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Mitra S, Saran RK, Srivastava S, Rensing C. Pesticides in the environment: Degradation routes, pesticide transformation products and ecotoxicological considerations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 935:173026. [PMID: 38750741 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Among rising environmental concerns, emerging contaminants constitute a variety of different chemicals and biological agents. The composition, residence time in environmental media, chemical interactions, and toxicity of emerging contaminants are not fully known, and hence, their regulation becomes problematic. Some of the important groups of emerging contaminants are pesticides and pesticide transformation products (PTPs), which present a considerable obstacle to maintaining and preserving ecosystem health. This review article aims to thoroughly comprehend the occurrence, fate, and ecotoxicological importance of pesticide transformation products (PTPs). The paper provides an overview of pesticides and PTPs as contaminants of emerging concern and discusses the modes of degradation of pesticides, their properties and associated risks. The degradation of pesticides, however, does not lead to complete destruction but can instead lead to the generation of PTPs. The review discusses the properties and toxicity of PTPs and presents the methods available for their detection. Moreover, the present study examines the existing regulatory framework and suggests the need for the development of new technologies for easy, routine detection of PTPs to regulate them effectively in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suchitra Mitra
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata 741245, WB, India
| | - R K Saran
- Department of Microbiology, Maharaja Ganga Singh University, Bikaner, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sudhakar Srivastava
- Plant Stress Biology Laboratory, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, UP, India.
| | - Christopher Rensing
- Institute of Environmental Microbiology, College of Resource and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
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2
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Wu Z, Wu S, Hou Y, Cao H, Cai C. Facilitated transport of toluene and naphthalene with humic acid in high- and low-permeability systems: Role of ionic strength and cationic type. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 465:133487. [PMID: 38219592 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
The occurrence of colloids on pollutants transport in groundwater has attracted more attention. However, the research on the regulation mechanism of colloids on combined pollutants transport in heterogeneous aquifers is limited. In this study, a series of tank experiments were conducted to systematically investigate the effects of ionic strength, and cation type on humic acid (HA) facilitated transport of toluene (TOL), and naphthalene (NAP) in high- and low-permeability systems. The results showed that HA facilitated pollutants transport in low Na+ solution. In Ca2+ solution, the presence of HA hindered pollutants transport, and the inhibition increased with the increase of ionic strength. Both in Na+ solution and low Ca2+ solution, the influence of heterogeneous structure on pollutant transport played a dominant role, and TOL and NAP had a greater transport potential in the high permeability zone (HPZ) due to the preferential flow. Whereas, deposition of HA aggregates, and electrostatic attractive interaction had negative effects on transport than groundwater flow in high Ca2+ solution. Pollutants were prone to accumulate at the bottom of the HPZ, and the top of the low permeability zone (LPZ). These new findings provide insights into the mechanism of colloids influence on the pollutants transport in heterogenous aquifer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongran Wu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shengyu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yao Hou
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China; College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Hongjian Cao
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chao Cai
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China.
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3
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Jung GH, Lee HS, Lim SJ, Choi H. Evaluation of soil pesticide leaching to groundwater using undisturbed lysimeter: development of the pesticide groundwater leaching scoring system (PLS). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:21973-21985. [PMID: 38400967 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32595-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
Groundwater pesticide safety management is essential for providing consistently safe water for humans, but such management is limited globally. In this study, we developed an accurate and convenient exposure assessment method for the safety management of pesticides in groundwater by conducting a lysimeter experiment to evaluate the leaching of 11 pesticides into groundwater. During the experimental period, flutoalanil and oxadiazon had the highest cumulative leaching amounts, 603.7 and 83.5 ng, respectively. Comparative analysis of existing groundwater exposure prediction indices, including the GUS, LEACH, modified LEACH, Hornsby index, and GLI showed no correlations with the measured data (p > 0.05). To enhance the accuracy of the assessment method, we used lysimeter data and principal component analysis to determine the main factors affecting groundwater leaching, and developed the "pesticide groundwater leaching scoring system" (PLS). The soil and water half-life, which had the greatest positive impact on groundwater leaching, was set as a 10-point indicator, whereas log P was set as a 1-point indicator. In contrast, solubility in water was determined as a 5-point indicator, and organic carbon partition coefficient and vapor pressure were determined as 2.5-point indicators owing to their negative relationship. The correlation coefficient was 0.670, indicating a significant correlation with the lysimeter data (p < 0.05). Using our scoring system, we ranked 376 pesticides. As an exposure assessment method developed using actual data, the PLS is expected to be applicable to groundwater safety management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gun-Hee Jung
- Chemical Safety Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development, Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Sub Lee
- Chemical Safety Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development, Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sung-Jin Lim
- Environment and Agriculture Department, Jeonju Agricultural Technology Center, Jeonju, 54810, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoon Choi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wonkwang University, Iksan, 54538, Republic of Korea
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4
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Iovino P, Lavorgna M, Orlo E, Russo C, De Felice B, Campolattano N, Muscariello L, Fenti A, Chianese S, Isidori M, Musmarra D. An integrated approach for the assessment of the electrochemical oxidation of diclofenac: By-product identification, microbiological and eco-genotoxicological evaluation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 909:168511. [PMID: 37977373 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Diclofenac (DCF), a contaminant of emerging concern, is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug widely detected in water bodies, which demonstrated harmful acute and chronic toxicity toward algae, zooplankton and aquatic invertebrates, therefore its removal from impacted water is necessary. DCF is recalcitrant toward traditional treatment technologies, thus, innovative approaches are required. Among them, electrochemical oxidation (EO) has shown promising results. In this research, an innovative multidisciplinary approach is proposed to assess the electrochemical oxidation (EO) of diclofenac from wastewater by integrating the investigations on the removal efficiency and by-product identification with the disinfection capacity and the assessment of the effect on environmental geno-toxicity of by-products generated through the oxidation. The electrochemical treatment successfully degraded DCF by achieving >98 % removal efficiency, operating with NaCl 0.02 M at 50 A m-2. By-product identification analyses showed the formation of five DCF parental compounds generated by decarboxylic and CN cleavage reactions. The disinfection capacity of the EO technique was evaluated by carrying out microbiological tests on pathogens generally found in aquatic environments, including two rod-shaped Gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli), one rod-shaped Gram-positive bacterium (Bacillus atrophaeus), and one Gram-positive coccus (Enterococcus hirae). Eco-toxicity was evaluated in freshwater organisms (algae, rotifers and crustaceans) belonging to two trophic levels through acute and chronic tests. Genotoxicity tests were carried out by Comet assay, and relative expression levels of catalase, manganese and copper superoxide dismutase genes in crustaceans. Results highlight the effectiveness of EO for the degradation of diclofenac and the inactivation of pathogens; however, the downstream mixture results in being harmful to the aquatic ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Iovino
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Vivaldi 43, Caserta 81100, Italy
| | - M Lavorgna
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Vivaldi 43, Caserta 81100, Italy
| | - E Orlo
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Vivaldi 43, Caserta 81100, Italy
| | - C Russo
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Vivaldi 43, Caserta 81100, Italy.
| | - B De Felice
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Vivaldi 43, Caserta 81100, Italy
| | - N Campolattano
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Vivaldi 43, Caserta 81100, Italy
| | - L Muscariello
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Vivaldi 43, Caserta 81100, Italy
| | - A Fenti
- Department of Engineering, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Roma 29, Aversa 81031, Italy.
| | - S Chianese
- Department of Engineering, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Roma 29, Aversa 81031, Italy
| | - M Isidori
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Vivaldi 43, Caserta 81100, Italy
| | - D Musmarra
- Department of Engineering, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Roma 29, Aversa 81031, Italy
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Nikolenko O, Labad F, Pujades E, Scheiber L, Pérez S, Ginebreda A, Jurado A. Combination of multivariate data analysis and mixing modelling to assess tracer potential of contaminants of emerging concern in aquifers. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 341:123020. [PMID: 38006989 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.123020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
Collected evidence has shown that contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) in conjunction with more conventional tracers (major ions, nutrients, isotopes etc.) can be used to trace pollution origin in aquatic systems. However, in highly mixed aquifer systems signals obtained from conventional tracers overlap diminishing their potential to be used as tracers. In this study, we present an approach that incorporates multivariate statistical analysis (principal component analysis (PCA) and Kohonen's Self-Organizing Map method (SOM)) and mixing modelling to identify the most suitable CECs to be employed as anthropogenic tracers. The study area is located in the Besòs River Delta (Barcelona, NE Spain) and represents the highly mixed aquifer system. A one-year monthly based monitoring campaign was performed to collect the information about the concentrations of 105 CECs as well as major and minor ions in the river and along the groundwater flow. The dimensionality of the obtained dataset was reduced to 25 CECs, based on their estimated health risk effects, for multivariate data analysis. The obtained results showed the overlap of conventional tracers' signals obtained from PCA. In case of CECs, PCA revealed differences in their distributions allowing the differentiation of the roles of natural attenuation processes, local and regional flows on their occurrence in different parts of the aquifer. This was not possible to do using solely CECs' distribution profiles. SOMs provided the lacking information about the modality of the distribution of each CECs, revealing their ability to represent factors controlling the groundwater hydrochemistry, which assist in defining their tracer potential. Based on the obtained results four identified persistent CECs, two with unimodal (lamotrigine and 5-Desamino-5-oxo-lamotrigine) and two with bimodal (carbamazepine and diazepam (higher modality was not revealed)) distributions, were selected to run a mixing model to compare their tracer performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olha Nikolenko
- Department of Geosciences, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Severo Ochoa Excellence Center of the Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Francesc Labad
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Severo Ochoa Excellence Center of the Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona, 08034, Spain
| | - Estanislao Pujades
- Department of Geosciences, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Severo Ochoa Excellence Center of the Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Scheiber
- Department of Geosciences, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Severo Ochoa Excellence Center of the Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sandra Pérez
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Severo Ochoa Excellence Center of the Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona, 08034, Spain
| | - Antoni Ginebreda
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Severo Ochoa Excellence Center of the Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona, 08034, Spain
| | - Anna Jurado
- Department of Geosciences, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Severo Ochoa Excellence Center of the Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
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6
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Kondor AC, Vancsik AV, Bauer L, Szabó L, Szalai Z, Jakab G, Maász G, Pedrosa M, Sampaio MJ, Lado Ribeiro AR. Efficiency of the bank filtration for removing organic priority substances and contaminants of emerging concern: A critical review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 340:122795. [PMID: 37918769 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
With growing concerns regarding the ecological and human risks of organic micropollutants (OMPs) in water, much effort has been devoted worldwide to establishing quality standards and compiling candidate and watch lists. Although bank filtration is recognized as an efficient natural water treatment in the removal of contaminants such as OMPs, the increase in exploitation requires continuous assessment of removal efficiency. This review aims to provide a critical overview of bank filtration (BF) reports on more than a hundred priority substances (PSs) and compounds of emerging concern (CECs) listed in the relevant European Union regulations. Field- and lab-scale studies analyzing the removal efficiency and its variance of individual OMPs and biological indicators using BF and the main influencing factors and their interactions, shortcomings, and future challenges are discussed in this review. The removal efficiency of EU-relevant contaminants by BF has been comprehensively investigated for only a few pollutants listed in the environmental EU regulations: pharmaceutically active compounds, (e.g., the anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac, some antibiotics (e.g., sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim)), a few pesticides (e.g., atrazine), and faecal indicators such as Escherichia coli. In many cases, the measured concentrations of PSs and CECs have not been published numerically, which hinders comprehensive statistical analysis. Although BF is one of the most cost-effective and efficient water treatments, present field and lab studies have demonstrated the diversity of site-specific factors affecting its efficiency. Even in the case of substances known to be removed by BF, the efficiency rates can vary with environmental and anthropogenic factors (e.g., hydrogeological parameters and the contamination level of infiltrating water) and abstraction well parameters (e.g., the depth, distance, and pumping volume). The published removal rate variations and influencing factors often reflect the research design (field or lab-scale), which can lead to ambiguities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Csaba Kondor
- Geographical Institute, HUN-REN Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Budaörsi út 45, Budapest H-1112, Hungary; HUN-REN CSFK, MTA Centre of Excellence, Budapest, Konkoly Thege Miklós út 15-17, H-1121, Hungary
| | - Anna Viktória Vancsik
- Geographical Institute, HUN-REN Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Budaörsi út 45, Budapest H-1112, Hungary; HUN-REN CSFK, MTA Centre of Excellence, Budapest, Konkoly Thege Miklós út 15-17, H-1121, Hungary
| | - László Bauer
- Geographical Institute, HUN-REN Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Budaörsi út 45, Budapest H-1112, Hungary; HUN-REN CSFK, MTA Centre of Excellence, Budapest, Konkoly Thege Miklós út 15-17, H-1121, Hungary
| | - Lili Szabó
- Geographical Institute, HUN-REN Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Budaörsi út 45, Budapest H-1112, Hungary; HUN-REN CSFK, MTA Centre of Excellence, Budapest, Konkoly Thege Miklós út 15-17, H-1121, Hungary; Department of Environmental and Landscape Geography, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Szalai
- Geographical Institute, HUN-REN Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Budaörsi út 45, Budapest H-1112, Hungary; HUN-REN CSFK, MTA Centre of Excellence, Budapest, Konkoly Thege Miklós út 15-17, H-1121, Hungary; Department of Environmental and Landscape Geography, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Gergely Jakab
- Geographical Institute, HUN-REN Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Budaörsi út 45, Budapest H-1112, Hungary; HUN-REN CSFK, MTA Centre of Excellence, Budapest, Konkoly Thege Miklós út 15-17, H-1121, Hungary; Department of Environmental and Landscape Geography, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, Budapest H-1117, Hungary.
