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Deng W, Wen M, Xiong J, Wang C, Huang J, Guo Z, Wang W, An T. Atmospheric occurrences and bioavailability health risk of PAHs and their derivatives surrounding a non-ferrous metal smelting plant. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 470:134200. [PMID: 38593661 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Non-ferrous metal smelting emits large amounts of organic compounds into the atmosphere. Herein, 20 parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PPAHs), 9 nitrated PAHs (NPAHs), 14 chlorinated PAHs (ClPAHs), and 6 alkylated PAHs (APAHs) in atmospheric samples from a typical non-ferrous metal smelting plant (NMSP) and residential areas were detected. In NMSP, benzo[a]pyrene, dibenz[a,h]anthracene, 6-nitrochrysene, 9-chlorofluorene, and 1-methylfluorene were the predominant compounds in the particulate phase, while phenanthrene constituted 57.3% in the gaseous phase. The concentration of PAHs in residential areas around NMSP was 1.8 times higher than that in the control area. Additionally, there was a significant negative correlation between the concentration and the distance from the NMSP. In terms of health risks, although the skin penetration coefficient of PM2.5 is smaller than that of the gaseous phase, dermal absorption of PM2.5 posed a greater threat to the population, the incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) of NMSP was 1.8 × 10-4. After considering bioavailability, BILCR decreased by 1-2 orders of magnitude in different regions, and dermal absorption decreased more than inhalation intake. Nevertheless, the dermal absorption of PM2.5 in NMSP still presents a probable carcinogenic risk. This study provides a necessary reference for the subsequent control of NMSP contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqiang Deng
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Meicheng Wen
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Jukun Xiong
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jin Huang
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhizhao Guo
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wanjun Wang
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Taicheng An
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Li X, Abdullah LC, Sobri S, Md Said MS, Hussain SA, Aun TP, Hu J. Long-Term Air Pollution Characteristics and Multi-scale Meteorological Factor Variability Analysis of Mega-mountain Cities in the Chengdu-Chongqing Economic Circle. WATER, AIR, AND SOIL POLLUTION 2023; 234:328. [PMID: 37200574 PMCID: PMC10175934 DOI: 10.1007/s11270-023-06279-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Currently, air quality has become central to global environmental policymaking. As a typical mountain megacity in the Cheng-Yu region, the air pollution in Chongqing is unique and sensitive. This study aims to comprehensively investigate the long-term annual, seasonal, and monthly variation characteristics of six major pollutants and seven meteorological parameters. The emission distribution of major pollutants is also discussed. The relationship between pollutants and the multi-scale meteorological conditions was explored. The results indicate that particulate matter (PM), SO2 and NO2 showed a "U-shaped" variation, while O3 showed an "inverted U-shaped" seasonal variation. Industrial emissions accounted for 81.84%, 58% and 80.10% of the total SO2, NOx and dust pollution emissions, respectively. The correlation between PM2.5 and PM10 was strong (R = 0.98). In addition, PM only showed a significant negative correlation with O3. On the contrary, PM showed a significant positive correlation with other gaseous pollutants (SO2, NO2, CO). O3 is only negatively correlated with relative humidity and atmospheric pressure. These findings provide an accurate and effective countermeasure for the coordinated management of air pollution in Cheng-Yu region and the formulation of the regional carbon peaking roadmap. Furthermore, it can improve the prediction accuracy of air pollution under multi-scale meteorological factors, promote effective emission reduction paths and policies in the region, and provide references for related epidemiological research. Graphical abstract Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11270-023-06279-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoju Li
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
- Xichang University, No. 1 Xuefu Road, Anning Town, Xichang City, 615000 Sichuan Province China
| | - Luqman Chuah Abdullah
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Shafreeza Sobri
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Mohamad Syazarudin Md Said
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Siti Aslina Hussain
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Tan Poh Aun
- SOx NOx Asia Sdn Bhd, UEP Subang Jaya, 47620 Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia
| | - Jinzhao Hu
- Xichang University, No. 1 Xuefu Road, Anning Town, Xichang City, 615000 Sichuan Province China
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Liang C, Wang S, Hu R, Huang G, Xie J, Zhao B, Li Y, Zhu W, Guo S, Jiang J, Hao J. Molecular tracers, mass spectral tracers and oxidation of organic aerosols emitted from cooking and fossil fuel burning sources. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 868:161635. [PMID: 36657674 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) composes a substantial fraction of atmospheric particles, yet the formation and aging mechanism of SOA remains unclear. Here we investigate the initial oxidation of primary organic aerosol (POA) and further aging of SOA in winter Beijing by using aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) measurements along with offline molecular tracer analysis. Multilinear engine (ME-2) source apportionment was conducted to capture the characteristic of source-related SOA, and connect them with specific POA. Our results show that urban cooking and fossil fuel burning sources contribute significantly (17 % and 20 %) to total organic aerosol (OA) in winter Beijing. Molecular tracer analysis by two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometer (GC × GC-ToF-MS) reveals that cooking SOA (CSOA) is produced through both photooxidation and aqueous-phase processing, while less oxidized SOA (LO-SOA) is the photooxidation product of fossil fuel burning OA (FFOA) and may experience aqueous-phase aging to form more-oxidized oxygenated OA (MO-OOA). Furthermore, CHOm/z 69 and CHOm/z 85 are mass spectral tracers indicating the initial photooxidation, while CHO2+ and C2H2O2+ imply further aqueous-phase aging of OA. Tracer analysis indicates that the formation of diketones is involved in the initial photooxidation of POA, while the formation of glyoxal and diacids is involved in the further aqueous-phase aging of SOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengrui Liang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shuxiao Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Ruolan Hu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Guanghan Huang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jinzi Xie
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yuyang Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wenfei Zhu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Song Guo
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jingkun Jiang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiming Hao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
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Wang Y, Wang Z, Wang J, Wang R, Ding X, Donahue NM, Dong Z, Ma G, Han Y, Cao J. Assessment of the inhalation exposure and incremental lifetime cancer risk of PM 2.5 bounded polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by different toxic equivalent factors and occupancy probability, in the case of Xi'an. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:76378-76393. [PMID: 35668257 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21061-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widespread toxic pollutants in the atmosphere and have attracted much attention for decades. In this study, we compared the health risks of PAHs based on different toxic equivalent factors (TEFs) in a heavily polluted area during heating and non-heating periods. We also pay attention to occupancy probability (OP) in different polluted areas. The results showed that there were big differences for calculations by different TEFs, and also by OP or not. Age groups except adults were all lower calculated by OP than not. The sensitivity analysis results on the incremental lifetime cancer risks (ILCR) for population groups by Monte Carlo simulation identified that the cancer slope factor extremely affected the health risk assessment in heating periods, followed by daily inhalation exposure levels. However, daily inhalation exposure levels have dominated the effect on the inhalation ILCR and then followed by the cancer slope factor in non-heating periods. The big differences by different calculations investigated that it is important to set up the correlations between the pollution level and health risks, especially for the longtime health assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumeng Wang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Geography Education, School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, No. 620 West Chang'an Road, Chang'an Zone, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Zedong Wang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Geography Education, School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, No. 620 West Chang'an Road, Chang'an Zone, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Jingzhi Wang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Geography Education, School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, No. 620 West Chang'an Road, Chang'an Zone, Xi'an, 710119, China.
- Center for Atmospheric Particles Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Utilization and Protection of Environmental Resource, State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemmistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Runyu Wang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Geography Education, School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, No. 620 West Chang'an Road, Chang'an Zone, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Xinxin Ding
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Geography Education, School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, No. 620 West Chang'an Road, Chang'an Zone, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Neil McPherson Donahue
- Center for Atmospheric Particles Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Zhibao Dong
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Geography Education, School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, No. 620 West Chang'an Road, Chang'an Zone, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Ge Ma
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Geography Education, School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, No. 620 West Chang'an Road, Chang'an Zone, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Yongming Han
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Zhang Q, Li Z, Wei P, Wang Q, Tian J, Wang P, Shen Z, Li J, Xu H, Zhao Y, Dang X, Cao J. Insights into the day-night sources and optical properties of coastal organic aerosols in southern China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 830:154663. [PMID: 35318062 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Organic aerosols (OAs) in particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of smaller than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) can affect the atmospheric radiation balance through varying molecular structure and light absorption of the aerosols. In this study, daytime and nighttime PM2.5 mass, and contents of OA including nitrated aromatic compounds (NACs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), n-alkanes, and hopanes were measured from April 11th to May 15th, 2017, at the coastal Sanya, China. The average concentration of 18 total quantified PAHs (∑PAHs) was 2.08 ± 1.13 ng·m-3, which was 2.8 and 12 times higher than that of ∑NACs and hopanes, while was 7.5 times lower that of n-alkanes. Combustion-derived PAHs contributed 74% to the ∑PAHs. This finding, in addition to a high benzo[a]pyrene/(benzo[a]pyrene+benzo[e]pyrene) ratio, indicates that the PAHs mainly derived from fresh fuel combustion during the sampling periods. Furthermore, dramatic day-night differences were observed in the loadings of total NACs, PAHs, and n-alkanes, which had a high coefficient of divergence values of 0.67, 0.47, and 0.32, respectively. Moreover, hopanes exhibited similar variation as well. The proportion of dimethyl-nitrophenol (DM-NP), dinitrophenol (DNP), and nitrosalicylic acid (NSA) in PM2.5 were higher in the daytime than at nighttime, suggesting the co-influence of primary emissions and secondary formation related to biomass combustion. The positive matrix factorization (PMF) model revealed that motor vehicle and biomass burning emissions were the two main pollution sources in the daytime, contributing 51.7% and 24.6%, respectively, of the total quantified OAs. The proportion of industrial coal combustion emissions was higher at nighttime (20.6%) than in daytime (10%). Both the PAHs and NACs displayed light absorbing capacities among OAs compounds over Sanya City, and thus their influence on solar radiation must be considered in the future control policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Ziyi Li
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Peng Wei
- School of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, PR China; Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qiyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Jie Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya 572022, China.
