1
|
Ola I, Drebenstedt C, Burgess RM, Allan IJ, Hoth N, Külls C. Application of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) passive samplers for monitoring PAHs in groundwater. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024:10.1007/s11356-024-34731-7. [PMID: 39207616 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-34731-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Equilibrium passive sampling continues to find increasing use for performing in situ assessments and monitoring of hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs). Although this method has been successfully used in several field studies including open surface waters and sediments, comparatively, their use in groundwater has been very limited. In this study, low-density polyethylene (LDPE) passive samplers were deployed for 80 days in three groundwater wells contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Prior to deployment, LDPE was loaded with performance reference compounds (PRCs) consisting of deuterated PAHs and their release used to ascertain system equilibrium. Within the 80-day deployment period, LDPE-groundwater equilibrium was confirmed for PAHs with molecular weights (MWs) in the range of 178 to 228 (i.e. anthracene, chrysene). Measured freely dissolved concentrations (Cw) were between one to three orders of magnitude lower than the total filtered concentrations (Ctotal) in the studied wells. The sum of PAHs (ΣPAHs) measured based on Cw and Ctotal were 2.05, 0.07 and 29.2 μg L-1 and 197, 59.7 and 1010 μg L-1, at wells 1, 2 and 3, respectively. A separate dataset, comprising long-term (2010 to 2022) concentrations of PAHs in total (i.e., unfiltered) groundwater, is also presented to provide insight into PAH contamination levels at the assessed groundwater wells based on conventional measurement. Estimated in situ LDPE daily clearance volumes (2.34 to 27.56 Ld-1) for the target analytes were far less than the daily turnover of ground water (144 to 348 Ld-1) encountered in the wells eliminating the possibility of depletive sampling of the groundwater by the passive samplers. These results represent the first published study on the practical application of equilibrium passive sampling using LDPE for monitoring and quantitatively assessing PAHs in groundwater. Also, this work demonstrates that LDPEs are a useful tool for measuring the Cw of PAHs in groundwater, a critical contaminant in many ecological and human health risk assessments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ibukun Ola
- Institute of Mining and Special Civil Engineering, Technical University Mining Academy, Gustav-Zeuner Street 1A, 09599, Freiberg, Germany.
| | - Carsten Drebenstedt
- Institute of Mining and Special Civil Engineering, Technical University Mining Academy, Gustav-Zeuner Street 1A, 09599, Freiberg, Germany
| | - Robert M Burgess
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Atlantic Coastal Environmental Sciences Division, 27 Tarzwell Drive, Narragansett, RI, 02882, USA
| | - Ian J Allan
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Økernveien 94, NO-0579, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nils Hoth
- Institute of Mining and Special Civil Engineering, Technical University Mining Academy, Gustav-Zeuner Street 1A, 09599, Freiberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Külls
- Labor Für Hydrologie Und Internationale Wasserwirtschaft, Technische Hochschule Lübeck, 23562, Lübeck, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Moon H, Yun ST, Oh JE. Assessment of environmental forensic indicator for anthropogenic groundwater contamination via target/suspect/nontarget analysis using HRMS techniques. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 467:133629. [PMID: 38340559 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
This study compared target/suspect/nontarget analysis via liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) with traditional environmental forensic methods, specifically nitrate and its stable N isotope, in assessing groundwater pollution from livestock manure and agriculture. Using an in-house database of 1471 target and suspects, 35 contaminants (pesticides, veterinary drugs, surfactants) were identified, some uniquely linked to specific pollution sources, such as sulfamethazine and 4-formylaminoantipyrine in manure-affected areas. Pesticides were widespread, typically showing higher intensity in agricultural zones. On the other hand, the results of stable N isotope analysis (δ15N-NO3: 4.8 to 16.4‰) indicated the influence of human activities such as fertilizers, sewage, and manure in all sampling sites, including the control site far from the pollution sources and cannot differentiate the specific sources. The study underscores LC-HRMS's efficacy in different pollution sources, surpassing the limitations of stable N isotope analysis, and provides valuable insights for polluted groundwater source tracking strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haeran Moon
- Environmental Chemistry and Health Laboratory, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Seong-Taek Yun
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Eun Oh
- Environmental Chemistry and Health Laboratory, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea; Institute for Environment and Energy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Shi B, Meng J, Wang T, Li Q, Zhang Q, Su G. The main strategies for soil pollution apportionment: A review of the numerical methods. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 136:95-109. [PMID: 37923480 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, a large number of compounds with different physical and chemical properties have been determined in soil. Environmental behaviors and source identification of pollutants in soil are the foundation of soil pollution control. Identification and quantitative analysis of potential pollution sources are the prerequisites for its prevention and control. Many efforts have made to develop methods for identifying the sources of soil pollutants. These efforts have involved the measurement of source and receptor parameters and the analysis of their relationships via numerical statistics methods. We have comprehensively reviewed the progress made in the development of source apportionment methodologies to date and present our synthesis. The numerical methods, such as spatial geostatistics analysis, receptor models, and machine learning methods are addressed in depth. In most cases, however, the effectiveness of any single approach for source apportionment remains limited. Combining multiple methods to address soil quality problems can reduce uncertainty about the sources of soil pollution. This review also constructively highlights the key strategies of combining mathematical models with the assessment of chemical profiles to provide more accurate source attribution. This review intends to provide a comprehensive summary of source apportionment methodologies to help promote further development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Shi
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Meng
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tieyu Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster Prediction and Prevention, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Qianqian Li
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qifan Zhang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guijin Su
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tarábek P, Vrana B, Chalupková K, Bednáriková A, Okšová L, Bystrický P, Leonova N, Konovalova O. Examining the applicability of polar organic chemical integrative sampler for long-term monitoring of groundwater contamination caused by currently used pesticides. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 903:165905. [PMID: 37532041 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
The possibilities of expanding a groundwater quality monitoring scheme by passive sampling using polar organic chemical integrative sampler (POCIS) comprising HLB sorbent as the receiving phase were explored. Passive sampling and grab sampling were carried out simultaneously in the regions with vulnerable groundwater resources in Slovakia, between 2013 and 2021. For 27 pesticides and degradation products detected both in POCIS and the grab samples, in situ sampling rates were calculated and statistically evaluated. The limited effectiveness of the receiving phase in POCIS for sampling polar or ionized compounds was confirmed through a comparison of the medians of compound-specific sampling rates. For the majority of the monitored compounds the median sampling rates varied between 0.01 and 0.035 L/day. In some cases, the actual in situ values could be confirmed by parallel exposure of POCIS and silicone rubber sheet employed to obtain a benchmark for maximum attainable sampling rate. Sampling site and sampling period appear to have also some influence on the sampling rates, which was attributed in part to the groundwater velocity varying in both space and time. The influence of physico-chemical parameters (temperature, pH, electrolytic conductivity) remains mostly questionable due to the naturally limited ranges of recorded values over the entire duration of the study. Concentrations of pollutants in POCIS could be used for predicting time weighed average concentrations in water, provided the sampling rates were known and relatively constant. Generally, the compound-specific sampling rate cannot be considered constant due to a combination of naturally varying environmental factors that influence the actual in situ sampling rate. The relative standard deviation of concentration data from POCIS exposed in triplicates varied between approx. 5 %-50 %. Utilizing exploratory data analysis approach and tools enabled us to obtain a relatively complex picture of the situation and progress regarding pesticide pollution of groundwater in the monitored areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Tarábek
