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Vasantha Raman N, Gebreyohanes Belay BM, South J, Botha TL, Pegg J, Khosa D, Mofu L, Walsh G, Jordaan MS, Koelmans AA, Teurlincx S, Helmsing NR, de Jong N, van Donk E, Lürling M, Wepener V, Fernandes TV, de Senerpont Domis LN. Effect of an antidepressant on aquatic ecosystems in the presence of microplastics: A mesocosm study. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 357:124439. [PMID: 38942279 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Emerging pollutants, such as pharmaceuticals and microplastics have become a pressing concern due to their widespread presence and potential impacts on ecological systems. To assess the ecosystem-level effects of these pollutants within a multi-stressor context, we simulated real-world conditions by exposing a near-natural multi-trophic aquatic food web to a gradient of environmentally relevant concentrations of fluoxetine and microplastics in large mesocosms over a period of more than three months. We measured the biomass and abundance of different trophic groups, as well as ecological functions such as nutrient availability and decomposition rate. To explore the mechanisms underlying potential community and ecosystem-level effects, we also performed behavioral assays focusing on locomotion parameters as a response variable in three species: Daphnia magna (zooplankton prey), Chaoborus flavicans larvae (invertebrate pelagic predator of zooplankton) and Asellus aquaticus (benthic macroinvertebrate), using water from the mesocosms. Our mesocosm results demonstrate that presence of microplastics governs the response in phytoplankton biomass, with a weak non-monotonic dose-response relationship due to the interaction between microplastics and fluoxetine. However, exposure to fluoxetine evoked a strong non-monotonic dose-response in zooplankton abundance and microbial decomposition rate of plant material. In the behavioral assays, the locomotion of zooplankton prey D. magna showed a similar non-monotonic response primarily induced by fluoxetine. Its predator C. flavicans, however, showed a significant non-monotonic response governed by both microplastics and fluoxetine. The behavior of the decomposer A. aquaticus significantly decreased at higher fluoxetine concentrations, potentially leading to reduced decomposition rates near the sediment. Our study demonstrates that effects observed upon short-term exposure result in more pronounced ecosystem-level effects following chronic exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandini Vasantha Raman
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands; Department of Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 47, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Berte M Gebreyohanes Belay
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands; Department of Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 47, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Josie South
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK; South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity (SAIAB), Makhanda, 6140, South Africa
| | - Tarryn L Botha
- Department of Zoology, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Johannesburg, 2006, South Africa
| | - Josephine Pegg
- Department of Ichthyology and Fisheries Science, Rhodes University, Makhanda, EC, South Africa; South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity (SAIAB), Makhanda, 6140, South Africa
| | - Dumisani Khosa
- South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity (SAIAB), Makhanda, 6140, South Africa; Scientific Services, South African National Parks, Private Bag X402, Skukuza, 1350, South Africa
| | - Lubabalo Mofu
- South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity (SAIAB), Makhanda, 6140, South Africa
| | - Gina Walsh
- School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Wits, 2050, South Africa
| | - Martine S Jordaan
- South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity (SAIAB), Makhanda, 6140, South Africa; CapeNature Scientific Services, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Albert A Koelmans
- Department of Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 47, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Sven Teurlincx
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Nico R Helmsing
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Nina de Jong
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ellen van Donk
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands; Ecology and Biodiversity Research Group, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Miquel Lürling
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands; Department of Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 47, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Victor Wepener
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Tânia V Fernandes
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Lisette N de Senerpont Domis
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands; Department of Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 47, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands; Department of Pervasive Systems, EEMCS, University of Twente & Department of Water Resources, ITC, University of Twente, the Netherlands
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Ferreira-Rodríguez N, Nión-Cabeza P, Trigo-Tasende N, Conde-Pérez K, Aja-Macaya P, Nasser-Ali M, Bou G, Poza M, Vallejo J. Native and non-native freshwater bivalves in the bioremediation of bacterial pollution caused by the disposal of sewage. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 360:124648. [PMID: 39095005 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Treated sewage contains a large diversity of pathogens that can be transmitted to the environment and, directly or indirectly, infect humans through water use (i.e., consumption, bathing, or irrigation). In urban environments, wastewater normally flows into wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), where it is subjected to different processes in order to eliminate the greatest amount of waste. However, there are inequalities among European countries concerning wastewater management. In this context, we evaluate the potential of freshwater mussels to improve water quality (i.e., reduce bacterial abundance) in rivers receiving primary, secondary, or tertiary sewage-treated effluents. Additionally, because freshwater mussels are declining at a global scale and empty niches are progressively occupied by non-native counterparts, we evaluate if depauperate communities and the Asian clams, Corbicula genus, can provide equivalent ecosystem services (i.e., water quality improvement by biofiltration) formerly provided by diverse native communities. For this, an analysis of the bacterial biodiversity of the samples filtered by the different bivalve communities was carried out. The experimental approach was performed by metabarcoding the 16S rRNA gene using Illumina technologies. According to the results obtained, secondary treatment processes were effective in reducing the bacterial diversity. Furthermore, the waters filtered by the bivalves presented a lower bacterial abundance for certain genera. Biofiltration differs, however, among species, with Corbicula reducing a large number of taxa much more efficiently than native freshwater mussels in both diverse and depauperated communities. These results are likely related to Corbicula being a generalist species in front of native mussels, which may be more selective. Considering it is not possible to eradicate Corbicula from European rivers, its filtering capacity should be considered when managing freshwater ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noé Ferreira-Rodríguez
- Universidade de Vigo, Departamento de Ecoloxía e Bioloxía Animal, 36310, Vigo, Spain; Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Ovidius University Constanța, 900470, Constanța, Romania.
| | - Paula Nión-Cabeza
- Microbiology Research Group, Institute of Biomedical Research (INIBIC), Interdisciplinary Center for Chemistry and Biology (CICA), University of A Coruña (UDC), CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC-ISCIII), Madrid. Servicio de Microbiología, 3° Planta, Edificio Sur, Hospital Universitario A Coruña, As Xubias, 15006, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Noelia Trigo-Tasende
- Microbiology Research Group, Institute of Biomedical Research (INIBIC), Interdisciplinary Center for Chemistry and Biology (CICA), University of A Coruña (UDC), CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC-ISCIII), Madrid. Servicio de Microbiología, 3° Planta, Edificio Sur, Hospital Universitario A Coruña, As Xubias, 15006, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Kelly Conde-Pérez
- Microbiology Research Group, Institute of Biomedical Research (INIBIC), Interdisciplinary Center for Chemistry and Biology (CICA), University of A Coruña (UDC), CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC-ISCIII), Madrid. Servicio de Microbiología, 3° Planta, Edificio Sur, Hospital Universitario A Coruña, As Xubias, 15006, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Pablo Aja-Macaya
- Microbiology Research Group, Institute of Biomedical Research (INIBIC), Interdisciplinary Center for Chemistry and Biology (CICA), University of A Coruña (UDC), CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC-ISCIII), Madrid. Servicio de Microbiología, 3° Planta, Edificio Sur, Hospital Universitario A Coruña, As Xubias, 15006, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Mohammed Nasser-Ali
- Microbiology Research Group, Institute of Biomedical Research (INIBIC), Interdisciplinary Center for Chemistry and Biology (CICA), University of A Coruña (UDC), CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC-ISCIII), Madrid. Servicio de Microbiología, 3° Planta, Edificio Sur, Hospital Universitario A Coruña, As Xubias, 15006, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Germán Bou
- Microbiology Research Group, Institute of Biomedical Research (INIBIC), Interdisciplinary Center for Chemistry and Biology (CICA), University of A Coruña (UDC), CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC-ISCIII), Madrid. Servicio de Microbiología, 3° Planta, Edificio Sur, Hospital Universitario A Coruña, As Xubias, 15006, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Margarita Poza
- Microbiology Research Group, Institute of Biomedical Research (INIBIC), Interdisciplinary Center for Chemistry and Biology (CICA), University of A Coruña (UDC), CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC-ISCIII), Madrid. Servicio de Microbiología, 3° Planta, Edificio Sur, Hospital Universitario A Coruña, As Xubias, 15006, A Coruña, Spain; Microbiome and Health, Faculty of Sciences, Campus da Zapateira, 15071, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Juan Vallejo
- Microbiology Research Group, Institute of Biomedical Research (INIBIC), Interdisciplinary Center for Chemistry and Biology (CICA), University of A Coruña (UDC), CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC-ISCIII), Madrid. Servicio de Microbiología, 3° Planta, Edificio Sur, Hospital Universitario A Coruña, As Xubias, 15006, A Coruña, Spain
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Rizwan M, Usman K, Alsafran M. Ecological impacts and potential hazards of nickel on soil microbes, plants, and human health. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 357:142028. [PMID: 38621494 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Nickel (Ni) contamination poses a serious environmental concern, particularly in developing countries: where, anthropogenic activities significantly contributes to Ni accumulations in soils and waters. The contamination of agricultural soils with Ni, increases risks of its entry to terrestrial ecosystems and food production systems posing a threat to both food security and safety. We examined the existing published articles regarding the origin, source, accumulation, and transport of Ni in soil environments. Particularly, we reviewed the bioavailability and toxic effects of Ni to soil invertebrates and microbes, as well as its impact on soil-plant interactions including seed germination, nutrient uptake, photosynthesis, oxidative stress, antioxidant enzyme activity, and biomass production. Moreover, it underscores the potential health hazards associated with consuming crops cultivated in Ni-contaminated soils and elucidates the pathways through which Ni enters the food chain. The published literature suggests that chronic Ni exposure may have long-term implications for the food supply chain and the health of the public. Therefore, an aggressive effort is required for interdisciplinary collaboration for assessing and mitigating the ecological and health risks associated with Ni contamination. It also argues that these measures are necessary in light of the increasing level of Ni pollution in soil ecosystems and the potential impacts on public health and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Rizwan
- Agricultural Research Station, Office of VP for Research & Graduate Studies, Qatar University, Doha, 2713, Qatar
| | - Kamal Usman
- Agricultural Research Station, Office of VP for Research & Graduate Studies, Qatar University, Doha, 2713, Qatar
| | - Mohammed Alsafran
- Agricultural Research Station, Office of VP for Research & Graduate Studies, Qatar University, Doha, 2713, Qatar.
