (odds ratio [OR] = 15.237; CI: 3.612-64.276). Therefore, mean urinary mercury levels of health care workers were low. Exposure to dental amalgam is not associated with high mercury exposure. However, usage of cosmetic products containing mercury and high seafood consumption may lead to the increase of exposure to mercury. IMPLICATIONS Exposure to the high levels of mercury from dental amalgam can lead to serious health effects among the dental health care workers. Nationwide chronic mercury exposure among dental personnel was assessed through urinary mercury levels. Findings suggest low urinary mercury levels of these health care workers. Exposure to dental amalgam is not associated with high mercury exposure. However, the usage of cosmetic products containing mercury and high seafood consumption may lead to the increase of exposure to mercury.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sahani
- a Faculty of Health Sciences , Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
| | - N S Sulaiman
- b Institute for Medical Research , Jalan Pahang , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
| | - B S Tan
- c School of Dentistry, Institute of Research , Development and Innovation, International Medical University , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
| | - N A Yahya
- a Faculty of Health Sciences , Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
| | - Z F Anual
- a Faculty of Health Sciences , Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
| | - W R Wan Mahiyuddin
- b Institute for Medical Research , Jalan Pahang , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
| | - M F Khan
- d Centre for Tropical Climate Change System (IKLIM), Institute of Climate Change , Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia , Bangi , Selangor , Malaysia
| | - K A Muttalib
- e Oral Health Division , Ministry of Health , Putrajaya , Malaysia
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Use of Mercury in Dental Silver Amalgam: An Occupational and Environmental Assessment. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:6126385. [PMID: 27446955 PMCID: PMC4944028 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6126385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess the occupational exposure to mercury in dentistry and associated environmental emission in wastewater of Lahore, Pakistan. A total of ninety-eight blood samples were collected comprising 37 dentists, 31 dental assistants, and 30 controls. Results demonstrate that the dentistry personnel contained significantly higher mean concentration of mercury in their blood samples (dentists: 29.835 µg/L and dental assistants: 22.798 µg/L) compared to that of the controls (3.2769 µg/L). The mean concentration of mercury was found maximum in the blood samples of older age group (62.8 µg/L) in dentists and (44.3 µg/L) in dental assistants. The comparison of mercury concentration among dentists, dental assistants, and controls (pairing based on their ages) revealed that the concentration increased with the age and experience among the dentists and dental assistants. Moreover, the mercury concentration in all the studied dental wastewater samples, collected from twenty-two dental clinics, was found to be exceeding the recommended discharge limit of 0.01 mg/L. Therefore, we recommend that immediate steps must be taken to ensure appropriate preventive measures to avoid mercury vapors in order to prevent potential health hazards to dentistry personnel. Strong regulatory and administrative measures are needed to deal with mercury pollution on emergency basis.
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31
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Richardson GM, Clemow SR, Peters RE, James KJ, Siciliano SD. Assessment of exposures and potential risks to the US adult population from wear (attrition and abrasion) of gold and ceramic dental restorations. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2016; 26:70-77. [PMID: 25805253 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2015.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Little has been published on the chemical exposures and risks of dental restorative materials other than from dental amalgam and composite resins. Here we provide the first exposure and risk assessment for gold (Au) alloy and ceramic restorative materials. Based on the 2001-2004 US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), we assessed the exposure of US adults to the components of Au alloy and ceramic dental restorations owing to dental material wear. Silver (Ag) is the most problematic component of Au alloy restorations, owing to a combination of toxicity and proportional composition. It was estimated that adults could possess an average of four tooth surfaces restored with Au alloy before exceeding, on average, the reference exposure level (REL) for Ag. Lithium (Li) is the most problematic component of dental ceramics. It was estimated that adults could possess an average of 15 tooth surfaces restored with ceramics before exceeding the REL for Li. Relative risks of chemical exposures from dental materials decrease in the following order: Amalgam>Au alloys>ceramics>composite resins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rachel E Peters
- Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Kyle J James
- Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Steven D Siciliano
- Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Golding J, Steer CD, Gregory S, Lowery T, Hibbeln JR, Taylor CM. Dental associations with blood mercury in pregnant women. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2015; 44:216-22. [PMID: 26688340 PMCID: PMC4840325 DOI: 10.1111/cdoe.12208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Objectives There is curiosity concerning the source of mercury that is absorbed into the mother's blood and which may affect the developing fetus. This study therefore sets out to determine the extent to which dental amalgam (DA) may contribute to total blood mercury (TBHg) levels of pregnant women in the UK. Methods Whole blood samples and information on diet and socio‐demographic factors were collected from pregnant women (n = 4484) enrolled in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). The whole blood samples were assayed for total mercury levels using inductively coupled plasma dynamic reaction cell mass spectrometry (ICP‐DRC‐MS), and the women were retrospectively asked about features of their dental care during the pregnancy. Linear regression was used to estimate the relative contributions of DA to TBHg levels (log‐transformed) based on R2 values, compared to the results from dietary and socio‐demographic variables. Results The contribution to the variance of the mothers' TBHg levels by dental variables was 6.47%, a figure comparable to the 8.75% shown for seafood consumption in this population. Dietary and dental variables explained 20.16% of the variance, with socio‐demographic variables contributing only a further 3.40%. The number of amalgams in the mouth at the start of pregnancy accounted for most of the variance in dental variables. Conclusions Dental amalgam contributes a comparable amount of variance in TBHg to seafood consumption in this population. However, because the measures of DA exposure were imprecise, these findings are likely to be an underestimate. There is no evidence to date in the literature that fetal exposures to mercury from maternal DAs have adverse effects on the developing child, but long‐term studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Golding
- Centre for Child and Adolescent Health, School of Social & Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Colin D Steer
- Centre for Child and Adolescent Health, School of Social & Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Steven Gregory
- Centre for Child and Adolescent Health, School of Social & Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Tony Lowery
- National Seafood Inspection Laboratory, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration, Pascagoula, MS, USA
| | - Joseph R Hibbeln
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Caroline M Taylor
- Centre for Child and Adolescent Health, School of Social & Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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LaVoie SP, Mapolelo DT, Cowart DM, Polacco BJ, Johnson MK, Scott RA, Miller SM, Summers AO. Organic and inorganic mercurials have distinct effects on cellular thiols, metal homeostasis, and Fe-binding proteins in Escherichia coli. J Biol Inorg Chem 2015; 20:1239-51. [PMID: 26498643 PMCID: PMC4749482 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-015-1303-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The protean chemical properties of the toxic metal mercury (Hg) have made it attractive in diverse applications since antiquity. However, growing public concern has led to an international agreement to decrease its impact on health and the environment. During a recent proteomics study of acute Hg exposure in E. coli, we also examined the effects of inorganic and organic Hg compounds on thiol and metal homeostases. On brief exposure, lower concentrations of divalent inorganic mercury Hg(II) blocked bulk cellular thiols and protein-associated thiols more completely than higher concentrations of monovalent organomercurials, phenylmercuric acetate (PMA) and merthiolate (MT). Cells bound Hg(II) and PMA in excess of their available thiol ligands; X-ray absorption spectroscopy indicated nitrogens as likely additional ligands. The mercurials released protein-bound iron (Fe) more effectively than common organic oxidants and all disturbed the Na(+)/K(+) electrolyte balance, but none provoked efflux of six essential transition metals including Fe. PMA and MT made stable cysteine monothiol adducts in many Fe-binding proteins, but stable Hg(II) adducts were only seen in CysXxx(n)Cys peptides. We conclude that on acute exposure: (a) the distinct effects of mercurials on thiol and Fe homeostases reflected their different uptake and valences; (b) their similar effects on essential metal and electrolyte homeostases reflected the energy dependence of these processes; and (c) peptide phenylmercury-adducts were more stable or detectable in mass spectrometry than Hg(II)-adducts. These first in vivo observations in a well-defined model organism reveal differences upon acute exposure to inorganic and organic mercurials that may underlie their distinct toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P LaVoie
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Daphne T Mapolelo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Botswana, P.O. Box 00704, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Darin M Cowart