- Water Research Institute, Nábr. arm. gen. L. Svobodu 5, 81249 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Branislav Vrana
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Katarína Chalupková
- Water Research Institute, Nábr. arm. gen. L. Svobodu 5, 81249 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Alena Bednáriková
- Water Research Institute, Nábr. arm. gen. L. Svobodu 5, 81249 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Linda Okšová
- Water Research Institute, Nábr. arm. gen. L. Svobodu 5, 81249 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Bystrický
- Water Research Institute, Nábr. arm. gen. L. Svobodu 5, 81249 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Nataliia Leonova
- Water Research Institute, Nábr. arm. gen. L. Svobodu 5, 81249 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Olga Konovalova
- Water Research Institute, Nábr. arm. gen. L. Svobodu 5, 81249 Bratislava, Slovakia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Glassmeyer ST, Burns EE, Focazio MJ, Furlong ET, Gribble MO, Jahne MA, Keely SP, Kennicutt AR, Kolpin DW, Medlock Kakaley EK, Pfaller SL. Water, Water Everywhere, but Every Drop Unique: Challenges in the Science to Understand the Role of Contaminants of Emerging Concern in the Management of Drinking Water Supplies. GEOHEALTH 2023; 7:e2022GH000716. [PMID: 38155731 PMCID: PMC10753268 DOI: 10.1029/2022gh000716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
The protection and management of water resources continues to be challenged by multiple and ongoing factors such as shifts in demographic, social, economic, and public health requirements. Physical limitations placed on access to potable supplies include natural and human-caused factors such as aquifer depletion, aging infrastructure, saltwater intrusion, floods, and drought. These factors, although varying in magnitude, spatial extent, and timing, can exacerbate the potential for contaminants of concern (CECs) to be present in sources of drinking water, infrastructure, premise plumbing and associated tap water. This monograph examines how current and emerging scientific efforts and technologies increase our understanding of the range of CECs and drinking water issues facing current and future populations. It is not intended to be read in one sitting, but is instead a starting point for scientists wanting to learn more about the issues surrounding CECs. This text discusses the topical evolution CECs over time (Section 1), improvements in measuring chemical and microbial CECs, through both analysis of concentration and toxicity (Section 2) and modeling CEC exposure and fate (Section 3), forms of treatment effective at removing chemical and microbial CECs (Section 4), and potential for human health impacts from exposure to CECs (Section 5). The paper concludes with how changes to water quantity, both scarcity and surpluses, could affect water quality (Section 6). Taken together, these sections document the past 25 years of CEC research and the regulatory response to these contaminants, the current work to identify and monitor CECs and mitigate exposure, and the challenges facing the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan T. Glassmeyer
- U.S. Environmental Protection AgencyOffice of Research and DevelopmentCincinnatiOHUSA
| | | | - Michael J. Focazio
- Retired, Environmental Health ProgramEcosystems Mission AreaU.S. Geological SurveyRestonVAUSA
| | - Edward T. Furlong
- Emeritus, Strategic Laboratory Sciences BranchLaboratory & Analytical Services DivisionU.S. Geological SurveyDenverCOUSA
| | - Matthew O. Gribble
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental HealthRollins School of Public HealthEmory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Michael A. Jahne
- U.S. Environmental Protection AgencyOffice of Research and DevelopmentCincinnatiOHUSA
| | - Scott P. Keely
- U.S. Environmental Protection AgencyOffice of Research and DevelopmentCincinnatiOHUSA
| | - Alison R. Kennicutt
- Department of Civil and Mechanical EngineeringYork College of PennsylvaniaYorkPAUSA
| | - Dana W. Kolpin
- U.S. Geological SurveyCentral Midwest Water Science CenterIowa CityIAUSA
| | | | - Stacy L. Pfaller
- U.S. Environmental Protection AgencyOffice of Research and DevelopmentCincinnatiOHUSA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Rudd H, Neal A, Genereux DP, Shea D, Nichols EG. Vulnerability of wells in unconfined and confined aquifers to modern contamination from flood events. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 901:165729. [PMID: 37499829 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Groundwater is a primary potable water supply for coastal North Carolina (NC), but the increased intensity of extreme rainfall events and floods may exacerbate surface and subsurface processes that contribute anthropogenic chemicals to wells in the major confined aquifers of this region. We evaluated groundwater for organic chemicals of emerging concern (CEC) and the presence of tritium using flooded and not-flooded wells in the NC Department of Environmental Quality well monitoring network across the NC Coastal Plain. Flooded wells experienced standing water around the well casing at least once during the study period. Tritium concentrations, which indicate modern water presence (water recharged after 1953), were significantly greater in groundwater from flooded wells than not-flooded wells. In confined aquifers, modern water was detected at greater depths in flooded wells (206 m) than not-flooded wells (100 m). Suspect-screening high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) analysis of 150 groundwater samples yielded a total of 382 unique organic chemicals. Each groundwater sample contained, on average, 19 tentatively identified chemicals from the NIST 20 mass spectral database (M1) and 9 USEPA ToxCast chemicals. The number of tentatively-identified chemicals per sample was not significantly different among aquifers demonstrating the pervasive presence of the detected CECs in unconfined and confined aquifers. The presence of modern water in groundwater from flooded wells coincided with higher detection frequencies of certain organic contaminant classes, particularly pharmaceuticals, food additives, and regulated aromatic hydrocarbons. These results indicate that wells in both unconfined and confined aquifers are susceptible to modern water contamination during flood events; this finding has critical public health implications for coastal communities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hayden Rudd
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, 2800 Faucette Dr, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Andy Neal
- North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality, 3800 Barrett Drive, Raleigh, NC 27609, USA
| | - David P Genereux
- Department of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, 2800 Faucette Dr, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Damian Shea
- Statera Environmental, Inc., Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Elizabeth Guthrie Nichols
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, 2800 Faucette Dr, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kamali N, Abbas F, Lehane M, Griew M, Furey A. A Review of In Situ Methods-Solid Phase Adsorption Toxin Tracking (SPATT) and Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler (POCIS) for the Collection and Concentration of Marine Biotoxins and Pharmaceuticals in Environmental Waters. Molecules 2022; 27:7898. [PMID: 36431996 PMCID: PMC9698218 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27227898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Solid Phase Adsorption Toxin Tracking (SPATT) and Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler (POCIS) are in situ methods that have been applied to pre-concentrate a range of marine toxins, pesticides and pharmaceutical compounds that occur at low levels in marine and environmental waters. Recent research has identified the widespread distribution of biotoxins and pharmaceuticals in environmental waters (marine, brackish and freshwater) highlighting the need for the development of effective techniques to generate accurate quantitative water system profiles. In this manuscript, we reviewed in situ methods known as Solid Phase Adsorption Toxin Tracking (SPATT) and Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler (POCIS) for the collection and concentration of marine biotoxins, freshwater cyanotoxins and pharmaceuticals in environmental waters since the 1980s to present. Twelve different adsorption substrates in SPATT and 18 different sorbents in POCIS were reviewed for their ability to absorb a range of lipophilic and hydrophilic marine biotoxins, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, antibiotics and microcystins in marine water, freshwater and wastewater. This review suggests the gaps in reported studies, outlines future research possibilities and guides researchers who wish to work on water contaminates using Solid Phase Adsorption Toxin Tracking (SPATT) and Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler (POCIS) technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naghmeh Kamali