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4
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Ilbeigi K, Barata C, Barbosa J, Bertram MG, Caljon G, Costi MP, Kroll A, Margiotta-Casaluci L, Thoré ES, Bundschuh M. Assessing Environmental Risks during the Drug Development Process for Parasitic Vector-Borne Diseases: A Critical Reflection. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:1026-1033. [PMID: 38533709 PMCID: PMC11019539 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.4c00131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Parasitic vector-borne diseases (VBDs) represent nearly 20% of the global burden of infectious diseases. Moreover, the spread of VBDs is enhanced by global travel, urbanization, and climate change. Treatment of VBDs faces challenges due to limitations of existing drugs, as the potential for side effects in nontarget species raises significant environmental concerns. Consequently, considering environmental risks early in drug development processes is critically important. Here, we examine the environmental risk assessment process for veterinary medicinal products in the European Union and identify major gaps in the ecotoxicity data of these drugs. By highlighting the scarcity of ecotoxicological data for commonly used antiparasitic drugs, we stress the urgent need for considering the One Health concept. We advocate for employing predictive tools and nonanimal methodologies such as New Approach Methodologies at early stages of antiparasitic drug research and development. Furthermore, adopting progressive approaches to mitigate ecological risks requires the integration of nonstandard tests that account for real-world complexities and use environmentally relevant exposure scenarios. Such a strategy is vital for a sustainable drug development process as it adheres to the principles of One Health, ultimately contributing to a healthier and more sustainable world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayhan Ilbeigi
- Laboratory
of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Carlos Barata
- Institute
of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - João Barbosa
- Blue
Growth Research Lab, Ghent University, Bluebridge, Wetenschapspark 1, 8400 Ostend, Belgium
| | - Michael G. Bertram
- Department
of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
- Department
of Zoology, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 18b, 114 18 Stockholm, Sweden
- School of
Biological Sciences, Monash University, 25 Rainforest Walk, 3800 Melbourne, Australia
| | - Guy Caljon
- Laboratory
of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Maria Paola Costi
- Department
of Life Sciences, University of Modena and
Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Alexandra Kroll
- Swiss
Centre for Applied Ecotoxicology, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Luigi Margiotta-Casaluci
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College London, WC2R 2LS London, United Kingdom
| | - Eli S.J. Thoré
- Department
of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
- Department
of Zoology, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 18b, 114 18 Stockholm, Sweden
- TRANSfarm - Science, Engineering,
& Technology Group, KU
Leuven, 3360 Lovenjoel, Belgium
| | - Mirco Bundschuh
- iES
Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences,
RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Fortstrasse 7, 76829 Landau, Germany
- Department
of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish
University of Agricultural Sciences, Lennart Hjelms väg 9, SWE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
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5
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Perry WB, Chrispim MC, Barbosa MRF, de Souza Lauretto M, Razzolini MTP, Nardocci AC, Jones O, Jones DL, Weightman A, Sato MIZ, Montagner C, Durance I. Cross-continental comparative experiences of wastewater surveillance and a vision for the 21st century. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 919:170842. [PMID: 38340868 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has brought the epidemiological value of monitoring wastewater into sharp focus. The challenges of implementing and optimising wastewater monitoring vary significantly from one region to another, often due to the array of different wastewater systems around the globe, as well as the availability of resources to undertake the required analyses (e.g. laboratory infrastructure and expertise). Here we reflect on the local and shared challenges of implementing a SARS-CoV-2 monitoring programme in two geographically and socio-economically distinct regions, São Paulo state (Brazil) and Wales (UK), focusing on design, laboratory methods and data analysis, and identifying potential guiding principles for wastewater surveillance fit for the 21st century. Our results highlight the historical nature of region-specific challenges to the implementation of wastewater surveillance, including previous experience of using wastewater surveillance, stakeholders involved, and nature of wastewater infrastructure. Building on those challenges, we then highlight what an ideal programme would look like if restrictions such as resource were not a constraint. Finally, we demonstrate the value of bringing multidisciplinary skills and international networks together for effective wastewater surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariana Cardoso Chrispim
- Environmental and Biosciences Department, School of Business, Innovation and Sustainability, Halmstad University, Kristian IV:s väg 3, 30118 Halmstad, Sweden
| | - Mikaela Renata Funada Barbosa
- Environmental Analysis Department, Environmental Company of the São Paulo State (CETESB), Av. Prof. Frederico Hermann Jr., 345, São Paulo CEP 05459-900, Brazil; NARA - Center for Research in Environmental Risk Assessment, School of Public Health, Environmental Health Department, Av. Dr Arnaldo, 715, 01246-904 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo de Souza Lauretto
- NARA - Center for Research in Environmental Risk Assessment, School of Public Health, Environmental Health Department, Av. Dr Arnaldo, 715, 01246-904 São Paulo, Brazil; School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of Sao Paulo, Rua Arlindo Bettio, 1000, São Paulo CEP 03828-000, Brazil
| | - Maria Tereza Pepe Razzolini
- NARA - Center for Research in Environmental Risk Assessment, School of Public Health, Environmental Health Department, Av. Dr Arnaldo, 715, 01246-904 São Paulo, Brazil; School of Public Health, University of Sao Paulo, Environmental Health Department, Av. Dr Arnaldo, 715, 01246-904 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adelaide Cassia Nardocci
- NARA - Center for Research in Environmental Risk Assessment, School of Public Health, Environmental Health Department, Av. Dr Arnaldo, 715, 01246-904 São Paulo, Brazil; School of Public Health, University of Sao Paulo, Environmental Health Department, Av. Dr Arnaldo, 715, 01246-904 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Owen Jones
- School of Mathematics, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4AG, UK
| | - Davey L Jones
- Environment Centre Wales, Bangor University, Bangor LL57 2UW, UK; Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch WA 6105, Australia
| | | | - Maria Inês Zanoli Sato
- Environmental Analysis Department, Environmental Company of the São Paulo State (CETESB), Av. Prof. Frederico Hermann Jr., 345, São Paulo CEP 05459-900, Brazil; NARA - Center for Research in Environmental Risk Assessment, School of Public Health, Environmental Health Department, Av. Dr Arnaldo, 715, 01246-904 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cassiana Montagner
- Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083970, Brazil
| | - Isabelle Durance
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK.
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Helwig K, Niemi L, Stenuick JY, Alejandre JC, Pfleger S, Roberts J, Harrower J, Nafo I, Pahl O. Broadening the Perspective on Reducing Pharmaceutical Residues in the Environment. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2024; 43:653-663. [PMID: 36647735 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The present study reviews options for reducing harm from pharmaceuticals that are known to cause adverse impacts by their presence in the environment. It reviews recent global and European Union policy development, which could go further in recognizing and addressing the issue in a global context. It considers green chemistry, which can help clean up production processes but holds only long-term promise for creating "green" alternatives. It explores the potential of health promotion and disease prevention, which can contribute significantly to a reduction of the disease burden and thus the need for medicines, both for infectious and for noncommunicable disease. Eco-directed sustainable prescribing practices are reviewed, which have been adopted successfully to reduce the use of harmful pharmaceuticals. We note recent developments in medicines optimization and precision medicine, which hold promise for improving patient outcomes, saving costs, and reducing pharmaceutical use, through individually tailored prescribing whereby the patient codecides their therapy. Waste prevention through reuse or redistribution is beginning to find public support and "take-back" waste disposal schemes set up via extended producer responsibility systems have achieved high returns. Finally, the paper summarizes preferred advanced wastewater technologies, including innovative low-cost, low-energy options. In summary, although end-of-pipe options have a role to play, particularly for highly concentrated wastewaters, solutions further up the medicinal chain and disease prevention interventions, informed by a broad view of health and health care, are needed to pursue a much greater potential reduction of pharmaceuticals in the environment than can be achieved by end-of-pipe solutions alone. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:653-663. © 2023 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Helwig
- School of Computing Engineering and the Built Environment, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - L Niemi
- Environmental Research Institute, University of the Highlands and Islands, Thurso, United Kingdom
| | - J-Y Stenuick
- Health Care Without Harm Europe, Brussels, Belgium
| | - J C Alejandre
- School of Computing Engineering and the Built Environment, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - S Pfleger
- NHS Highland, Inverness, United Kingdom
| | - J Roberts
- School of Computing Engineering and the Built Environment, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - J Harrower
- School of Computing Engineering and the Built Environment, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - I Nafo
- Emschergenossenschaft and Lippeverband, Essen, Germany
| | - O Pahl
- School of Computing Engineering and the Built Environment, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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7
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Perry WB, Ahmadian R, Munday M, Jones O, Ormerod SJ, Durance I. Addressing the challenges of combined sewer overflows. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 343:123225. [PMID: 38151091 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.123225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Europe's ageing wastewater system often combines domestic sewage with surface runoff and industrial wastewaters. To reduce the associated risk of overloading wastewater treatment works during storms, and to prevent wastewater backing-up into properties, Combined Sewer Overflows (CSOs) are designed into wastewater networks to release excess discharge into rivers or coastal waters without treatment. In view of growing regulatory scrutiny and increasing public concern about their excessive discharge frequencies and potential impacts on environments and people, there is a need to better understand these impacts to allow prioritisation of cost-effective solutions.We review: i) the chemical, physical and biological composition of CSOs discharges; ii) spatio-temporal variations in the quantity, quality and load of overflows spilling into receiving waters; iii) the potential impacts on people, ecosystems and economies. Despite investigations illustrating the discharge frequency of CSOs, data on spill composition and loading of pollutants are too few to reach representative conclusions, particularly for emerging contaminants. Studies appraising impacts are also scarce, especially in contexts where there are multiple stressors affecting receiving waters. Given the costs of addressing CSOs problems, but also the likely long-term gains (e.g. economic stimulation as well as improvements to biodiversity, ecosystem services, public health and wellbeing), we highlight here the need to bolster these evidence gaps. We also advocate no-regrets options to alleviate CSO problems taking into consideration economic costs, carbon neutrality, ecosystem benefit and community well-being. Besides pragmatic, risk-based investment by utilities and local authorities to modernise wastewater systems, these include i) more systemic thinking, linking policy makers, consumers, utilities and regulators, to shift from local CSO issues to integrated catchment solutions with the aim of reducing contributions to wastewater from surface drainage and water consumption; ii) broader societal responsibilities for CSOs, for example through improved regulation, behavioural changes in water consumption and disposal of waste into wastewater networks, and iii) greater cost-sharing of wastewater use.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Bernard Perry
- Water Research Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Reza Ahmadian
- School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Max Munday
- Cardiff Business School, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Owen Jones
- School of Mathematics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Steve J Ormerod
- Water Research Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Isabelle Durance
- Water Research Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK.
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Comber SDW, Gardner MJ, Ansell L, Ellor B. Assessing the impact of wastewater treatment works effluent on downstream water quality. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 845:157284. [PMID: 35835200 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The impact of wastewater treatment works (WwTW) effluent on downstream river water quality is of increasing concern, particularly owing to the presence in effluents of a range of trace substances. In the case of contamination by metals the question of bioavailability has recently been accounted for in setting water quality standards for several metals. In the UK over the past decade the Chemical Investigations Programme (CIP) has generated upstream and downstream river quality data as well as associated WwTW effluent monitoring for over 600 sites, for the main contaminants of regulatory interest under the Water Framework Directive. Data presented here show that at a local level WwTW discharges have little impact for many contaminants. Soluble reactive phosphorus, hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD), cypermethrin, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) have been shown to be the principal substances where downstream concentrations were at least 10 % larger than the upstream value. Otherwise, poor compliance with riverine water quality standards tends to be associated with contamination at the river catchment scale, with corresponding implications for the nature of remedial actions that are likely to be successful. Compliance with water quality criteria for metals, taking account of bioavailability, is high overall.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D W Comber
- Biogeochemistry Research Centre, Plymouth University, A531 Portland Square, Drake Circus, Plymouth, Devon PL4 8AA, UK.
| | - M J Gardner
- wca, Brunel House, Volunteer Way, Faringdon, Oxon SN7 7YR, UK
| | - L Ansell
- Biogeochemistry Research Centre, Plymouth University, A531 Portland Square, Drake Circus, Plymouth, Devon PL4 8AA, UK
| | - B Ellor
- UK Water Industry Research, 36 Broadway, London, UK
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9
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Zhang Y, Li Z, Zhang Y, Sun K, Ren N, Li M. Acute toxic effects of diclofenac exposure on freshwater crayfish (Procambarus clarkii): Insights from hepatopancreatic pathology, molecular regulation and intestinal microbiota. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 244:114068. [PMID: 36108435 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we exposed adult male crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) to different concentrations of diclofenac (DCF) for 96 h. In the meantime, we investigated the alternations of hepatopancreatic pathology, molecular regulation and intestinal microbiota of P. clarkii exposed to DCF. The results demonstrated DCF led to histological changes including epithelium vacuolization and tubule lumen dilatation in the hepatopancreas. Transcriptome sequencing analysis showed that 642 and 586 genes were differentially expressed in the hepatopancreas of P. clarkii exposed to 1 and 10 mg/L DCF, respectively. DCF could affect the functions of antioxidation, immunity and metabolism of hepatopancreas by inducing the abnormal expressions of immune- and redox-related genes. GO enrichment results demonstrated that 10 mg/L DCF exposure could modulate the processes of molting, amino sugar metabolism, protein hydrolysis and intracellular protein translocation of P. clarkii. Additionally, the abundances of bacterial families including Shewanellaceae, Bacteroidaceae, Vibrionaceae, Erysipelotrichaceae, Aeromonadaceae, Moraxellaceae, etc. in the intestine were significantly changed after DCF exposure, and the disruption of intestinal flora might further cause abnormal intestinal metabolism in P. clarkii. This study provides novel mechanistic insights into the toxic effects of anti-inflammatory drugs on aquatic crustaceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Resource Sustainable Utilization for Jilin Province Commodity Grain Bases, College of Resources and Environment, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Zheyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Yanxiang Zhang
- School of Environmental and Material Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Kai Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Nanqi Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Mingtang Li
- Key Laboratory of Soil Resource Sustainable Utilization for Jilin Province Commodity Grain Bases, College of Resources and Environment, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
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10
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Gardner MJ, Comber SDW, Ellor B. Summary of data from the UKWIR chemical investigations programme and a comparison of data from the past ten years' monitoring of effluent quality. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 832:155041. [PMID: 35390381 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports summary data from a ten-year programme of investigation into the composition of wastewater treatment works' effluents in the UK. The so-called Chemical Investigations Programme focused on determinands of regulatory importance and involved monitoring of effluents for over seventy trace substances and sanitary determinands at more than 600 UK treatment works sites. The results provide a definitive overview of effluent quality. Although raw data are available, this publication of summary data provides a convenient résumé of the current state of knowledge. An analysis of changes in concentrations over the monitoring period between 2010 and 2020 shows that for several substances (nickel, diethylhexylphthalate, nonylphenol, tributyltin, the brominated diphenyl ethers and triclosan) significant reductions in wastewater concentration have occurred over the period of interest, these are likely to have resulted from a combination of tighter regulatory controls and/or improved wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Gardner
- WCA, Brunel House, Volunteer Way, Faringdon, Oxon SN7 7YR, UK
| | - S D W Comber
- Plymouth University, B525 Portland Square, Drake Circus, Plymouth, Devon PL4 8AA, UK.