| | - Gábor Maász
- Soós Ernő Research and Development Center, University of Pannonia, Zrínyi Miklós utca 18, Nagykanizsa H-8800, Hungary
| | - Marta Pedrosa
- LSRE-LCM - Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria José Sampaio
- LSRE-LCM - Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Rita Lado Ribeiro
- LSRE-LCM - Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
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Li L, Wang Y, Liu L, Gao C, Ru S, Yang L. Occurrence, ecological risk, and advanced removal methods of herbicides in waters: a timely review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:3297-3319. [PMID: 38095790 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31067-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Coastal pollution caused by the importation of agricultural herbicides is one of the main environmental problems that directly affect the coastal primary productivity and even the safety of human seafood. It is urgent to evaluate the ecological risk objectively and explore feasible removal strategies. However, existing studies focus on the runoff distribution and risk assessment of specific herbicides in specific areas, and compared with soil environment, there are few studies on remediation methods for water environment. Therefore, we systematically reviewed the current situation of herbicide pollution in global coastal waters and the dose-response relationships of various herbicides on phytoplankton and higher trophic organisms from the perspective of ecological risks. In addition, we believe that compared with the traditional single physical and chemical remediation methods, biological remediation and its combined technology are the most promising methods for herbicide pollution remediation currently. Therefore, we focus on the application prospects, challenges, and management strategies of new bioremediation systems related to biology, such as constructed wetlands, membrane bioreactor processes, and microbial co-metabolism, in order to provide more advanced methods for reducing herbicide pollution in the water environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingxiao Li
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Yunsheng Wang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Lijuan Liu
- Shandong Marine Resource and Environment Research Institute, Shandong Key Laboratory of Marine Ecological Restoration, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Chen Gao
- Shandong Marine Resource and Environment Research Institute, Shandong Key Laboratory of Marine Ecological Restoration, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Shaoguo Ru
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Liqiang Yang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
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Nikolenko O, Pujades E, Teixidó M, Sáez C, Jurado A. Contaminants of emerging concern in the urban aquifers of Barcelona: Do they hamper the use of groundwater? CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 341:140023. [PMID: 37657697 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Urban aquifers are an alternative to obtain freshwater, but they are frequently polluted by contaminants of emerging concern (CECs). Therefore, there is a need to ascertain whether CECs are a water management challenge as they might limit the use of groundwater as safe drinking water even at ng L-1 concentration levels. To answer this question, it is required to evaluate human health-risk effects of measured CECs in the groundwater and to understand their behaviour at a field-scale. This study compiles data about the presence of CECs in the aquifers of Barcelona and its metropolitan area, evaluates health risk effects of measured CECs in the groundwater and presents approaches implemented to identify and quantify the coupled hydro-thermo-chemical processes that govern their fate in the subsurface. Some CECs might be harmful to humans, such as 5-methyl-1H-benzotriazole and the pharmaceuticals azithromycin valsartan, valsartan acid, lamotrigine, gabapentin, venlafaxine and lidocaine, which show very high to intermediate health risk effects. The number of harmful CECs and the level of their hazard increase from the groups of adults and 14-18 years old teens to the groups of 4-8 years old and 1-2 years old children. Thus, some CECs can limit the use of groundwater in Barcelona as potential drinking water source. Finally, knowledge gaps in understanding the integration of these processes into urban water resources management plans are identified, which will help to define groundwater potential uses and to assure the adequate protection of the human health and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olha Nikolenko
- Department of Geosciences, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Severo Ochoa Excellence Center of the Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Estanislao Pujades
- Department of Geosciences, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Severo Ochoa Excellence Center of the Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Teixidó
- Department of Geosciences, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Severo Ochoa Excellence Center of the Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmen Sáez
- Department of Geosciences, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Severo Ochoa Excellence Center of the Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Jurado
- Department of Geosciences, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Severo Ochoa Excellence Center of the Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain.
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9
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Sanusi IO, Olutona GO, Wawata IG, Onohuean H. Occurrence, environmental impact and fate of pharmaceuticals in groundwater and surface water: a critical review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:90595-90614. [PMID: 37488386 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28802-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
In many nations and locations, groundwater serves as the population's primary drinking water supply. However, pharmaceuticals found in groundwater and surface waters may affect aquatic ecosystems and public health. As a result, their existence in natural raw waters are now more widely acknowledged as a concern. This review summarises the evidence of research on pharmaceuticals' occurrence, impact and fate, considering results from different water bodies. Also, various analytical techniques were reviewed to compare different pharmaceuticals' detection frequencies in water bodies. These include liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS), and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). However, owing to LC-MS's high sensitivity and specification, it is the most reported instrument used for analysis. The PRISMA reviewing methodology was adopted based on relevant literature in order to focus on aim of the review. Among other pharmaceuticals reviewed, sulfamethoxazole was found to be the most frequently detected drug in wastewater (up to 100% detection frequency). The most reported pharmaceutical group in this review is antibiotics, with sulfamethoxazole having the highest concentration among the analysed pharmaceuticals in groundwater and freshwater (up to 5600 ng/L). Despite extensive study and analysis on the occurrence and fate of pharmaceuticals in the environment, appropriate wastewater management and disposal of pharmaceuticals in the water environment are not still monitored regularly. Therefore, there is a need for mainstream studies tailored to the surveillance of pharmaceuticals in water bodies to limit environmental risks to human and aquatic habitats in both mid and low-income nations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idris Olatunji Sanusi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Kampala International University, Western Campus, Ishaka-Bushenyi, Uganda.
| | - Godwin Oladele Olutona
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Kampala International University, Western Campus, Ishaka-Bushenyi, Uganda
- Industrial Chemistry Programme, College of Agriculture Engineering and Science, Bowen University, Iwo, Nigeria
- Department of Basic Science, School of Science and Technology, Kampala International University, Western Campus, Ishaka-Bushenyi, Uganda
| | - Ibrahim Garba Wawata
- Department of Basic Science, School of Science and Technology, Kampala International University, Western Campus, Ishaka-Bushenyi, Uganda
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Kampala International University, Western Campus, Ishaka-Bushenyi, Uganda
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Kebbi State University of Science and Technology, Aliero, PMB +243 1144, Birnin Kebbi, Nigeria
| | - Hope Onohuean
- Biomolecules, Metagenomics, Endocrine and Tropical Disease Research Group (BMETDREG), Kampala International University, Western Campus, Ishaka-Bushenyi, Uganda
- Biopharmaceutics Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Kampala International University, Western Campus, Ishaka-Bushenyi, Uganda
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10
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Pinasseau L, Mermillod-Blondin F, Fildier A, Fourel F, Vallier F, Guillard L, Wiest L, Volatier L. Determination of groundwater origins and vulnerability based on multi-tracer investigations: New contributions from passive sampling and suspect screening approach. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 876:162750. [PMID: 36907410 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge about groundwater origins and their interactions with surface water is fundamental to assess their vulnerability. In this context, hydrochemical and isotopic tracers are useful tools to investigate water origins and mixing. More recent studies examined the relevance of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) as co-tracers to distinguish sources contributing to groundwater bodies. However, these studies focused on known and targeted CECs a priori selected regarding their origin and/or concentrations. This study aimed to improve these multi-tracer approaches using passive sampling and qualitative suspect screening by exploring a larger variety of historical and emerging concern contaminants in combination with hydrochemistry and water molecule isotopes. With this objective, an in-situ study was conducted in a drinking water catchment area located in an alluvial aquifer recharged by several water sources (both surface and groundwater sources). CECs determined by passive sampling and suspect screening allowed to provide in-depth chemical fingerprints of groundwater bodies by enabling the investigation of >2500 compounds with an increased analytical sensitivity. Obtained cocktails of CECs were discriminating enough to be used as chemical tracer in combination with hydrochemical and isotopic tracers. In addition, the occurrence and type of CECs contributed to a better understanding of groundwater-surface water interactions and highlighted short-time hydrological processes. Furthermore, the use of passive sampling with suspect screening analysis of CECs lead to a more realistic assessment and mapping of groundwater vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Pinasseau
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR5023 Laboratoire d'Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés (LEHNA), 6 Rue Raphaël Dubois, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Florian Mermillod-Blondin
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR5023 Laboratoire d'Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés (LEHNA), 6 Rue Raphaël Dubois, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Aurélie Fildier
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, 5 Rue de la Doua, F-69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - François Fourel
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR5023 Laboratoire d'Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés (LEHNA), 6 Rue Raphaël Dubois, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Félix Vallier
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR5023 Laboratoire d'Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés (LEHNA), 6 Rue Raphaël Dubois, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Ludovic Guillard
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR5023 Laboratoire d'Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés (LEHNA), 6 Rue Raphaël Dubois, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Laure Wiest
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, 5 Rue de la Doua, F-69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Laurence Volatier
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR5023 Laboratoire d'Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés (LEHNA), 6 Rue Raphaël Dubois, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
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11
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Labad F, Ginebreda A, Criollo R, Vázquez-Suñé E, Pérez S, Jurado A. Occurrence, data-based modelling, and risk assessment of emerging contaminants in an alluvial aquifer polluted by river recharge. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 316:120504. [PMID: 36283472 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This research presents the occurrence and fate of 121 contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) in an urban aquifer polluted by river recharge through a data-base modelling. Afterwards, risk quotients (RQs) are computed to determine the risk posed by CECs to human health. To this end, groundwater and river water samples were collected in four campaigns conducted from February to May 2021. Results show that 46 CECs are ubiquitous in groundwater and their concentrations vary several orders of magnitude, ranging from below the limit of quantification to 44.5·103 ng/L for iopamidol. Transformation products (TPs) are usually detected at lower concentrations than those of the parent substances but there are some exceptions (i.e., fipronil sulphide, fipronil sulfone and O-desmethylvenlafaxine). River concentrations are higher than those detected in groundwater for some CECs, indicating the occurrence of natural attenuation processes when river water infiltrates the aquifer. A data-based advection-reaction modelling is proposed and tested for ca. 40 substances with detection frequencies higher than 90%. It provides useful quantitative information regarding the dynamic behaviour of the variables monitored, expressed in terms of characteristic length, entropy and synchronized state contribution. Finally, risk quotients (RQs) are used to assess the human health risk posed by the ubiquitous CECs in groundwater. Most CECs do not pose any risk to the different life stages considered, as the RQs evaluated are lower than 0.01. However, the pharmaceuticals valsartan and its TP valsartan acid show RQs higher than 1, indicating that these substances might be harmful to human beings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesc Labad
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Severo Ochoa Excellence Center of the Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Antoni Ginebreda
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Severo Ochoa Excellence Center of the Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rotman Criollo
- Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies (IMEDEA), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Miquel Marquès, 21, 07190, Esporles, Spain
| | - Enric Vázquez-Suñé
- Department of Geosciences, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Severo Ochoa Excellence Center of the Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sandra Pérez
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Severo Ochoa Excellence Center of the Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Jurado
- Department of Geosciences, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Severo Ochoa Excellence Center of the Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain.