| | - Zhenxing Shen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Jianjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Hongmei Xu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Youzhi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Xiaoqing Dang
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Junji Cao
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China.
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Characteristics of Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5)-Bound n-Alkanes and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a Hong Kong Suburban Area. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13060980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PM2.5 samples were collected at Tung Chung (TC), Hong Kong, during four nonconsecutive months in 2011/2012 to determine the concentrations, seasonal variations, and potential sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and n-alkanes (n-C15-n-C35). Samples were analyzed using the thermal desorption gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (TD-GC/MS) method. The concentrations of particulate PAHs ranged from 1.26–13.93 ng/m3 with a mean value of 2.57 ng/m3, dominated by 4-ring species. Phenanthrene (Phe) and fluoranthene (Flu) were the two most abundant species, accounting for 13% and 18%, respectively. The dominant sources of PAHs were coal and biomass burning. The inhalation cancer risk value in our study exceeded 1 × 10−6 but was below 1 × 10−4, implying that the inhalation cancer risk of PAHs at the TC site is acceptable. The average concertation of n-alkanes was 103.21 ng/m3 (ranging from 38.58 to 191.44 ng/m3), and C25 was the most abundant species. Both PAHs and n-alkanes showed higher concentrations in autumn and winter whilst these values were lowest in summer. The carbon preference index (CPI) and percent contribution of wax n-alkanes showed that biogenic sources were the major sources. The annual average contributions of higher plant wax to n-alkanes at TC were over 40%.
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Wang P, Qi A, Huang Q, Wang Y, Tuo X, Zhao T, Duan S, Gao H, Zhang W, Xu P, Zhang T, Zhang X, Wang W, Yang L. Spatial and temporal variation, source identification, and toxicity evaluation of brominated/chlorinated/nitrated/oxygenated-PAHs at a heavily industrialized area in eastern China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 822:153542. [PMID: 35101518 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Some derivatives of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) such as chlorinated and brominated PAHs (Cl/BrPAHs), nitrated and oxygenated PAHs (N/OPAHs) have attracted significant concern due to their high toxicity. Knowledge of the profiles, formation mechanisms, and potential sources of these toxic chemicals near the industrial complexes is essential for their pollution control and management. In this study, we monitored Cl/BrPAHs, N/OPAHs, and PAHs at 24 sampling sites near a heavily industrialized area (steel, chemical, and rubber plants) using passive air samplers during the heating period (7 December 2019 to 15 April 2020) and the non-heating period (2 June 2020 to 4 October 2020). The total average concentrations of 16 BrPAHs, 8 ClPAHs, 17 NPAHs, 6 OPAHs, and 18 PAHs during both sampling periods were 471 pg/m3, 229 pg/m3, 312 pg/m3, 2120 pg/m3, and 63.1 ng/m3, respectively. Except for NPAHs, BrPAHs, ClPAHs, OPAHs, and PAHs all showed higher levels during the heating period. The spatial distributions of Cl/BrPAHs, N/OPAHs, and PAHs exhibited a similar pattern, with the highest concentrations detected in the vicinity of the steel industry. Congener profiles of PAH derivatives indicated that mono-substituted low molecular weight compounds (2-3 rings) were dominant. The major formation mechanisms of halogenated PAHs were discussed by correlation analysis and relative Gibbs free energies, and direct bromination of parent PAHs could be the major formation mechanism of BrPAHs in this study. Diagnostic ratios showed that NPAHs were mainly derived from primary emissions, but the contribution of secondary formation was increased at heavily contaminated sites. The positive matrix factorization model extracted four Cl/BrPAHs, three N/OPAHs, and four PAHs factors, and the result showed that PAHs and their derivatives mainly derived from industrial and combustion sources, photochemical reactions, vehicle emissions, and crude oil volatilization, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Anan Qi
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Qi Huang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Yiming Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Xiong Tuo
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Tong Zhao
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Shengfei Duan
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Hongliang Gao
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Wan Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Peng Xu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Tianqi Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Xiongfei Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Wenxing Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Lingxiao Yang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Climate Change, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China.
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8
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Yi Y, Meng J, Hou Z, Wang G, Zhou R, Li Z, Li Y, Chen M, Liu X, Li H, Yan L. Contrasting compositions and sources of organic aerosol markers in summertime PM 2.5 from urban and mountainous regions in the North China Plain. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 766:144187. [PMID: 33418249 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Although the chemical compositions and sources of organic aerosols (OAs) have been extensively investigated at the summit of Mt. Tai in the North China Plain (NCP), their vertical distributions and characterizations in the Mt. Tai region is not well known. To better understand the vertical variations of OAs in the urban and mountainous atmosphere, PM2.5 samples were collected simultaneously on a daytime/nighttime basis at two sites of different altitudes (Taian urban site: 20 m above ground; the summit of Mt. Tai: 1534 m a.s.l.) during the summer of 2016. The concentrations of all the determined chemical compounds (e.g., OC, EC, inorganic ions, saccharides, n-alkanes, PAHs and hopanes) except for biogenic secondary organic aerosol (BSOA) tracers decreased with the increase in sampling height, indicating the relatively larger contribution of anthropogenic pollutants to OAs at the lower heights. The relatively low concentration levels of biomass burning tracers (e.g., levoglucosan, galactosan and mannosan) and the insignificant correlations of levoglucosan with carbonaceous species demonstrated a negligible effect of biomass burning on the mountaintop atmosphere. The enhanced concentrations of BSOA tracers were observed with the increase of height, largely due to the more intensive secondary oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) under the stronger radiation conditions at the summit. The daytime concentrations of carbonaceous species, primary sugars, sugar alcohols, PAHs and low molecular weight n-alkanes were significantly higher than those in nighttime at Mt. Tai, suggesting that these chemical compounds at the summit of Mt.Tai aerosols were transported from the ground surface by valley breezes in daytime. There was no correlation between BSOA tracers and relative humidity (RH) or liquid water content (LWC) at both the sites, because both the high RH and LWC can suppress the acid-catalyzed formation of BSOA due to the dilution of the aerosol acidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Yi
- School of Environment and Planning, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Jingjing Meng
- School of Environment and Planning, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China.
| | - Zhanfang Hou
- School of Environment and Planning, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Gehui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Ruiwen Zhou
- School of Environment and Planning, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Zheng Li
- School of Environment and Planning, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- School of Environment and Planning, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Min Chen
- School of Environment and Planning, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Xiaodi Liu
- School of Environment and Planning, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China; Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Hongji Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Jilin Normal University, Siping 136000, China
| | - Li Yan
- Chinese Academy for Environmental Planning, Beijing 100012, China
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9
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Analysis and Risk Assessment of PM2.5-Bound PAHs in a Comparison of Indoor and Outdoor Environments in a Middle School: A Case Study in Beijing, China. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11090904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
People spend most of their time in indoors and, as a result, indoor air quality has become an issue of increasing concern. Due to the use of coal and heavy transportation in Beijing, China, concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) bound to PM2.5 have risen and caused concerns about health risk, both outdoors and indoors. This study carried out quantitative investigation of PM2.5-bound PAHs in middle school classrooms and estimated the health risk to adolescents. According to the results, indoor PM2.5 concentrations ranged from 20.9 μg/m3 to 257.6 μg/m3, indoor PAH concentrations ranged from 8.0 ng/m3 to 83.0 ng/m3, and both were statistically correlated with outdoor concentrations. Results of diagnostic ratios (DR) and the PMF (positive matrix factorization) model indicated that coal combustion was the main source of PAHs in the classroom environment. The average value of incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) was estimated to be 1.49 × 10−6, which indicated a potential health risk to students according to USEPA standards. Predictions showed that by 2021–2022, the risk will be reduced to an acceptable level. Results of this study could provide useful information for air pollution control in Beijing and proposing targeted solution against indoor air pollution.