| | - B Ellor
- UK Water Industry Research, 36 Broadway, London, UK
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11
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Lopes-Rocha L, Hernandez C, Gonçalves V, Pinho T, Tiritan ME. Analytical Methods for Determination of BPA Released from Dental Resin Composites and Related Materials: A Systematic Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2022; 54:653-668. [PMID: 35776702 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2093097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Knowing the impacts of bisphenol A (BPA) on human health, this systematic review aimed to gather the analytical methods for the quantification of BPA release of BPA in dental materials in in vitro and in vivo (biological fluids) studies. A brief critical discussion of the impacts of BPA on human health and the possible association with BPA in dental materials was also presented. The research was carried out by three independent researchers, (according to PRISMA guidelines) in PUBMED and SCOPUS databases, by searching for specific keywords and articles published between January 2011 and February 2022. Seventeen articles met the eligibility criteria and were included in this systematic review: 10 in vitro and 7 in vivo. In in vitro studies, the highest amounts of BPA released were from flowable to conventional resins, followed by resin-modified glass ionomer. In contrast, the smallest amount was released from "BPA-free" composites and CAD-CAM blocks. Regarding in vivo studies, a higher concentration of BPA were found in saliva than urine or blood. The best analytical method for trace quantifying BPA is LC-MS/MS (Liquid Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometry) due to its selectivity, low quantification limits, and the unequivocal identification. However, further studies are required to develop faster and more sensitive methods, in order to obtain more reliable results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lígia Lopes-Rocha
- UNIPRO-Oral Pathology and Rehabilitation Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, Gandra, Portugal
| | - Clara Hernandez
- UNIPRO-Oral Pathology and Rehabilitation Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, Gandra, Portugal
| | - Virgínia Gonçalves
- UNIPRO-Oral Pathology and Rehabilitation Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, Gandra, Portugal
- TOXRUN-Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, Gandra, Portugal
| | - Teresa Pinho
- UNIPRO-Oral Pathology and Rehabilitation Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, Gandra, Portugal
- IBMC-Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, i3S-Institute of Innovation and Research in Health, Oporto University, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Elizabeth Tiritan
- TOXRUN-Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, Gandra, Portugal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto (FFUP), Portugal. Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Matosinhos, Portugal
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia da, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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12
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Undeman E, Rasmusson K, Kokorite I, Leppänen MT, Larsen MM, Pazdro K, Siedlewicz G. Micropollutants in urban wastewater: large-scale emission estimates and analysis of measured concentrations in the Baltic Sea catchment. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 178:113559. [PMID: 35364370 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) transmit many chemical contaminants to aquatic environments. Quantitative data on micropollutant emissions via WWTPs are needed for environmental risk assessments and evaluation of mitigation measures. This study compiled published data on substances analysed in effluents from WWTPs in the Baltic Sea region, assessed country related differences in the data sets and estimated micropollutant inputs to the Baltic Sea catchment. Concentration data were found for 1090 substances analysed at 650 WWTPs. Heterogeneity and low number of data points for most substances hindered adequate comparisons of country specific concentrations. Emission estimates were made for the 280 substances analysed in at least five WWTPs in years 2010 to 2019. For selected substances, mass loads were compared to previously published estimations. The study provides data useful for national and Baltic Sea-scale pressure analysis and risk assessments. However, it also highlights the need for broad scope monitoring of micropollutants in wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Undeman
- Baltic Sea Centre, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | - Ilga Kokorite
- Latvian Environmental, Geology and Meteorology Centre, Maskavas iela 165, LV-1016 Riga, Latvia; Institute of Biology, University of Latvia, Jelgavas iela 1, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia
| | - Matti T Leppänen
- Laboratory Centre, Finnish Environment Institute, FI-40500 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Martin M Larsen
- Institute of EcoScience, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Ksenia Pazdro
- Institute of Oceanology Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Siedlewicz
- Institute of Oceanology Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland
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13
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Omotola EO, Oluwole AO, Oladoye PO, Olatunji OS. Occurrence, detection and ecotoxicity studies of selected pharmaceuticals in aqueous ecosystems- a systematic appraisal. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 91:103831. [PMID: 35151848 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2022.103831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical compounds (PCs) have globally emerged as a significant group of environmental contaminants due to the constant detection of their residues in the environment. The main scope of this review is to fill the void of information on the knowledge on the African occurrence of selected PCs in environmental matrices in comparison with those outside Africa and their respective toxic actions on both aquatic and non-aquatic biota through ecotoxicity bioassays. To achieve this objective, the study focused on commonly used and detected pharmaceutical drugs (residues). Based on the conducted literature survey, Africa has the highest levels of ciprofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole, lamivudine, acetaminophen, and diclofenac while Europe has the lowest of all these PC residues in her physical environments. For ecotoxicity bioassays, the few data available are mostly on individual groups of pharmaceuticals whereas there is sparsely available data on their combined forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Oyinkansola Omotola
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa; Department of Chemical Sciences, Tai Solarin University of Education, Ijebu Ode PMB 2118, Ogun State, Nigeria.
| | | | - Peter Olusakin Oladoye
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St, Miami, FL 33199, United States
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14
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Begum W, Rai S, Banerjee S, Bhattacharjee S, Mondal MH, Bhattarai A, Saha B. A comprehensive review on the sources, essentiality and toxicological profile of nickel. RSC Adv 2022; 12:9139-9153. [PMID: 35424851 PMCID: PMC8985085 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra00378c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This review contains up-to-date knowledge and recent advancements on the essentiality, sources, and toxicological profile of nickel and its different compounds. Nickel is a recognized essential element for several important biological processes like the healthy growth of plants, animals, and soil/water microbes; though an excess amount of nickel intoxicates flora and fauna. Nickel is found to affect the photosynthetic function of higher plants; it can severely degrade soil fertility and causes many chronic diseases in humans. Due to the huge growth in the nickel industry and consumption of nickel-containing products, environmental pollution has become inevitable by the element nickel and also varieties of its by-products through all the phases of making, utilization and dumping. We have focused on the importance of agenda 2030 (UN 17 SDGs) during the preparation of the write-up and have highlighted goals 3, 6, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, and 15 by elaborately discussing associated points. The plausible molecular mechanism of nickel toxicity is presented in simple diagrams. The article elaborates on possible methods for remediation of nickel toxicity and the treatment of nickel dermatitis and nickel cancer. Recent advancements in the understanding of the dual aspects of nickel as beneficial and a carcinogen are the key subject of this article. This review contains up-to-date knowledge and recent advancements on the essentiality, sources, and toxicological profile of nickel and its different compounds.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasefa Begum
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan Burdwan-713104 WB India +91-342-2530452 +919476341691 +91-342-2533913
| | - Summi Rai
- Department of Chemistry, Mahendra Morang Adarsh Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University Biratnagar Nepal
| | - Soujanya Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan Burdwan-713104 WB India +91-342-2530452 +919476341691 +91-342-2533913
| | - Sudip Bhattacharjee
- Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Government General Degree College Singur Hooghly 712409 WB India +919475337890 +91-33-2630-0126
| | - Monohar Hossain Mondal
- Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Government General Degree College Singur Hooghly 712409 WB India +919475337890 +91-33-2630-0126
| | - Ajaya Bhattarai
- Department of Chemistry, Mahendra Morang Adarsh Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University Biratnagar Nepal
| | - Bidyut Saha
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan Burdwan-713104 WB India +91-342-2530452 +919476341691 +91-342-2533913
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15
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Salahinejad A, Attaran A, Meuthen D, Chivers DP, Niyogi S. Proximate causes and ultimate effects of common antidepressants, fluoxetine and venlafaxine, on fish behavior. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 807:150846. [PMID: 34626640 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Antidepressant (AD) drugs are widely prescribed for the treatment of psychiatric disorders, including depression and anxiety disorders. The continuous use of ADs causes significant quantities of these bioactive chemicals to enter the aquatic ecosystems mainly through wastewater effluent discharge. This may result in many aquatic organisms being inadvertently affected by these drugs. Fluoxetine (FLX) and venlafaxine (VEN) are currently among the most widely detected ADs in aquatic systems. A growing body of experimental evidence demonstrates that FLX and VEN have a substantial capacity to induce neurotoxicity and cause behavioral dysfunctions in a wide range of teleost species. At the same time, these studies often report seemingly contradictory results that are confounding in nature. Hence, we clearly require comprehensive reviews that attempt to find overarching patterns and establish possible causes for these variable results. This review aims to explore the current state of knowledge regarding the neurobehavioral effects of FLX and VEN on fishes. This study also discusses the potential mechanistic linkage between the neurotoxicity of ADs and behavioral dysfunction and identifies key knowledge gaps and areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Salahinejad
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada.
| | - Anoosha Attaran
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Denis Meuthen
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada; Evolutionary Biology, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Douglas P Chivers
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Som Niyogi
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada; Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B3, Canada
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16
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Rodrigo Sanz M, Millán Gabet V, Gonzalez JL. Inputs of Total and Labile Dissolved Metals from Six Facilities Continuously Discharging Treated Wastewaters to the Marine Environment of Gran Canaria Island (Canary Islands, Spain). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182111582. [PMID: 34770100 PMCID: PMC8583637 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182111582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The presence of ten metals (Cd, Ni, Pb, Cr, Cu, Zn, Al, Fe, Mn, and Co) was investigated in the final discharge of six facilities, including four wastewater treatment plants, which were continuously discharging treated wastewater to the coastal environment in Gran Canaria Island. A four-day sampling campaign was carried out at each facility in July 2020, in which both the spot samplings technique and the diffusive gradient in thin-film technique (DGT) were carried out to measure total dissolved metals and the in situ labile metal fraction, respectively. After the necessary sample preparation steps, measurements were carried out by ICP-MS for both samplings. Raw data referred to the spot total dissolved and DGT-labile metal concentrations were reported. In general, the average metal concentrations were dispersed in a broad range. As expected, the highest metal contents were found in those facilities with larger industrial contributions. The values of annual average environmental quality standards (AA-EQS) were used to assess the total dissolved metal concentrations for every metal in every final discharge. In only one of the studied facilities, some metals (Ni and Zn) exceeded these EQS within the receiving waterbody, highlighting the need for more efficient treatment targeted towards a specific discharging-water quality. In addition, the total dissolved and labile metal daily fluxes of discharge were calculated to estimate the contribution of every effluent to the receiving water bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Rodrigo Sanz
- Water Department, Instituto Tecnológico de Canarias (ITC), Pozo Izquierdo, s/n, 35019 Santa Lucía, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.R.S.); (V.M.G.); Tel.: +34-928-727-524 (M.R.S.)
| | - Vanessa Millán Gabet
- Water Department, Instituto Tecnológico de Canarias (ITC), Pozo Izquierdo, s/n, 35019 Santa Lucía, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.R.S.); (V.M.G.); Tel.: +34-928-727-524 (M.R.S.)