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12
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Rocco K, Margoum C, Richard L, Coquery M. Enhanced database creation with in silico workflows for suspect screening of unknown tebuconazole transformation products in environmental samples by UHPLC-HRMS. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 440:129706. [PMID: 35961075 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The search and identification of organic contaminants in agricultural watersheds has become a crucial effort to better characterize watershed contamination by pesticides. The past decade has brought a more holistic view of watershed contamination via the deployment of powerful analytical strategies such as non-target and suspect screening analysis that can search more contaminants and their transformation products. However, suspect screening analysis remains broadly confined to known molecules, primarily due to the lack of analytical standards and suspect databases for unknowns such as pesticide transformation products. Here we developed a novel workflow by cross-comparing the results of various in silico prediction tools against literature data to create an enhanced database for suspect screening of pesticide transformation products. This workflow was applied on tebuconazole, used here as a model pesticide, and resulted in a suspect screening database counting 291 transformation products. The chromatographic retention times and tandem mass spectra were predicted for each of these compounds using 6 models based on multilinear regression and more complex machine-learning algorithms. This comprehensive approach to the investigation and identification of tebuconazole transformation products was retrospectively applied on environmental samples and found 6 transformation products identified for the first time in river water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Rocco
- INRAE, UR RiverLy, 69625 Villeurbanne, France.
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13
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Microporous activated carbon from the fruits of the invasive species Hovenia dulcis to remove the herbicide atrazine from waters. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.120014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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14
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Jevrosimov I, Kragulj Isakovski M, Apostolović T, Tamindžija D, Rončević S, Sigmund G, Ercegović M, Maletić S. Microbially inoculated chars strongly reduce the mobility of alachlor and pentachlorobenzene in an alluvial sediment. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2022. [PMID: 36165191 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the transport behavior of two organic and persistent contaminants (alachlor and pentachlorobenzene) on Danube alluvial sediment in the absence and in the presence of microbially inoculated biochar produced at 400 °C and three hydrochars produced at 180, 200, and 220 °C. Stainless steel columns were used for the sorption experiments in nonequilibrium conditions. Obtained results were modeled using the advective-dispersive equation under nonequilibrium conditions. Transport of these compounds through the alluvial sediment column showed that the retention time increased with increasing molecular hydrophobicity. Inoculated biochar increases the retardation of both compounds: twofold for pentachlorobenzene compared with alachlor as a consequence of a higher hydrophobicity. Obtained results indicate that the highest biodegradation coefficient was observed for pentachlorobenzene (λ = 10) in alluvial sediment with addition of an inoculated hydrochar, which is assumed to be a consequence of biosorption. Moreover, all experiments on the columns indicate that the addition of inoculated chars yields a significantly higher Rd coefficient for pentachlorobenzene than for alachlor. Bacterial counts increased in all of the column experiments, which indicates the successful adaptation of microorganisms to experimental conditions and their potential for the removal of a large number of organic pollutants. Thus, addition of inoculated chars to contaminated sediments has the potential as a remediation technique to inhibit the leaching of pollutants to groundwaters. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2022;00:1-10. © 2022 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Jevrosimov
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, R. Serbia
| | - Marijana Kragulj Isakovski
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, R. Serbia
| | - Tamara Apostolović
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, R. Serbia
| | - Dragana Tamindžija
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, R. Serbia
| | - Srđan Rončević
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, R. Serbia
| | - Gabriel Sigmund
- Department of Environmental Geosciences, Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marija Ercegović
- Institute for Technology of Nuclear and Other Mineral Raw Materials, Belgrade, R. Serbia
| | - Snežana Maletić
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, R. Serbia
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15
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Tisler S, Tüchsen PL, Christensen JH. Non-target screening of micropollutants and transformation products for assessing AOP-BAC treatment in groundwater. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 309:119758. [PMID: 35835278 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Standard monitoring programs give limited insight into groundwater status, especially transformation products (TPs) formed by natural processes or advanced oxidation processes (AOP), are normally underrepresented. In this study, using suspect and non-target screening, we performed a comprehensive analysis of groundwater before and after AOP by UV/H2O2 and consecutively installed biological activated carbon filters (BAC). By non-target screening, up to 413 compounds were detected in the groundwater, with an average 70% removal by AOP. However, a similar number of compounds were formed during the process, shown in groundwater from three waterworks. The most polar compounds were typically the most stable during the AOP. A subsequent BAC filter showed removal of 95% of the TPs, but only 46% removal of the AOP remaining precursors. The BAC removal for polar compounds was highly dependent on the acidic and basic functional groups of the molecules. 49 compounds of a wide polarity range could be identified by supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) and liquid chromatography (LC) with high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS); of these, 29 compounds were already present in the groundwater. To the best of our knowledge, five compounds have never been reported before in groundwater (4-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid, dibutylamine, N-phenlybenzenesulfonamide, 2-(methylthio)benzothiazole and benzothiazole-2-sulfonate). A further five rarely reported compounds are reported for the first time in Danish groundwater (2,4,6-trichlorophenol, 2,5-dichlorobenzenesulfonic acid, trifluormethansulfonic acid, pyrimidinol and benzymethylamine). Twenty of the identified compounds were formed by AOP, of which 10 have never been reported before in groundwater. All detected compounds could be related to agricultural and industrial products as well as artificial sweeteners. Whereas dechlorination was a common AOP degradation pathway for chlorophenols, the (ultra-) short chain PFAs showed no removal in our study. We prioritized 11 compounds as of concern, however, the toxicity for many compounds remains unknown, especially for the TPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selina Tisler
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | | | - Jan H Christensen
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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16
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Kutlucinar KG, Handl S, Allabashi R, Causon T, Troyer C, Mayr E, Perfler R, Hann S. Non-targeted analysis with high-resolution mass spectrometry for investigation of riverbank filtration processes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:64568-64581. [PMID: 35474425 PMCID: PMC9481508 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20301-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A fully non-targeted analytical workflow for the investigation of a riverbank filtration site located at the river Danube has been developed and applied. Variations of compound intensities at different sampling locations of the riverbank filtration site and, for a single production well, over a monitoring period of one year have been investigated using liquid chromatography combined with time-of-flight-mass spectrometry followed by evaluation via non-targeted data analysis. Internal standardization and appropriate quality control strategies have been implemented into the workflow for reduction of possible methodological biases influencing data interpretation. Emphasis was placed on the assessment of different blank elimination steps and the final blank elimination strategy is reported. The spatial study of the selected riverbank filtration site revealed a homogenous composition of the filtered water sampled at 11 different locations across the 32,000 m2 site, except for one sampling location in a zone of the aquifer, which was only weakly connected to the well field in terms of hydrogeological conditions. The examination of time-dependent changes of the composition of surface and groundwater obtained at the riverbank filtration system revealed that the non-targeted workflow is fit-for-purpose regarding the assessment the stability of filtration efficiency and compound residence time in the riverbank filtration compartment. In total, 677 compounds were selected for the investigation of the time-dependent variations of the filtration process. Analysis of the signal intensities of these compounds revealed that the riverbank filtration is significantly reducing the intensity and number of compounds present in surface water over a wide polarity range. In addition, the method enabled the determination of compound residence times in the riverbank filtration system ranging from 5 to 7 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaan Georg Kutlucinar
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Water, Atmosphere and Environment, Institute of Sanitary Engineering and Water Pollution Control, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sebastian Handl
- Department of Water, Atmosphere and Environment, Institute of Sanitary Engineering and Water Pollution Control, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Roza Allabashi
- Department of Water, Atmosphere and Environment, Institute of Sanitary Engineering and Water Pollution Control, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tim Causon
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christina Troyer
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ernest Mayr
- Department of Water, Atmosphere and Environment, Institute of Sanitary Engineering and Water Pollution Control, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Reinhard Perfler
- Department of Water, Atmosphere and Environment, Institute of Sanitary Engineering and Water Pollution Control, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stephan Hann
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria.
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17
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Schnarr L, Segatto ML, Olsson O, Zuin VG, Kümmerer K. Flavonoids as biopesticides - Systematic assessment of sources, structures, activities and environmental fate. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 824:153781. [PMID: 35176375 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Biopesticides obtained from renewable resources and associated with biodegradability have the potential to address resource limitations and environmental pollution, often caused by many conventional pesticides, due to the facility of natural products to run in natural nutrient cycles. Flavonoids are considered benign substitutes for pesticides, however, little comprehensive information of their pesticidal activities and critical evaluation of their associated advantages is available. Therefore, this systematic review assessed sources, structures, activities and the environmental fate of flavonoids on a basis of 201 selected publications. We identified 281 different flavonoids that were investigated for their pesticidal activity as either a pure compound or a flavonoid-containing extract, with quercetin, kaempferol, apigenin, luteolin and their glycosides as the most studied compounds. Agricultural or food waste, a potential sustainable source for flavonoids, represent 10.6% of the plant sources of flavonoids within these studies, showing the currently underutilization of these preferable feedstocks. Analysis of pesticidal activities and target organisms revealed a broad target spectrum for the class of flavonoids, including fungi, insects, plants, bacteria, algae, nematodes, molluscs and barnacles. Little information is available on the environmental fate and biodegradation of flavonoids, and a connection to studies investigating pesticidal activities is largely missing. Emerging from these findings is the need for comprehensive understanding of flavonoids pesticidal activities with emphasis on structural features that influence activity and target specificity to avoid risks for non-target organisms. Only if the target spectrum and environmental fate of a potential biopesticide are known it can serve as a benign substitute. Then, flavonoids can be integrated in a valorization process of agricultural and food waste shifting the extract-produce-consume linear chain to a more circular economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Schnarr
- Institute of Sustainable Chemistry, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Universitätsallee 1, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
| | - Mateus L Segatto
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luís (SP-310), km 235, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Oliver Olsson
- Institute of Sustainable Chemistry, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Universitätsallee 1, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Vânia G Zuin
- Institute of Sustainable Chemistry, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Universitätsallee 1, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany; Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luís (SP-310), km 235, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil; Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Klaus Kümmerer
- Institute of Sustainable Chemistry, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Universitätsallee 1, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany; Research and Education, International Sustainable Chemistry Collaborative Centre (ISC(3)), Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Universitätsallee 1, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
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18
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Aldas-Vargas A, Hauptfeld E, Hermes GDA, Atashgahi S, Smidt H, Rijnaarts HHM, Sutton NB. Selective pressure on microbial communities in a drinking water aquifer - Geochemical parameters vs. micropollutants. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 299:118807. [PMID: 35007672 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.118807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Groundwater quality is crucial for drinking water production, but groundwater resources are increasingly threatened by contamination with pesticides. As pesticides often occur at micropollutant concentrations, they are unattractive carbon sources for microorganisms and typically remain recalcitrant. Exploring microbial communities in aquifers used for drinking water production is an essential first step towards understanding the fate of micropollutants in groundwater. In this study, we investigated the interaction between groundwater geochemistry, pesticide presence, and microbial communities in an aquifer used for drinking water production. Two groundwater monitoring wells in The Netherlands were sampled in 2014, 2015, and 2016. In both wells, water was sampled from five discrete depths ranging from 13 to 54 m and was analyzed for geochemical parameters, pesticide concentrations and microbial community composition using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and qPCR. Groundwater geochemistry was stable throughout the study period and pesticides were heterogeneously distributed at low concentrations (μg L-1 range). Microbial community composition was also stable throughout the sampling period. Integration of a unique dataset of chemical and microbial data showed that geochemical parameters and to a lesser extent pesticides exerted selective pressure on microbial communities. Microbial communities in both wells showed similar composition in the deeper aquifer, where pumping results in horizontal flow. This study provides insight into groundwater parameters that shape microbial community composition. This information can contribute to the future implementation of remediation technologies to guarantee safe drinking water production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Aldas-Vargas
- Environmental Technology, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700, EV Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ernestina Hauptfeld
- Environmental Technology, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700, EV Wageningen, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 8033, 6700, EH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Gerben D A Hermes
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 8033, 6700, EH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Siavash Atashgahi
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 8033, 6700, EH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Hauke Smidt
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 8033, 6700, EH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Huub H M Rijnaarts
- Environmental Technology, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700, EV Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Nora B Sutton
- Environmental Technology, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700, EV Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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19
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Anagnostopoulou K, Nannou C, Evgenidou E, Lambropoulou D. Overarching issues on relevant pesticide transformation products in the aquatic environment: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 815:152863. [PMID: 34995614 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The intensification of agricultural production during the last decades has forced the rapid increase in the use of pesticides that finally end up in the aquatic environment. Albeit well-documented, pesticides continue to raise researchers' attention, because of their potential adverse impacts on the environment and, inevitably, humans. Once entering the aquatic bodies, pesticides undergo biotic and abiotic processes, resulting in transformation products (TPs) that sometimes are even more toxic than the parent compounds. A substantial shift of the scientific interest in the TPs of pesticides has been observed since their environmental fate, occurrence and toxicity is still in its formative stage. In an ongoing effort to expand the existing knowledge on the topic, several interesting works have been performed mostly in European countries, such as France, Germany, Italy, Switzerland, Greece, and Spain that counts the highest number of relevant publications. Pesticide TPs have been also studied to a lesser extent in Asia, North and South America. To this end, the main objective of this review is to delineate the global occurrence, fate, toxicity as well as the analytical challenges related to pesticide TPs in surface, ground, and wastewaters, with the view to contribute to a better understanding of the environmental problems related with TPs formation. The concentration levels of the TPs, ranging from the low ng/L to high μg/L scale and distributed worldwide. Ultimately, an attempt to predict the acute and chronic toxicity of TPs has been carried out with the aid of an in-silico approach based on ECOSAR, revealing increased chronic toxicity for the majority of the identified TPs, despite the change they underwent, while a small portion of them presented serious acute toxicity values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyriaki Anagnostopoulou
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Christina Nannou
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; Centre for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center, Thessaloniki, 10th km Thessaloniki-Thermi Rd, GR 57001, Greece
| | - Eleni Evgenidou
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; Centre for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center, Thessaloniki, 10th km Thessaloniki-Thermi Rd, GR 57001, Greece
| | - Dimitra Lambropoulou
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; Centre for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center, Thessaloniki, 10th km Thessaloniki-Thermi Rd, GR 57001, Greece.