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Benjamin J Polacco
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Michael K Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Robert A Scott
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Susan M Miller
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Anne O Summers
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
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Sjursen TT, Binder PE, Lygre GB, Helland V, Dalen K, Björkman L. Patients' experiences of changes in health complaints before, during, and after removal of dental amalgam. Int J Qual Stud Health Well-being 2015; 10:28157. [PMID: 26112454 PMCID: PMC4481046 DOI: 10.3402/qhw.v10.28157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article, we explore how patients with health complaints attributed to dental amalgam experienced and gave meaning to changes in health complaints before, during, and after removal of all amalgam fillings. We conducted semistructured qualitative interviews with 12 participants from the treatment group in a Norwegian amalgam removal trial. Interviews took place within a couple months of the final follow-up 5 years after amalgam removal. Using the NVivo9 software, we conducted an explorative and reflective thematic analysis and identified the following themes: Something is not working: betrayed by the body, You are out there on your own, Not being sure of the importance of amalgam removal, The relief experienced after amalgam removal, and To accept, to give up, or to continue the search. We discuss the findings in the context of patients’ assigning meaning to illness experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese T Sjursen
- Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway;
| | - Per-Einar Binder
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Gunvor B Lygre
- Dental Biomaterials Adverse Reaction Unit, Uni Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Vigdis Helland
- Dental Biomaterials Adverse Reaction Unit, Uni Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Knut Dalen
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Lars Björkman
- Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Dental Biomaterials Adverse Reaction Unit, Uni Research, Bergen, Norway
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Cabaña-Muñoz ME, Parmigiani-Izquierdo JM, Bravo-González LA, Kyung HM, Merino JJ. Increased Zn/Glutathione Levels and Higher Superoxide Dismutase-1 Activity as Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Women with Long-Term Dental Amalgam Fillings: Correlation between Mercury/Aluminium Levels (in Hair) and Antioxidant Systems in Plasma. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126339. [PMID: 26076368 PMCID: PMC4468144 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The induction of oxidative stress by Hg can affect antioxidant enzymes. However, epidemiological studies have failed to establish clear association between dental fillings presence and health problems. OBJECTIVES To determine whether heavy metals (in hair), antioxidant enzymes (SOD-1) and glutathione levels could be affected by the chronic presence of heavy metals in women who had dental amalgam fillings. MATERIALS AND METHODS 55 hair samples (42 females with amalgam fillings and 13 female control subjects) were obtained. All subjects (mean age 44 years) who had dental amalgam filling for more than 10 years (average 15 years). Certain metals were quantified by ICP-MS (Mass Spectrophotometry) in hair (μg/g: Al, Hg, Ba, Ag, Sb, As, Be, Bi, Cd, Pb, Pt, Tl, Th, U, Ni, Sn, Ti) and SOD-1 and Glutathione (reduced form) levels in plasma. Data were compared with controls without amalgams, and analyzed to identify any significant relation between metals and the total number of amalgam fillings, comparing those with four or less (n = 27) with those with more than four (n = 15). As no significant differences were detected, the two groups were pooled (Amlgam; n = 42). FINDINGS Hg, Ag, Al and Ba were higher in the amalgam group but without significant differences for most of the heavy metals analyzed. Increased SOD-1 activity and glutathione levels (reduced form) were observed in the amalgam group. Aluminum (Al) correlated with glutathione levels while Hg levels correlated with SOD-1. The observed Al/glutathione and Hg/SOD-1 correlation could be adaptive responses against the chronic presence of mercury. CONCLUSIONS Hg, Ag, Al and Ba levels increased in women who had dental amalgam fillings for long periods. Al correlated with glutathione, and Hg with SOD-1. SOD-1 may be a possible biomarker for assessing chronic Hg toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Eugenia Cabaña-Muñoz
- Centro CIROM, Centro de Implantología y Rehabilitación Oral Multidisciplinaria, Murcia, Spain
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, UMU, Unidad Docente de Ortodoncia, Murcia, Spain
- * E-mail: (JJM); (MEC)
| | | | | | - Hee-Moon Kyung
- Department of Orthodontics, Dental School, Kyungpook Nacional University, Daegu, Korea
| | - José Joaquín Merino
- IUIN, Instituto de Investigación Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, (U.C.M), Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail: (JJM); (MEC)