| | - Jean-Louis Gonzalez
- Unit of Biogeochemistry and Ecotoxicology, Institut Français de Recherche pour l’Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), 83507 La Seyne-sur-Mer, France;
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17
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Sumpter JP, Runnalls TJ, Donnachie RL, Owen SF. A comprehensive aquatic risk assessment of the beta-blocker propranolol, based on the results of over 600 research papers. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 793:148617. [PMID: 34182447 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive aquatic environmental risk assessment (ERA) of the human pharmaceutical propranolol was conducted, based on all available scientific literature. Over 200 papers provided information on environmental concentrations (77 of which provided river concentrations) and 98 dealt with potential environmental effects. The median concentration of propranolol in rivers was 7.1 ng/L (range of median values of individual studies 0.07 to 89 ng/L), and the highest individual value was 590 ng/L. Sixty-eight EC50 values for 35 species were available. The lowest EC50 value was 0.084 mg/L. A species sensitivity distribution (SSD) provided an HC50 value of 6.64 mg/L and an HC5 value of 0.22 mg/L. Thus, there was a difference of nearly 6 orders of magnitude between the median river concentration and the HC50 value, and over 4 orders of magnitude between the median river concentration and the HC5 value. Even if an assessment factor of 100 was applied to the HC5 value, to provide considerable protection to all species, the safety margin is over 100-fold. However, nearly half of all papers reporting effects of propranolol did not provide an EC50 value. Some reported that very low concentrations of propranolol caused effects. The lowest concentration reported to cause an effect - in fact, a range of biochemical and physiological effects on mussels - was 0.3 ng/L. In none of these 'low concentration' papers was a sigmoidal concentration-response relationship obtained. Although inclusion of data from these papers in the ERA cause a change in the conclusion reached, we are sceptical of the repeatability of these 'low concentration' results. We conclude that concentrations of propranolol present currently in rivers throughout the world do not constitute a risk to aquatic organisms. We discuss the need to improve the quality of ecotoxicology research so that more robust ERAs acceptable to all stakeholders can be completed.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Sumpter
- Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, Middlesex UB8 3PH, United Kingdom.
| | - Tamsin J Runnalls
- Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, Middlesex UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel L Donnachie
- Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, Middlesex UB8 3PH, United Kingdom; Now at Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London SW7 2A2, United Kingdom
| | - Stewart F Owen
- AstraZeneca, Global Environment, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TF, United Kingdom
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18
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Xin J, Yan S, Hong X, Zhang H, Zha J. Environmentally relevant concentrations of clozapine induced lipotoxicity and gut microbiota dysbiosis in Chinese rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 286:117298. [PMID: 33964688 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Clozapine (CLZ) is a neuroactive pharmaceutical that is frequently detected in aquatic environments. Although the cardiotoxicity, developmental toxicity, and neurotoxicity of CLZ in aquatic non-target organisms have been reported, its lipotoxicity and underlying mechanism are unknown. Therefore, in this study, 2-month-old Chinese rare minnows were exposed to 0, 0.1, 1, and 10 μg/L CLZ for 90 days. Overt dyslipidemia was observed after CLZ exposure, whereas the body weights of females significantly increased after CLZ exposure (p < 0.05). In addition, obvious hepatocyte vacuolization and hepatic lipid droplet accumulation were observed at all treatment groups (p < 0.05). The activities of sterol regulatory element binding proteins 1 (SREBP1) and fatty acid synthase (FAS) were significantly upregulated at the 1 and 10 μg/L CLZ treatment groups (p < 0.05). Moreover, evident cell boundary disintegration of the intestinal villi and increasing mucus secretion were observed at all treatment groups (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the diversity of the gut microbiota increased, whereas the relative abundances of Proteobacteria, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes significantly increased after CLZ exposure (p < 0.05). Furthermore, significantly increased bacterial secondary bile acid biosynthesis activity in Chinese rare minnows was observed after 1 μg/L CLZ exposure (p < 0.05). Therefore, our findings confirmed that CLZ induced lipotoxicity by stimulating SREBP1 and affecting the bacterial secondary bile acid biosynthesis activity in Chinese rare minnows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajing Xin
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Saihong Yan
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiangsheng Hong
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jinmiao Zha
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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19
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Komolafe O, Mrozik W, Dolfing J, Acharya K, Vassalle L, Mota CR, Davenport R. Occurrence and removal of micropollutants in full-scale aerobic, anaerobic and facultative wastewater treatment plants in Brazil. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 287:112286. [PMID: 33706091 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate micropollutant occurrence and removal in a low-middle income country (LMIC) by investigating the occurrence of 28 chemicals from different classes (triclosan, 15 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 4 estrogens and 8 polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners) in three technologically diverse full-scale Brazilian wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). These chemicals were detected at concentrations similar to those reported in other low-middle income countries (LMICs) and high-income countries (HICs) (0.1-49 μg/L) indicating their widespread use globally and the need for more studies in LMICs that are typically characterized by relatively inadequate wastewater treatment barriers. Among the three different WWTPs investigated for removal of these chemicals, the least energy intensive system, waste stabilization ponds (WSPs), was the most effective (95-99%) compared to the activated sludge (79-94%), and Up-flow sludge blanket reactor (UASB) with trickling filters system (89-95%). These results highlight the potential of WSPs for micropollutant removal-especially in warm climates. However, the effluent from all three WWTP could pose a risk to aquatic organisms when discharged into the receiving waters as the effluent concentrations of triclosan, some estrogens, PAHs and BDE 209 were above European environmental quality standards (EQS) or predicted no effect concentration (PNEC values), indicating that receiving water bodies could benefit from further treatment. In combination, these results help to further understand prevailing concentrations of micropollutants globally and fate in current wastewater treatment systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oladapo Komolafe
- GFL Environmental Inc. Greater Toronto Area, L5T 2L2, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Wojciech Mrozik
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, NE1 7RU, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Jan Dolfing
- Department of Mechanical and Construction Engineering, Northumbria University, NE1 8QH, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Kishor Acharya
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, NE1 7RU, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Lucas Vassalle
- Departamento de Engenharia Sanitária e Ambiental, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Cesar R Mota
- Departamento de Engenharia Sanitária e Ambiental, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Russell Davenport
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, NE1 7RU, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
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20
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Comber SDW, Gardner MJ, Ellor B. Effects of iron dosing used for phosphorus removal at wastewater treatment works; impacts on forms of phosphorus discharged and secondary effects on concentrations and fate of other contaminants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 767:145434. [PMID: 33550053 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Iron dosing for phosphorus reduction during wastewater treatment is wide practised across the globe. However, the impacts of this dosing in terms of the speciation of phosphorus discharged and secondary effects on removing or introducing other trace elements from or into the effluent have not been studied. Results are presented for concentrations of a range of contaminants in over 600 wastewater treatment works, reported as mean concentration values derived from 20 effluent samples taken over a period of two years. Approximately half of the treatment works employed iron dosing to reduce concentrations of phosphorus in effluents. In addition to the expected effects on level of phosphorus discharged to surface waters, it is shown that these measures are shown to have unintended and beneficial consequences for concentrations of several other constituents of wastewater. Reductions of more than 40% in the concentrations of dissolved metals (copper, lead) benzo(a)pyrene and hexabromocyclododecane are observed. Lower but still significant decreases in concentration (>30%) are evident for dissolved cadmium, fluoranthene cypermethrin and biochemical oxygen demand. Small but less environmentally important increases are seen for iron and nickel, in the case of the latter this is presumably because nickel is a contaminant of the iron reagent used for dosing. These reductions are shown to offer significant benefits in terms of levels entering surface waters relating to the in-river environmental quality standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D W Comber
- Plymouth University, B525 Portland Square, Drake Circus, Plymouth, Devon PL4 8AA, UK.
| | - M J Gardner
- Atkins Limited, 500, Park Avenue, Aztec West, Almondsbury, Bristol BS32 4RZ, UK
| | - B Ellor
- UK Water Industry Research, 36 Broadway, London, UK
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21
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Removal of Heavy Metals during Primary Treatment of Municipal Wastewater and Possibilities of Enhanced Removal: A Review. WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13081121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Resource reuse has become an important aspect of wastewater management. At present, use of sludge in agriculture is one of the major reuse routes. Conventional municipal wastewater treatment does not involve any designated process for removal of heavy metals, and these distribute mainly between effluent and sludge. Enhanced removal of heavy metals during primary treatment may decrease the heavy metal concentrations in both effluent and sludge from secondary treatment and promote long-term reuse of secondary sludge. This review considers heavy metal occurrence and removal during primary settling, together with possible treatment technologies for heavy metal removal in primary settlers and their theoretical performance. The variation in total heavy metal concentrations and dissolved fraction in raw municipal wastewater points to a need for site-specific assessments of appropriate technologies for improved heavy metal removal. Studies examining the heavy metal speciation beyond dissolved/particulate are few. Missing or disparate information on process parameters such as hydraulic retention time, pH and composition of return flows makes it hard to generalize the findings from studies concerning heavy metal removal in primary settlers. Coagulation/flocculation and use of low-cost sorbents were identified as the most promising methods for enhancing heavy metal removal during primary settling. Based on the available data on heavy metal speciation and removal during primary settling, sorption technologies may be most effective for enhancing the removal of Cu and Ni, while coagulation may be efficient for Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn and Hg removal (but not as efficient for Ni removal).
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22
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Iqbal M, Ezzeldin E, Haq N, Alam P. An Ultraperformance Liquid Chromatography Tandem-Mass Spectrometry Method for Determination of Multiclass Pharmaceuticals in Water Sample by Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction Combined with Ultrasound Assisted Reverse Extraction from Solidified Floating Organic Droplets. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:7524-7532. [PMID: 33778264 PMCID: PMC7992067 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c06047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A novel, simple, and reliable ultraperformance liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS ) assay based on dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction followed by ultrasound-assisted reverse extraction from solidified floating organic droplets was established for determination of multiclass pharmaceuticals in the water sample. Six commonly used drugs of various therapeutic classes: ibuprofen, ketorolac, lamotrigine, propranolol, pantoprazole, and losartan were extracted from water samples by using 50 μL 1-undecanol as extracting solvent and 400 μL acetonitrile as dispersive solvent. After collecting the floating organic droplets by cold centrifugation, an ultrasound-assisted back extraction procedure was performed to make the sample compatible for UPLC-MS/MS analysis. Acquity BEH C18 column (2.1 × 100; 1.7 μm) was used for separation of target analytes that were eluted by a gradient mobile phase composition of 15 mM ammonium acetate and acetonitrile at a flow rate of 0.25 mL/min. The sample ionization was performed by using electrospray ionization in positive mode, and multiple reaction monitoring was used for quantification of target analytes. After optimizing the assay conditions, all calibration curves were found to be linear with limit of detection and limit of quantification were ranged in between 0.06-0.15 and 0.16-0.41 ng/mL, respectively. The enrichment factor was found to be 172-192-fold and the relative recovery was ranged between 93.1 and 109.4% between target analytes. These satisfactory results confirmed that the proposed method is specific and reliable for application of trace analysis of target analytes in waste water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muzaffar Iqbal
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Bioavailability
Unit, Central Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Essam Ezzeldin
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Bioavailability
Unit, Central Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nazrul Haq
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King
Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Prawez Alam
- Department
of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Prince
Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
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23
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Austin TJ, Comber S, Forrester E, Gardner M, Price OR, Oldenkamp R, Ragas AMJ, Hendriks AJ. The importance of over-the-counter-sales and product format in the environmental exposure assessment of active pharmaceutical ingredients. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 752:141624. [PMID: 32892036 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
When assessing the environmental exposure of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), the mass contributed from over the counter (OTC) sales are often not included due to difficulty obtaining this data and topical formats are overlooked completely. This study presents a comprehensive approach, investigating the significance of OTC and topical applications as sources of API releases to wastewater, in addition to temporal and subnational variations in use in the UK. The study provides methods to obtain and make use of OTC sales data which can be applied widely. The calculated releases to wastewater compared well with influent concentrations measured at several UK wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Consistent overestimation was observed, attributed to a number of factors, including in-sewer removal. OTC sales were found to make up a large proportion of the mass of ibuprofen (76%) and diclofenac (35%) consumed and topical formats were also found to be vital, contributing disproportionately to wastewater loadings per unit mass of ibuprofen and diclofenac used (43% and 99% of the total mass released, respectively). Releases of the APIs investigated did not vary temporally, but regional variation was significant and where possible should be considered for the most accurate exposure assessment of pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sean Comber
- Plymouth University, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
| | | | - Mike Gardner
- Atkins Limited, 500, Park Avenue, Aztec West, Almondsbury, Bristol BS32 4RZ, UK
| | | | - Rik Oldenkamp
- Department of Environmental Science, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6500GL Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Ad M J Ragas
- Department of Environmental Science, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6500GL Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - A Jan Hendriks
- Department of Environmental Science, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6500GL Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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24
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Niemi L, Taggart M, Boyd K, Zhang Z, Gaffney PPJ, Pfleger S, Gibb S. Assessing hospital impact on pharmaceutical levels in a rural 'source-to-sink' water system. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 737:139618. [PMID: 32534267 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
It is widely recognised that inadequate removal of pharmaceuticals in wastewater may lead to their presence in surface waters. Hospitals are key point-sources for pharmaceuticals entering municipal waterways, and rural hospitals are of concern as receiving wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) may be smaller, less advanced and thus less efficient. While most research has focused on urban settings, here we present results from a rural ''source-to-sink'' study around a hospital. The aim was to determine the contribution of pharmaceuticals discharged to a municipal wastewater system, and, to assess pharmaceutical removal efficiency in the WWTP. Samples were collected daily for one month to assess water quality and pharmaceuticals in the broader water cycle: (i) raw water supply; (ii) treated hospital tap water; (iii) hospital wastewater discharge; (iv) combined WWTP influent; and (v) final WWTP effluent. Target compounds included analgesics/antiinflammatories, antibiotics, psychiatric drugs, and a synthetic estrogen hormone. Concentrations ranged from: 3 ng/L (carbamazepine) to 105,910 ng/L (paracetamol) in hospital discharge; 5 ng/L (ibuprofen) to 105,780 ng/L (paracetamol) in WWTP influent; and 60 ng/L (clarithromycin) to 36,201 ng/L (paracetamol) in WWTP effluent. WWTP removal ranged from 87% (paracetamol) to <0% (carbamazepine and clarithromycin), and significant correlations with water quality characteristics and WWTP flow data were observed for some compounds. Results suggested that the hospital is an important source of certain pharmaceuticals entering municipal wastewater, and associated water quality parameters are impacted. Pharmaceutical persistence in the WWTP effluent highlighted the direct pathway these compounds have into receiving surface water, where their impact remains uncharacterised. Rural regions may face future challenges mitigating environmental risk as WWTP infrastructure ages, populations grow and pharmaceutical use and diversity continue to increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Niemi
- Environmental Research Institute, University of the Highlands and Islands, Castle Street, Thurso KW14 7JD, UK; The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, UK.