- Mass Spectrometry Group, Department Physical Sciences, Munster Technological University (MTU), Rossa Avenue, Bishopstown, T12 P928 Cork, Ireland
- HALPIN Centre for Research & Innovation, National Maritime College of Ireland (NMCI), Munster Technological University (MTU), P43 XV65 Ringaskiddy, Ireland
| | - Feras Abbas
- Mass Spectrometry Group, Department Physical Sciences, Munster Technological University (MTU), Rossa Avenue, Bishopstown, T12 P928 Cork, Ireland
- CREATE (Centre for Research in Advanced Therapeutic Engineering) and BioExplore, Munster Technological University (MTU), Rossa Avenue, Bishopstown, T12 P928 Cork, Ireland
| | - Mary Lehane
- Mass Spectrometry Group, Department Physical Sciences, Munster Technological University (MTU), Rossa Avenue, Bishopstown, T12 P928 Cork, Ireland
- CREATE (Centre for Research in Advanced Therapeutic Engineering) and BioExplore, Munster Technological University (MTU), Rossa Avenue, Bishopstown, T12 P928 Cork, Ireland
| | - Michael Griew
- HALPIN Centre for Research & Innovation, National Maritime College of Ireland (NMCI), Munster Technological University (MTU), P43 XV65 Ringaskiddy, Ireland
| | - Ambrose Furey
- Mass Spectrometry Group, Department Physical Sciences, Munster Technological University (MTU), Rossa Avenue, Bishopstown, T12 P928 Cork, Ireland
- CREATE (Centre for Research in Advanced Therapeutic Engineering) and BioExplore, Munster Technological University (MTU), Rossa Avenue, Bishopstown, T12 P928 Cork, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Baran N, Rosenbom AE, Kozel R, Lapworth D. Pesticides and their metabolites in European groundwater: Comparing regulations and approaches to monitoring in France, Denmark, England and Switzerland. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 842:156696. [PMID: 35714748 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides, i.e. plant protection products (PPP), biocides and their metabolites, pose a serious threat to groundwater quality and groundwater dependent ecosystems. Across large parts of Europe these compounds are monitored in groundwater to ensure compliance with the European Water Framework Directive (WFD), the Groundwater Directive (GWD) and Drinking water Directive (DWD). European regulation concerning the placing of PPP on the market includes groundwater monitoring as a higher tier of the regulatory procedure. Nevertheless, the lists of compounds to be monitored vary from one directive to another and between countries. The implementation of monitoring strategies for these directives and other national drivers, differs across Europe. This is illustrated using case studies from France, Denmark (EU member states), England (part of the EU up to January 2020) and Switzerland (associated country). The collection of data (e.g. monitoring design and analytical approaches) and dissemination at national and European level and the scale of data reporting to EU is country-specific. Data generated by the implementation of WFD and DWD can be used for retrospective purposes in the context of PPP registration whereas the post-registration monitoring data generated by the product applicants are generally only directly available to the regulators. This lack of consistency and strategic coordination between thematic regulations is partly compensated by national regulations. This paper illustrates the benefits of a common framework for regulation in Europe but shows that divergent national approaches to monitoring and reporting on pesticides in groundwater makes the task of assessment across Europe challenging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ronald Kozel
- Federal Office for the Environment FOEN, 3003 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Dan Lapworth
- British Geological Survey, Maclean Building, Wallingford, Oxon OX10 8BB, UK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Taylor AC, Mills GA, Gravell A, Kerwick M, Fones GR. Pesticide fate during drinking water treatment determined through passive sampling combined with suspect screening and multivariate statistical analysis. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 222:118865. [PMID: 35868101 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Emerging contaminants such as polar pesticides pose a potential risk to human health due to their presence in drinking water. However, their occurrence and fate in drinking water treatment plants is poorly understood. In this study we use passive sampling coupled to suspect screening and multivariate analysis to describe pesticide fate throughout the treatment stream of an operational drinking water treatment plant. ChemcatcherÒ passive sampling devices were deployed at sites (n = 6) positioned at all stages of the treatment stream during consecutive deployments (n = 20) over a twelve-month period. Sample extracts (n = 120) were analysed using high-resolution liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry and compounds identified against a commercially available database. A total of 58 pesticides and transformation products from different classes were detected. Statistical analysis of the qualitative screening data was performed to identify clusters of pesticides with similar fate during ozonation, granular activated carbon (GAC) filtration, and chlorination. The performance of each treatment process was investigated. Adsorption to GAC media was found to account for the greatest proportion of pesticide attenuation (average removal of 70% based on detection frequency), however, operational performance varied for certain pesticides during periods of episodic and sustained pollution. GAC breakthrough occurred for 21 compounds detected in the GAC filtrate. Eleven pesticides were found to occur in potable water following treatment. We developed a management plan containing controls, triggers, and responses, for five pesticides and a metabolite (atrazine, atrazine desethyl, DEET, dichlorobenzamide, metazachlor, and propyzamide) prioritised based on their current and future risk to treated water quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam C Taylor
- School of the Environment, Geography and Geosciences, University of Portsmouth, Burnaby Road, Portsmouth PO1 3QL, United Kingdom
| | - Graham A Mills
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, White Swan Road, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony Gravell
- Natural Resources Wales, Faraday Building, Swansea University, Singleton Campus, Swansea SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Kerwick
- Southern Water Services, Southern House, Yeoman Road, Worthing, West Sussex BN13 3NX, United Kingdom
| | - Gary R Fones
- School of the Environment, Geography and Geosciences, University of Portsmouth, Burnaby Road, Portsmouth PO1 3QL, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wang M, Kinyua J, Jiang T, Sedlak M, McKee LJ, Fadness R, Sutton R, Park JS. Suspect Screening and Chemical Profile Analysis of Storm-Water Runoff Following 2017 Wildfires in Northern California. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2022; 41:1824-1837. [PMID: 35512679 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The combustion of structures and household materials as well as firefighting during wildfires lead to releases of potentially hazardous chemicals directly into the landscape. Subsequent storm-water runoff events can transport wildfire-related contaminants to downstream receiving waters, where they may pose water quality concerns. To evaluate the environmental hazards of northern California fires on the types of contaminants in storm water discharging to San Francisco Bay and the coastal marine environment, we analyzed storm water collected after the northern California wildfires (October 2017) using a nontargeted analytical (NTA) approach. Liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometric analysis was completed on storm-water samples (n = 20) collected from Napa County (impacted by the Atlas and Nuns fires), the city of Santa Rosa, and Sonoma County (Nuns and Tubbs fires) during storm events that occurred in November 2017 and January 2018. The NTA approach enabled us to establish profiles of contaminants based on peak intensities and chemical categories found in the storm-water samples and to prioritize significant chemicals within these profiles possibly attributed to the wildfire. The results demonstrated the presence of a wide range of contaminants in the storm water, including surfactants, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, and chemicals from consumer and personal care products. Homologs of polyethylene glycol were found to be the major contributor to the contaminants, followed by other widely used surfactants. Nonylphenol ethoxylates, typically used as surfactants, were detected and were much higher in samples collected after Storm Event 1 relative to Storm Event 2. The present study provides a comprehensive approach for examining wildfire-impacted storm-water contamination of related contaminants, of which we found many with potential ecological risk. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:1824-1837. © 2022 SETAC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Wang