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Zwicker JD, Dutton DJ, Emery JCH. Longitudinal analysis of the association between removal of dental amalgam, urine mercury and 14 self-reported health symptoms. Environ Health 2014; 13:95. [PMID: 25404430 PMCID: PMC4273453 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-13-95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mercury vapor poses a known health risk with no clearly established safe level of exposure. Consequently there is debate over whether the level of prolonged exposure to mercury vapor from dental amalgam fillings, combining approximately 50% mercury with other metals, is sufficiently high to represent a risk to health. The objective of our study is to determine if mercury exposure from amalgam fillings is associated with risk of adverse health effects. METHODS In a large longitudinal non-blind sample of participants from a preventative health program in Calgary, Canada we compared number of amalgam fillings, urine mercury measures and changes in 14 self-reported health symptoms, proposed to be mercury dependent sub-clinical measures of mental and physical health. The likelihood of change over one year in a sample of persons who had their fillings removed was compared to a sample of persons who had not had their fillings removed. We use non-parametric statistical tests to determine if differences in urine mercury were statistically significant between sample groups. Logistic regression models were used to estimate the likelihood of observing symptom improvement or worsening in the sample groups. RESULTS At baseline, individuals with dental amalgam fillings have double the measured urine mercury compared to a control group of persons who have never had amalgam fillings. Removal of amalgam fillings decreases measured urine mercury to levels in persons without amalgam fillings. Although urine mercury levels in our sample are considered by Health Canada to be too low to pose health risks, removal of amalgam fillings reduced the likelihood of self-reported symptom deterioration and increased the likelihood of symptom improvement in comparison to people who retained their amalgam fillings. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that mercury exposure from amalgam fillings adversely impact health and therefore are a health risk. The use of safer alternative materials for dental fillings should be encouraged to avoid the increased risk of health deterioration associated with unnecessary exposure to mercury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer D Zwicker
- />School of Public Policy, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2P 1H9 Canada
| | - Daniel J Dutton
- />School of Public Policy, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2P 1H9 Canada
| | - John Charles Herbert Emery
- />School of Public Policy, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2P 1H9 Canada
- />Department of Economics, University of Calgary, Social Sciences Building, Room 554, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1 N4 Canada
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Sangvanich T, Morry J, Fox C, Ngamcherdtrakul W, Goodyear S, Castro D, Fryxell GE, Addleman RS, Summers AO, Yantasee W. Novel oral detoxification of mercury, cadmium, and lead with thiol-modified nanoporous silica. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:5483-5493. [PMID: 24660651 PMCID: PMC4004256 DOI: 10.1021/am5007707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a thiol-modified nanoporous silica material (SH-SAMMS) as an oral therapy for the prevention and treatment of heavy metal poisoning. SH-SAMMS has been reported to be highly efficient at capturing heavy metals in biological fluids and water. Herein, SH-SAMMS was examined for efficacy and safety in both in vitro and in vivo animal models for the oral detoxification of heavy metals. In simulated gastrointestinal fluids, SH-SAMMS had a very high affinity (Kd) for methyl mercury (MeHg(I)), inorganic mercury (Hg(II)), lead (Pb(II)), and cadmium (Cd(II)) and was superior to other SAMMS with carboxylic acid or phosphonic acid ligands or commercially available metal chelating sorbents. SH-SAMMS also effectively removed Hg from biologically digested fish tissue with no effect on most nutritional minerals found in fish. SH-SAMMS could hold Hg(II) and MeHg(I) tightly inside the nanosize pores, thus preventing bacteria from converting them to more absorbable forms. Rats fed a diet containing MeHg(I), Cd(II), and Pb(II) and SH-SAMMS for 2 weeks had blood Hg levels significantly lower than rats fed the metal-rich diet only. Upon cessation of the metal-rich diet, continued administration of SH-SAMMS for 2 weeks facilitated faster and more extensive clearance of Hg than in animals not continued on oral SH-SAMMS. Rats receiving SH-SAMMS also suffered less weight loss as a result of the metal exposure. Retention of Hg and Cd in major organs was lowest in rats fed with SH-SAMMS throughout the entire four weeks. The reduction of blood Pb by SH-SAMMS was significant. SH-SAMMS was safe to intestinal epithelium model (Caco-2) and common intestinal bacteria (Escherichia coli). Altogether, it has great potential as a new oral drug for the treatment of heavy metal poisoning. This new application is enabled by the installation of tailored interfacial chemistry upon nontoxic nanoporous materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanapon Sangvanich