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20
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Dal Bello F, Medana C, Guarino B, Dioni A, Fabbri D, Calza P. Investigation of sulfoxaflor, flupyradifurone and their transformation products in plant-based food matrices. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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21
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Karges U, de Boer S, Vogel AL, Püttmann W. Implementation of initial emission mitigation measures for 1,4-dioxane in Germany: Are they taking effect? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:150701. [PMID: 34634353 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Since our comprehensive investigation of finished drinking water in Germany obtained from managed aquifer recharge systems in the period 2015-2016, which revealed widespread contamination with 1,4-dioxane, mitigation measures (integration of AOP units, shutdown or alteration of production processes) have been implemented at some sites. In this study, we conducted follow-up tests on surface water concentrations and associated finished drinking water concentrations in 2017/2018, to evaluate the effectiveness of these measures. Our findings demonstrate that the emission mitigation measures had considerably reducing effects on the average 1,4-dioxane drinking water concentrations for some of the previously severely affected areas (Lower Franconia: -54%, Passau: -88%). Conversely, at notoriously contaminated sites where neither monitoring nor mitigation measures were introduced, the drinking water concentrations stagnated or even increased. Drinking water concentrations determined via a modified US EPA method 522 ranged from below LOQ (0.034 μg/L) up to 1.68 μg/L in all drinking water samples investigated. In river water samples, the maximum concentration exceeded 10 μg/L. Effluents of wastewater treatments plants containing 1,4-dioxane (5 μg/L-1.75 mg/L) were also analyzed for other similar cyclic ethers by suspected target screening. Thus, 1,3-dioxolane and three other derivatives were tentatively identified in effluents from the polyester processing or manufacturing industry. 1,3-Dioxolane was present in concentrations >1.2 mg/L at one site, exceeding up to sevenfold the 1,4-dioxane concentration found there. At another site 2-methyl-1,3-dioxolane was still found 13 km downstream of the discharge point, indicating that ethers analogous to 1,4-dioxane should be further considered regarding their occurrence and fate in wastewater treatment and the aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Karges
- Institute of Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Altenhöferallee 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Sabrina de Boer
- Institute of Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Altenhöferallee 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; CRETUS Institute, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - Alexander L Vogel
- Institute of Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Altenhöferallee 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Püttmann
- Institute of Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Altenhöferallee 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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22
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Javahershenas M, Nabizadeh R, Alimohammadi M, Mahvi AH. The effects of Lahijan landfill leachate on the quality of surface and groundwater resources. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/03067319.2020.1724984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Javahershenas
- School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramin Nabizadeh
- School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmood Alimohammadi
- Center for Solid Waste Research, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Mahvi
- School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Center for Solid Waste Research, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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23
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Ward FA. Enhancing climate resilience of irrigated agriculture: A review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 302:114032. [PMID: 34741951 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence showing trends in climate change with a strong likelihood those changes will continue elevates the importance of finding affordable adaptations by irrigated agriculture. Successful climate adaptation measures are needed to affordably sustain irrigated agriculture in the face of elevated carbon emissions affecting the reliability of water supplies. Numerous potential adaptation options are available for adjusting irrigated agricultural systems to implement climate risk adaptation. This work focuses on addressing the gap in the literature defined by a scarcity of reviews on measures to elevate the capacity of irrigated agriculture to enhance its climate change resilience. Accordingly, the original contribution of this work is to review the literature describing measures for enhancing climate resilience by irrigated agriculture. In addition, it describes the role of economic analysis to discover affordable measures to enhance resilience by irrigated agriculture. It achieves those aims by posing the question "What principles, practices, and recent developments are available to guide discovery of measures to improve resilience by irrigated agriculture to adapt to ongoing evidence of climate change?" It addresses that question by reviewing several risk reduction measures to control the economic cost of losses to irrigators in the face of growing water supply unreliability. Following this review, a role for optimizing a portfolio of climate adaptation measures is described, followed by a discussion of potential contributions that can be made by the use of hydroeconomic analysis. Results provide a framework for economic analysis to discover economically attractive methods to elevate resilience of irrigated agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank A Ward
- Department of Agricultural Economics and Agricultural Business, Water Science and Management Program, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA.
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24
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Di Cicco M, Di Lorenzo T, Fiasca B, Ruggieri F, Cimini A, Panella G, Benedetti E, Galassi DMP. Effects of diclofenac on the swimming behavior and antioxidant enzyme activities of the freshwater interstitial crustacean Bryocamptus pygmaeus (Crustacea, Harpacticoida). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 799:149461. [PMID: 34426329 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Diclofenac (DCF) is one of the most widespread pharmaceutical compounds found in freshwaters as a pseudo-persistent pollutant due to its continuous release from point and diffuse sources, being its removal in Wastewater Treatment Plants incomplete. Moreover, DCF is particularly persistent in interstitial habitats and potentially toxic for the species that spend their whole life cycle among the same sediment grains. This study is aimed at offering a first contribution to the assessment of DCF effects on freshwater invertebrate species living in the interstitial habitats of springs, rivers, lakes and groundwaters. The Crustacea Copepoda are one of the main components of the freshwater interstitial communities, with the primacy taken by the worm-like and small-sized harpacticoids. A sub-lethal concentration of 50 μg L-1 DCF significantly affected six out of the eight behavior parameters of the burrower/interstitial crustacean harpacticoid Bryocamptus pygmaeus recorded by video tracking analysis. DCF exposure reduced swimming speed, swimming activity, exploration ability and thigmotaxis, and increased swimming path tortuosity. The biochemical approach revealed a reduced level of the mitochondrial superoxide dismutase 2 in individuals exposed to DCF. It could be explained by a decline in mitochondrial performance or by a reduced number of functional mitochondria. Since mitochondrial dysfunction may determine ATP reduction, it comes that less energy is produced for maintaining the cell functions of the DCF-exposed individuals. In addition, the increasing energy demand for the detoxification process further contributes to decrease the total energetic budget allocated for other physiological activities. These observations can explain the changes we have observed in the swimming behavior of the copepod B. pygmaeus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Di Cicco
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Tiziana Di Lorenzo
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems of the National Research Council, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy; "Emil Racovita" Institute of Speleology, Romanian Academy, Clinicilor 5, Cluj Napoca 400006, Romania
| | - Barbara Fiasca
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Ruggieri
- Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Annamaria Cimini
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Gloria Panella
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Benedetti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Diana M P Galassi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
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25
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Rathi BS, Kumar PS, Vo DVN. Critical review on hazardous pollutants in water environment: Occurrence, monitoring, fate, removal technologies and risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 797:149134. [PMID: 34346357 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Water is required for the existence of all living things. Water pollution has grown significantly, over the decades and now it has developed as a serious worldwide problem. The presence and persistence of Hazardous pollutants such as dyes, pharmaceuticals and personal care products, heavy metals, fertilizer and pesticides and their transformed products are the matter of serious environmental and health concerns. A variety of approaches have been tried to clean up water and maintain water quality. The type of pollutants present in the water determines the bulk of technological solutions. The main objective of this article was to review the occurrences and fate of hazardous contaminants (dyes, pharmaceuticals and personal care products, heavy metals, and pesticides) found in wastewater effluents. These effluents mingle with other streams of water and that are utilized for a variety of reasons such as irrigation and other domestic activities that is further complicating the issue. It also discussed traditional treatment approaches as well as current advances in hazardous pollutants removal employing graphite oxides, carbon nanotubes, metal organic structures, magnetic nano composites, and other innovative forms of useable materials. It also discussed the identification and quantification of harmful pollutants using various approaches, as well as current advancements. Finally, a risk assessment of hazardous pollutants in water is provided in terms of the human health and the environment. This data is anticipated to serve as a foundation for future improvements in hazardous pollutant risk assessment. Furthermore, future studies on hazardous pollutants must not only emphasize on the parent chemicals, as well as on their possible breakdown products in various media.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Senthil Rathi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, St. Joseph's College of Engineering, Chennai 600119, India
| | - P Senthil Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Chennai 603110, India; Centre of Excellence in Water Research (CEWAR), Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Chennai 603110, India.
| | - Dai-Viet N Vo
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
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26
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Al-Maqdi KA, Elmerhi N, Athamneh K, Bilal M, Alzamly A, Ashraf SS, Shah I. Challenges and Recent Advances in Enzyme-Mediated Wastewater Remediation-A Review. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:3124. [PMID: 34835887 PMCID: PMC8625148 DOI: 10.3390/nano11113124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Different classes of artificial pollutants, collectively called emerging pollutants, are detected in various water bodies, including lakes, rivers, and seas. Multiple studies have shown the devastating effects these emerging pollutants can have on human and aquatic life. The main reason for these emerging pollutants in the aquatic environment is their incomplete removal in the existing wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Several additional treatments that could potentially supplement existing WWTPs to eliminate these pollutants include a range of physicochemical and biological methods. The use of enzymes, specifically, oxidoreductases, are increasingly being studied for their ability to degrade different classes of organic compounds. These enzymes have been immobilized on different supports to promote their adoption as a cost-effective and recyclable remediation approach. Unfortunately, some of these techniques have shown a negative effect on the enzyme, including denaturation and loss of catalytic activity. This review focuses on the major challenges facing researchers working on the immobilization of peroxidases and the recent progress that has been made in this area. It focuses on four major areas: (1) stability of enzymes upon immobilization, enzyme engineering, and evolution; (2) recyclability and reusability, including immobilization on membranes and solid supports; (3) cost associated with enzyme-based remediation; and (4) scaling-up and bioreactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadega A. Al-Maqdi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates; (K.A.A.-M.); (A.A.)
| | - Nada Elmerhi
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates; (N.E.); (K.A.)
| | - Khawlah Athamneh
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates; (N.E.); (K.A.)
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- Huaiyin Institute of Technology, School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaian 223003, China;
| | - Ahmed Alzamly
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates; (K.A.A.-M.); (A.A.)
| | - Syed Salman Ashraf
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates; (N.E.); (K.A.)
- Center for Biotechnology (BTC), Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
| | - Iltaf Shah
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates; (K.A.A.-M.); (A.A.)