- California Department of Toxic Substances Control, California Environmental Protection Agency, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Juliet Kinyua
- California Department of Toxic Substances Control, California Environmental Protection Agency, Berkeley, California, USA
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ting Jiang
- California Department of Toxic Substances Control, California Environmental Protection Agency, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Meg Sedlak
- San Francisco Estuary Institute, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Lester J McKee
- San Francisco Estuary Institute, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Richard Fadness
- North Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board, Santa Rosa, California, USA
| | - Rebecca Sutton
- San Francisco Estuary Institute, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - June-Soo Park
- California Department of Toxic Substances Control, California Environmental Protection Agency, Berkeley, California, USA
- Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Brecht SA, Kong X, Xia XR, Shea D, Nichols EG. Non-target and suspect-screening analyses of hydroponic soybeans and passive samplers exposed to different watershed irrigation sources. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 826:153754. [PMID: 35182644 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Water scarcity increases the likelihood of irrigating food crops with municipal wastewater that may pose potential dietary risks of regulated and non-regulated organic chemical uptake to edible plant tissues. Only a few studies have used high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) to assess the uptake of chemicals of concern into food crops. This study used non-target and suspect-screening analyses to compare total chemical features, tentatively identified chemicals (TICs), and EPA ToxCast chemicals in soybean plants and passive samplers exposed to five different irrigation sources that were collected from an agricultural watershed during mild drought conditions. Secondary-treated municipal wastewater effluent, two surface waters, two ground waters, and deionized municipal tap water were used for two hydroponic experiments: soybean roots and shoots and Composite Integrative Passive Samplers (CIPS) harvested after fourteen days of exposure and soybeans after fifty-six days. CIPS were sealed in separate glass amber jars to evaluate their efficacy to mimic chemical features, TICs, and ToxCast chemical uptake in plant roots, shoots, and beans. Total soybean biomass and water use were greatest for tap water, municipal wastewater, and surface water downstream of the municipal wastewater facility relative to groundwater samples and surface water collected upstream of the wastewater facility. ToxCast chemicals were ubiquitous across watershed irrigation sources in abundance, chemical use category, and number. Wastewater-exposed soybeans had the fewest extractable TICs in plant tissues of all irrigation sources. More ToxCast chemicals were identified in CIPS than extracted from irrigation sources by solid phase extraction. ToxCast chemicals in beans and CIPS were similar in number, chemical use category, and log Kow range. CIPS appear to serve as a useful surrogate for ToxCast chemical uptake in beans, the edible food product.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Brecht
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Xiang Kong
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; Statera Environmental, Inc., Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Xin Rui Xia
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; Statera Environmental, Inc., Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Damian Shea
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; Statera Environmental, Inc., Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Elizabeth Guthrie Nichols
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Technology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hohrenk-Danzouma LL, Vosough M, Merkus VI, Drees F, Schmidt TC. Non-target Analysis and Chemometric Evaluation of a Passive Sampler Monitoring of Small Streams. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:5466-5477. [PMID: 35443133 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c08014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Complex multivariate datasets are generated in environmental non-target screening (NTS) studies covering different sampling locations and times. This study presents a comprehensive chemometrics-based data processing workflow to reveal hidden data patterns and to find a subset of discriminating features between samples. We used ANOVA-simultaneous component analysis (ASCA) to disentangle the influence of spatial and seasonal effects as well as their interaction on a multiclass dataset. The dataset was obtained by a Chemcatcher passive sampler (PS) monitoring campaign of three small streams and one major river over four sampling periods from spring to summer. Monitoring of small streams is important as they are impacted by non-point source introduction of organic micropollutants (OMPs). The use of a PS provides a higher representativeness of sampling, and NTS broadens the range of detectable OMPs. A comparison of ASCA results of target analysis and NTS showed for both datasets a dominant influence of different sampling locations and individual temporal pollution patterns for each river. With the limited set of target analytes, general seasonal pollution patterns were apparent, but NTS data provide a more holistic view on site-specific pollutant loads. The similarity of temporal pollution patterns of two geographically close small streams was revealed, which was not observed in undecomposed data analysis like principal component analysis (PCA). With a complementary partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and Volcano-based prioritization strategy, 223 site- and 45 season-specific features were selected and tentatively identified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lotta L Hohrenk-Danzouma
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, Essen D-45141, Germany
- Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 2, Essen D-45141, Germany
| | - Maryam Vosough
- Department of Clean Technologies, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran, P.O. Box 14335-186, Tehran 14335-186, Iran
| | - Valentina I Merkus
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, Essen D-45141, Germany
| | - Felix Drees
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, Essen D-45141, Germany
| | - Torsten C Schmidt
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, Essen D-45141, Germany
- Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 2, Essen D-45141, Germany
- IWW Water Center, Moritzstr. 26, Mülheim an der Ruhr 45476, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Paszkiewicz M, Godlewska K, Lis H, Caban M, Białk-Bielińska A, Stepnowski P. Advances in suspect screening and non-target analysis of polar emerging contaminants in the environmental monitoring. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
14
|
Passive Sampling with Active Carbon Fibres in the Determination of Organic Pollutants in Groundwater. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14040585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Legislation addressing the quality of groundwater and increasing concerns over public health calls for the development of analytical methods that can produce accurate and precise results at the ppt level. Passive sampling has been recognised as a helpful tool in identifying various organic pollutants in groundwater, even when their presence had not yet been identified through conventional groundwater quality monitoring. The article presents an analytical method involving a simple and cost-effective passive sampling device using Zorflex® activated carbon fibres (ACFs) for the qualitative monitoring of a broad range of organic pollutants in water in a single run. The applicability of the method developed was tested in three hydrogeological studies. In the first case, we present a non-targeted qualitative screening and a list of 892 different contaminants detected in the groundwater in Slovenia. In the second case, we discuss the presence and origin of organic compounds in the groundwater from a pilot area of the urban aquifer, Ljubljansko polje. The third case presents a comparison of results between passive and grab sampling. Passive sampling with ACFs confirmed the presence of a pollutant, even when it had not been previously detected through a quantitative method.