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10
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Chemical Composition and Light Absorption of PM2.5 Observed at Two Sites near a Busy Road during Summer and Winter. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10144858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To examine the difference in the major chemical composition of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) between two roadway sites, 24 h integrated PM2.5 samples were simultaneously collected both 15 m (Buk-Ku District Office (BKO) site) and 150 m (Chonnam National University campus (CNU) site) away from busy roads during the summer and winter periods; these samples were taken to determine the concentrations of organic and elemental carbon (OC and EC), water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), and water-soluble inorganic species. In addition, the real-time aerosol light absorption coefficients (Abs) were measured using a dual-spot seven-wavelength aethalometer at the CNU site to evaluate the influence of traffic and biomass burning (BB) emissions on the concentrations of organic aerosol particles. The hourly NO2 concentration was also observed at an air pollution monitoring network that is about 2 km away from the CNU site. During summer, 24 h PM2.5 concentrations (PM2.5 episode) which exceeded the Korean PM2.5 standard (35 μg/m3) were linked to increases in organic matter (OM) and SO42− concentrations that accounted for on average 35–41% and 26–30%, respectively, of the PM2.5 at the two sites. The increased SO42− concentration was most likely attributable to the inflow of long-range transported aerosols, rather than local production, as demonstrated by both the MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) images and transport pathways of air masses reaching the sites. On the other hand, the OM, WSOC, and EC concentrations were directly attributable to traffic emissions at the sampling sites, as supported by the tight correlation between the OC and EC. A small difference between the absorption Ångström exponent (AAE) values calculated at wavelengths of 370–950 nm (AAE370–950nm) and 370–520 nm (AAE370–520nm), and the poor correlation of absorption coefficient by brown carbon (BrC) at 370 nm (AbsBrC370nm) with K+ (R2 = 0.00) also suggest a significant contribution of traffic emissions to OM. However, the wintertime PM2.5 episode was strongly related to the enhanced OM and NO3− concentrations, which contributed 26–28% and 22–23% of the PM2.5 concentration, respectively. It is interesting to note that there were two distinct OC/EC ratios in winter: a lower OC/EC (~3.0), which indicates a significant contribution of traffic emissions to the OC and EC, and a higher OC/EC (~6.5), which suggests an additional influence of BB emissions as well as traffic emissions at the sites. Strong correlations between the OC and EC (R2 = 0.72–0.83) and the enhanced AAE370–520nm values compared to the AAE370–950nm support that BB emissions were also an important contributor to the wintertime OM concentrations as well as traffic emissions at the two sites. A good correlation between the gaseous NO2 and NO3− and meteorological conditions (e.g., low wind speed and high relative humidity) suggest that the heterogeneous oxidation of NO2 on moist particles could be an important contributor to wintertime particulate NO3− formation at the sites. The OC concentrations during summer and winter were higher at the BKO site, with a higher traffic flow and a shorter distance from the roadway than at the CNU site. However, there were slight differences in the concentrations of secondary inorganic species (NO3−, SO42−, and NH4+) between the sites during summer and winter.
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Luo Q, Gu L, Shan Y, Wang H, Sun L. Distribution, source apportionment, and health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban soils from Shenyang, China. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2020; 42:1817-1832. [PMID: 31664636 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-019-00451-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A total of 74 urban topsoil samples were collected from the central area of Shenyang, China. The concentration, distribution, source, and health risk of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analyzed. The 16 USEPA priority PAHs were detected in all soil samples. The total concentrations of PAHs ranged from 283 to 21,821 ng/g dry weight (dw), with a mean value of 2370 ng/g and median value of 1427 ng/g. The benzo[a]pyrene toxicity equivalent (BaPeq) concentrations ranged from 6.03 to 2403 ng/g dw, with a mean value of 308 ng/g and median value of 185 ng/g. High molecular weight PAHs were the predominant components. The spatial distribution revealed that soil PAH concentrations within the Two Ring Road were high, but low in the south of Hun River. Compared with other urban soils, the pollution of PAHs in urban soils of Shenyang was at a moderate level, but increased rapidly compared with previous years, especially fluoranthene. Diagnostic ratios of PAHs and positive matrix factorization model all suggested that PAHs in urban soils of Shenyang were dominantly from pyrogenic origins. The health risk assessment indicated that children had the highest total carcinogenic risk, followed by adolescents and adults. The differences between gender groups for the same age group were insignificant. Ingestion was the dominant exposure pathway, followed by dermal contact and inhalation. The total lifetime carcinogenic risks at all sampling sites were lower than the highest acceptable risk (10-4), and those of Eastern, Central, and Western Shenyang were higher than those of Northern and Southern Shenyang.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Luo
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, China.
| | - Leiyan Gu
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, China
| | - Yue Shan
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, China
| | - Lina Sun
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, China
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12
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Qin S, Li B, Wang X, Huang H, Zeng M, Xiao F, Xu X. Metal Element Detection and Carcinogenicity Risk Assessment of PM 2.5 Samples. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2020; 39:1273-1276. [PMID: 32323372 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to conduct metal element analysis and carcinogenicity risk assessment of particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter <2.5 μm (PM2.5 ) from Shenzhen and Taiyuan. Samples of PM2.5 were collected in Shenzhen and Taiyuan during the yeas 2017 and 2018. Ten heavy metal elements were detected by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Health risk was assessed using the recommended US Environmental Protection Agency model. Metal elements found in PM2.5 samples from Shenzhen included (in decreasing order of concentration) Al, Pb, Mn, Cr, Cu, V, As, Ni, Cd, and Co. Metal elements found in Taiyuan included (in decreasing order of concentration) Al, Mn, Pb, Cr, Cu, As, Ni, V, Cd, and Co. There were significant differences in Pb, Mn, Al, As, and Ni levels between Shenzhen and Taiyuan (p < 0.05); but the remaining element levels did not show significant differences between the 2 cities. Risk-assessment data showed higher total risk from 5 carcinogenic metal elements in Taiyuan (3.79 × 10-4 ) compared to Shenzhen (2.44 × 10-4 ): Cr had the highest carcinogenicity risk (>10-4 ), followed by As, Ni, and Cd (10-6 ~ 10-4 ), and Pb had the lowest risk (<10-6 ). The results indicated that some of the metal elements in PM2.5 samples from Shenzhen and Taiyuan pose a carcinogenicity risk; further research and measures for prevention and control should be considered. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:1273-1276. © 2020 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangjian Qin
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Institute of Environment and Health, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Boru Li
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Institute of Environment and Health, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xun Wang
- Shenzhen Longgang District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Haiyan Huang
- Institute of Environment and Health, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Ming Zeng
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Fang Xiao
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xinyun Xu
- Institute of Environment and Health, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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13
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Characteristics and sources analysis of PM2.5 in a major industrial city of northern Xinjiang, China. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-020-2530-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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14
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Esmaeilirad S, Lai A, Abbaszade G, Schnelle-Kreis J, Zimmermann R, Uzu G, Daellenbach K, Canonaco F, Hassankhany H, Arhami M, Baltensperger U, Prévôt ASH, Schauer JJ, Jaffrezo JL, Hosseini V, El Haddad I. Source apportionment of fine particulate matter in a Middle Eastern Metropolis, Tehran-Iran, using PMF with organic and inorganic markers. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 705:135330. [PMID: 31835192 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
With over 8 million inhabitants and 4 million motor vehicles on the streets, Tehran is one of the most crowded and polluted cities in the Middle East. Frequent exceedances of national daily PM2.5 limit have been reported in this city during the last decade, yet, the chemical composition and sources of fine particles are poorly determined. In the present study, 24-hour PM2.5 samples were collected at two urban sites during two separate campaigns, a one-year period from 2014 to 2015 and another three-month period at the beginning of 2017. Concentrations of organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), inorganic ions, trace metals and specific organic molecular markers were measured by chemical analysis of filter samples. The dominant mass components were organic matter (OM), sulfate and EC. With a 20% water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) fraction, the predominance of primary anthropogenic sources (i.e. fossil fuel combustion) was anticipated. A positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis using the ME-2 (Multilinear Engine-2) solver was then applied to this dataset. 5 factors were identified by Marker-PMF, named as traffic exhaust (TE), biomass burning (BB), industries (Ind.), nitrate-rich and sulfate-rich. Another 4 factors were identified by Metal-PMF, including, dust, vehicles (traffic non-exhaust, TNE), industries (Ind.) and heavy fuel combustion (HFC). Traffic exhaust was the dominant source with 44.5% contribution to total quantified PM2.5 mass. Sulfate-rich (24.2%) and nitrate-rich (18.4%) factors were the next major contributing sources. Dust (4.4%) and biomass burning (6.7%) also had small contributions while the total share of all other factors was < 2%. Investigating the correlations of different factors between the two sampling sites showed that traffic emissions and biomass burning were local, whereas dust, heavy fuel combustion and industrial sources were regional. Results of this study indicate that gas- and particle-phase pollutants emitted from fossil fuel combustion (mobile and stationary) are the principal origin of both primary and secondary fine aerosols in Tehran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Esmaeilirad
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Azadi Ave., Tehran 11155-9567, Iran
| | - Alexandra Lai
- Environmental Chemistry & Technology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Gülcin Abbaszade
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Jürgen Schnelle-Kreis
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg 85764, Germany; Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Gaëlle Uzu
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, INP, IGE, UMR 5001, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - Kaspar Daellenbach
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), 5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Canonaco
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), 5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| | | | - Mohammad Arhami
- Department of Civil Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Azadi Ave., Tehran 11155-9313, Iran
| | - Urs Baltensperger
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), 5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| | - André S H Prévôt
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), 5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| | - James J Schauer
- Environmental Chemistry & Technology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jean-Luc Jaffrezo
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, INP, IGE, UMR 5001, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - Vahid Hosseini
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Azadi Ave., Tehran 11155-9567, Iran.
| | - Imad El Haddad
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), 5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland.