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Jingga Morry
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Cade Fox
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Worapol Ngamcherdtrakul
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Shaun Goodyear
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - David Castro
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Glen E. Fryxell
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
(PNNL), Richland, Washington, United States
| | - Raymond S. Addleman
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
(PNNL), Richland, Washington, United States
| | - Anne O. Summers
- Department
of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States
| | - Wassana Yantasee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, Oregon, United States
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Kim SJ, Han SW, Lee DJ, Kim KM, Joo NS. Higher Serum Heavy Metal May Be Related with Higher Serum gamma-Glutamyltransferase Concentration in Koreans: Analysis of the Fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES V-1, 2, 2010, 2011). Korean J Fam Med 2014; 35:74-80. [PMID: 24724002 PMCID: PMC3978188 DOI: 10.4082/kjfm.2014.35.2.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Abnormal serum gamma-glutamyltransferase (γ-GT) may be an early and sensitive marker for oxidative stress. This study was performed to evaluate the association between serum heavy metals and γ-GT concentration. Methods This study is a cross-sectional analysis based on data from Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (V-1, 2, 2010, 2011) regarding serum heavy metal concentrations (lead, mercury, and cadmium) as well as serum γ-GT. Serum heavy metals were categorized into tertiles, and serum γ-GT concentration was compared using an analysis of covariance test after relevant variable adjustments. In addition, we evaluated the odds ratio (OR) of having the highest tertile of serum γ-GT in each heavy metal tertile using logistic regression. Results The mean serum lead, mercury, and cadmium concentrations were 2.67, 5.08, and 1.02 µg/dL in men and 1.95, 3.60, and 1.21 µg/dL in women, respectively. Partial correlation showed a significant positive relation between each heavy metal and serum γ-GT concentration. Comparing serum γ-GT concentration by the tertile of each heavy metal, serum γ-GT concentration showed a significant increase as the tertiles of serum mercury and cadmium in men and that of serum mercury in women increased, but not with lead. The OR of having the highest tertile of serum γ-GT was significant for cadmium in men (OR, 4.02; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.54 to 6.35) and mercury in women (OR, 2.00; 95% CI, 1.29 to 3.10) in the top tertile of each heavy metal. Conclusion Higher serum heavy metal concentration may be related with higher serum γ-GT concentration. In particular, serum cadmium in men and mercury in women showed significant correlation with serum γ-GT concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Jin Kim
- Department of Family Practice and Community Health, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Sung-Woo Han
- Department of Family Practice and Community Health, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Duck-Joo Lee
- Department of Family Practice and Community Health, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Kwang-Min Kim
- Department of Family Practice and Community Health, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Nam-Seok Joo
- Department of Family Practice and Community Health, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
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Oliveira MT, Constantino HV, Molina GO, Milioli E, Ghizoni JS, Pereira JR. Evaluation of mercury contamination in patients and water during amalgam removal. J Contemp Dent Pract 2014; 15:165-168. [PMID: 25095837 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to evaluate mercury levels in wastewater and in patients during the removal of dental amalgam restorations. MATERIALS AND METHODS To test for mercury levels, patients were tested before and after amalgam restoration removal. To test for mercury emissions, samples of constant volume of wastewater from high-speed drills were collected before and during amalgam restoration removal. RESULTS Although the systemic mercury levels were lower than the limit of biological tolerance, all patients had increased levels after dental restorations. All samples of wastewater had increased mercury levels too. CONCLUSION The urinary levels of mercury increased with dental amalgam removal using a high-speed drill. During the process of amalgam removal, water used for cooling the dental drill was contaminated with mercury. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The mercury released by the physical action of the drill, the replacement material and especially the final destination of the amalgam waste can increase contamination levels that can be a risk for human and environment health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Tomás Oliveira
- Professor, Department of Dental Materials, University of Southern Santa Catarina, UNISUL, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Henrique Vieira Constantino