| | - Mark Taggart
- Environmental Research Institute, University of the Highlands and Islands, Castle Street, Thurso KW14 7JD, UK
| | - Kenneth Boyd
- Environmental Research Institute, University of the Highlands and Islands, Castle Street, Thurso KW14 7JD, UK
| | - Zulin Zhang
- The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, UK
| | - Paul P J Gaffney
- Environmental Research Institute, University of the Highlands and Islands, Castle Street, Thurso KW14 7JD, UK
| | - Sharon Pfleger
- NHS Highland, John Dewar Building, Highlander Way, Inverness IV2 7GE, UK
| | - Stuart Gibb
- Environmental Research Institute, University of the Highlands and Islands, Castle Street, Thurso KW14 7JD, UK
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25
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Pai CW, Leong D, Chen CY, Wang GS. Occurrences of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in the drinking water of Taiwan and their removal in conventional water treatment processes. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 256:127002. [PMID: 32445997 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) has been of concerns for their potential threats to ecosystems and human's health for decades. PPCPs have been detected in water environments worldwide and have been identified in water sources and finished water. To elucidate the potential exposure of PPCPs in drinking water, this study assessed the occurrences and treatment efficiencies of PPCPs in the drinking water of Taiwan. Raw and finished water samples collected from five main drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) in February, June, and November 2018 were analyzed. Furthermore, laboratory-scale water treatment processes were conducted to evaluate the treatment efficiencies of these chemicals. Most of the water samples from the DWTPs had a low concentration (<30 ng/L) of PPCPs. Only samples from a DWTP was observed to have higher concentration of ibuprofen (55.6 ng/L), benzophenone (92.5 ng/L), caffeine (390.5 ng/L), and diethyltoluamide (DEET) (434.9 ng/L) in raw water than others. The results of laboratory simulations indicated that the pre-chlorination process was the key step responsible for the removal of PPCPs in conventional water treatment processes, which can remove most of the hormone treatment products, parabens, oxybenzone, and acetaminophen in water sources. However, the filtration process with anthracite as a medium could remove some of the parabens (approximately 11.9%-41.2%), hormones (approximately 18.2%-44.8%), suntan lotions (37.5%-68.8%), and naproxen (30.1%) from Milli-Q water. The removal efficiencies of the aforementioned chemicals were marginally lower in raw water. However, analgesics, caffeine, and DEET cannot be removed effectively through conventional drinking water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Wei Pai
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Science, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
| | - Dexter Leong
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Science, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yang Chen
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Science, National Taiwan University, Taiwan; Institute of Food Safety and Health, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
| | - Gen-Shuh Wang
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Science, National Taiwan University, Taiwan; Institute of Food Safety and Health, National Taiwan University, Taiwan.
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26
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Comber SDW, Gardner MJ, Constantino C, Firth S, Hargreaves A, Davies R. Modelling scenarios of environmental recovery after implementation of controls on emissions of persistent organic pollutants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:1865-1876. [PMID: 32794543 DOI: 10.1039/d0em00137f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Comparison of monitoring data with toxicologically-derived environmental quality standards (EQSs) forms the basis of assessments of the quality status of the water environment. Having established the status quo, the logical next step is to address instances of non-compliance with EQSs by applying remedial measures, including reducing the use or at least the emission of the substances of concern or by taking steps to reduce concentrations already present using technological solutions such as enhanced wastewater treatment. The selection of suitable remedial measures must be a compromise between cost, likely effectiveness and the timescale over which improvements might be acceptable. The decision on overall environmental management has also to take into account the need for demonstrable progress; this might mean that it is preferable to address some more readily achievable goal rather than to attempt to solve a more serious, but ultimately intractable problem. This paper describes the development and application of a generic modelling tool that provides a way of assessing the potential requirements for remedial actions and their likely outcomes over a timescale of up to forty years taking account of sediment partitioning, environmental degradation and biological accumulation. The tool was validated using a detailed UK wastewater treatment works effluent discharge dataset. Examples involving several chemicals that are of current concern are provided. Some substances (e.g. tributyltin, PFOS) are identified as likely to meet EQS values in sediments or biota in a relatively short timescale; others (PAHs, DEHP) appear to represent more intractable problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D W Comber
- Plymouth University, B531, Portland Square, Drake Circus, Plymouth, Devon, PL4 8AA UK.
| | - M J Gardner
- Oasis Business Park, Eynsham, Oxford OX29 4AH, UK
| | | | - S Firth
- Oasis Business Park, Eynsham, Oxford OX29 4AH, UK
| | - A Hargreaves
- Oasis Business Park, Eynsham, Oxford OX29 4AH, UK
| | - R Davies
- Oasis Business Park, Eynsham, Oxford OX29 4AH, UK
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27
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Comber SDW, Gardner MJ, Ellor B. Seasonal variation of contaminant concentrations in wastewater treatment works effluents and river waters. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2020; 41:2716-2730. [PMID: 30741609 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2019.1579872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Results are presented for 170 wastewater treatment works sites (20 per substance in influent, effluent and 36 per substance in river water upstream and downstream of the WwTW discharge) over a period of two years between 2015 and 2017; this comprises data for approximately 3000 samples for effluent and 6000 for river samples taken downstream of effluent discharges. Seasonal trends in contaminant concentrations for several substances are reported. Two clear patterns of seasonal variation are proposed over and above all of the variables associated with environmental data including process technology, dilution and geography. Firstly, variation of riverine concentrations caused by seasonal fluctuations in river flow (sewage flow being relatively consistent) resulting in summer maxima and winter minima. Alternatively, variation is observed that is attributable to the improved performance of wastewater treatment processes under warmer conditions. This leads to the lowest concentrations in autumn when surface water/sewage treatment temperatures tend to peak. Seasonality for trace contaminants is more difficult to characterise than that of sanitary parameters owing to the higher variability in the concentration of the substances of interest. The data also provide an insight into the amplitude of such variations. This makes it possible to assess the likely effects of seasonality and its impact on aquatic life. For example, the existence of seasonality (perhaps due only to dilution effects) might be demonstrated, but the amplitude might be too small in relation to the potential ecotoxicological effects to be of any consequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D W Comber
- Biogeochemistry Research Centre, Plymouth University, Devon, UK
| | | | - B Ellor
- UK Water Industry Research, London, UK
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28
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Nas B, Argun ME, Dolu T, Ateş H, Yel E, Koyuncu S, Dinç S, Kara M. Occurrence, loadings and removal of EU-priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in wastewater and sludge by advanced biological treatment, stabilization pond and constructed wetland. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 268:110580. [PMID: 32383663 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Eight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compounds which have been accepted as priority micropollutants by European Union (EU) were analyzed both in wastewater and sludge lines throughout three full scale (located in city, sub-province and village) WWTPs during 12-month sampling period. Investigated WWTPs have different treatment types including advanced biological treatment, stabilization pond (SP) and constructed wetland (CW). Removal efficiencies for total PAH compounds varied from 48% in CW to 85% in advanced biological treatment plant. The maximum concentrations of 360-2282 ng/L observed for naphthalene in raw wastewater were decreased to 103-370 ng/L by treatment processes. Minimum concentration were detected for benzo(k)fluoranthene (B[k]F) and benzo(g,h,i)perylene (B[g,h,i]P) ranged between 8 and 12 ng/L and 19-33 ng/L, respectively. While minimum removal efficiencies were obtained for B[k]F and B[g,h,i]P maximum removal efficiencies were obtained for naphthalene in all WWTPs. PAHs present in minimum and maximum levels in the sludge samples were detected as 54 and 6826 ng/g for the B[g,h,I]P and naphthalene, respectively. Considering the removal mechanisms, PAHs have been determined to be removed by biodegradation or vaporization up to 84% and by settling (adsorption onto sludge) up to 2%. The greatest portion (99%) of naphthalene and anthracene were determined to be biodegraded or vaporized in biological treatment due to their low molecular weights. On the other hand, mechanism of adsorption onto sludge was determined as negligible for these two compounds. In addition, approximately 14% of PAHs were discharged to the receiving environment. Among the different WWTP types investigated, advanced biological treatment was found to be the most efficient plant for the removal of PAH compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Nas
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Konya Technical University, Konya, Turkey.
| | - M E Argun
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Konya Technical University, Konya, Turkey.
| | - T Dolu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Konya Technical University, Konya, Turkey.
| | - H Ateş
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Konya Technical University, Konya, Turkey.
| | - E Yel
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Konya Technical University, Konya, Turkey.
| | - S Koyuncu
- Konya Metropolitan Municipality, Environmental Protection and Control Department, Konya, Turkey.
| | - S Dinç
- Çumra School of Applied Sciences, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey.
| | - M Kara
- Çumra Vocational High School, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey.
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29
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Detection of Bisphenol A in dental wastewater after grinding of dental resin composites. Dent Mater 2020; 36:1009-1018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2020.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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30
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Silva MSS, Pires A, Almeida M, Oliveira M. The use of Hediste diversicolor in the study of emerging contaminants. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 159:105013. [PMID: 32662441 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.105013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The contamination of aquatic environments has been the focus of research to understand effects on ecosystems and its species. Benthic organisms are considered potential targets since sediments act as sources and sinks for environmental contaminants. This review presents information on the effects of three types of emerging contaminants: pharmaceuticals (tested concentrations between 0.1 ng/L - 250 mg/L and 0.01 ng/g - 2.5 μg/g), metal-based nanoparticles (<100 nm) (tested concentrations between 10 μg/L - 1 mg/L and 5 - 140 μg/g) and micro(nano)plastics (tested concentrations between 5 μg/L - 50 mg/L and 10 - 50 mg/kg), on the polychaete Hediste diversicolor, a key species in estuarine/coastal ecosystems. Data shows that these contaminants promote alterations in burrowing activity (lowest concentration inducing effects: 10 ng/L), neurotransmission and damage related parameters (lowest concentration inducing effects: 100 ng/L). The characteristics of this polychaete, such as regenerative capacity, make the use of this species in biomedical studies involving environmental contaminants valuable.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S S Silva
- Departament of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Adília Pires
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Departament of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Mónica Almeida
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Departament of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Miguel Oliveira
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Departament of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
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31
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Bertin S, Yates K, Petrie B. Enantiospecific behaviour of chiral drugs in soil. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 262:114364. [PMID: 32443211 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The importance of stereochemistry on the behaviour and effects of chiral pharmaceutical and illicit drugs in amended agricultural soils has been over looked to date. Therefore, this study was aimed at investigating the enantiospecific behaviour of a chemically diverse range of chiral drugs including naproxen, ibuprofen, salbutamol, bisoprolol, metoprolol, propranolol, acebutolol, atenolol, chlorpheniramine, amphetamine, fluoxetine and citalopram in soil microcosms. Considerable changes of the enantiomeric composition of ibuprofen, naproxen, atenolol, acebutolol and amphetamine were observed within 56 d. This is significant as enantiomer enrichment can favour the pharmacologically active (e.g., S(-)-atenolol) or less/non-active forms of the drug (e.g., R(-)-amphetamine). Single enantiomer microcosms showed enantiospecific degradation was responsible for enantiomer enrichment of atenolol and amphetamine. However, naproxen and ibuprofen enantiomers were subject to chiral inversion whereby one enantiomer converts to its antipode. Interestingly, chiral inversion was bidirectional and this is the first time it is reported in soil. Therefore, introduction of the less active enantiomer to soil through irrigation with reclaimed wastewater or biosolids as fertiliser can result in the formation of its active enantiomer, or vice versa. This phenomenon needs considered in risk assessment frameworks to avoid underestimating the risk posed by chiral drugs in amended soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Bertin
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, AB10 7GJ, UK
| | - Kyari Yates
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, AB10 7GJ, UK
| | - Bruce Petrie
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, AB10 7GJ, UK.