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15
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Javed W, Iakovides M, Garaga R, Stephanou EG, Kota SH, Ying Q, Wolfson JM, Koutrakis P, Guo B. Source apportionment of organic pollutants in fine and coarse atmospheric particles in Doha, Qatar. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2019; 69:1277-1292. [PMID: 31535951 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2019.1640803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the sources of organic pollutants associated with fine (PM2.5) and coarse (PM2.5-10) atmospheric particulate matter in Doha, Qatar based on an eight-month sampling campaign conducted from May to December 2015. Multiple organic compound tracers including 36 PAH members, 25 n-alkane homologs, 17 hopanes, and 12 steranes were used for organic aerosols source apportionment. Source apportionment based on specific molecular markers, molecular diagnostic ratios/indices, and positive matrix factorization (PMF) modeling showed that similar sources are responsible for both fine- and coarse-particle organic pollutants. PMF analysis showed that biogenic aerosols, fugitive dust emissions, gasoline engine emissions, diesel engine emissions, and heavy oil combustion were the five main pollution sources of organic aerosols, which agreed well with the results from the diagnostic ratios analysis. The conditional bivariate probability functions (CPF) and potential source contribution function (PSCF) indicated that both regional (i.e., mixed biogenic/secondary particles and oil refinery/shipping emissions) and local sources contributed to airborne organic aerosol concentrations observed at the site, depending on the wind speed and direction. It appears that the relatively high levels of organic pollutants were contributed by local anthropogenic sources, such as fossil fuel combustion, vehicular emissions, and fugitive dust emissions. The high levels of local contributions indicated that there might be great opportunities for Qatar to considerably reduce emissions so that population exposures to carbonaceous aerosols and the public health risks associated with air pollution can be minimized. Implications: Multiple organic tracers and various source apportionment techniques have been used for convincing source apportionment. It was found that both long-range and local sources have a significant impact on atmospheric carbonaceous particles in the area, depending on the wind conditions. Relatively high levels of organic pollutants attributed to local anthropogenic sources indicate that there are great opportunities for Qatar to establish and implement more efficient pollution control measures and policies. Regional sources such as petroleum refineries and shipping-vessels emissions in the Gulf region should also be regulated and managed through regional cooperation to improve the air quality in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasim Javed
- Mechanical Engineering Program, Texas A&M University at Qatar , Doha , Qatar
| | - Minas Iakovides
- Department of Chemistry, Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory (ECPL), University of Crete , Heraklion , Greece
- The Cyprus Institute, Energy, Environment and Water Research Center (EEWRC) , 2121, Aglantzia-Nicosia , Cyprus
| | - Rajyalakshmi Garaga
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology , Guwahati , India
| | - Euripides G Stephanou
- Department of Chemistry, Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory (ECPL), University of Crete , Heraklion , Greece
- The Cyprus Institute, Energy, Environment and Water Research Center (EEWRC) , 2121, Aglantzia-Nicosia , Cyprus
| | - Sri Harsha Kota
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology , Delhi , India
| | - Qi Ying
- Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University , College Station , TX , USA
| | - Jack M Wolfson
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston , Massachusetts , USA
| | - Petros Koutrakis
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston , Massachusetts , USA
| | - Bing Guo
- Mechanical Engineering Program, Texas A&M University at Qatar , Doha , Qatar
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16
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Liu H, Ma S, Zhang X, Yu Y. Application of thermal desorption methods for airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon measurement: A critical review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 254:113018. [PMID: 31419659 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Thermal desorption (TD) is a universal solvent-free pre-concentration technique. It is often used to pre-concentrate semi-volatile and volatile organic compounds in various sample types. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widespread contaminants from incomplete combustion of organic matter and fossil fuel, which have carcinogenic effects on human health. Conventional methods for determining PAHs, represented by solvent extraction, are gradually being replaced by solvent-free methods, typically the TD technique, because of TD's many advantages, including time savings and environmentally friendly treatment. This work presents an extensive review of the universal methods used to determine PAHs in the atmosphere based on the TD technique. The methods currently used for collection and detection of both gas- and particle-phase PAHs in the air are critically reviewed. In addition, the operating parameters of the TD unit are summarized and discussed. The design shortcomings of existing studies and the problems that researchers should address are presented, and promising alternatives are suggested. This paper also discusses important parameters, such as reproducibility and limit of detection, that form a crucial part of quality assurance. Finally, the limitations and the future prospects of the TD technique for use in airborne PAH analyses are addressed. This is the first review of the latest developments of the TD technique for analysis of PAHs and their derivatives in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shengtao Ma
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Synergy Innovation Institute of GDUT, Shantou 515100, China
| | - Xiaolan Zhang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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17
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Li Y, Xu H, Wang J, Ho SSH, He K, Shen Z, Ning Z, Sun J, Li L, Lei R, Zhang T, Lei Y, Yang L, Cao Y, Cao J. Personal exposure to PM 2.5-bound organic species from domestic solid fuel combustion in rural Guanzhong Basin, China: Characteristics and health implication. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 227:53-62. [PMID: 30981970 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Domestic solid fuels combustion produces a mass of fine particulate matter (PM2.5). PM2.5-bound organics, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), oxygenated-PAHs (OPAHs), phthalate esters (PAEs) and hopanes, were quantified in indoor, outdoor and personal exposure samples collected in rural Guanzhong Basin, China. The average concentration of total quantified PAHs in personal exposure samples was 310 ± 443 ng m-3, 1.5 times of those of indoor (211 ± 120 ng m-3) and outdoor (189 ± 115 ng m-3). Similar observations were found for the OPAHs and PAEs, i.e., much higher concentrations were seen in personal exposure samples. Hopanes average personal exposure concentration (13 ± 9.7 ng m-3) was comparable to indoors (15 ± 9.7 ng m-3) and outdoors (13 ± 9.6 ng m-3). Among four common heating ways applied in Chinese dwelling, the highest exposure levels to PAHs, OPAHs and PAEs were found for indoor coal chunks stoves. Concentration under electric power was 1.2-4.5 folds lower than those with solid fuels in this study, proved to be the cleanest energy for the household heating. The exposures to PM2.5 on cell viabilities were also investigated. The largest reduction of 70% on cell viabilities was seen for indoor coal chunks stove housewives, indicating that the emissions from coal combustion had the greatest cytotoxic effects. The results evidenced that the heating ways in rural area could greatly impact on the housewife health in northwestern China. Advanced heating technology and protection should be conducted to reduce the personal exposures to PM2.5 from domestic solid fuel combustions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Li
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hongmei Xu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China; Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Jinhui Wang
- NICU, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Steven Sai Hang Ho
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Kailai He
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhenxing Shen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhi Ning
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lijuan Li
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Ronghui Lei
- Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tian Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yali Lei
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yongxiao Cao
- Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
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Feng B, Li L, Xu H, Wang T, Wu R, Chen J, Zhang Y, Liu S, Ho SSH, Cao J, Huang W. PM 2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Beijing: Seasonal variations, sources, and risk assessment. J Environ Sci (China) 2019; 77:11-19. [PMID: 30573075 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2017.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been of health concern due to its carcinogenesis and mutagenesis. In this study, we aimed to assess the variations, sources, and lifetime excessive cancer risk (ECR) attributable to PAHs bound to ambient particulate matters with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5μm (PM2.5) in metropolitan Beijing, China. We collected 24-hour integrated PM2.5 samples on daily basis between November 2014 and June 2015 across both central heating (cold months) and non-heating (warm months) seasons, and further analyzed the PAH components in these daily PM2.5 samples. Our results showed that total concentrations of PM2.5-bound PAHs varied between (88.6±75.4)ng/m3 in the cold months and (11.0±5.9)ng/m3 in the warm months. Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), the carcinogenic marker of PAHs, averaged at 5.7 and 0.4ng/m3 in the cold and warm months, respectively. Source apportionment analyses illustrated that gasoline, biomass burning, diesel, coal combustion and cooking were the major contributors, accounting for 12.9%, 17.8%, 24.7%, 24.3% and 6.4% of PM2.5-bound PAHs, respectively. The BaP equivalent lifetime ECR from inhalation of PM2.5-bound PAHs was 16.2 cases per million habitants. Our results suggested that ambient particulate reduction from energy reconstruction and adaption of clean fuels would result in reductions PM2.5-bound PAHs and its associated cancer risks. However, as only particulate phased PAHs was analyzed in the present study, the concentration of ambient PAHs could be underestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baihuan Feng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing 100871, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Lijuan Li
- Institute of Earth and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Hongbing Xu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Tong Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Rongshan Wu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shuo Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Steven Sai Hang Ho
- Institute of Earth and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Junji Cao