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27
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Jain KR, Desai C, van Hullebusch ED, Madamwar D. Editorial: Advanced Bioremediation Technologies and Processes for the Treatment of Synthetic Organic Compounds. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:721319. [PMID: 34660551 PMCID: PMC8514016 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.721319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kunal R Jain
- Post Graduate Department of Biosciences, Sardar Patel University, Anand, India
| | - Chirayu Desai
- P. D. Patel Institute of Applied Sciences, Charotar University of Science and Technology, Changa, India
| | | | - Datta Madamwar
- P. D. Patel Institute of Applied Sciences, Charotar University of Science and Technology, Changa, India
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28
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Wu Y, Wu J, Wu Z, Zhou J, Zhou L, Lu Y, Liu X, Wu W. Groundwater contaminated with short-chain chlorinated paraffins and microbial responses. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 204:117605. [PMID: 34488140 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The vertical migrations of toxic and persistent short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) in soils as well as the microbial responses have been reported, however, there is a paucity of data on the resulting groundwater contamination. Here, we determined the concentration and congener profile of SCCPs in the groundwater beneath a production plant of chlorinated paraffins (CPs) and characterized the microbial community to explore their responses to SCCPs. Results showed that SCCPs ranged from not detected to 70.3 μg/L, with C13-CPs (11.2-65.8%) and Cl7-CPs (27.2-50.6%), in mass ratio, as the dominant groups. Similar to the distribution pattern in soils, SCCPs in groundwater were distributed in hotspot pattern. CP synthesis was the source of SCCPs in groundwater and the entire contamination plume significantly migrated downgradient, while there was an apparent hysteresis of C13-CP migration. Groundwater microbial community was likely shaped by both hydrogeological condition (pH and depth) and SCCPs. Specifically, the microbial community responded to the contamination by forming a co-occurrence network with "small world" feature, where Desulfobacca, Desulfomonile, Ferritrophicum, Methylomonas, Syntrophobacter, Syntrophorhabdus, Syntrophus, and Thermoanaerobaculum were the keystone taxa. Furthermore, the interrelations between bacterial taxa and SCCPs indicated that the microbial community might cooperate to achieve the dechlorination and mineralization of SCCPs through either anaerobic organohalide respiration mainly functioned by the keystone taxa, or cometabolic degradation processes functioned by Aquabacterium and Hydrogenophaga. Results of this study would provide a better understanding of the environmental behavior and ecological effects of SCCPs in groundwater systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxin Wu
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, 7 West Street, Yuancun, Guangzhou 510655, PR China
| | - Jiahui Wu
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, 7 West Street, Yuancun, Guangzhou 510655, PR China
| | - Zhuohao Wu
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, 7 West Street, Yuancun, Guangzhou 510655, PR China
| | - Jingyan Zhou
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, 7 West Street, Yuancun, Guangzhou 510655, PR China
| | - Lingli Zhou
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, 7 West Street, Yuancun, Guangzhou 510655, PR China
| | - Yang Lu
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, 7 West Street, Yuancun, Guangzhou 510655, PR China
| | - Xiaowen Liu
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, 7 West Street, Yuancun, Guangzhou 510655, PR China
| | - Wencheng Wu
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, 7 West Street, Yuancun, Guangzhou 510655, PR China.
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29
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Quintero-Jaramillo JA, Carrero-Mantilla JI, Sanabria-González NR. A Review of Caffeine Adsorption Studies onto Various Types of Adsorbents. ScientificWorldJournal 2021; 2021:9998924. [PMID: 34335116 PMCID: PMC8315881 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9998924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A systematic literature review of publications from 2000 to 2020 was carried out to identify research trends on adsorbent materials for the removal of caffeine from aqueous solutions. Publications were retrieved from three databases (Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar). Words "adsorption AND caffeine" were examined into titles, abstracts, and keywords. A brief bibliometric analysis was performed with emphasis on the type of publication and of most cited articles. Materials for the removal of caffeine were classified according to the type of material into three main groups: organic, inorganic, and composites, each of them subdivided into different subgroups consistent with their origin or production. Tables resume for each subgroup of adsorbents the key information: specific surface area, dose, pH, maximum adsorption capacity, and isotherm models for the removal of caffeine. The highest adsorption capacities were achieved by organic adsorbents, specifically those with granular activated carbon (1961.3 mg/g) and grape stalk activated carbon (916.7 mg/g). Phenyl-phosphate-based porous organic polymer (301 mg/g), natural sandy loam sediment (221.2 mg/g), composites of MCM-48 encapsulated graphene oxide (153.8 mg/g), and organically modified clay (143.7 mg/g) showed adsorption capacities lower than those of activated carbons. In some activated carbons, a relation between the specific surface area (SSA) and the maximum adsorption capacity (Q max) was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Andrés Quintero-Jaramillo
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Manizales, Campus La Nubia, km 7 vía al Aeropuerto, AA 127, Manizales, Colombia
| | - Javier Ignacio Carrero-Mantilla
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Manizales, Campus La Nubia, km 7 vía al Aeropuerto, AA 127, Manizales, Colombia
| | - Nancy Rocío Sanabria-González
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Manizales, Campus La Nubia, km 7 vía al Aeropuerto, AA 127, Manizales, Colombia
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30
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Sasi S, Rayaroth MP, Aravindakumar CT, Aravind UK. Alcohol ethoxysulfates (AES) in environmental matrices. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:34167-34186. [PMID: 33970421 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14003-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Extensive use of surfactants in numerous fields resulted in their discharge into various environmental compartments including soil, sediment, and water. Alcohol ethoxysulfates (AES) together with alcohol ethoxylates (AE), alkyl sulfates (AS), and linear alkyl benzene sulfonates (LAS) find wide variety of applications in consumer products including both domestic and industrial applications. Consequently, all these surfactants pose several concerns to both aquatic and human health. In the context of environmental impacts, AES has almost equal importance as that of LAS though the literature on this topic is only emerging. This review provides a detailed overview on the various aspects of the anionic surfactant, AES, such as toxicity of AES, its fate in the ecosystem, technical advancements in the area of identification and quantification, its occurrence and distribution in different environmental compartments spanning across the world, and finally a remark of its potential removal strategy from the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subha Sasi
- Advanced Centre of Environmental Studies and Sustainable Development, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, 686560, India
| | - Manoj P Rayaroth
- School of Environmental Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, 686560, India
| | - Charuvila T Aravindakumar
- School of Environmental Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, 686560, India
- Inter University Instrumentation Centre, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, 686560, India
| | - Usha K Aravind
- School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi, Kerala, 682022, India.
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31
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Li Z, Yu X, Yu F, Huang X. Occurrence, sources and fate of pharmaceuticals and personal care products and artificial sweeteners in groundwater. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:20903-20920. [PMID: 33666841 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-12721-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Groundwater is considered as the main source for supplying the public drinking water in many countries and regions; however, pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) and artificial sweeteners (ASs) found in groundwater can exert harmful effects on human health and aquatic ecosystems, and therefore, they are of persistent concern. The recent data on the occurrence of a series of PPCPs (including antibiotics, excitants and lipid regulators) and ASs often detected in groundwater are reviewed, in which the PPCPs and ASs occur in groundwater at the concentration from several nanograms to several micrograms per litre. In addition, the spatio-temporal distribution characteristics of PPCPs and ASs are discussed and the main sources and possibly pollution pathways of PPCPs and ASs in groundwater are summarised and analysed. Additionally, the adsorption, migration and degradation of PPCPs and ASs in underground environments are evaluated. Due to the long residence time in groundwater, pollutants are likely to threaten the freshwater body for decades under certain conditions. Therefore, according to the current level of pollution, it is necessary to improve and enhance the supervision on PPCP and AS pollutants and prevent and control groundwater pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiping Li
- College of Geosciences and Engineering, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China
| | - Xiaopeng Yu
- College of Geosciences and Engineering, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China
| | - Furong Yu
- College of Geosciences and Engineering, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China.
| | - Xin Huang
- College of Geosciences and Engineering, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China
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32
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Cordero JA, He K, Janya K, Echigo S, Itoh S. Predicting formation of haloacetic acids by chlorination of organic compounds using machine-learning-assisted quantitative structure-activity relationships. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 408:124466. [PMID: 33191030 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The presence of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in drinking water is a major public health concern, and an effective strategy to limit the formation of these DBPs is to prevent their precursors. In silico prediction from chemical structure would allow rapid identification of precursors and could be used as a prescreening tool to prioritize testing. We present models using machine learning algorithms (i.e., support vector regressor, random forest regressor, and multilayer perceptron regressor) and chemical descriptors as features to predict the formation of haloacetic acids (HAAs). A robust model with good predictivity (i.e., leave-one-out cross-validated Q2 > 0.5) to predict the formation of trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) was developed using a random forest regressor. The number of aromatic bonds, hydrophilicity, and electrotopological descriptors related to electrostatic interactions and the atomic distribution of electronegativity were identified as important predictors of TCAA formation potentials (FPs). However, the prediction of dichloroacetic acid was less accurate, which is congruent with the presence of different types of precursors exhibiting distinct mechanisms. This study demonstrates that nonlinear combinations of general chemical descriptors can adequately estimate HAAFPs, and we hope that our study can be used to predict precursors of other disinfection byproducts based on chemical structures using a similar workflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Andrés Cordero
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo, Kyoto 6158540, Japan
| | - Kai He
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Kyoto University, 1-2 Yumihama, Otsu, Shiga 5200811, Japan.
| | - Kanjira Janya
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mahidol University, Nakorn Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Shinya Echigo
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo, Kyoto 6158540, Japan
| | - Sadahiko Itoh
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo, Kyoto 6158540, Japan
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Twinomucunguzi FRB, Nyenje PM, Kulabako RN, Semiyaga S, Foppen JW, Kansiime F. Emerging organic contaminants in shallow groundwater underlying two contrasting peri-urban areas in Uganda. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:228. [PMID: 33772658 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-08975-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the occurrence and seasonal variation in concentrations of emerging organic contaminants (EOCs) in shallow groundwater underlying two peri-urban areas of Bwaise (highly urbanised) and Wobulenzi (moderately urbanised) in Uganda. Twenty-six antibiotics, 20 hydrocarbons, including 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and 59 pesticides were investigated. Ampicillin and benzylpenicillin were the most frequently detected antibiotics in both areas, although at low concentrations to cause direct harm to human health, but could lead to a proliferation of antibiotic resistance genes. The most frequently detected hydrocarbons in Bwaise were naphthalene and xylene while anthracene and fluoranthene were the most frequent in Wobulenzi, also at low concentrations for ecological impact at long-term exposure. Molecular diagnostic ratios indicated pyrogenic and pyrolytic sources of PAHs in both areas. Cypermethrin (for vermin control) was the most frequent pesticide in Bwaise while metalaxyl (attributed to agriculture) was the most frequent in Wobulenzi. Banned organochlorines (8) were also detected in both areas in low concentrations. The pesticide concentrations between the two areas significantly differed (Z = - 3.558; p < 0.01), attributed to contrasting land-use characteristics. In Wobulenzi (wet season), the total pesticide concentrations at all the locations exceeded the European Community parametric guideline value while 75% of the detected compounds exceeded the individual pesticide guideline value. Thus, the antibiotic and pesticide residues in shallow groundwater underlying both Bwaise and Wobulenzi pose potential adverse ecological effects at long-term exposure. Monitoring of EOCs in both highly and moderately urbanised catchments should be strengthened towards mitigating associated risks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Philip M Nyenje
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Robinah N Kulabako
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Swaib Semiyaga
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Jan Willem Foppen
- Department of Water Science and Engineering, IHE Delft Institute for Water Education, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Frank Kansiime
- Department of Environmental Management, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
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Granzoto MR, Seabra I, Malvestiti JA, Cristale J, Dantas RF. Integration of ozone, UV/H 2O 2 and GAC in a multi-barrier treatment for secondary effluent polishing: Reuse parameters and micropollutants removal. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 759:143498. [PMID: 33218803 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Current studies tend to combine different advanced treatment technologies to reduce costs and increase efficiency. The objective of this work was to assess the combination of ozonation and UV/H2O2 with activated carbon adsorption for the removal of effluent quality parameters and micropollutants from secondary effluent samples. The experiments were carried out using the following configurations: O3 + GAC + O3 (1); O3 + GAC + UV/H2O2 (2); UV/H2O2 + GAC + O3 (3); UV/H2O2 + GAC + UV/H2O2 (4). Configurations 1, 3 and 4 were the most efficient for organic matter removal, while configuration 1 had the lowest cost on laboratory scale. An additional ultra-filtration membrane unit (UF) was tested at the end of configuration 1, which was optimized in terms of ozone doses for the removal of three organophosphate micropollutants in ultrapure water (TNBP, TCIPP and TPHP at 10 μgL-1). The best cost-effective configuration of this treatment train was the one using 1 mg L-1 of ozone before and after GAC, which achieved around 100% of micropollutants abatement. The role of each treatment to the final micropollutant removal was also discussed, being the first ozone treatment responsible for about 15% removal of the mixture of contaminants, while GAC was responsible for an additional 80% removal. The complete treatment train reached almost 100% of contaminants removal (under detection limit of the method), as well as added security to the system. The achieved results were also compared to international reuse legislations, proving that the combination of O3 and GAC was an interesting option to achieve enough quality for some reuse purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana R Granzoto
- School of Technology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Paschoal Marmo 1888, 13484332 Limeira, SP, Brazil
| | - Ivna Seabra
- School of Technology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Paschoal Marmo 1888, 13484332 Limeira, SP, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline A Malvestiti
- School of Technology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Paschoal Marmo 1888, 13484332 Limeira, SP, Brazil
| | - Joyce Cristale
- School of Technology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Paschoal Marmo 1888, 13484332 Limeira, SP, Brazil
| | - Renato F Dantas
- School of Technology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Paschoal Marmo 1888, 13484332 Limeira, SP, Brazil.