- Undergraduate Student, Department of Dental Materials, University of Southern Santa Catarina, UNISUL, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Otoboni Molina
- Professor, Department of Peridontics, University of Southern Santa Catarina, UNISUL, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Elysa Milioli
- Undergraduate Student, Department of Dental Materials, University of Southern Santa Catarina, UNISUL, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Janaina Salomon Ghizoni
- Professor, Department of Oral Pathology, University of Southern Santa Catarina, UNISUL, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Jefferson Ricardo Pereira
- Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, University of Southern Santa Catarina - UNISUL, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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Pieper I, Wehe CA, Bornhorst J, Ebert F, Leffers L, Holtkamp M, Höseler P, Weber T, Mangerich A, Bürkle A, Karst U, Schwerdtle T. Mechanisms of Hg species induced toxicity in cultured human astrocytes: genotoxicity and DNA-damage response. Metallomics 2014; 6:662-71. [PMID: 24549367 DOI: 10.1039/c3mt00337j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The toxicologically most relevant mercury (Hg) species for human exposure is methylmercury (MeHg). Thiomersal is a common preservative used in some vaccine formulations. The aim of this study is to get further mechanistic insight into the yet not fully understood neurotoxic modes of action of organic Hg species. Mercury species investigated include MeHgCl and thiomersal. Additionally HgCl2 was studied, since in the brain mercuric Hg can be formed by dealkylation of the organic species. As a cellular system astrocytes were used. In vivo astrocytes provide the environment necessary for neuronal function. In the present study, cytotoxic effects of the respective mercuricals increased with rising alkylation level and correlated with their cellular bioavailability. Further experiments revealed for all species at subcytotoxic concentrations no induction of DNA strand breaks, whereas all species massively increased H2O2-induced DNA strand breaks. This co-genotoxic effect is likely due to a disturbance of the cellular DNA damage response. Thus, at nanomolar, sub-cytotoxic concentrations, all three mercury species strongly disturbed poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation, a signalling reaction induced by DNA strand breaks. Interestingly, the molecular mechanism behind this inhibition seems to be different for the species. Since chronic PARP-1 inhibition is also discussed to sacrifice neurogenesis and learning abilities, further experiments on neurons and in vivo studies could be helpful to clarify whether the inhibition of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation contributes to organic Hg induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imke Pieper
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstr. 45, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Mackey TK, Contreras JT, Liang BA. The Minamata Convention on Mercury: attempting to address the global controversy of dental amalgam use and mercury waste disposal. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 472:125-9. [PMID: 24291137 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.10.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In October 2013, a new international binding treaty instrument called the Minamata Convention on Mercury opened for signature in Minamata City, Japan, the site of arguably the worst public health and environmental disaster involving mercury contamination. The treaty aims to curb the significant health and environmental impacts of mercury pollution and includes provisions addressing the mining, export and import, storage, and waste management of products containing mercury. Importantly, a provision heavily negotiated in the treaty addresses the use of dental fillings using mercury amalgam, an issue that has been subject to decades of global controversy. Though use of dental amalgam is widespread and has benefits, concerns have been raised regarding the potential for human health risk and environmental damage from emissions and improper waste management. While the Minamata Convention attempts to address these issues by calling for a voluntary phase-down of dental amalgam use and commitment to other measures, it falls short by failing to require binding and measurable targets to achieve these goals. In response, the international community should begin exploring ways to strengthen the implementation of the dental amalgam treaty provisions by establishing binding phase-down targets and milestones as well as exploring financing mechanisms to support treaty measures. Through strengthening of the Convention, stakeholders can ensure equitable access to global oral health treatment while also promoting responsible environmental stewardship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim K Mackey
- Joint Master of Advanced Studies in Health Policy and Law Program, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine and California Western School of Law, United States; San Diego Center for Patient Safety, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, United States; Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, United States; Institute of Health Law Studies, California Western School of Law, United States.