- Institute of Earth and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing 100871, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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19
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Javed W, Iakovides M, Stephanou EG, Wolfson JM, Koutrakis P, Guo B. Concentrations of aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient PM 2.5 and PM 10 particulates in Doha, Qatar. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2019; 69:162-177. [PMID: 30199331 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2018.1520754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), and 90 organic compounds (36 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [PAHs], 25 n-alkane homologues, 17 hopanes, and 12 steranes) were concurrently quantified in atmospheric particulate matter of PM2.5 and PM10. The 24-hr PM samples were collected using Harvard Impactors at a suburban site in Doha, Qatar, from May to December 2015. The mass concentrations (mean ± standard deviation) of PM2.5 and PM10 were 40 ± 15 and 145 ± 70 µg m-3, respectively, exceeding the World Health Organization (WHO) air quality guidelines. Coarse particles comprised 70% of PM10. Total carbonaceous contents accounted for 14% of PM2.5 and 10% of PM10 particulate mass. The major fraction (90%) of EC was associated with the PM2.5. In contrast, 70% of OC content was found in the PM2.5-10 fraction. The secondary OC accounted for 60-68% of the total OC in both PM fractions, indicating photochemical conversions of organics are much active in the area due to higher air temperatures and solar radiations. Among the studied compounds, n-alkanes were the most abundant group, followed by PAHs, hopanes, and steranes. n-Alkanes from C25 to C35 prevailed with a predominance of odd carbon numbered congeners (C27-C31). High-molecular-weight PAHs (5-6 rings) also prevailed, within their class, with benzo[b + j]fluoranthene (Bb + jF) being the dominant member. PAHs were mainly (80%) associated with the PM2.5 fraction. Local vehicular and fugitive emissions were predominant during low-speed southeasterly winds from urban areas, while remote petrogenic/biogenic emissions were particularly significant under prevailing northwesterly wind conditions. Implications: An unprecedented study in Qatar established concentration profiles of EC, OC, and 90 organic compounds in PM2.5 and PM10. Multiple tracer organic compounds for each source can be used for convincing source apportionment. Particle concentrations exceeded WHO air quality guidelines for 82-96% of the time, revealing a severe problem of atmospheric PM in Doha. Dominance of EC and PAHs in fine particles signifies contributions from combustion sources. Dependence of pollutants concentrations on wind speed and direction suggests their significant temporal and spatial variability, indicating opportunities for improving the air quality by identifying sources of airborne contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasim Javed
- a Mechanical Engineering Program , Texas A&M University at Qatar , Doha , Qatar
| | - Minas Iakovides
- b Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory (ECPL), Department of Chemistry , University of Crete , Heraklion , Greece
- c The Cyprus Institute , Aglantzia , Republic of Cyprus
| | - Euripides G Stephanou
- b Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory (ECPL), Department of Chemistry , University of Crete , Heraklion , Greece
- c The Cyprus Institute , Aglantzia , Republic of Cyprus
| | - Jack M Wolfson
- d Department of Environmental Health , Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Petros Koutrakis
- d Department of Environmental Health , Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Bing Guo
- a Mechanical Engineering Program , Texas A&M University at Qatar , Doha , Qatar
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20
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Wang F, Feng T, Guo Z, Li Y, Lin T, Rose NL. Sources and dry deposition of carbonaceous aerosols over the coastal East China Sea: Implications for anthropogenic pollutant pathways and deposition. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 245:771-779. [PMID: 30502707 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.11.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
75 paired TSP and PM2.5 samples were collected over four seasons on Huaniao Island (HNI), an island that lies downwind of continental pollutants emitted from mainland China to the East China Sea (ECS). These samples were analyzed for organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC), with a special focus on char-EC (char) and soot-EC (soot), to understand their sources, and the scale and extent of pollution and dry deposition over the coastal ECS. The results showed that char concentrations in PM2.5 and TSP averaged from 0.13 to 1.01 and 0.31-1.44 μg m-3; while for soot, they were from 0.03 to 0.21 and 0.16-0.56 μg m-3, respectively. 69.0% of the char and 36.4% of the soot were present in PM2.5. The char showed apparent seasonal variations, with highest concentrations in winter and lowest in summer; while soot displayed maximum concentrations in fall and minimum in summer. The char/soot ratios in PM2.5 averaged from 3.29 to 17.22; while for TSP, they were from 1.20 to 7.07. Both of the ratios in PM2.5 and TSP were highest in winter and lowest in fall. Comparisons of seasonal variations in OC/EC and char/soot ratios confirmed that char/soot may be a more effective indicator of carbonaceous aerosol source identification than OC/EC. Annual average atmospheric dry deposition fluxes of OC and EC into ECS were estimated to be 229 and 107 μg m-2 d-1, respectively, and their deposition fluxes significantly increased during episodes. It was estimated that the loadings of OC + EC and EC accounted for 1.3% and 4.1% of the total organic carbon and EC in ECS surface sediments, respectively, implying a relatively small contribution of OC and EC dry deposition to organic carbon burial. This finding also indicates a possibly more important contribution of wet deposition to organic carbon burial in sediments of ECS, and this factor should be considered for future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengwen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China; Department of Environmental Science, College of Resources and Environmental Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China.
| | - Ting Feng
- Department of Environmental Science, College of Resources and Environmental Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Zhigang Guo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Tian Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550002, China
| | - Neil L Rose
- Environmental Change Research Centre, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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21
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Ren H, Kang M, Ren L, Zhao Y, Pan X, Yue S, Li L, Zhao W, Wei L, Xie Q, Li J, Wang Z, Sun Y, Kawamura K, Fu P. The organic molecular composition, diurnal variation, and stable carbon isotope ratios of PM 2.5 in Beijing during the 2014 APEC summit. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 243:919-928. [PMID: 30245454 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.08.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Organic tracers are useful for investigating the sources of carbonaceous aerosols but there are still no adequate studies in China. To obtain insights into the diurnal variations, properties, and the influence of regional emission controls on carbonaceous aerosols in Beijing, day-/nighttime PM2.5 samples were collected before (Oct. 15th - Nov. 2nd) and during (Nov. 3rd - Nov. 12th) the 2014 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) summit. Eleven organic compound classes were analysed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). In addition, the stable carbon isotope ratios (δ13CTC) of total carbon (TC) were detected using an elemental analyser/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (EA/irMS). Most of the organic compounds were more abundant during the night than in the daytime, and their concentrations generally decreased during the APEC. These features were associated with the strict regional emission controls and meteorological conditions. The day/night variations of δ13CTC were smaller during the APEC than those before the APEC the summit, suggesting that regionally transported aerosols are potentially played an important role in the loading of organic aerosols in Beijing before the APEC summit. The source apportionment based on the organic tracers suggested that biomass burning, plastic and microbial emissions, and fossil fuel combustion were important sources of organic aerosols in Beijing. Furthermore, a similar contribution of biomass burning to OC before and during the APEC suggests biomass burning was a persistent contributor to PM2.5 in Beijing and its surroundings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Mingjie Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Lujie Ren
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Xiaole Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Siyao Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Linjie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wanyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lianfang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qiaorong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Zifa Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yele Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Kimitaka Kawamura
- Chubu Institute for Advanced Studies, Chubu University, Kasugai, 487-8501, Japan
| | - Pingqing Fu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China; State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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22
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Zhou J, Ho SSH, Cao J, Zhao Z, Zhao S, Zhu C, Wang Q, Liu S, Zhang T, Zhao Y, Wang P, Tie X. Chemical characterization of PM 2.5 from a southern coastal city of China: applications of modeling and chemical tracers in demonstration of regional transport. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:20591-20605. [PMID: 29748814 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2238-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
An intensive sampling campaign of airborne fine particles (PM2.5) was conducted at Sanya, a coastal city in Southern China, from January to February 2012. Chemical analyses and mass reconstruction were used identify potential pollution sources and investigate atmospheric reaction mechanisms. A thermodynamic model indicated that low ammonia and high relative humidity caused the aerosols be acidic and that drove heterogeneous reactions which led to the formation of secondary inorganic aerosol. Relationships among neutralization ratios, free acidity, and air-mass trajectories suggest that the atmosphere at Sanya was impacted by both local and regional emissions. Three major transport pathways were identified, and flow from the northeast (from South China) typically brought the most polluted air to Sanya. A case study confirmed strong impact from South China (e.g., Pearl River Delta region) (contributed 76.8% to EC, and then this result can be extended to primary pollutants) when the northeast winds were dominant. The Weather Research Forecasting Black carbon model and trace organic markers were used to apportion local pollution versus regional contributions. Results of the study offer new insights into the atmospheric conditions and air pollution at this coastal city.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamao Zhou
- KLACP, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Steven Sai Hang Ho
- KLACP, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, 89512, USA
| | - Junji Cao
- KLACP, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China.