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Ghribi F, Sehailia M, Aoudjit L, Touahra F, Zioui D, Boumechhour A, Halliche D, Bachari K, Benmaamar Z. Solar-light promoted photodegradation of metronidazole over ZnO-ZnAl2O4 heterojunction derived from 2D-layered double hydroxide structure. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2020.112510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Usal M, Regnault C, Veyrenc S, Couturier K, Batandier C, Bulteau AL, Lejon D, Combourieu B, Lafond T, Raveton M, Reynaud S. Concomitant exposure to benzo[a]pyrene and triclosan at environmentally relevant concentrations induces metabolic syndrome with multigenerational consequences in Silurana (Xenopus) tropicalis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 689:149-159. [PMID: 31271984 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies suggest that amphibians are highly sensitive to endocrine disruptors (ED) but their precise role in population decline remains unknown. This study shows that frogs exposed to a mixture of ED throughout their life cycle, at environmentally relevant concentrations, developed an unexpected metabolic syndrome. Female Silurana (Xenopus) tropicalis exposed to a mixture of benzo[a]pyrene and triclosan (50 ng·L-1 each) from the tadpole stage developed liver steatosis and transcriptomic signature associated with glucose intolerance syndrome, and pancreatic insulin hyper secretion typical of pre-diabetes. These metabolic disorders were associated with delayed metamorphosis and developmental mortality in their progeny, both of which have been linked to reduced adult recruitment and reproductive success. Indeed, F1 females were smaller and lighter and presented reduced reproductive capacities, demonstrating a reduced fitness of ED-exposed Xenopus. Our results confirm that amphibians are highly sensitive to ED even at concentrations considered to be safe for other animals. This study demonstrates that ED might be considered as direct contributing factors to amphibian population decline, due to their disruption of energetic metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Usal
- Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LECA, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Christophe Regnault
- Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LECA, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Sylvie Veyrenc
- Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LECA, 38000 Grenoble, France.
| | | | | | - Anne-Laure Bulteau
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Univ. Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5242, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69000 Lyon, France.
| | - David Lejon
- Rovaltain Research Company, F26300 Alixan, France.
| | | | - Thomas Lafond
- Centre de Ressources Biologiques Xénopes, Univ. Rennes 1, CNRS, UMS 3387 Rennes, France.
| | - Muriel Raveton
- Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LECA, 38000 Grenoble, France.
| | - Stéphane Reynaud
- Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LECA, 38000 Grenoble, France.
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Coello-Garcia T, Curtis TP, Mrozik W, Davenport RJ. Enhanced estrogen removal in activated sludge processes through the optimization of the hydraulic flow pattern. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 164:114905. [PMID: 31394465 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.114905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The removal of β-estradiol (E2) and α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) in biological wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) would need to be improved in order to comply with prospective Environmental Quality Standards (EQS) of 0.4 and 0.035 ng.L-1 respectively. The effluent concentration of a micropollutant in an activated sludge process is a function of the removal rate, the hydraulic retention time (HRT) and the flow pattern, which is usually overlooked. In order to better understand this aspect, we carried out tracer studies in eight WWTPs in the UK and found that relatively modest changes in aeration tanks would translate into tangible improvements in their flow pattern. We further evaluated the degradation rates for E1 (estrone), E2, E3 (estriol) and EE2 in each WWTP and we estimated that the modification of the flow pattern would be sufficient to place effluent concentrations of E2 (23.2 L∙gVSS-1∙d-1<kbio<210 L∙gVSS-1∙d-1) far below the prospective EQS, while EE2 (0.3 L∙gVSS-1∙d-1<kbio<2.9 L∙gVSS-1∙d-1) would have to rely on river dilution for compliance. Regarding E1 and E3, with no prospective legislation, the modifications would place E3 (9.9 L∙gVSS-1∙d-1<kbio<39.5 L∙gVSS-1∙d-1) effluent concentrations easily below its predicted no-effect concentrations (PNEC = 60 ng.L-1) while for E1, (2.6 L∙gVSS-1∙d-1<kbio<19.2 L∙gVSS-1∙d-1) it would very much depend on the degradation rates of the specific WWTP (PNEC = 6 ng.L-1). Improvement in flow pattern had the additional benefit of improving the effectiveness of other plausible changes in HRT or biological removal rates. Managing the flow pattern of existing WWTPs is a cost-efficient tool for managing the fate of estrogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Coello-Garcia
- School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - T P Curtis
- School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - W Mrozik
- School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - R J Davenport
- School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, United Kingdom.
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Comber S, Gardner M, Sörme P, Ellor B. The removal of pharmaceuticals during wastewater treatment: Can it be predicted accurately? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 676:222-230. [PMID: 31048154 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The presence of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) in the environment is of growing concern and effluents from wastewater treatment works (WwTWs) are one of the major sources. This research combines the outputs of a multimillion pound UK program of work to evaluate the fate of APIs in the wastewater treatment process. A combination of analysis of measured data and modelling has been applied to 18 APIs, representing a wide range of medicinal application and physico-chemical characteristics. Some isomers (for atorvastatin) and metabolites (for sertraline, carbamazepine and erythromycin) were also included. High variability was observed between removal rates for individual APIs between WwTW, which after statistical analysis could not be explained by the nominal WwTW process (e.g. activated sludge or trickling filter). Nor was there a clear relationship between API removal and physico-chemical parameters such as pKa, charge or log Kow. A publically available sewage process model, SimpleTreat 4.0 which has been rigorously validated and is now being used for exposure assessment with REACH legislation for organic chemicals and within the Biocidal Products Regulation by the European Medicines Agency for APIs, was used to estimate removal rates with which to compare with measured data. SimpleTreat provided estimates of removal rates within ±30% of observed values for the majority of the APIs measured, with the use of readily available WwTW specific parameters such as flow, total suspended solids and BOD data. The data and correlations provided in this study provide support for any future considerations regarding the management of API discharge to the aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Comber
- Biogeochemistry Research Centre, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK.
| | - Mike Gardner
- Atkins Limited, 500, Park Avenue, Aztec West, Almondsbury, Bristol BS32 4RZ, UK
| | | | - Brian Ellor
- UK Water Industry Research Ltd, Third Floor, 36 Broadway, London SW1H 0BH, UK
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Munro K, Martins CPB, Loewenthal M, Comber S, Cowan DA, Pereira L, Barron LP. Evaluation of combined sewer overflow impacts on short-term pharmaceutical and illicit drug occurrence in a heavily urbanised tidal river catchment (London, UK). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 657:1099-1111. [PMID: 30677877 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of pharmaceutical and illicit drug residues potentially arising from combined sewer overflows (CSOs) in the Central London portion of the Thames Estuary is presented. Approximately 39 million tonnes of untreated sewage enter the River Thames at 57 CSO points annually. Differential analysis of influents and effluents in a major wastewater treatment plant identified seven potential drug-related CSO markers based on removal rates. Three were present in influent at concentrations >1 μg L-1 (caffeine, cocaine and benzoylecgonine). During dry weather, analysis of hourly samples of river water revealed relatively consistent concentrations for most drugs, including CSO markers, over a tidal cycle. River water was monitored over a week in January and July and then daily across six consecutive weeks in November/December 2014. Out of 31 compounds monitored, 27 drug residues were determined in the River Thames and, combined, ranged between ~1000-3500 ng L-1. Total drug concentration generally declined during extended periods of drier weather. For CSO markers, short-term increases in caffeine, cocaine and benzoylecgonine concentration were observed ~24 h after CSO events (especially those occurring at low tide) and generally within one order of magnitude. Timings of elevated occurrence also correlated well with ammonium ion and dissolved oxygen data following CSOs. This work also represents an important study of pharmaceutical occurrence before a major 'Super Sewer' infrastructure upgrade in London aiming to reduce CSOs by 95%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Munro
- King's Forensics, Dept. Analytical, Environmental & Forensic Sciences, School of Population Health & Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, Franklin Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, SE1 9NH London, UK
| | | | - Matthew Loewenthal
- Environment Agency, National Water Quality Instrumentation Service, Bristol, UK
| | - Sean Comber
- Dept. Environmental Science, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - David A Cowan
- King's Forensics, Dept. Analytical, Environmental & Forensic Sciences, School of Population Health & Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, Franklin Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, SE1 9NH London, UK
| | - Luisa Pereira
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Manor Park, Tudor Road, Runcorn, UK
| | - Leon P Barron
- King's Forensics, Dept. Analytical, Environmental & Forensic Sciences, School of Population Health & Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, Franklin Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, SE1 9NH London, UK.
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Ramage S, Camacho-Muñoz D, Petrie B. Enantioselective LC-MS/MS for anthropogenic markers of septic tank discharge. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 219:191-201. [PMID: 30537591 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Households in rural locations utilize septic tanks for wastewater treatment and can cause surface water contamination. A new methodology was developed to help investigate the role septic tanks play in the dissemination of prescription and over-the-counter drugs, personal care products and stimulants in the aqueous environment. Simultaneous analysis of 16 chiral and achiral anthropogenic markers was achieved using a Chirobiotic V2® enantioselective column in polar ionic mode. The optimized method achieved quantitation limits for 16 compounds in the range 0.001-2.9 μg L-1 and 0.0002-0.43 μg L-1 for septic tank effluent and stream water, respectively. Application of the method to samples collected in North East Scotland found caffeine to be ubiquitous in all samples studied suggesting it as a good indicator of septic tank discharge. In rural streams studied, concentrations of all prescription drugs investigated were ≤0.02 μg L-1. However, analgesics and stimulants were at high concentration in one location indicating direct discharge of septic tank wastewater (i.e., not dissipated through a soak away). For example, paracetamol, cotinine and caffeine were measured at 1100 μg L-1, 31 μg L-1 and 200 μg L-1, respectively, which is comparable to septic tank effluents. Furthermore, S(+)-amphetamine and R(-)-amphetamine were present in this stream sample at 0.20 and 0.27 μg L-1. This corresponds to an enantiomeric fraction of 0.43, which is typical of untreated wastewaters in the UK. Findings illustrate further study on the diffuse impact of septic tanks to surface water is needed and can be supported using this new multi-residue enantioselective method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Ramage
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, AB10 7GJ, UK
| | - Dolores Camacho-Muñoz
- Laboratory for Lipidomics and Lipid Biology, Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Bruce Petrie
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, AB10 7GJ, UK.