Collapse
|
15
|
Peter KT, Kolodziej EP, Kucklick JR. Assessing Reliability of Non-targeted High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Fingerprints for Quantitative Source Apportionment in Complex Matrices. Anal Chem 2022; 94:2723-2731. [PMID: 35103470 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Effective management of contaminated sites requires differentiating and deconvoluting contaminant source impacts in complex environmental systems. The existing source apportionment approaches that use targeted analyses of preselected indicator chemicals are limited whenever target analytes are below the detection limits or derived from multiple sources. However, non-targeted analyses that leverage high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) yield rich datasets that deeply characterize sample-specific chemical compositions, providing additional potential end-members for source differentiation and apportionment. Previous work demonstrated that HRMS fingerprints can define sample uniqueness and support accurate, quantitative source concentration estimates. Here, using two aqueous film-forming foams as representative complex sources, we assessed the qualitative fidelity and quantitative accuracy of HRMS source fingerprints in increasingly complex background matrices. Across all matrices, HRMS-derived source concentration estimates were 0.81 ± 0.11-fold and 0.64 ± 0.24-fold of actual in samples impacted solely by analytical matrix effects (MEs) or by sample processing recovery and analytical MEs, respectively. Isotopic internal standards were not easily paired to individual unidentified non-target features, but bulk internal standard-based abundance corrections improved apportionment accuracy in higher matrix samples (to 0.90 ± 0.12-fold of actual) and/or informed concentration estimate relative errors. HRMS fingerprint mining could identify, based on the dilution behavior, effective individual chemical end-members across 16 homologous series. Although method development is needed, the results further demonstrate the potential applications of non-targeted HRMS data for source apportionment and other quantitative outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine T Peter
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 331 Fort Johnson Rd, Charleston, South Carolina 29412, United States
| | - Edward P Kolodziej
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Science, University of Washington Tacoma, 1900 Commerce Street, Tacoma, Washington 98402, United States.,Center for Urban Waters, 326 East D Street, Tacoma, Washington 98421, United States.,Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, 201 More Hall, Box 352700, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - John R Kucklick
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 331 Fort Johnson Rd, Charleston, South Carolina 29412, United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Fuentes ZC, Schwartz YL, Robuck AR, Walker DI. Operationalizing the Exposome Using Passive Silicone Samplers. CURRENT POLLUTION REPORTS 2022; 8:1-29. [PMID: 35004129 PMCID: PMC8724229 DOI: 10.1007/s40726-021-00211-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The exposome, which is defined as the cumulative effect of environmental exposures and corresponding biological responses, aims to provide a comprehensive measure for evaluating non-genetic causes of disease. Operationalization of the exposome for environmental health and precision medicine has been limited by the lack of a universal approach for characterizing complex exposures, particularly as they vary temporally and geographically. To overcome these challenges, passive sampling devices (PSDs) provide a key measurement strategy for deep exposome phenotyping, which aims to provide comprehensive chemical assessment using untargeted high-resolution mass spectrometry for exposome-wide association studies. To highlight the advantages of silicone PSDs, we review their use in population studies and evaluate the broad range of applications and chemical classes characterized using these samplers. We assess key aspects of incorporating PSDs within observational studies, including the need to preclean samplers prior to use to remove impurities that interfere with compound detection, analytical considerations, and cost. We close with strategies on how to incorporate measures of the external exposome using PSDs, and their advantages for reducing variability in exposure measures and providing a more thorough accounting of the exposome. Continued development and application of silicone PSDs will facilitate greater understanding of how environmental exposures drive disease risk, while providing a feasible strategy for incorporating untargeted, high-resolution characterization of the external exposome in human studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Coates Fuentes
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1428 Madison Ave, New York, NY USA
| | - Yuri Levin Schwartz
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1428 Madison Ave, New York, NY USA
| | - Anna R. Robuck
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1428 Madison Ave, New York, NY USA
| | - Douglas I. Walker
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1428 Madison Ave, New York, NY USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Gorodylova N, Michel C, Seron A, Joulian C, Delorme F, Bresch S, Garreau C, Giovannelli F, Michel K. Modified zeolite-supported biofilm in service of pesticide biodegradation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:45296-45316. [PMID: 33864216 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13876-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The development of biofilms on modified natural zeolites was investigated with purpose to obtain biocomposites with biodegradation activity towards pesticides MCPA (2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid) and glyphosate (N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine) for potential application in bioaugmentation of polluted agricultural soils. Microbial communities were selected from agricultural pesticide-contaminated soil/water samples and enriched on the basis of their ability to biodegrade the pesticides. In order to enhance affinity of microbial communities to the support material, the natural mineral zeolite was modified by nontoxic environmentally friendly cations (Li+, Na+, K+, NH4+, H+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Fe3+) by methods preserving its structure and characterised using powder XRD, surface area measurement and chemical composition analysis. Kinetics of pesticide degradation by the biocomposites was studied in liquid media. Results showed that according to zeolite modifications, the microbial activity and biodiversity changed. The best biodegradation rate of MCPA and glyphosate reached 0.12-0.13 mg/h with half-life of 16-18 h, which is considerably quicker than observed in natural environment. However, in some cases, biodegradation activity towards pesticides was lost which was connected to unfavourable zeolite modification and accumulation of toxic metabolites. High-throughput sequencing on the 16S rRNA genes of the biofilm communities highlighted the selection of bacteria genera known to metabolise MCPA (Aminobacter, Cupriavidus, Novosphingobium, Pseudomonas, Rhodococcus, Sphingobium and Sphingopyxis) and glyphosate (Pseudomonas). Altogether, results suggested that zeolites do not only have a passive role of biofilm support but also have protective and nutrient-supportive functions that consequently increase biodiversity of the pesticide degraders growing in the biofilm and influence the pesticide biodegradation rate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nataliia Gorodylova
- Division of Water, Environment, Process and Analyses (DEPA), BRGM, The French Geological Survey, 3 Avenue Claude Guillemin, 45100, Orléans, France.