| | - Zhuzi Zhao
- KLACP, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Shuyu Zhao
- KLACP, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Chongshu Zhu
- KLACP, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Qiyuan Wang
- KLACP, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Suixin Liu
- KLACP, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- KLACP, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Youzhi Zhao
- Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya, 572022, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya, 572022, China
| | - Xuexi Tie
- KLACP, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
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23
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Xu H, Guinot B, Ho SSH, Li Y, Cao J, Shen Z, Niu X, Zhao Z, Liu S, Lei Y, Zhang Q, Sun J. Evaluation on exposures to particulate matter at a junior secondary school: a comprehensive study on health risks and effective inflammatory responses in Northwestern China. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2018; 40:849-863. [PMID: 29019007 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-017-0030-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Air pollutant measurement and respiratory inflammatory tests were conducted at a junior secondary school in Xi'an, Northwestern China. Hazardous substances including particulate matters (PMs), black carbon (BC) and particle-bounded polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were quantified both indoors and outdoors of the school. Source characterization with organic tracers and particle-size distribution demonstrated that the school's air was mostly polluted by combustion emissions from the surrounding environment. The evaluation of health assessment related to air quality was conducted by two methods, including potential risk estimation of air pollutants and direct respiratory inflammatory test. The incremental lifetime cancer risks associated with PAHs were estimated and were 1.62 × 10-6 and 2.34 × 10-6, respectively, for indoor and outdoor fine PMs. Both the values exceeded the threshold value of 1 × 10-6, demonstrating that the carcinogenic PAHs are a health threat to the students. Respiratory inflammatory responses of 50 students who studied in the sample classroom were examined with a fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) test, with the aid of health questionnaires. The average FeNO concentration was 17.4 ± 8.5 ppb, which was slightly lower than the recommended level of 20 ppb established by the American Thoracic Society for children. However, a wide distribution and 6% of the values were > 35 ppb, suggesting that the potentials were still high for eosinophilic inflammation and responsiveness to corticosteroids. A preliminary interpretation of the relationship between air toxins and respiratory inflammatory response demonstrated the high exposure cancer risks and inflammatory responses of the students to PMs in the city.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Xu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
- Laboratoire d'Aérologie, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Benjamin Guinot
- Laboratoire d'Aérologie, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Steven Sai Hang Ho
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China.
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, 89512, USA.
| | - Yaqi Li
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China.
| | - Zhenxing Shen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xinyi Niu
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhuohui Zhao
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Suixin Liu
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Yali Lei
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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24
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Zhang H, Wang R, Xue H, Hu R, Liu G. Characteristic and Source of Atmospheric PM 10- and PM 2.5-bound PAHs in a Typical Metallurgic City Near Yangtze River in China. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2018; 100:303-309. [PMID: 29177910 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-017-2217-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The characteristics of atmospheric PM10- and PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were investigated in Tongling city, China. Results showed that the total concentrations of PM10- and PM2.5-bound PAHs exhibited distinct seasonal and spatial variability. The metallurgic sites showed the highest PAH concentrations, which is mainly attributed to the metallurgic activities (mainly copper ore smelting) and coal combustion as the smelting fuel. The rural area showed the lowest concentrations, but exhibited significant increase from summer to autumn. This seasonal fluctuation is mainly caused by the biomass burning at the sites in the harvest season. The diagnostic ratio indicated that the main PAHs sources were vehicle exhausts, coal combustion and biomass burning. The total BaP equivalent concentration (BAP-TEQ) was found to be maximum at DGS site in winter, whereas it was minimum at BGC site in summer. Risk assessment indicates that residential exposure to PAHs in the industrial area, especially in the winter season, may pose a greater inhalation cancer risk than people living in living area and rural area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle and the Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Anhui Environment Science Institute, Hefei, 230021, Anhui, China
| | - Ruwei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle and the Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Huaqin Xue
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle and the Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Ruoyu Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle and the Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Guijian Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle and the Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China.
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25
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Wang J, Cao J, Dong Z, Guinot B, Gao M, Huang R, Han Y, Huang Y, Ho SSH, Shen Z. Seasonal variation, spatial distribution and source apportionment for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) at nineteen communities in Xi'an, China: The effects of suburban scattered emissions in winter. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 231:1330-1343. [PMID: 28923340 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.08.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Seasonal variation and spatial distribution of PM2.5 bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were investigated at urban residential, commercial area, university, suburban region, and industry in Xi'an, during summer and winter time at 2013. Much higher levels of total PAHs were obtained in winter. Spatial distributions by kriging interpolations principle showed that relative high PAHs were detected in western Xi'an in both summer and winter, with decreasing trends in winter from the old city wall to the 2nd-3rd ring road except for the suburban region and industry. Coefficients of diversity and statistics by SPSS method demonstrated that PAHs in suburban have significant differences (t < 0.05) with those in urban residential in both seasons. The positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) modeling indicated that biomass burning (31.1%) and vehicle emissions (35.9%) were main sources for PAHs in winter and summer in urban, which different with the suburban. The coal combustion was the main source for PAHs in suburban region, which accounted for 46.6% in winter and sharp decreased to 19.2% in summer. Scattered emissions from uncontrolled coal combustion represent an important source of PAHs in suburban in winter and there were about 135 persons in Xi'an will suffer from lung cancer for lifetime exposure at winter levels. Further studies are needed to specify the effluence of the scattered emission in suburban to the city and to develop a strategy for controlling those emissions and lighten possible health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingzhi Wang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Geography Education, School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China; Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Zhibao Dong
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Geography Education, School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China; Laboratory of Blown Sand Physics and Desert Environments, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Benjamin Guinot
- Laboratoire d'Aerologie, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Meiling Gao
- Environmental Health Sciences Division, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, 50 University Hall 7360, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Rujin Huang
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Yongming Han
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Steven Sai Hang Ho
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Zhenxing Shen
- Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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Lynam MM, Dvonch JT, Turlington JM, Olson D, Landis MS. Combustion-Related Organic Species in Temporally Resolved Urban Airborne Particulate Matter. AIR QUALITY, ATMOSPHERE, & HEALTH 2017; 10:917-927. [PMID: 30505358 PMCID: PMC6261300 DOI: 10.1007/s11869-017-0482-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Accurate characterization of the chemical composition of particulate matter (PM) is essential for improved understanding of source attribution and resultant health impacts. To explore this we conducted ambient monitoring of a suite of 15 combustion-related organic species in temporally resolved PM 2.5 samples during an ongoing animal exposure study in a near source environment in Detroit, MI. All of the 15 species detected were above the method detection limit in 8 hour samples. This study focused on two molecular classes: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Hopanes measured in samples. Of the 12 PAHs studied, benzo[b]fluoranthene (169 pg m-3), benzo[g,h,i]perylene (124 pg m-3), and benzo[e]pyrene (118, pg m-3) exhibited the three highest mean concentrations while 17α(H),21β(H)-Hopane (189 pg m-3) and 17α(H),21β(H)-30-Norhopane (145 pg m-3) had the highest mean concentrations of the 3 Hopanes analyzed in samples. Ratios of individual compound concentrations to total compound concentrations (∑ 15 compounds) showed the greatest daily variation for 17α(H),21β(H)-Hopane (11-28%) and 17α(H),21β(H)-30-Norhopane (8-20%). Diagnostic PAH concentration ratios ([IP]/[IP + BP] (range 0.30 - 0.45), [BaP]/[BaP+BeP] (range 0.26 - 0.44), [BaP]/[BP] (range 0.41 - 0.82), [Bb]/[Bk] (range 2.07 - 2.66), in samples reflected impacts froma mixture of combustion sources consistent with greater prevalence of petroleum combustion source emissions (gasoline, diesel, kerosene, and crude oil) compared to coal or wood combustion emissions impacts at this urban site. Results from this study demonstrate that short duration sampling for organic speciation provides temporally relevant exposure information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary M. Lynam