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Tian X, Wang X, Nie Y, Yang C, Dionysiou DD. Hydroxyl Radical-Involving p-Nitrophenol Oxidation during Its Reduction by Nanoscale Sulfidated Zerovalent Iron under Anaerobic Conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:2403-2410. [PMID: 33543936 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c07475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Sulfidated zerovalent iron (S-ZVI) has been extensively used for reducing pollutants. In this study, the oxidation process in the reductive removal of p-nitrophenol (PNP) by S-ZVI was confirmed under anaerobic conditions. We revealed that a PNP oxidation process involving •OH resulted from the H2O2 activation by surface-bound Fe(II) in S-ZVI, in which H2O2 was generated via a surface-mediated reaction between water and FeS2. Only the PNP reduction process occurred for ZVI. Herein, efficient PNP degradation by S-ZVI resulted from two functions: reduction into p-aminophenol due to enhanced electron transfer and PNP oxidation into p-benzoquinone by •OH radicals from the interaction of surface-bound Fe(II) and in situ generated H2O2, the contributions of the oxidation and reduction processes to PNP degradation over S-ZVI were 10 and 90%, respectively. Sulfur in S-ZVI suppressed the pH increase in the reaction media and produced more surface-bound Fe(II) than ZVI for •OH generation via the heterogeneous Fenton reaction process. Since different degradation pathways could lead to different effects on the water environment, such as toxicity, our findings suggest that the oxidizing process induced by S-ZVI during groundwater decontamination should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xike Tian
- Faculty of Materials and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Faculty of Materials and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Yulun Nie
- Faculty of Materials and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Chao Yang
- Faculty of Materials and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Dionysios D Dionysiou
- Environmental Engineering and Science Program, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0012, United States
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Massima Mouele ES, Tijani JO, Badmus KO, Pereao O, Babajide O, Zhang C, Shao T, Sosnin E, Tarasenko V, Fatoba OO, Laatikainen K, Petrik LF. Removal of Pharmaceutical Residues from Water and Wastewater Using Dielectric Barrier Discharge Methods-A Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:1683. [PMID: 33578670 PMCID: PMC7916394 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18041683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Persistent pharmaceutical pollutants (PPPs) have been identified as potential endocrine disruptors that mimic growth hormones when consumed at nanogram per litre to microgram per litre concentrations. Their occurrence in potable water remains a great threat to human health. Different conventional technologies developed for their removal from wastewater have failed to achieve complete mineralisation. Advanced oxidation technologies such as dielectric barrier discharges (DBDs) based on free radical mechanisms have been identified to completely decompose PPPs. Due to the existence of pharmaceuticals as mixtures in wastewater and the recalcitrance of their degradation intermediate by-products, no single advanced oxidation technology has been able to eliminate pharmaceutical xenobiotics. This review paper provides an update on the sources, occurrence, and types of pharmaceuticals in wastewater by emphasising different DBD configurations previously and currently utilised for pharmaceuticals degradation under different experimental conditions. The performance of the DBD geometries was evaluated considering various factors including treatment time, initial concentration, half-life time, degradation efficiency and the energy yield (G50) required to degrade half of the pollutant concentration. The review showed that the efficacy of the DBD systems on the removal of pharmaceutical compounds depends not only on these parameters but also on the nature/type of the pollutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emile S. Massima Mouele
- Environmental Nano Science Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, Cape Town 7535, South Africa; (J.O.T.); (K.O.B.); (O.P.); (O.B.); (O.O.F.)
- Department of Separation Science, Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology LUT, P.O. Box 20, FI-53851 Lappeenranta, Finland;
| | - Jimoh O. Tijani
- Environmental Nano Science Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, Cape Town 7535, South Africa; (J.O.T.); (K.O.B.); (O.P.); (O.B.); (O.O.F.)
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Technology, PMB 65, P.O. Box 920 Minna, Niger State 920001, Nigeria
| | - Kassim O. Badmus
- Environmental Nano Science Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, Cape Town 7535, South Africa; (J.O.T.); (K.O.B.); (O.P.); (O.B.); (O.O.F.)
| | - Omoniyi Pereao
- Environmental Nano Science Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, Cape Town 7535, South Africa; (J.O.T.); (K.O.B.); (O.P.); (O.B.); (O.O.F.)
| | - Omotola Babajide
- Environmental Nano Science Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, Cape Town 7535, South Africa; (J.O.T.); (K.O.B.); (O.P.); (O.B.); (O.O.F.)
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, P.O. Box 1906, Bellville 7535, South Africa
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Beijing International S&T Cooperation Base for Plasma Science, Energy Conversion, Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (C.Z.); (T.S.)
| | - Tao Shao
- Beijing International S&T Cooperation Base for Plasma Science, Energy Conversion, Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (C.Z.); (T.S.)
| | - Eduard Sosnin
- Institute of High Current Electronics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 634055 Tomsk, Russia; (E.S.); (V.T.)
| | - Victor Tarasenko
- Institute of High Current Electronics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 634055 Tomsk, Russia; (E.S.); (V.T.)
| | - Ojo O. Fatoba
- Environmental Nano Science Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, Cape Town 7535, South Africa; (J.O.T.); (K.O.B.); (O.P.); (O.B.); (O.O.F.)
| | - Katri Laatikainen
- Department of Separation Science, Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology LUT, P.O. Box 20, FI-53851 Lappeenranta, Finland;
| | - Leslie F. Petrik
- Environmental Nano Science Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, Cape Town 7535, South Africa; (J.O.T.); (K.O.B.); (O.P.); (O.B.); (O.O.F.)
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37
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Yao B, Luo Z, Zhi D, Hou D, Luo L, Du S, Zhou Y. Current progress in degradation and removal methods of polybrominated diphenyl ethers from water and soil: A review. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 403:123674. [PMID: 33264876 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The widespread of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the environment has caused rising concerns, and it is an urgent endeavor to find a proper way for PBDEs remediation. Various techniques such as adsorption, hydrothermal and thermal treatment, photolysis, photocatalytic degradation, reductive debromination, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) and biological degradation have been developed for PBDEs decontamination. A comprehensive review of different PBDEs remediation techniques is urgently needed. This work focused on the environmental source and occurrence of PBDEs, their removal and degradation methods from water and soil, and prospects for PBDEs remediation techniques. According to the up-to-date literature obtained from Web of Science, it could be concluded that (i) photocatalysis and photocatalytic degradation is the most widely reported method for PBDEs remediation, (ii) BDE-47 and BDE-209 are the most investigated PBDE congeners, (iii) considering the recalcitrance nature of PBDEs and more toxic intermediates could be generated because of incomplete degradation, the combination of different techniques is the most potential solution for PBDEs removal, (iv) further researches about the development of novel and effective PBDEs remediation techniques are still needed. This review provides the latest knowledge on PBDEs remediation techniques, as well as future research needs according to the up-to-date literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yao
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Agricultural Typical Pollution Remediation and Wetland Protection, College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Zirui Luo
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Agricultural Typical Pollution Remediation and Wetland Protection, College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Dan Zhi
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Agricultural Typical Pollution Remediation and Wetland Protection, College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Dongmei Hou
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Agricultural Typical Pollution Remediation and Wetland Protection, College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Lin Luo
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Agricultural Typical Pollution Remediation and Wetland Protection, College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Shizhi Du
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Agricultural Typical Pollution Remediation and Wetland Protection, College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Yaoyu Zhou
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Agricultural Typical Pollution Remediation and Wetland Protection, College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
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38
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Fisher IJ, Phillips PJ, Bayraktar BN, Chen S, McCarthy BA, Sandstrom MW. Pesticides and their degradates in groundwater reflect past use and current management strategies, Long Island, New York, USA. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 752:141895. [PMID: 32892047 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Long Island, New York, has a mix of urban/suburban to agricultural/horticultural land use and nearly 3 million residents that rely on a sole-source aquifer for drinking water. The analysis of shallow groundwater (<40 m below land surface) collected from 54 monitoring wells across Long Island detected 53 pesticides or pesticide degradates. Maximum concentrations for individual pesticides or pesticide degradates ranged from 3 to 368,000 ng/L. The highest concentrations and most frequent pesticide detections occurred in samples collected from the pesticide management (PM) network, set in an agricultural/horticultural area in eastern Long Island with coordinated pesticide management by state and local agencies. The other two networks (Suffolk and Nassau/Queens) were set in suburban and urban areas, respectively, and had less frequent detections and lower pesticide concentrations than the PM network. Pesticide detections and concentration patterns (herbicide, insecticide, or fungicide) differed among the three networks revealing broad differences in land use. The predominance of fungicides metalaxyl, 1H-1,2,4-triazole (propiconazole/myclobutanil degradate), and 4-hydroxychlorothalonil (HCTL, chlorothalonil degradate) in samples from the PM network reflects their intensive use in agricultural settings. Total fungicide concentrations in the PM network ranged from <10 to >300,000 ng/L. The widespread detection of imidacloprid and triazine herbicides, simazine and atrazine, reveal a mixture of current and past use pesticides across the Long Island region. Low concentrations (<200 ng/L) of the triazines in the Suffolk and Nassau/Queens networks may reflect a change in land use and application. Acetanilide herbicides and aldicarb have been discontinued for 20 and 40 years, respectively, yet the concentrations of their degradates were among the highest observed in this study. Acetanilide (total concentrations up to 10,000 ng/L) and aldicarb degradates (up to 270 ng/L) are present in the PM network at much lower concentrations than previous Long Island studies and reflect changes in agricultural practices and pesticide management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene J Fisher
- U.S. Geological Survey, New York Water Science Center, 2045 Route 112, Building 4, Coram, NY 11727, USA.