- CNRS, INSA CVL, GREMAN UMR 7347, IUT de Blois, GREMAN, University of Tours, 15 Rue de la Chocolaterie, 41029, Blois, France.
- University of Pardubice, Studentska 95, 53210, Pardubice, Czech Republic.
| | - Caroline Michel
- Division of Water, Environment, Process and Analyses (DEPA), BRGM, The French Geological Survey, 3 Avenue Claude Guillemin, 45100, Orléans, France
| | - Alain Seron
- Division of Water, Environment, Process and Analyses (DEPA), BRGM, The French Geological Survey, 3 Avenue Claude Guillemin, 45100, Orléans, France
| | - Catherine Joulian
- Division of Water, Environment, Process and Analyses (DEPA), BRGM, The French Geological Survey, 3 Avenue Claude Guillemin, 45100, Orléans, France
| | - Fabian Delorme
- CNRS, INSA CVL, GREMAN UMR 7347, IUT de Blois, GREMAN, University of Tours, 15 Rue de la Chocolaterie, 41029, Blois, France
| | - Sophie Bresch
- CDHR Centre-Val-de-Loire, 620 Rue de Cornay, Saint-Cyr-en-Val, 45590, France
| | | | - Fabien Giovannelli
- CNRS, INSA CVL, GREMAN UMR 7347, IUT de Blois, GREMAN, University of Tours, 15 Rue de la Chocolaterie, 41029, Blois, France
| | - Karine Michel
- Division of Water, Environment, Process and Analyses (DEPA), BRGM, The French Geological Survey, 3 Avenue Claude Guillemin, 45100, Orléans, France
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hedgespeth ML, McCord JP, Phillips KA, Strynar MJ, Shea D, Nichols EG. Suspect-screening analysis of a coastal watershed before and after Hurricane Florence using high-resolution mass spectrometry. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 782:146862. [PMID: 33839655 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
On September 14, 2018, Hurricane Florence delivered ~686 mm rainfall to a 106 km2 watershed in coastal North Carolina, USA. A forested land treatment site comprises one third of the watershed wherein municipal wastewater effluent is spray-irrigated onto 8.9 km2 of forest. This communication provides insight for land treatment function under excess water duress as well as changes in organic chemical composition in on- and off-site waters before (June 2018) and after (September & December 2018) Hurricane Florence's landfall. We compare the numbers and relative abundances of chemical features detected using suspect screening high resolution mass spectrometry in waste-, ground-, and surface water samples. Values for upstream and receiving waters in September were lower than for sampling events in June and December, indicating an expected dilution effect across the watershed. Chemical diversity was greatest for all surface water samples in December, but only upstream surface water showed a dramatic five-fold increase in relative chemical abundance. Chemical abundance in on-site water and downstream surface water was equal to or lower than the September storm dilution effect. These data suggest that the land treatment system is functionally and hydrologically robust to extreme storm events and contributed to dilution of upstream chemical reservoirs for downstream receiving waters for months after the storm. Similar systems may embody one water reuse strategy robust to the increasing occurrence of extreme precipitation events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie L Hedgespeth
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - James P McCord
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Katherine A Phillips
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
| | - Mark J Strynar
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Damian Shea
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Elizabeth Guthrie Nichols
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Response surface methodology-based fabrication of boron-doped diamond electrodes for electrochemical degradation of guaifenesin in aqueous solutions. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2021.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
20
|
Berni I, Menouni A, El Ghazi I, Godderis L, Duca RC, Jaafari SE. Health and ecological risk assessment based on pesticide monitoring in Saïss plain (Morocco) groundwater. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 276:116638. [PMID: 33618112 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In many countries, including Morocco, groundwater contamination with pesticides such as globally banned organochlorides (e.g., dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT)) and some accredited organophosphates and pyrethroids poses ecological and human health risks. To assess these risks, we herein monitored pesticides in Saïss plain groundwater (Morocco) during the summer of 2017 and the winter of 2018 using polar organic chemical integrative samplers. The two types of passive samplers were deployed in 22 traditional wells for 14-20 days and subjected to solid-phase extraction. The extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry using a multiresidue method, and 27 pesticides were detected in total. In the summer campaign, 22 pesticides with individual concentrations ranging from <limit of quantitation (LOQ) to 243.1 ng L-1 were identified, whereas 17 compounds with concentrations ranging from <LOQ to 53.8 ng L-1 were detected in the winter campaign. In the summer period, the maximum individual concentrations of chlorothalonil, DDT, and α-hexachlorocyclohexane (α-HCH) equaled 111.7, 36.1, and 22.3 ng L-1, respectively, with the respective values for the winter period equaling 18.14, 16.62, and 22.2 ng L-1. Health risk assessment indicated that the carcinogenic α-HCH, β-HCH, DDT, and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene present in groundwater may also contaminate drinking water and thus pose a threat to human health, particularly to that of infants and children. Further analysis revealed that the Saïss aquifer presents a high ecological risk. Thus, the monitoring of pesticides in groundwater by passive sampling was effective and could be combined with human health and ecological risk assessment to develop ways of reducing human and environmental exposure to pesticides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Imane Berni
- Cluster of Competency "Health and Environment", Moulay Ismail University, Meknes, Morocco.
| | - Aziza Menouni
- Cluster of Competency "Health and Environment", Moulay Ismail University, Meknes, Morocco; Environment and Health Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ibrahim El Ghazi
- Cluster of Competency "Health and Environment", Moulay Ismail University, Meknes, Morocco
| | - Lode Godderis
- Environment and Health Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; IDEWE, External Service for Prevention and Protection at Work, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Radu-Corneliu Duca
- Environment and Health Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Unit Environmental Hygiene and Human Biological Monitoring, Department of Health Protection, National Health Laboratory (LNS), Dudelange, Luxembourg
| | - Samir El Jaafari
- Cluster of Competency "Health and Environment", Moulay Ismail University, Meknes, Morocco
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
González-Gaya B, Lopez-Herguedas N, Bilbao D, Mijangos L, Iker AM, Etxebarria N, Irazola M, Prieto A, Olivares M, Zuloaga O. Suspect and non-target screening: the last frontier in environmental analysis. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:1876-1904. [PMID: 33913946 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay00111f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Suspect and non-target screening (SNTS) techniques are arising as new analytical strategies useful to disentangle the environmental occurrence of the thousands of exogenous chemicals present in our ecosystems. The unbiased discovery of the wide number of substances present over environmental analysis needs to find a consensus with powerful technical and computational requirements, as well as with the time-consuming unequivocal identification of discovered analytes. Within these boundaries, the potential applications of SNTS include the studies of environmental pollution in aquatic, atmospheric, solid and biological samples, the assessment of new compounds, transformation products and metabolites, contaminant prioritization, bioremediation or soil/water treatment evaluation, and retrospective data analysis, among many others. In this review, we evaluate the state of the art of SNTS techniques going over the normalized workflow from sampling and sample treatment to instrumental analysis, data processing and a brief review of the more recent applications of SNTS in environmental occurrence and exposure to xenobiotics. The main issues related to harmonization and knowledge gaps are critically evaluated and the challenges of their implementation are assessed in order to ensure a proper use of these promising techniques in the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B González-Gaya
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Basque Country, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Höjer Holmgren K, Mörén L, Ahlinder L, Larsson A, Wiktelius D, Norlin R, Åstot C. Route Determination of Sulfur Mustard Using Nontargeted Chemical Attribution Signature Screening. Anal Chem 2021; 93:4850-4858. [PMID: 33709707 PMCID: PMC8041246 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Route determination
of sulfur mustard was accomplished through
comprehensive nontargeted screening of chemical attribution signatures.