- University of Michigan Air Quality Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - J. Timothy Dvonch
- University of Michigan Air Quality Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - John M. Turlington
- U.S. EPA Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - David Olson
- U.S. EPA Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Matthew S. Landis
- U.S. EPA Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
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Liu Y, Feng GZ, Du Q, Jin XX, Du XR. Fine particulate matter aggravates allergic airway inflammation through thymic stromal lymphopoietin activation in mice. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:4201-4207. [PMID: 28765890 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has been linked to exacerbation of allergic airway inflammation in mice. However, the mechanism underlying exposure to PM2.5 and subsequent and adverse effects remains to be fully elucidated. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of PM2.5 by different levels on airway inflammation in mouse models of in allergic and steroid‑resistant asthma. BALB/c mice were nasally instilled with PBS (control) or 10, 31.6 or 100 µg PM2.5, and randomly assigned into nine groups. The acute asthma model was previously induced to investigate the change of inflammatory cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Histopathological changes of the lung were assessed, in addition to levels of interleukin (IL)‑4 and IL‑13 in BALF and immunoglobulin Ein serum. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) proteinexpression levels were assessed by western blotting. The present study demonstrated that medium‑ and high‑dose PM2.5 is linked to acute exacerbation of allergic airway inflammation in mice. In conclusion, the pathological mechanisms of PM2.5 may be associated with allergic/steroid‑resistant airway inflammation, T‑cell helper (Th)1/Th2 cytokine production and upregulation of TSLP expression in a murine model of allergic and steroid-resistant asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Department of Respiratory, The Central Hospital of Maanshan, Maanshan, Anhui 243000, P.R. China
| | - Gan-Zhu Feng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210011, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Du
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210011, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Xiang Jin
- Department of Respiratory, The Central Hospital of Maanshan, Maanshan, Anhui 243000, P.R. China
| | - Xing-Ran Du
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210011, P.R. China
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Li D, Liu J, Zhang J, Gui H, Du P, Yu T, Wang J, Lu Y, Liu W, Cheng Y. Identification of long-range transport pathways and potential sources of PM 2.5 and PM 10 in Beijing from 2014 to 2015. J Environ Sci (China) 2017; 56:214-229. [PMID: 28571857 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2016.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Trajectory clustering, potential source contribution function (PSCF) and concentration-weighted trajectory (CWT) methods were applied to investigate the transport pathways and identify potential sources of PM2.5 and PM10 in different seasons from June 2014 to May 2015 in Beijing. The cluster analyses showed that Beijing was affected by trajectories from the south and southeast in summer and autumn. In winter and spring, Beijing was not only affected by the trajectories from the south and southeast, but was also affected by trajectories from the north and northwest. In addition, the analyses of the pressure profile of backward trajectories showed that backward trajectories, which have important influence on Beijing, were mainly distributed above 970hPa in summer and autumn and below 950hPa in spring and winter. This indicates that PM2.5 and PM10 were strongly affected by the near surface air masses in summer and autumn and by high altitude air masses in winter and spring. Results of PSCF and CWT analyses showed that the largest potential source areas were identified in spring, followed by winter and autumn, then summer. In addition, potential source regions of PM10 were similar to those of PM2.5. There were a clear seasonal and spatial variation of the potential source areas of Beijing and the airflow in the horizontal and vertical directions. Therefore, more effective regional emission reduction measures in Beijing's surrounding provinces should be implemented to reduce emissions of regional sources in different seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deping Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui, Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Jianguo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui, Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Jiaoshi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui, Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Huaqiao Gui
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui, Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Peng Du
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui, Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Tongzhu Yu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui, Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui, Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Yihuai Lu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui, Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Wenqing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui, Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yin Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui, Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
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Lyu Y, Xu T, Yang X, Chen J, Cheng T, Li X. Seasonal contributions to size-resolved n-alkanes (C 8-C 40) in the Shanghai atmosphere from regional anthropogenic activities and terrestrial plant waxes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 579:1918-1928. [PMID: 27939078 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.11.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Size-resolved aerosol samples from the Shanghai atmosphere were analyzed for normal alkanes (n-alkanes, C8-C40) by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-flame ionization detection and gas chromatography-triple quadruple mass spectroscopy to study their size distribution and contributions from potential regional sources based on a one-year (2012-2013) sampling campaign. The n-alkane concentrations ranged from 62.3 to 398.5ngm-3, with an annual average of 227.6ngm-3. Particle-associated n-alkanes exhibited a bimodal distribution with one peak in the accumulation-mode size range and the other in the coarse-mode size range. As the carbon number increased, the peak in the accumulation mode intensified and the peak in the coarse mode weakened, in accordance with variation of their corresponding volatilities. Source indices (carbon preference index, average chain length, odd-even carbon number preference, unresolved to resolved n-alkanes ratio, and plant wax n-alkanes ratio) indicated that the n-alkane source profile shifted from an anthropogenic-dominated pattern in winter and spring to a terrestrial plant wax-influenced pattern in summer and autumn. Further trajectory cluster analysis and potential source contribution function modeling showed that anthropogenic activities were mainly in the North China Plain and East China and that terrestrial plant waxes originated in Anhui, Zhejiang, and Jiangxi Provinces. The results of our study provide useful information for evaluating the influence of anthropogenic and biogenic activities on the atmospheric transport of important secondary organic aerosol precursors to megacities in East Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lyu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Tingting Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Tiantao Cheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Xiang Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Zhang J, Yang L, Mellouki A, Wen L, Yang Y, Gao Y, Jiang P, Li Y, Wang W. Chemical characteristics and influence of continental outflow on PM 1.0, PM 2.5 and PM 10 measured at Tuoji island in the Bohai Sea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 573:699-706. [PMID: 27589821 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.08.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the chemical characteristics and sources of size-segregated particles in the background region, PM1.0, PM2.5 and PM10 samples were collected in Tuoji Island (TI) during the winter of 2014. Water-soluble inorganic ions (WSIIs) including Na+, NH4+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl-, NO3- and SO42-, organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) and water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) were analysed. The average mass concentrations of PM1.0, PM2.5 and PM10 were 44.5μg/m3, 62.0μg/m3 and 94.4μg/m3, respectively, and particles were importantly enriched in PM1.0. Secondary WSIIs (NH4+, NO3- and SO42-) were the most abundant species, and their contribution was highest in PM1.0. The average values of NOR and SOR were more than 0.1 in PM1.0, suggesting that secondary formation of SO42- and NO3- from the gas precursors SO2 and NO2 occurred in PM1.0. Secondary organic carbon accounted for 62.3% in PM1.0, 61.9% in PM1.0-2.5 and 48.9% in PM2.5-10 of OC, formed mainly in the fine mode. The particles concentrations were mainly affected by air mass from the North China Plain, especially the air mass from the southwest of Shandong province, which had low speed and altitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junmei Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Lingxiao Yang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Climate Change, China.