| | - John T Contreras
- Joint Master of Advanced Studies in Health Policy and Law Program, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine and California Western School of Law, United States
| | - Bryan A Liang
- Joint Master of Advanced Studies in Health Policy and Law Program, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine and California Western School of Law, United States; San Diego Center for Patient Safety, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, United States; Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, United States
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42
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Homme KG, Kern JK, Haley BE, Geier DA, King PG, Sykes LK, Geier MR. New science challenges old notion that mercury dental amalgam is safe. Biometals 2014; 27:19-24. [PMID: 24420334 PMCID: PMC3905169 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-013-9700-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Mercury dental amalgam has a long history of ostensibly safe use despite its continuous release of mercury vapor. Two key studies known as the Children's Amalgam Trials are widely cited as evidence of safety. However, four recent reanalyses of one of these trials now suggest harm, particularly to boys with common genetic variants. These and other studies suggest that susceptibility to mercury toxicity differs among individuals based on multiple genes, not all of which have been identified. These studies further suggest that the levels of exposure to mercury vapor from dental amalgams may be unsafe for certain subpopulations. Moreover, a simple comparison of typical exposures versus regulatory safety standards suggests that many people receive unsafe exposures. Chronic mercury toxicity is especially insidious because symptoms are variable and nonspecific, diagnostic tests are often misunderstood, and treatments are speculative at best. Throughout the world, efforts are underway to phase down or eliminate the use of mercury dental amalgam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin G Homme
- International Academy of Oral Medicine and Toxicology, ChampionsGate, FL, 33896, USA,
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43
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Nicolae A, Ames H, Quiñonez C. Dental amalgam and urinary mercury concentrations: a descriptive study. BMC Oral Health 2013; 13:44. [PMID: 24015978 PMCID: PMC3847647 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6831-13-44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dental amalgam is a source of elemental and inorganic mercury. The safety of dental amalgam in individuals remains a controversial issue. Urinary mercury concentrations are used to assess chronic exposure to elemental mercury. At present, there are no indications of mercury-associated adverse effects at levels below 5 μg Hg/g creatinine (Cr) or 7 μg Hg/L (urine). The purpose of the present study is to determine the overall urinary mercury level in the Canadian general population in relation to the number of dental amalgam surfaces. Methods Data come from the 2007/09 Canadian Health Measures Survey, which measured urinary mercury concentrations in a nationally representative sample of 5,418 Canadians aged 6–79 years. Urinary mercury concentrations were stratified by sex, age, and number of dental amalgam surfaces. Results The overall mean urinary mercury concentration varied between 0.12 μg Hg/L and 0.31 μg Hg/L or 0.13 μg Hg/g Cr and 0.40 μg Hg/g Cr. In general, females showed slightly higher mean urinary mercury levels than men. The overall 95th percentile was 2.95 μg Hg/L, the 99th percentile was 7.34E μg Hg/L, and the 99.9th percentile was 17.45 μg Hg/L. Expressed as μg Hg/g Cr, the overall 95th percentile was 2.57 μg Hg/g Cr, the 99th percentile was 5.65 μg Hg/g Cr, and the 99.9th percentiles was 12.14 μg Hg/g Cr. Overall, 98.2% of participants had urinary mercury levels below 7 μg Hg/L and 97.7% had urinary mercury levels below 5 μg Hg/g Cr. All data are estimates for the Canadian population. The estimates followed by the letter “E” should be interpreted with caution due to high sampling variability (coefficient of variation 16.6%-33.3%). Conclusions The mean urinary mercury concentrations in the general Canadian population are significantly lower than the values considered to pose any risks for health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Nicolae
- Community Dental Health Services Research Unit, University of Toronto, 124 Edward Street, M5G 1G6, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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44
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MM/QM study: Interactions of copper(II) and mercury(II) with food dyes in aqueous solutions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcas.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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45
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Yılmaz H, Tutkun E, Demiralp KÖ, Yılmaz FM, Aliyev V, Söylemezoğlu T. Exposure to mercury among dental health workers in Turkey. Toxicol Ind Health 2013; 31:951-4. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233713484652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To investigate the current status of exposure to mercury (Hg) among dental health workers in Turkey. Methods: A total of 115 persons working in the same hospital were included in the study and were divided into three groups. Group 1 consisted of 67 dentists; group 2 consisted of 21 dental personnel who work with amalgam, and group 3 consisted of 27 control subjects who work in the same hospital but are non-dental personnel. The number of amalgam fillings that have been made by the dentists and the number of own fillings of the subjects were recorded. Results: Plasma Hg levels were found to be 3.76 ± 1.84, 3.54 ± 1.83, and 2.69 ± 0.97 µg/L in groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Hg concentrations in group 1 were significantly higher than the control group. There was no significant difference between groups 1 and 2. The number of amalgam fillings made by the dentists in the previous year correlated significantly with plasma Hg levels ( r = 0.378, p < 0.01). There was no significant correlation between the own amalgam fillings in the teeth of the subjects and Hg levels. Conclusion: Preventive measures for protection from exposure to Hg are necessary for occupational health in dentistry and proper industrial hygiene rules should be emphasized to avoid contamination during work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hınç Yılmaz