Sulfur mustard samples prepared via 11 different synthetic routes
were analyzed using gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry.
A large number of compounds were detected, and multivariate data analysis
of the mass spectrometric results enabled the discovery of route-specific
signature profiles. The performance of two supervised machine learning
algorithms for retrospective synthetic route attribution, orthogonal
partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) and random forest
(RF), were compared using external test sets. Complete classification
accuracy was achieved for test set samples (2/2 and 9/9) by using
classification models to resolve the one-step routes starting from
ethylene and the thiodiglycol chlorination methods used in the two-step
routes. Retrospective determination of initial thiodiglycol synthesis
methods in sulfur mustard samples, following chlorination, was more
difficult. Nevertheless, the large number of markers detected using
the nontargeted methodology enabled correct assignment of 5/9 test
set samples using OPLS-DA and 8/9 using RF. RF was also used to construct
an 11-class model with a total classification accuracy of 10/11. The
developed methods were further evaluated by classifying sulfur mustard
spiked into soil and textile matrix samples. Due to matrix effects
and the low spiking level (0.05% w/w), route determination was more
challenging in these cases. Nevertheless, acceptable classification
performance was achieved during external test set validation: chlorination
methods were correctly classified for 12/18 and 11/15 in spiked soil
and textile samples, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karin Höjer Holmgren
- Department of CBRN Defence & Security, The Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), Cementvägen 20, Umeå SE-901 82, Sweden
| | - Lina Mörén
- Department of CBRN Defence & Security, The Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), Cementvägen 20, Umeå SE-901 82, Sweden
| | - Linnea Ahlinder
- Department of CBRN Defence & Security, The Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), Cementvägen 20, Umeå SE-901 82, Sweden
| | - Andreas Larsson
- Department of CBRN Defence & Security, The Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), Cementvägen 20, Umeå SE-901 82, Sweden
| | - Daniel Wiktelius
- Department of CBRN Defence & Security, The Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), Cementvägen 20, Umeå SE-901 82, Sweden
| | - Rikard Norlin
- Department of CBRN Defence & Security, The Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), Cementvägen 20, Umeå SE-901 82, Sweden
| | - Crister Åstot
- Department of CBRN Defence & Security, The Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), Cementvägen 20, Umeå SE-901 82, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Caban M, Lis H, Stepnowski P. Limitations of Integrative Passive Samplers as a Tool for the Quantification of Pharmaceuticals in the Environment - A Critical Review with the Latest Innovations. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2021; 52:1386-1407. [PMID: 33673780 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.1881755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This review starts with a presentation of the theory of kinetic uptake by passive sampling (PS), which is traditionally used to distinguish between integrative and equilibrium samplers. Demonstrated limitations of this model for the passive sampling of pharmaceuticals from water were presented. Most notably, the contribution of the protective membrane in the resistance to mass transfer of lipophilic analytes and the well documented effect of external parameters on sampling rates contributed to the greatest uncertainty in PS application. The diffusion gradient in thin layer (DGT) technique seems to reduce the effect of external parameters (e.g., flow rate) to some degree. The laboratory-determined integrative uptake periods over defined sampler deployments was compared, and the discrepancy found suggests that the most popular Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler (POCIS) could in some cases utilized as an equilibrium sampler. This assertion is supported by own calculations for three pharmaceuticals with extremely different lipophilic characters. Finally, the reasons performance reference compounds (PRCs) are not recommended for the reduction in uncertainty of the TWAC found by adsorptive samplers were presented. It was concluded that techniques of passive sampling of pharmaceuticals need a new uptake model to fit the current situation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magda Caban
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Hanna Lis
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Piotr Stepnowski
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Castro V, Quintana JB, Carpinteiro I, Cobas J, Carro N, Cela R, Rodil R. Combination of different chromatographic and sampling modes for high-resolution mass spectrometric screening of organic microcontaminants in water. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:5607-5618. [PMID: 33625537 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03226-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study explores the combination of two sampling strategies (polar organic compounds integrative sampler (POCIS) vs. spot sampling) and four chromatographic retention modes (reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC), hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC), mixed-mode liquid chromatography (MMLC) and supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC)) for high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) screening of organic pollutants in water samples. To this end, a suspect screening approach, using iterative data-dependent tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) driven by a library of 3227 chemicals (including pharmaceuticals, pesticides, drugs of abuse, human metabolites, industrial chemicals and other pollutants), was employed. Results show that POCIS can afford a larger number of positive identifications as compared to spot sampling. On the other hand, the best suited retention mechanisms, in terms of identified analytes, are SFC, and followed by RPLC, MMLC and HILIC. However, the best combination (POCIS + SFC) would only allow the identification of 67% of the detected analytes. Thus, the combination of the two sampling strategies, spot and passive sampling, with two orthogonal retention mechanisms, RPLC and SFC, is proposed in order to maximize the number of analytes detected (89%). This strategy was applied to different surface water (river and estuary) samples from Galicia (NW Spain). A total of 155 compounds were detected at a confidence level 2a, from which the major class was pharmaceuticals (61%).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Castro
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Benito Quintana
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Inmaculada Carpinteiro
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Julio Cobas
- INTECMAR - Technological Institute for the Monitoring of the Marine Environment of Galicia, Peirao de Vilaxoán S/N, 36611, Vilagarcía de Arousa, Spain
| | - Nieves Carro
- INTECMAR - Technological Institute for the Monitoring of the Marine Environment of Galicia, Peirao de Vilaxoán S/N, 36611, Vilagarcía de Arousa, Spain
| | - Rafael Cela
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rosario Rodil
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Richardson AK, Chadha M, Rapp-Wright H, Mills GA, Fones GR, Gravell A, Stürzenbaum S, Cowan DA, Neep DJ, Barron LP. Rapid direct analysis of river water and machine learning assisted suspect screening of emerging contaminants in passive sampler extracts. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:595-606. [PMID: 33427827 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay02013c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A novel and rapid approach to characterise the occurrence of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) in river water is presented using multi-residue targeted analysis and machine learning-assisted in silico suspect screening of passive sampler extracts. Passive samplers (Chemcatcher®) configured with hydrophilic-lipophilic balanced (HLB) sorbents were deployed in the Central London region of the tidal River Thames (UK) catchment in winter and summer campaigns in 2018 and 2019. Extracts were analysed by; (a) a rapid 5.5 min direct injection targeted liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for 164 CECs and (b) a full-scan LC coupled to quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (QTOF-MS) method using data-independent acquisition over 15 min. From targeted analysis of grab water samples, a total of 33 pharmaceuticals, illicit drugs, drug metabolites, personal care products and pesticides (including several EU Watch-List chemicals) were identified, and mean concentrations determined at 40 ± 37 ng L-1. For targeted analysis of passive sampler extracts, 65 unique compounds were detected with differences observed between summer and winter campaigns. For suspect screening, 59 additional compounds were shortlisted based on mass spectral database matching, followed by machine learning-assisted retention time prediction. Many of these included additional pharmaceuticals and pesticides, but also new metabolites and industrial chemicals. The novelty in this approach lies in the convenience of using passive samplers together with machine learning-assisted chemical analysis methods for rapid, time-integrated catchment monitoring of CECs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra K Richardson