| | - Abdelwahid Mellouki
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China; Institut de Combustion, Aerothermique, Reactivité Environnement (ICARE), CNRS/OSUC, 1C Avenue de la Recherche Scientifique, 45071 Orléans Cedex 02, France
| | - Liang Wen
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yumeng Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Ying Gao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Pan Jiang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yanyan Li
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Wenxing Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
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31
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Xu H, Ho SSH, Gao M, Cao J, Guinot B, Ho KF, Long X, Wang J, Shen Z, Liu S, Zheng C, Zhang Q. Microscale spatial distribution and health assessment of PM 2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) at nine communities in Xi'an, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 218:1065-1073. [PMID: 27577984 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.08.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Spatial variability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) associated with fine particulate matter (PM2.5) was investigated in Xi'an, China, in summer of 2013. Sixteen priority PAHs were quantified in 24-h integrated air samples collected simultaneously at nine urban and suburban communities. The total quantified PAHs mass concentrations ranged from 32.4 to 104.7 ng m-3, with an average value of 57.1 ± 23.0 ng m-3. PAHs were observed higher concentrations at suburban communities (average: 86.3 ng m-3) than at urban ones (average: 48.8 ng m-3) due to a better enforcement of the pollution control policies at the urban scale, and meanwhile the disorganized management of motor vehicles and massive building constructions in the suburbs. Elevated PAH levels were observed in the industrialized regions (west and northwest of Xi'an) from Kriging interpolation analysis. Satellite-based visual interpretations of land use were also applied for the supporting the spatial distribution of PAHs among the communities. The average benzo[a]pyrene-equivalent toxicity (Σ[BaP]eq) at the nine communities was 6.9 ± 2.2 ng m-3 during the sampling period, showing a generally similar spatial distribution to PAHs levels. On average, the excess inhalation lifetime cancer risk derived from Σ[BaP]eq indicated that eight persons per million of community residents would develop cancer due to PM2.5-bound PAHs exposure in Xi'an. The great in-city spatial variability of PAHs confirmed the importance of multiple points sampling to conduct exposure health risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Xu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China; Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; Laboratoire d'Aérologie, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, France
| | - Steven Sai Hang Ho
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Meiling Gao
- Berkeley Energy and Climate Institute, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Benjamin Guinot
- Laboratoire d'Aérologie, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, France
| | - Kin Fai Ho
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xin Long
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Jingzhi Wang
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhenxing Shen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Suixin Liu
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Chunli Zheng
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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32
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Wang Q, Liu M, Yu Y, Li Y. Characterization and source apportionment of PM 2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from Shanghai city, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 218:118-128. [PMID: 27552045 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 07/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were studied in 230 daily fine particulate matter (PM2.5) samples collected in four seasons at urban and suburban sites of Shanghai, China. This study focused on the emission sources of PAHs and its dynamic results under different weather conditions and pollution levels and also emphasized on the spatial sources of PM2.5 and PAHs at a regional level. Annual concentrations of PM2.5 and 16 EPA priority PAHs were 53 μg/m3 and 6.9 ng/m3, respectively, with highest levels in winter. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) modeling identified four sources of PAHs: coal combustion, traffic, volatilization and biomass combustion, and coking, with contributions of 34.9%, 27.5%, 21.1% and 16.5%, respectively. The contribution of traffic, a local-indicative source, increased from 17.4% to 28.7% when wind speed changed from >2m/s to <2m/s, and increased from 18.3% to 31.3% when daily PAH concentrations changed from below to above the annual mean values. This indicated that local sources may have larger contributions under stagnant weather when poorer dispersion conditions and lower wind speed led to the accumulation of local-emitted pollutants. The trajectory clustering and potential source contribution function (PSCF) and concentration weighted trajectory (CWT) models showed clearly that air parcels moved from west had highest concentrations of PM2.5, total PAHs and high molecular weight (HMW) PAHs. While small differences were found among all five clusters in low molecular weight (LMW) PAHs. Sector analyses determined that regional transport source contributed 39.8% to annual PM2.5 and 52.5% to PAHs, mainly from western regions and varying with seasons. This work may make contribution to a better understanding and control of the increasingly severe air pollution in China as well as other developing Asian countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Wang
- Department of Geography, Key Laboratory of Geo-information of the Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Natural Disasters Process and Prevention, College of Territorial Resource and Tourism, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241003, China
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Geography, Key Laboratory of Geo-information of the Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China.
| | - Yingpeng Yu
- Department of Geography, Key Laboratory of Geo-information of the Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China; College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng 224051, China
| | - Ye Li
- Department of Geography, Key Laboratory of Geo-information of the Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
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33
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Xiong Y, Zhou J, Schauer JJ, Yu W, Hu Y. Seasonal and spatial differences in source contributions to PM 2.5 in Wuhan, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 577:S0048-9697(16)32338-5. [PMID: 28029452 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Fine particle (PM2.5) samples were collected in 2011 and 2012 simultaneously at three sites in Wuhan in an industrial area (ID), downtown Wuhan (DT), and the Wuhan botanical gardens (BG). The annual average concentration of PM2.5 was highest in the industrial area at 180μgm-3 and lowest in the botanical gardens, with an average of 93μgm-3. The average downtown PM2.5 concentration was 113μgm-3. All sites had concentrations well above the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines and the Chinese air quality standard. The concentration of major constituents of PM2.5 varied seasonally across all sites; specifically, sulfate, nitrate, and organic carbon varied most strongly during spring, followed by summer and fall. Organic carbon varied the most across sites for all seasons, which is attributable to large differences in local source emissions. The major primary sources contributing to OC were vehicle emissions (38.1±8.3%), coal combustion (7.0±6.2%), meat cooking (3.0±1.6%), and biomass burning (3.0±1.0%). All these sources had large seasonal variations across the three sites. Biomass burning had the largest impact at BG, mobile sources had the largest impact at DT, and coal combustion had the largest impact at ID. Mineral dust was a major contributor to PM2.5 (average 16.8±9.6μgm-3) and had very homogenous concentrations across the sites during springtime due to regional dust storms, but had much higher concentration at ID during the summer and fall. The results demonstrate the need for both regional and local air pollution control strategies to reduce air pollution in Wuhan. This research contributes to the field of particulate matter studies by providing information about seasonal and regional fluctuations in PM2.5 in large urban areas, which helps advance understanding of the sources responsible for urban haze.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xiong
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jiabin Zhou
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - James J Schauer
- Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 660 North Park Street, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| | - Wenyang Yu
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yan Hu
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430070, China
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Wang J, Hang Ho SS, Huang R, Gao M, Liu S, Zhao S, Cao J, Wang G, Shen Z, Han Y. Characterization of parent and oxygenated-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Xi'an, China during heating period: An investigation of spatial distribution and transformation. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 159:367-377. [PMID: 27323290 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and its oxygenated derivatives (OPAHs) are toxins in PM2.5. Little information has been known for their transformation in the ambient airs. In this study, PM2.5 samples were collected at 19 sampling sites in Xi'an, China during the heating period, which is classified into: urban residential, university, commercial area, suburban region, and industry. Organic compounds including PAHs, OPAHs, hopanes and cholestanes were quantified. The average of total quantified PAHs and OPAHs concentrations were 196.5 ng/m(3) and 29.4 ng/m(3), respectively, which were consistent with other northern cities in China. Statistical analyses showed that there were significant differences on the distributions of PAHs between urban and suburban regions. The industry also had distinguishable profiles compared with urban residential and commercial area for OPAHs. The greater diversity of OPAHs than PAHs might be due to different primary emission sources and transformation and degradation pathways. The ratios of OPAHs to the corresponding parent PAHs, including 9-fluorenone/fluorene, anthraquinone/anthracene, benz[a]anthracene-7,12-dione/benzo[a]anthracene were 6.2, 12.7, and 1.4, respectively, which were much higher than those for the fresh emissions from coal combustion and biomass burning. These prove the importance of secondary formation and transformation of OPAHs in the ambient airs. Biomarkers such as retene, cyclopenta[CD]pyrene and αα-homohopane were characterized for the source apportionment. With Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model analysis, biomass burning was recognized as the most dominant pollution sources for PAHs during the heading period, which accounted for a contribution of 37.1%. Vehicle emission (22.8%) and coal combustion (22.6%) were also contributors in Xi'an.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingzhi Wang
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; College of Tourism and Environment, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Steven Sai Hang Ho
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Rujin Huang
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Meiling Gao
- Environmental Health Sciences Division, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, 50 University Hall 7360, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | - Suixin Liu
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Shuyu Zhao
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Gehui Wang
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhenxing Shen
- Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yongming Han
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
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Wang J, Ho SSH, Ma S, Cao J, Dai W, Liu S, Shen Z, Huang R, Wang G, Han Y. Characterization of PM2.5 in Guangzhou, China: uses of organic markers for supporting source apportionment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 550:961-971. [PMID: 26851882 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), and non-polar organic compounds including n-alkanes (n-C14-n-C40), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), phthalate esters (PAEs) and hopanes were quantified in fine particulate (PM2.5), which were collected in urban area of Guangzhou, China in winter and summer in 2012/2013. The pollutants levels were well comparable with the data obtained in previous studies in Pearl River Delta (PRD) region but much lower than most northern Chinese megacities. The contribution of EC to PM2.5 and OC/EC ratio suggest that the pollution sources were relatively consistent in GZ between the two seasons. Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) was the most abundant PAHs, which were 4.9 and 1.0ng/m(3) on average, accounting for 10.7% and 9.1% to the total quantified PAHs in winter and summer, respectively. The total concentrations of PAEs ranged from 289.1 to 2435ng/m(3) and from 102.4 to 1437ng/m(3), respectively, in winter and summer. Di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) was the most dominant PAEs. The ambient levels of PAEs could be partly attributed to the widespread uses of the household products, municipal garbage compressing, sewage, and external painting material on the building. Source apportionment for OC with chemical mass balance (CMB) model demonstrated coal combustion, vehicle emission, cooking, and secondary organic compounds (SOC) formation were the four major pollution sources. Both of the indices of n-alkanes and diagnostic PAHs ratios support that anthropogenic sources such as vehicle emission and coal combustion were the significant pollution sources with some extents from epicuticular waxes by terrestrial plants. The ratio of hopanes to EC proved the influences from vehicle emission, and displayed a certain degree of the air aging in the Guangzhou ambient air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingzhi Wang
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Steven Sai Hang Ho
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Shexia Ma
- South China of Institute of Environmental Sciences, SCIES, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Wenting Dai
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Suixin Liu
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhenxing Shen
- Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Rujin Huang
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Gehui Wang
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Yongming Han
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
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