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Petrie B, Lopardo L, Proctor K, Youdan J, Barden R, Kasprzyk-Hordern B. Assessment of bisphenol-A in the urban water cycle. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 650:900-907. [PMID: 30308864 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The plasticizer bisphenol-A (BPA) is common to municipal wastewaters and can exert toxicity to exposed organisms in the environment. Here BPA concentration at 5 sewage treatment works (STW) and distribution throughout a river catchment in South West UK were investigated. Sampling sites included influent and effluent wastewater (n = 5), river water (n = 7) and digested sludge (n = 2) which were monitored for 7 consecutive days. Findings revealed average BPA loads in influent wastewater at two STWs were 10-37 times greater than the other wastewaters monitored. Concentrations up to ~100 μg L-1 were measured considerably higher than previously reported for municipal wastewaters. Temporal variability throughout the week (i.e., highest concentrations during weekdays) suggests these high concentrations are linked with industrial activity. Despite ≥90% removal during wastewater treatment, notable concentrations remained in tested effluent (62-892 ng L-1). However, minimal impact on BPA concentrations in river water was observed for any of the effluents. The maximum BPA concentration found in river water was 117 ng L-1 which is considerably lower than the current predicted no effect concentration of 1.6 μg L-1. Nevertheless, analysis of digested sludge from sites which received these elevated BPA levels revealed average concentrations of 4.6 ± 0.3 and 38.7 ± 5.4 μg g-1. These sludge BPA concentrations are considerably greater than previously reported and are attributed to the high BPA loading in influent wastewater. A typical sludge application regime to agricultural land would result in a predicted BPA concentration of 297 ng g-1 in soil. Further studies are needed on the toxicological thresholds of exposed terrestrial organisms in amended soils to better assess the environmental risk here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce Petrie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK; Water Innovation & Research Centre (WIRC), University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK; School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen AB10 7GJ, UK
| | - Luigi Lopardo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK; Water Innovation & Research Centre (WIRC), University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Kathryn Proctor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK; Water Innovation & Research Centre (WIRC), University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | | | | | - Barbara Kasprzyk-Hordern
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK; Water Innovation & Research Centre (WIRC), University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
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Barbagli A, Jensen BN, Raza M, Schüth C, Rossetto R. Assessment of soil buffer capacity on nutrients and pharmaceuticals in nature-based solution applications. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:759-774. [PMID: 30415360 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3515-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The ability of a soil to sustain infiltration rates and to attenuate pollutants is critical for the design and operation of Managed Aquifer Recharge/Soil Aquifer Treatment and phyto-treatment schemes, also referred to as "Blue Infrastructures". We investigated the buffering capacity of a sediment sample and a peat soil sample for nutrients and selected pharmaceutical compounds and its evolution under continuous infiltration of secondary treated wastewater (TWW) in column experiments. Samples were obtained from two blue infrastructures, the Sant'Alessio Induced River Bank Filtration plant and the San Niccolò large-scale phyto-treatment plant in Italy, and were mainly different in their organic carbon contents (0.9 and 48%, respectively). In the column experiments, a constant infiltration rate of about 0.5 L/d was maintained for 6 months. After 4 months of operation, diclofenac and carbamazepine were spiked into the TWW to evaluate their fate. Water quality was monitored by periodic water sampling from the column inflow, at sampling ports along the column length, and at the outflow. Hydraulic conductivity (K) was also monitored. The hydraulic conductivity of the Sant'Alessio sediment decreased by a factor of 10 during the first 10 days of infiltration and then stabilized, while for the San Niccolò K (initially lower) remained constant for 50 days until it decreased following a change of the redox condition in the column. The different redox conditions, due to the two different soils tested, influenced also the concentration and mobility of PO43-, Fe, Mn, and NPOC, and the speciation of the redox sensitive elements (nitrogen and sulfur). NOPC and phosphate were enriched during the filtration through San Niccolò peat soil (from 2 to 4 times, respectively), while they were buffered by the Sant'Alessio sediment (from 0.2 to 0.4 times, respectively). Diclofenac removal (69% and below 20% for San Niccolò and Sant'Alessio, respectively) was related to sorption and degradation processes and it was lower than the removal of carbamazepine in both soils (76 and 35%). The buffer capacity differences between the two soils were higher for diclofenac (62%) than carbamazepine (35%). Nevertheless, since no apparent degradation of carbamazepine was detected in both soils, its persistence in the soil may have a larger impact in case of desorption, posing contamination risk to groundwater. The results highlight the importance of the soils or sediments to be used as medium in such nature-based solutions for their operations. They also offer an approach to, e.g., tailor man-made soil layers in infiltration basins. We strongly suggest that soil characteristics and test duration are carefully considered in designing these infrastructures, when nature-based processes are the choice for dealing with reuse of treated wastewater management issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Barbagli
- CGT Center for GeoTechnologies, University of Siena, Via Vetri Vecchi 34, 52027, San Giovanni Valdarno, Italy
| | - Benjamin Niklas Jensen
- Dr. Spang Ingenieurgesellschaft für Bauwesen, Geologie und Umwelttechnik mbH, Rosi-Wolfstein-Strasse 6, 58453, Witten, Germany
| | - Muhammad Raza
- Institute of Applied Geosciences, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstr. 9, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
- IWW Water Centre, Moritzstr. 26, 45476, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Christoph Schüth
- Institute of Applied Geosciences, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstr. 9, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
- IWW Water Centre, Moritzstr. 26, 45476, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Rudy Rossetto
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Via Santa Cecilia 3, 56127, Pisa, Italy.
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Pearson HBC, Comber SDW, Braungardt CB, Worsfold P, Stockdale A, Lofts S. Determination and Prediction of Zinc Speciation in Estuaries. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:14245-14255. [PMID: 30422646 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b04372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Lowering of the estuarine Environmental Quality Standard for zinc in the UK to 121 nM reflects rising concern regarding zinc in ecosystems and is driving the need to better understand its fate and behavior and to develop and parametrize speciation models to predict the metal species present. For the first time, an extensive data set has been gathered for the speciation of zinc within an estuarine system with supporting physicochemical characterization, in particular dissolved organic carbon. WHAM/Model VII and Visual MINTEQ speciation models were used to simulate zinc speciation, using a combination of measured complexation variables and available defaults. Data for the five estuarine transects from freshwater to seawater endmembers showed very variable patterns of zinc speciation depending on river flows, seasons, and potential variations in metal and ligand inputs from in situ and ex situ sources. There were no clear relationships between free zinc ion concentration [Zn2+] and measured variables such as DOC concentration, humic and biological indices. Simulations of [Zn2+] carried out with both models at high salinities or by inputting site specific complexation capacities were successful, but overestimated [Zn2+] in low salinity waters, probably owing to an underestimation of the complexation strength of the ligands present. Uncertainties in predicted [Zn2+] are consistently smaller than standard deviations of the measured values, suggesting that the accuracy of the measurements is more critical than model uncertainty in evaluating the predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly B C Pearson
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences , University of Plymouth , Plymouth Devon , PL4 8AA , U.K
| | - Sean D W Comber
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences , University of Plymouth , Plymouth Devon , PL4 8AA , U.K
| | - Charlotte B Braungardt
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences , University of Plymouth , Plymouth Devon , PL4 8AA , U.K
| | - Paul Worsfold
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences , University of Plymouth , Plymouth Devon , PL4 8AA , U.K
| | - Anthony Stockdale
- School of Earth and Environment , University of Leeds , LS2 9JT , U.K
| | - Stephen Lofts
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology , Lancaster Environment Centre , Library Avenue , Bailrigg , Lancaster LA1 4AP , U.K
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Removal of Organic Micropollutants by Grainy Bentonite-Activated Carbon Adsorbent in a Fixed Bed Column. WATER 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/w10121791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Organic micropollutants enter effluent streams and then flow into receiving waters. The volume adversely affects aquatic biota substantially. Therefore, many efforts have been made to develop methods for their elimination. The aim of this study was the removal of organic micropollutants with different properties from WWTP (wastewater treatment plant) effluent in fixed bed columns packed with several combinations of sand, granular activated carbon (GAC), and granular clay-carbonaceous composite. Two types of bentonite-powder activated carbon-based granules (Ben-AC) were prepared within this work, with different calcination temperature. It was found that higher calcination temperature enhanced the surface porosity and adsorption potential versus studied micropollutants due to dihydroxylation resulting in higher chemical activity. Introduction of these granules in the place of GAC in a fixed bed column enhances the removal degree of micropollutants and typical water quality parameters. For example, the reduction degree of color, phosphate, and nitrate concentrations increased from 83%, 69%, and 4% to 95%, 83%, and 24% for column I and II, respectively. The concentration of carbamazepine, octylphenol, nononylphenol, and anthracene was reduced by 75%, 83%, 72%, 99% in column I, while using column II or III their removal was: 86%, 97%, 99%, 99%, respectively. Independent of the column filling, the removal of carbamazepine was the lowest (75–86%), while the highest retention was obtained for anthracene (99%). The study of column performance in the treatment of effluent in time showed that column filled with Ben-AC-400 guaranteed high removal degree in the operating time. The batch adsorption data were better described by both the Langmuir model.
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Whitlock SE, Pereira MG, Shore RF, Lane J, Arnold KE. Environmentally relevant exposure to an antidepressant alters courtship behaviours in a songbird. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 211:17-24. [PMID: 30071429 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.07.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals in the environment are a recently identified global threat to wildlife, including birds. Like other human pharmaceuticals, the antidepressant fluoxetine (Prozac) enters the environment via sewage and has been detected at wastewater treatment plants. Birds foraging on invertebrates at these sites can be exposed to pharmaceuticals, although the implications of exposure are poorly understood. We conducted experiments to test whether chronic exposure to a maximally environmentally relevant concentration of fluoxetine (2.7 μg day-1) altered courtship behaviour and female reproductive physiology in wild-caught starlings (Sturnus vulgaris), a species commonly found foraging on invertebrates at wastewater treatment plants. When paired with a female over two days, males sang less and were more aggressive towards fluoxetine-treated females than controls. Fluoxetine-treated females were initially aggressive towards males, becoming significantly less aggressive by the second day. In contrast, control females expressed intermediate levels of aggression throughout. We found no effect of female treatment on female courtship behaviour. Female body condition, circulating testosterone and circulating oestradiol were unaffected by treatment and did not account for male preference. Our findings suggest that exposure to an antidepressant reduced female attractiveness, adding to growing evidence that environmental concentrations of pharmaceuticals can alter important traits related to individual fitness and population dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia E Whitlock
- Environment Department, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5NG, UK.
| | - M Glória Pereira
- NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Bailrigg, LA1 4AP, UK
| | - Richard F Shore
- NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Bailrigg, LA1 4AP, UK
| | - Julie Lane
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, National Agri-Food Innovation Campus, Sand Hutton, YO41 1LZ, UK
| | - Kathryn E Arnold
- Environment Department, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5NG, UK
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43
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Bi R, Zeng X, Mu L, Hou L, Liu W, Li P, Chen H, Li D, Bouchez A, Tang J, Xie L. Sensitivities of seven algal species to triclosan, fluoxetine and their mixtures. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15361. [PMID: 30337662 PMCID: PMC6193942 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33785-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing release of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) into aquatic ecosystems is a growing environmental concern. Triclosan and fluoxetine are two widely used PPCPs and frequently detected in aquatic ecosystems. In this study, the sensitivities of 7 algal species from 4 genera to triclosan, fluoxetine and their mixture were evaluated. The results showed that the inhibitory effect on algal growth (EC50-96h) of triclosan varied with 50 times differences among the 7 algal species. Chlorella ellipsoidea was the least susceptible species and Dunaliella parva was the most sensitive species to triclosan. The inhibitory effect of fluoxetine was less variable than triclosan. Slightly higher toxicity of fluoxetine than triclosan was shown in the 7 tested algal species. No consistent pattern of the effects from mixture of triclosan and fluoxetine was observed among the 7 algal species and among the 4 genera. Additive effects of the mixture occured in 4 species and antagonistic effects in the other 3 species but no synergistic effect was detected. The algal species might show some sign of phylogenetic response to triclosan, as evidenced by the wide range of differences in their sensitivity at the genus level. This study provides important data which could be beneficial for biomonitoring programs on the ecological risk (algal species diversity) of these two chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Bi
- Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, 515063, China.
| | - Xiangfeng Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China.