| | - Patrick J Phillips
- U.S. Geological Survey, New York Water Science Center, 425 Jordan Road, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Banu N Bayraktar
- U.S. Geological Survey, New York Water Science Center, 2045 Route 112, Building 4, Coram, NY 11727, USA
| | - Shirley Chen
- U.S. Geological Survey, New York Water Science Center, 2045 Route 112, Building 4, Coram, NY 11727, USA
| | - Brendan A McCarthy
- U.S. Geological Survey, New England Water Science Center, 196 Whitten Road, Augusta, ME 04330, USA
| | - Mark W Sandstrom
- U.S. Geological Survey, National Water Quality Laboratory, P.O. Box 25585, Denver, CO 80225, USA
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39
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Jaiswal S, Kumar Gupta G, Panchal K, Mandeep, Shukla P. Synthetic Organic Compounds From Paper Industry Wastes: Integrated Biotechnological Interventions. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 8:592939. [PMID: 33490048 PMCID: PMC7820897 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.592939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic organic compounds (SOCs) are reported as xenobiotics compounds contaminating the environment from various sources including waste from the pulp and paper industries: Since the demand and production of paper is growing increasingly, the release of paper and pulp industrial waste consisting of SOCs is also increasing the SOCs' pollution in natural reservoirs to create environmental pollution. In pulp and paper industries, the SOCs viz. phenol compounds, furans, dioxins, benzene compounds etc. are produced during bleaching phase of pulp treatment and they are principal components of industrial discharge. This review gives an overview of various biotechnological interventions for paper mill waste effluent management and elimination strategies. Further, the review also gives the insight overview of various ways to restrict SOCs release in natural reservoirs, its limitations and integrated approaches for SOCs bioremediation using engineered microbial approaches. Furthermore, it gives a brief overview of the sustainable remediation of SOCs via genetically modified biological agents, including bioengineering system innovation at industry level before waste discharge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Jaiswal
- Enzyme Technology and Protein Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
| | - Guddu Kumar Gupta
- Enzyme Technology and Protein Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
| | - Kusum Panchal
- Enzyme Technology and Protein Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
| | - Mandeep
- Enzyme Technology and Protein Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
| | - Pratyoosh Shukla
- Enzyme Technology and Protein Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
- School of Biotechnology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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40
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Ren X, Li P, He X, Su F, Elumalai V. Hydrogeochemical Processes Affecting Groundwater Chemistry in the Central Part of the Guanzhong Basin, China. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2021; 80:74-91. [PMID: 33146757 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-020-00772-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Groundwater is essential for the sustainable development of the Guanzhong Basin, China, and its quality is mainly controlled by hydrogeochemical processes and anthropogenic pollution. This study used statistical and multivariate statistical analysis approaches to recognize the hydrogeochemical processes and affecting factors of groundwater in the central part of the Guanzhong Basin. Correlations among 14 hydrochemical parameters were statistically examined. Principal component analysis (PCA), factor analysis (FA), and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) techniques were applied to analyze the physicochemical variables to understand the affecting factors of groundwater quality in the study area. The correlation analysis results indicate that cation exchange is the dominant process affecting the concentration of Na+ and Ca2+ in the groundwater. Both the PCA and FA indicate that minerals dissolution/precipitation and human activities are the key factors that affect groundwater quality. All parameters except CO32- and pH increase from C1 to C4 obtained through the Q mode HCA. C4 has a hydrochemical type of SO4-Na·K, indicating that the sample of this cluster is primarily influenced by anthropogenic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Ren
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, No. 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region of the Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, No. 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China
| | - Peiyue Li
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, No. 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China.
- Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region of the Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, No. 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Xiaodong He
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, No. 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region of the Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, No. 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fengmei Su
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, No. 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region of the Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, No. 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China
| | - Vetrimurugan Elumalai
- Department of Hydrology, University of Zululand, Kwa Dlangezwa, Durban, 3886, South Africa
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41
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Stucchi M, Rigamonti MG, Carnevali D, Boffito DC. A Kinetic Study on the Degradation of Acetaminophen and Amoxicillin in Water by Ultrasound. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202004147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Stucchi
- Chemistry Department University of Milan Via Golgi 19 20133 Milano IT
| | - Marco G. Rigamonti
- Chemical Engineering Department Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal 2900 Edouard Montpetit Blvd, H3 C 3 A4 Montréal QC
| | - Davide Carnevali
- Chemical Engineering Department Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal 2900 Edouard Montpetit Blvd, H3 C 3 A4 Montréal QC
| | - Daria C. Boffito
- Chemical Engineering Department Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal 2900 Edouard Montpetit Blvd, H3 C 3 A4 Montréal QC
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42
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Mooney D, Richards KG, Danaher M, Grant J, Gill L, Mellander PE, Coxon CE. An investigation of anticoccidial veterinary drugs as emerging organic contaminants in groundwater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 746:141116. [PMID: 32758987 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Intensification of the food production system to meet increased global demand for food has led to veterinary pharmaceuticals becoming a critical component in animal husbandry. Anticoccidials are a group of veterinary products used to control coccidiosis in food-producing animals, with primary prophylactic use in poultry production. Excretion in manure and subsequent land-spreading provides a potential pathway to groundwater. Information on the fate and occurrence of these compounds in groundwater is scant, therefore these substances are potential emerging organic contaminants of concern. A study was carried out to investigate the occurrence of anticoccidial compounds in groundwater throughout the Republic of Ireland. Twenty-six anticoccidials (6 ionophores and 20 synthetic anticoccidials) were analysed at 109 sites (63 boreholes and 46 springs) during November and December 2018. Sites were categorised and selected based on the following source and pathway factors: (a) the presence/absence of poultry activity (b) predominant aquifer category and (c) predominant groundwater vulnerability, within the zone of contribution (ZOC) for each site. Seven anticoccidials, including four ionophores (lasalocid, monensin, narasin and salinomycin) and three synthetic anticoccidials (amprolium, diclazuril and nicarbazin), were detected at 24% of sites at concentrations ranging from 1 to 386 ng L-1. Monensin and amprolium were the two most frequently detected compounds, detected at 15% and 7% of sites, respectively. Multivariate statistical analysis has shown that source factors are the most significant drivers of the occurrence of anticoccidials, with no definitive relationships between occurrence and pathway factors. The study found that the detection of anticoccidial compounds is 6.5 times more likely when poultry activity is present within the ZOC of a sampling point, compared to the absence of poultry activity. This work presents the first detections of these contaminants in Irish groundwater and it contributes to broadening our understanding of the environmental occurrence and fate of anticoccidial veterinary products.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Mooney
- Geology Department/Trinity Centre for the Environment, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland; Food Safety Department, Teagasc, Ashtown Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland; Irish Centre for Research in Applied Geosciences (iCRAG), Ireland.
| | - K G Richards
- Irish Centre for Research in Applied Geosciences (iCRAG), Ireland; Environment, Soils and Land-Use Department, Teagasc Environment Research Centre, Johnstown Castle, Wexford, Ireland
| | - M Danaher
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc, Ashtown Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland
| | - J Grant
- Statistics and Applied Physics, Research Operations Group, Teagasc, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland
| | - L Gill
- Irish Centre for Research in Applied Geosciences (iCRAG), Ireland; Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - P-E Mellander
- Agricultural Catchments Programme, Teagasc Environment Research Centre, Johnstown Castle, Wexford, Ireland
| | - C E Coxon
- Geology Department/Trinity Centre for the Environment, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland; Irish Centre for Research in Applied Geosciences (iCRAG), Ireland
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Pinasseau L, Wiest L, Volatier L, Mermillod-Blondin F, Vulliet E. Emerging polar pollutants in groundwater: Potential impact of urban stormwater infiltration practices. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 266:115387. [PMID: 32829126 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The quality of groundwater (GW) resources is decreasing partly due to chemical contaminations from a wide range of activities, such as industrial and agricultural enterprises and changes in land-use. In urban areas, one potential major pathway of GW contamination is associated with urban water management practices based on stormwater runoff infiltration systems (SIS). Data on the performance of the upper layer of soil and the unsaturated zone of infiltration basins to limit the contamination of GW by hydrophilic compounds are lacking. With this aim, the impact of infiltration practices on GW contamination was assessed for 12 pesticides and 4 pharmaceuticals selected according to their ecotoxicological relevance and their likelihood of being present in urban stormwater and GW. For this purpose, 3 campaigns were conducted at 4 SIS during storm events. For each campaign, passive samplers based on the use of Empore™ disk were deployed in GW wells upstream and downstream of SIS, as well as in the stormwater runoff entering the infiltration basins. Upstream and downstream GW contaminations were compared to evaluate the potential effect of SIS on GW contamination and possible relationships with stormwater runoff composition were examined. Our results showed two interesting opposite trends: (i) carbendazim, diuron, fluopyram, imidacloprid and lamotrigine had concentrations significantly increasing in GW impacted by infiltration, indicating a contribution of SIS to GW contamination, (ii) atrazine, simazine and 2 transformation products exhibited concentrations significantly decreasing with infiltration due to a probable dilution of historic GW contaminants with infiltrated stormwater runoff. The other 7 contaminants showed no general trend. This study demonstrates that passive samplers deployed in GW wells enabled the capture of emerging polar pollutants present at very low concentrations and allowed the assessment of infiltration practices on GW quality. New data on GW and urban stormwater are provided for poorly studied hazardous compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Pinasseau
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, 5 Rue de La Doua, F-69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Laure Wiest
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, 5 Rue de La Doua, F-69100, Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Laurence Volatier
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR5023 Laboratoire D'Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés (LEHNA), 6 Rue Raphaël Dubois, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Florian Mermillod-Blondin
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR5023 Laboratoire D'Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés (LEHNA), 6 Rue Raphaël Dubois, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Emmanuelle Vulliet
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, 5 Rue de La Doua, F-69100, Villeurbanne, France
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44
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Chiaia-Hernández AC, Zander PD, Schneider T, Szidat S, Lloren R, Grosjean M. High-Resolution Historical Record of Plant Protection Product Deposition Documented by Target and Nontarget Trend Analysis in a Swiss Lake under Anthropogenic Pressure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:13090-13100. [PMID: 32940459 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c04842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A multiproxy workflow was used to assess >60 plant protection products (PPPs) in sediment samples from a Swiss lake under heavy agricultural pressure. The results show the appearance of PPPs for the first time in the early 1960s with an overall detection of 34 PPPs and with herbicides and fungicides found in equal proportions. Paleolimnological data [e.g., chronology, hyperspectral imaging of sedimentary green pigments, and semiquantitative elemental composition (μXRF scans)] suggest that PPP concentrations and fluxes to the sediment over time are not related to land surface processes such as soil erosion or lake biogeochemistry but are attributed mainly to PPP application (inferred from sales) or regulatory measures (bans). Additional compounds with similar sources of contamination as the target PPPs captured by nontarget trend analysis (≥2000 unknown profiles) reveal significant inputs of contaminants to the lake starting in the 1970s, followed by a decrease of contamination at the beginning of the 1990s and a constant increase by ∼28% of the unknown compounds since the year 2000. An ecological risk assessment conducted on detected PPPs indicates that since the 1980s, the sediment quality is insufficient with risk quotient values displaying maximum levels in the most recent sediments (∼2010) despite bans of specific PPPs and environmental regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurea C Chiaia-Hernández
- Institute of Geography and Oeschger Center for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern 3012, Switzerland
| | - Paul D Zander
- Institute of Geography and Oeschger Center for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern 3012, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Schneider
- Climate System Research Center, Department of Geosciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst 01003, United States
| | - Sönke Szidat
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern 3012, Switzerland
| | - Ronald Lloren
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland
- Department of Earth Sciences, ETH Zürich, 8006 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Grosjean
- Institute of Geography and Oeschger Center for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern 3012, Switzerland
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45
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Zambito Marsala R, Capri E, Russo E, Bisagni M, Colla R, Lucini L, Gallo A, Suciu NA. First evaluation of pesticides occurrence in groundwater of Tidone Valley, an area with intensive viticulture. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 736:139730. [PMID: 32504868 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural practice often involves an intensive and incorrect use of pesticides and fertilizers. These chemicals can leach through the soil profile and contaminate groundwater, including drinking water. For this reason, an effective groundwater monitoring is strongly advisable. The aim of this study was to investigate the groundwater contamination by plant protection products (PPPs) on a hilly area situated in the Tidone Valley, North-West of Italy, a region characterized by an intensive viticulture production. This area is not included in the national groundwater monitoring plan and therefore scarce information is available regarding the quality of groundwater, even though the local Environmental Agency previously revealed the occurrence of PPPs at values higher than the Environmental Quality Standard downstream this area. Hence, a monitoring wells network was developed following an upstream-downstream criterion, a list of pesticides to be monitored, based on a multi-actor approach, and an analytical method for PPPs detection and quantification. The analytical approach involved solid phase extraction followed by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. The results of three monitoring campaigns revealed the occurrence of seven PPPs at a level higher than EQS for groundwater (0.1 μg/L) in 30% of the wells. The main pesticides detected were Chlorantraniliprole, Dimethomorph, Fluopicolide, Metalaxyl-M, Penconazole, and Tetraconazole, all commonly used in viticulture, together with S-metolachlor, authorized for cereal cropping. Statistical analysis revealed a significant influence of the sampling time, slope of the soil surrounding the wells, wells depth and wells location on the concentration of five PPPs. Therefore, the results obtained show that the improper use of PPPs for grapevine cultivation may cause groundwater contamination and suggest the need for a deeper analysis of territorial reality, including hydrology studies and farmer behavior and for an urgent introduction of best management practices and mitigation measures to promote a sustainable use of PPPs in viticulture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Zambito Marsala
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Department for Sustainable Food Process, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, PC, Italy
| | - Ettore Capri
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Department for Sustainable Food Process, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, PC, Italy.