- Ministry of Health, Ankara Occupational Diseases Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Engin Tutkun
- Ministry of Health, Ankara Occupational Diseases Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Fatma M Yılmaz
- Department of Biochemistry, Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Vugar Aliyev
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
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Saatchi M, Shadmehr E, Talebi SM, Nazeri M. A Prospective Clinical Study on Blood Mercury Levels Following Endodontic Root-end Surgery with Amalgam. IRANIAN ENDODONTIC JOURNAL 2013; 8:85-8. [PMID: 23922566 PMCID: PMC3734520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 03/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this clinical study was to compare the blood mercury levels before and after endodontic surgery using amalgam as a root-end filling material. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fourteen patients requiring periradicular surgery participated in this prospective clinical study. A zinc-free amalgam was employed as root-end filling material. Blood samples were collected at three intervals: immediately before, immediately after and one week postoperatively. Mercury content of the blood was determined using gold amalgamation cold-vapor atomic absorption spectrometry. Obtained data were analyzed using analysis of variance for repeated measures and paired t-test. RESULTS The mean (SD) of blood mercury levels was 2.20 (0.24) ng/mL immediately before surgery, 2.24 (0.28) ng/mL immediately after surgery and 2.44 (0.17) ng/mL one week after the periradicular surgery. The blood mercury level one week post-operative was significantly higher than both blood mercury levels immediately before (P<0.001) and immediately after (P=0.005) the surgery. CONCLUSION Placement of an amalgam retroseal during endodontic surgery can increase blood mercury levels after one week. The mercury levels however, are still lower than the toxic mercury levels. We suggest using more suitable and biocompatible root-end filling materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Saatchi
- Torabinejad Dental Research Center, Department of Endodontics, Dental School, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Elham Shadmehr
- Torabinejad Dental Research Center, Department of Endodontics, Dental School, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran,Corresponding author: Elham Shadmehr, Dental School, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. Zip code: 8174755153. Tel: +98-311 6250955, Fax: +98-311 6250955,
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Pigatto PD, Minoia C, Ronchi A, Guzzi G. Human placenta and markers of heavy metals exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2013; 121:A10. [PMID: 23287423 PMCID: PMC3553444 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1206061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo D. Pigatto
- Department of Bioscience for Health, Dermatological Clinic, IRCCS Galeazzi Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudio Minoia
- Laboratory of Environmental and Toxicology Testing, Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri, IRCCS (Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico), Pavia, Italy
| | - Anna Ronchi
- Laboratory of Environmental and Toxicology Testing, Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri, IRCCS (Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico), Pavia, Italy
| | - Gianpaolo Guzzi
- Italian Association for Metals and Biocompatibility Research (AIRMEB) Milan, Italy, E-mail:
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Esteban-Vasallo MD, Aragonés N, Pollan M, López-Abente G, Perez-Gomez B. Human placenta and markers of heavy metals exposure: Esteban-Vasallo et al. Respond. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2013; 121:A10-A11. [PMID: 23287489 PMCID: PMC3553445 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1206061r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- María D. Esteban-Vasallo
- Subdirectorate for Health Promotion and Prevention, Madrid Regional Health Authority, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria Aragonés
- National Center for Epidemiology/CIBERESP, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain, E-mail:
| | - Marina Pollan
- National Center for Epidemiology/CIBERESP, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain, E-mail:
| | - Gonzalo López-Abente
- National Center for Epidemiology/CIBERESP, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain, E-mail:
| | - Beatriz Perez-Gomez
- National Center for Epidemiology/CIBERESP, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain, E-mail:
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49
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Mercury: What's In It For Kids? CLINICAL PEDIATRIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpem.2012.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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50
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Scientific Opinion on the risk for public health related to the presence of mercury and methylmercury in food. EFSA J 2012. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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