| | - Lei Mu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China
| | - Liping Hou
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510655, China
| | - Wenhua Liu
- Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, 515063, China
| | - Ping Li
- Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, 515063, China
| | - Hongxing Chen
- The Environmental Research Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Dan Li
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China
| | - Agnes Bouchez
- Institute National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR CARRTEL, Thonon-les-Bains, 74200, France
| | - Jiaxi Tang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin, Liaoning, 123000, China
| | - Lingtian Xie
- The Environmental Research Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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44
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Bertram MG, Ecker TE, Wong BBM, O'Bryan MK, Baumgartner JB, Martin JM, Saaristo M. The antidepressant fluoxetine alters mechanisms of pre- and post-copulatory sexual selection in the eastern mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 238:238-247. [PMID: 29567445 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of aquatic habitats with pharmaceuticals is a major environmental concern. Recent studies have detected pharmaceutical pollutants in a wide array of ecosystems and organisms, with many of these contaminants being highly resistant to biodegradation and capable of eliciting sub-lethal effects in non-target species. One such pollutant is fluoxetine, a widely prescribed antidepressant, which is frequently detected in surface waters globally and can alter physiology and behaviour in aquatic organisms. Despite this, relatively little is known about the potential for fluoxetine to disrupt mechanisms of sexual selection. Here, we investigate the impacts of 30-day exposure to two environmentally realistic levels of fluoxetine (low and high) on mechanisms of pre- and post-copulatory sexual selection in the eastern mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki). We tested 1) male mating behaviour in the absence or presence of a competitor male, and 2) sperm quality and quantity. We found that high-fluoxetine exposure increased male copulatory behaviour in the absence of a competitor, while no effect was detected under male-male competition. Further, fluoxetine exposure at both concentrations increased total sperm count relative to males from the control group, while no significant change in sperm quality was observed. Lastly, low-fluoxetine males showed a significant reduction in condition index (mass relative to length). Our study is the first to show altered mechanisms of both pre- and post-copulatory sexual selection in an aquatic species resulting from environmentally realistic fluoxetine exposure, highlighting the capacity of pharmaceutical pollution to interfere with sensitive reproductive processes in wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Bertram
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Tiarne E Ecker
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bob B M Wong
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Moira K O'Bryan
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia; The Development and Stem Cells Program of Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and the Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - John B Baumgartner
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jake M Martin
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Minna Saaristo
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia; Department of Biosciences, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
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45
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Liu X, Lu S, Guo W, Xi B, Wang W. Antibiotics in the aquatic environments: A review of lakes, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 94:736-757. [PMID: 30857084 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 565] [Impact Index Per Article: 94.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The potential threat of antibiotics to the environment and human health has raised significant concerns in recent years. The consumption and production of antibiotics in China are the highest in the world due to its rapid economic development and huge population, possibly resulting in the high detection frequencies and concentrations of antibiotics in aquatic environments of China. As a water resource, lakes in China play an important role in sustainable economic and social development. Understanding the current state of antibiotics in lakes in China is important. Closed and semi-closed lakes provide an ideal medium for the accumulation of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). This review summarizes the current levels of antibiotic exposure in relevant environmental compartments in lakes. The ecological and health risks of antibiotics are also evaluated. This review concludes that 39 antibiotics have been detected in the aquatic environments of lakes in China. The levels of antibiotic contamination in lakes in China is relatively high on the global scale. Antibiotic contamination is higher in sediment than water and aquatic organisms. Quinolone antibiotics (QNs) pose the greatest risks. The contents of antibiotics in aquatic organisms are far lower than their maximum residual limits (MRLs), with the exception of the organisms in Honghu Lake. The lakes experience high levels of ARG contamination. A greater assessment of ARG presence and antibiotic exposure are urgent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Liu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Scientific Observation and Research Station for Lake Dongting, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Shaoyong Lu
- State Environmental Protection Scientific Observation and Research Station for Lake Dongting, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Wei Guo
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 1002206, China
| | - Beidou Xi
- State Environmental Protection Scientific Observation and Research Station for Lake Dongting, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Weiliang Wang
- School of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong 250358, China
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46
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Ford AT, Hyett B, Cassidy D, Malyon G. The effects of fluoxetine on attachment and righting behaviours in marine (Gibbula unbilicalis) and freshwater (Lymnea stagnalis) gastropods. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2018. [PMID: 29524054 PMCID: PMC5897494 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-018-1919-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have highlighted that antidepressants such as the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) entering aquatic systems through wastewater discharges might impact organisms at environmentally relevant concentrations. In this study, two snail species (Gibbula unbilicalis and Lymnea stagnalis) representing the marine and freshwater environments were exposed to a large range of fluoxetine concentrations (1 ng L-1-1 mg L-1) and two distinct behaviours (foot detachment and righting time) were recorded. Fluoxetine significantly caused foot detachment only at the higher of the concentrations (1 mg L-1) in both species during the course of this short term 1.5 h and 4 h exposures. In this study, lowest observed effect concentrations (LOECs) for foot detachment fell repeatedly within the range for other gastropod snails exposed to fluoxetine. Fluoxetine effected righting times in a concentration dependant manner but only significantly within G. unbilicalis in the highest concentration. Reviewing existing data on the effects of antidepressants on a range of endpoints in gastropod molluscs reveals wide variability of results. The importance of publishing 'negative' and/or non-dramatic results to aid risk assessment are discussed along with the variability between antidepressants, model species, experimental designs and endpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex T Ford
- Institute of Marine Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Ferry Road, Portsmouth, PO4 9LY, UK.
| | - Bernice Hyett
- Institute of Marine Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Ferry Road, Portsmouth, PO4 9LY, UK
| | - Daniel Cassidy
- Institute of Marine Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Ferry Road, Portsmouth, PO4 9LY, UK
| | - Graham Malyon
- Institute of Marine Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Ferry Road, Portsmouth, PO4 9LY, UK
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47
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David A, Lange A, Tyler CR, Hill EM. Concentrating mixtures of neuroactive pharmaceuticals and altered neurotransmitter levels in the brain of fish exposed to a wastewater effluent. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 621:782-790. [PMID: 29202289 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Fish can be exposed to a variety of neuroactive pharmaceuticals via the effluent discharges from wastewater treatment plants and concerns have arisen regarding their potential impacts on fish behaviour and ecology. In this study, we investigated the uptake of 14 neuroactive pharmaceuticals from a treated wastewater effluent into blood plasma and brain regions of roach (Rutilus rutilus) after exposure for 15days. We show that a complex mixture of pharmaceuticals including, 6 selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, a serotonin-noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor, 3 atypical antipsychotics, 2 tricyclic antidepressants and a benzodiazepine, concentrate in different regions of the brain including the telencephalon, hypothalamus, optic tectum and hindbrain of effluent-exposed fish. Pharmaceuticals, with the exception of nordiazepam, were between 3-40 fold higher in brain compared with blood plasma, showing these neuroactive drugs are readily uptaken, into brain tissues in fish. To assess for the potential for any adverse ecotoxicological effects, the effect ratio was calculated from human therapeutic plasma concentrations (HtPCs) and the measured or predicted fish plasma concentrations of pharmaceuticals. After accounting for a safety factor of 1000, the effect ratios indicated that fluoxetine, norfluoxetine, sertraline, and amitriptyline warrant prioritisation for risk assessment studies. Furthermore, although plasma concentrations of all the pharmaceuticals were between 33 and 5714-fold below HtPCs, alterations in serotonin, glutamate, acetylcholine and tryptophan concentrations were observed in different brain regions of effluent-exposed fish. This study highlights the importance of determining the potential health effects arising from the concentration of complex environmental mixtures in risk assessment studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur David
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK.
| | - Anke Lange
- Biosciences, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Charles R Tyler
- Biosciences, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Elizabeth M Hill
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK
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48
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Thrupp TJ, Runnalls TJ, Scholze M, Kugathas S, Kortenkamp A, Sumpter JP. The consequences of exposure to mixtures of chemicals: Something from 'nothing' and 'a lot from a little' when fish are exposed to steroid hormones. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 619-620:1482-1492. [PMID: 29734624 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Ill-defined, multi-component mixtures of steroidal pharmaceuticals are present in the aquatic environment. Fish are extremely sensitive to some of these steroids. It is important to know how fish respond to these mixtures, and from that knowledge develop methodology that enables accurate prediction of those responses. To provide some of the data required to reach this objective, pairs of fish were first exposed to five different synthetic steroidal pharmaceuticals (one estrogen, EE2; one androgen, trenbolone; one glucocorticoid, beclomethasone dipropionate; and two progestogens, desogestrel and levonorgestrel) and concentration-response data on egg production obtained. Based on those concentration-response relationships, a five component mixture was designed and tested twice. Very similar effects were observed in the two experiments. The mixture inhibited egg production in an additive manner predicted better by the model of Independent Action than that of Concentration Addition. Our data provide a reference case for independent action in an in vivo model. A significant combined effect was observed when each steroidal pharmaceutical in the mixture was present at a concentration which on its own would produce no statistically significant effect (something from 'nothing'). Further, when each component was present in the mixture at a concentration expected to inhibit egg production by between 18% (Beclomethasone diproprionate) and 40% (trenbolone), this mixture almost completely inhibited egg production: a phenomenon we term 'a lot from a little'. The results from this proof-of-principle study suggest that multiple steroids present in the aquatic environment can be analysed for their potential combined environmental risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara J Thrupp
- Institute for the Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Tamsin J Runnalls
- Institute for the Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Martin Scholze
- Institute for the Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Subramaniam Kugathas
- Institute for the Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Andreas Kortenkamp
- Institute for the Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK
| | - John P Sumpter
- Institute for the Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK.
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49
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Gardner MJ, Comber SDW. Detecting environmental change: how many samples are required? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2018; 20:311-317. [PMID: 29300404 DOI: 10.1039/c7em00562h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
One of the most important functions of environmental monitoring is the detection of change. This can be the delineation of deteriorating circumstances or the identification of the success of remedial measures. The design of effective monitoring of change (and hence the optimisation of resources devoted to monitoring) relies on appropriate replication - knowing how many samples are required. Lack of information on the variance of the measured parameter is often a barrier to determining the optimum sampling strategy. An important new information resource on within-site variance of the concentrations of over 60 trace substances in wastewater treatment works effluents has been provided by the UK water industry research programme. This paper makes use of this resource in order to explore the potential to design monitoring programmes that will be capable of demonstrating the success of planned remedial measures that will be implemented in the coming years. Two approaches to experimental design (simple before-and-after sampling and detection of trends via correlation) are examined. It is concluded that for programmes involving numbers of samples of less than 30 the detection of a change in concentration of less than 50% might be very challenging for many of the trace substance of greatest interest. Knowledge of the difficulty of the task in hand should make it possible to design programmes that optimise the use of resources and the approaches taken, such that effects of interest are detected as soon and as economically as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Gardner
- Atkins Limited, The Hub, 500, Park Avenue, Aztec West, Almondsbury, Bristol BS32 4RZ, UK.
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50
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Comber S, Gardner M, Sörme P, Leverett D, Ellor B. Active pharmaceutical ingredients entering the aquatic environment from wastewater treatment works: A cause for concern? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 613-614:538-547. [PMID: 28926808 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This work reports on the variation in wastewater treatment works (WwTW) influent concentrations of a wide variety of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), their removal efficiency, effluent concentrations and potential risks to the aquatic environment. The research is based on data generated from two large UK-wide WwTW monitoring programmes. Taking account of removal of parent compound from the aqueous phase during treatment in combination with estimates of dilution available it is possible to prioritise the APIs of greatest risk of exceeding estimates of predicted no effect concentrations (PNEC) in receiving waters for all WwTW in the UK. The majority of substances studied were removed to a high degree, although with significant variation, both within and between WwTW. Poorer removal (between influent and effluent) was observed for ethinyloestradiol, diclofenac, propranolol, the macrolide antibiotics, fluoxetine, tamoxifen and carbamazepine. All except the last two of these substances were present in effluents at concentrations higher than their respective estimated PNEC (based on measurement of effluents from 45 WwTW on 20 occasions). Based on available dilution data as many as 890 WwTW in the UK (approximately 13% of all WwTW) may cause exceedances of estimated riverine PNECs after mixing of their effluents with receiving waters. The overall degree of risk is driven by the toxicity value selected, which in itself is controlled by the availability of reliable and relevant ecotoxicological data and consequently the safety factors applied. The dataset and discussion, provides information to assist in the future management of these types of chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Comber
- Biogeochemistry Research Centre, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK.
| | - Mike Gardner
- Atkins Limited, 500, Park Avenue, Aztec West, Almondsbury, Bristol BS32 4RZ, UK
| | | | - Dean Leverett
- AstraZeneca, 1 Francis Crick Ave, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Brian Ellor
- wca Environment Ltd, Brunel House, Volunteer Way, Faringdon, Oxfordshire SN7 7YR, UK; UK Water Industry Research, Room EA1, 1-7 Great George Street, Westminster, London SW1P 3AA, UK
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