| | - Elisabetta Russo
- ARPAE - Regional Agency for Prevention, Environment and Energy of Emilia Romagna, Via XXI Aprile 48, 29121 Piacenza, PC, Italy
| | - Miriam Bisagni
- APCS - Associazione Piace Cibo Sano, Via San Bartolomeo 25/G, Piacenza, PC, Italy
| | - Ruggero Colla
- Phytosanitary consortium of Piacenza, Via Cristoforo Colombo 35, 29122 Piacenza, PC, Italy
| | - Luigi Lucini
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Department for Sustainable Food Process, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, PC, Italy
| | - Antonio Gallo
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition (DIANA), Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, PC, Italy
| | - Nicoleta Alina Suciu
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Department for Sustainable Food Process, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, PC, Italy
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Hintze S, Glauser G, Hunkeler D. Influence of surface water - groundwater interactions on the spatial distribution of pesticide metabolites in groundwater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 733:139109. [PMID: 32447077 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In groundwater, pesticide metabolites tend to occur more frequently and at higher concentrations than their parent pesticides, due to their higher mobility and persistence. These properties might also favor their transfer across surface water - groundwater interfaces. However, the effect of surface water - groundwater interactions on the metabolite occurrence in groundwater and pumping wells has so far received little attention. We investigated the spatial distribution of metabolites in an unconsolidated aquifer, which interacts with two surface water bodies originating from catchments with contrasting land use. We focused on metabolites of the herbicide chloridazon, namely desphenyl-chloridazon (DPC) and methyl-desphenyl-chloridazon (MDPC) and characterized surface water - groundwater interactions with various environmental tracers (e.g. electrical conductivity, stable water isotopes, wastewater tracers). In zones influenced by a river from a mountainous area, metabolite concentrations were low (median values ≤0.50 μg L-1 for DPC, ≤0.19 μg L-1 for MDPC). In contrast, high concentrations occurred in areas dominated by recharge from agricultural fields and/or influenced by a stream from an adjacent intensely farmed catchment (median values up to 1.9 μg L-1 for DPC and up to 0.75 μg L-1 for MDPC). An endmember analysis using hydro-chemical data suggested that about 20% of the DPC mass in a pumping well originated from the neighboring catchment and on its own would cause a concentration above 0.1 μg L-1 for DPC. Our findings highlight that the mobile metabolites can be imported from zones with intense agriculture outside of the exploited aquifer via surface-water groundwater interactions influencing the metabolite concentration level and long-term dynamics in the aquifer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Hintze
- Centre for Hydrogeology and Geothermics (CHYN), University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Gaétan Glauser
- Neuchâtel Platform of Analytical Chemistry (NPAC), University of Neuchâtel, Avenue de Bellevaux 51, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Hunkeler
- Centre for Hydrogeology and Geothermics (CHYN), University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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47
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Cruz-López A, Dávila-Pórcel RA, de León-Gómez H, Rodríguez-Martínez JM, Suárez-Vázquez SI, Cardona-Benavides A, Castro-Larragoitia GJ, Boreselli L, de Lourdes Villalba M, Pinales-Munguía A, Silva-Hidalgo H, de la Garza R, Del Socorro Espino-Valdes M. Exploratory study on the presence of bisphenol A and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in the Santa Catarina River in Monterrey, N.L., Mexico. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2020; 192:488. [PMID: 32623574 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-020-08446-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The current problem related to the supply of drinking water for the metropolitan area of Monterrey, which comprises of five million inhabitants, and the important role played by the El Cuchillo Dam, found downstream of the Santa Catarina River basin as a surface source of drinking water for the city, renders this river an interesting site for assessment. This work evaluates the degree to which the surface water and the subsoil of the river are affected by emerging organic pollutants due to their existence, even at low concentrations, representing a toxic risk enhanced by the absence of stricter standards for regulating these substances. Based on fieldwork, three discharge points that could affect the quality of the surface water were selected: two points on the river stream, and three groundwater wells. Gas chromatography results showed the presence of BisPhenol A (BPA) and bis(2-EthylHexyl) Phthalate (DEHP) in both the surface water and subsoil at different seasons of the year. The highest concentration levels in the samples taken from both types of water were 0.9 and 60 μg L-1 for BPA and DEHP, respectively. Results of this research did not reveal the level at which the aquifer is affected by these substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arquímedes Cruz-López
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ingeniería Civil, UANL-CA-335, Av. Universidad S/N, Cd. Universitaria, 66450, San Nicolás de los Garza, N.L., Mexico.
| | - René Alberto Dávila-Pórcel
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ingeniería Civil, UANL-CA-335, Av. Universidad S/N, Cd. Universitaria, 66450, San Nicolás de los Garza, N.L., Mexico
| | - Héctor de León-Gómez
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ingeniería Civil, UANL-CA-335, Av. Universidad S/N, Cd. Universitaria, 66450, San Nicolás de los Garza, N.L., Mexico
| | - Juan Manuel Rodríguez-Martínez
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ingeniería Civil, UANL-CA-335, Av. Universidad S/N, Cd. Universitaria, 66450, San Nicolás de los Garza, N.L., Mexico
| | - Santiago I Suárez-Vázquez
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ingeniería Civil, UANL-CA-335, Av. Universidad S/N, Cd. Universitaria, 66450, San Nicolás de los Garza, N.L., Mexico
| | - Antonio Cardona-Benavides
- Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Facultad de Ingeniería, UASLP-CA-237, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava #8, Zona Universitaria, 78290, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., Mexico
| | - Guillermo Javier Castro-Larragoitia
- Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Facultad de Ingeniería, UASLP-CA-237, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava #8, Zona Universitaria, 78290, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., Mexico
| | - Lorenzo Boreselli
- Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Facultad de Ingeniería, UASLP-CA-237, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava #8, Zona Universitaria, 78290, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., Mexico
| | - María de Lourdes Villalba
- Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Facultad de Ingeniería, UACH-CA-115, Circuito Universitario, Campus II, 31124, Chihuahua, Chih, Mexico
| | - Adán Pinales-Munguía
- Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Facultad de Ingeniería, UACH-CA-115, Circuito Universitario, Campus II, 31124, Chihuahua, Chih, Mexico
| | - Humberto Silva-Hidalgo
- Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Facultad de Ingeniería, UACH-CA-115, Circuito Universitario, Campus II, 31124, Chihuahua, Chih, Mexico
| | - Rodrigo de la Garza
- Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Facultad de Ingeniería, UACH-CA-115, Circuito Universitario, Campus II, 31124, Chihuahua, Chih, Mexico
| | - María Del Socorro Espino-Valdes
- Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Facultad de Ingeniería, UACH-CA-115, Circuito Universitario, Campus II, 31124, Chihuahua, Chih, Mexico
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48
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Sidoli P, Devau N, Jaramillo RA, Baran N. Reactivity of vadose-zone solids to S-metolachlor and its two main metabolites: case of a glaciofluvial aquifer. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:22865-22877. [PMID: 32323235 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08579-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The vulnerability of groundwater to pesticides is governed in part by sorption mechanisms in the vadose zone, commonly studied in soil but less well-known in the geological solids. To alleviate this lack of knowledge, adsorption of the herbicide S-metolachlor (SMOC) and of two of its metabolites-metolachlor ethane sulfonic acid (MESA) and metolachlor oxanilic acid (MOXA)-was studied with batch equilibrium method on seventeen surface soils and three geological solids of the vadose zone overlying a glaciofluvial aquifer. In grainsize terms, the latter three were sand for the first two samples and gravel for the third. Adsorption is ordered as follows: SMOC > > MESA > MOXA, except for one of the geological solids for which MESA adsorption was slightly higher than that of SMOC (Kd = 0.73 vs. 0.44 L kg-1). The low MOXA adsorption could only be quantified for the gravel sample (Kd = 0.74 L kg-1), which was also more reactive than all the other samples to MESA and SMOC (Kd = 2.08 and 28.8 L kg-1, respectively). Statistical multivariate tests related the highest Kd values for SMOC with the soils and geological solids with the highest organic-carbon and clay-fraction contents. The highest Kd values for MESA were found in the samples containing high oxide concentrations. Our results shed a new light on the adsorption of SMOC, MESA and MOXA suggesting that during their transfer to groundwater, pesticides and metabolites can be adsorbed in the vadose zone on both soils and geological solids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Sidoli
- BRGM, 3 Avenue Claude Guillemin, BP 36009, 45060, Orléans Cedex 2, France.
| | - Nicolas Devau
- BRGM, 3 Avenue Claude Guillemin, BP 36009, 45060, Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Rafael Angulo Jaramillo
- LEHNA UMR 5023 CNRS ENTPE, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon 1, Rue Maurice Audin, F-69518, Vaulx-en-Velin, France
| | - Nicole Baran
- BRGM, 3 Avenue Claude Guillemin, BP 36009, 45060, Orléans Cedex 2, France
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49
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Melsbach A, Torrentó C, Ponsin V, Bolotin J, Lachat L, Prasuhn V, Hofstetter TB, Hunkeler D, Elsner M. Dual-Element Isotope Analysis of Desphenylchloridazon to Investigate Its Environmental Fate in a Systematic Field Study: A Long-Term Lysimeter Experiment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:3929-3939. [PMID: 32122119 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b04606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Desphenylchloridazon (DPC), the main metabolite of the herbicide chloridazon (CLZ), is more water soluble and persistent than CLZ and frequently detected in water bodies. When assessing DPC transformation in the environment, results can be nonconclusive if based on concentration analysis alone because estimates may be confounded by simultaneous DPC formation from CLZ. This study investigated the fate of DPC by combining concentration-based methods with compound-specific C and N stable isotope analysis (CSIA). Additionally, DPC formation and transformation processes were experimentally deconvolved in a dedicated lysimeter study considering three scenarios. First, surface application of DPC enabled studying its degradation in the absence of CLZ. Here, CSIA provided evidence of two distinct DPC transformation processes: one shows significant changes only in 13C/12C, whereas the other involves changes in both 13C/12C and 15N/14N isotope ratios. Second, surface application of CLZ mimicked a realistic field scenario, showing that during DPC formation, 13C/12C ratios of DPC were depleted in 13C relative to CLZ, while 15N/14N ratios remained constant. Finally, CLZ depth injection simulated preferential flow and demonstrated the importance of the topsoil for retaining DPC. The combination of the lysimeter study with CSIA enabled insights into DPC transformation in the field that are superior to those of studies of concentration trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aileen Melsbach
- Institute of Groundwater Ecology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Clara Torrentó
- Centre for Hydrogeology and Geothermics (CHYN), University of Neuchâtel, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Violaine Ponsin
- Centre for Hydrogeology and Geothermics (CHYN), University of Neuchâtel, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Jakov Bolotin
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Laurence Lachat
- Neuchâtel Platform of Analytical Chemistry (NPAC), University of Neuchâtel, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Volker Prasuhn
- Research Division, Agroecology and Environment, Agroscope, 8046 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas B Hofstetter
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Hunkeler
- Centre for Hydrogeology and Geothermics (CHYN), University of Neuchâtel, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Martin Elsner
- Institute of Groundwater Ecology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
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50
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A Comparative Assessment of Analytical Fate and Transport Models of Organic Contaminants in Unsaturated Soils. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12072949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Analytical models for the simulation of contaminants’ fate and transport in the unsaturated zone are used in many engineering applications concerning groundwater resource management and risk assessment. As a consequence, several scientific studies dealing with the development and application of analytical solutions have been carried out. Six models have been selected and compared based on common characteristics to identify pros and cons as well as to highlight any difference in the final output. The analyzed models have been clustered into three groups according to the assumptions on contaminant source and physico-chemical mechanisms occurring during the transport. Comparative simulations were carried out with five target contaminants (Benzene, Benzo(a)pyrene, Vinyl Chloride, Trichloroethylene and Aldrin) with different decay’s coefficient, three types of soil (sand, loam and clay) and three different thicknesses of the contaminant source. The calculated concentration at a given depth in the soil for the same contamination scenario varied greatly among the models. A significant variability of the concentrations was shown due to the variation of contaminant and soil characteristics. As a general finding, the more advanced is the model, the lower the predicted concentrations; thus, models that are too simplified could lead to outcomes of some orders of magnitude greater than the advanced one.
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