- Dept. Analytical, Environmental & Forensic Sciences, School of Population Health & Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
An assessment of quality assurance/quality control efforts in high resolution mass spectrometry non-target workflows for analysis of environmental samples. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.116063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
27
|
Challis JK, Almirall XO, Helm PA, Wong CS. Performance of the organic-diffusive gradients in thin-films passive sampler for measurement of target and suspect wastewater contaminants. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 261:114092. [PMID: 32059137 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Although passive sampling is widely accepted as an excellent tool for environmental monitoring, their integration with suspect or non-targeted screening by high-resolution mass spectrometry has been limited. This study describes the application of the organic-diffusive gradients in thin-films (o-DGT) passive sampler as a tool for accurate measurement of both targeted and suspect polar organic contaminants (primarily pharmaceuticals) in wastewater. First, performance of o-DGT was assessed alongside the polar organic chemical integrative sampler (POCIS) and active sampling at two wastewater treatment facilities using targeted analyses. Overall, water concentrations measured by o-DGT, POCIS, and 24-hr integrative active samples were in good agreement with each other. There were exceptions, including a systematic difference between o-DGT and POCIS at certain sites that we propose was a result of site-specific conditions and a difference in sampling rates between the two techniques. The second component of this work involved suspect screening of the o-DGT extracts using high-resolution, high mass accuracy quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (QTOF). Lamotrigine, venlafaxine, and des-methylvenlafaxine were three suspect compounds identified and selected as proof-of-concept case studies to determine the feasibility and accuracy of o-DGT for estimating water concentrations based upon predicted sampling rates using a previously validated o-DGT diffusion model. Semi-quantification of the suspect compounds was conducting using an average surrogate response factor based on the suite of compounds measured by the targeted analyses. This, combined with the modelled sampling rates provided time-weighted average wastewater concentrations of the identified suspects within a factor of 2 of the true value, confirmed by isotope dilution with mass labelled internal surrogates. To the knowledge of the authors, this work is the first to demonstrate the utility of the o-DGT passive sampler as a potential environmental screening tool that can be integrated into the rapidly advancing field of non-targeted high resolution mass spectrometry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan K Challis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2 Canada.
| | - Xavier Ortiz Almirall
- Laboratory Services Branch, Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, Toronto, Ontario, M9P 3V6, Canada; School of Environmental Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Paul A Helm
- Environmental Monitoring and Reporting Branch, Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, Toronto, Ontario, M9P 3V6 Canada
| | - Charles S Wong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2 Canada; Department of Chemistry and Department of Environmental Studies and Sciences, Richardson College for the Environment, The University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3B 2E9, Canada; School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Berho C, Robert S, Coureau C, Coisy E, Berrehouc A, Amalric L, Bruchet A. Estimating 42 pesticide sampling rates by POCIS and POCIS-MIP samplers for groundwater monitoring: a pilot-scale calibration. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:18565-18576. [PMID: 32198689 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08385-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides occur in groundwater as a result of agricultural activity. Their monitoring under the Water Framework Directive is based on only a few spot-sampling measurements per year despite their temporal variability. Passive sampling, which was successfully tested in surface water to provide a more representative assessment of contamination, could be applied to groundwater for a better definition of its contamination. However, few reliable calibration data under low water flow are available. The objective of our study thus consisted in determining sampling rates by two types of passive samplers, a POCIS (polar organic chemical integrative sampler) for polar pesticides, and a POCIS-MIP sampler based on a receiving phase of molecular imprinted polymers, specific for AMPA and glyphosate under low flow conditions as exist in groundwater. To our knowledge, this is the first time that sampling rates (sampling rate represents the volume of water from which the analyte is quantitatively extracted by the sampler per unit time) are estimated for groundwater applications. Our calibrations took place in an experimental pilot filled with groundwater and with low water flow (a few metres per day). Pesticide uptake in POCIS showed good linearity, with up to 28 days before reaching equilibrium. Two types of accumulation in POCIS were noted (a linear pattern up to 28 days, and after a time lag of 7 to 14 days). Sampling rates for 38 compounds were calculated and compared with those available in the literature or obtained previously under laboratory conditions. The values obtained were lower by a factor 1 to 14 than those estimated under stirring conditions in the literature, whereas water flow velocity (m s-1) differed by a factor of 2000 to 10,000.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Berho
- Water, Environment Process Development and Analysis Division, Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM), 3 Avenue Claude Guillemin, 45060, Orléans cedex 2, France.
| | - Samuel Robert
- SUEZ, CIRSEE, 38 rue du président Wilson, 78230, le Pecq, France
| | - Charlotte Coureau
- Water, Environment Process Development and Analysis Division, Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM), 3 Avenue Claude Guillemin, 45060, Orléans cedex 2, France
| | - Emeline Coisy
- Water, Environment Process Development and Analysis Division, Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM), 3 Avenue Claude Guillemin, 45060, Orléans cedex 2, France
| | - Anne Berrehouc
- Water, Environment Process Development and Analysis Division, Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM), 3 Avenue Claude Guillemin, 45060, Orléans cedex 2, France
| | - Laurence Amalric
- Water, Environment Process Development and Analysis Division, Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM), 3 Avenue Claude Guillemin, 45060, Orléans cedex 2, France
| | - Auguste Bruchet
- SUEZ, CIRSEE, 38 rue du président Wilson, 78230, le Pecq, France
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Pinasseau L, Wiest L, Volatier L, Fones GR, Mills GA, Mermillod-Blondin F, Vulliet E. Calibration and field application of an innovative passive sampler for monitoring groundwater quality. Talanta 2020; 208:120307. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
|
30
|
Du B, Tian Z, Peter KT, Kolodziej EP, Wong CS. Developing Unique Nontarget High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Signatures to Track Contaminant Sources in Urban Waters. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS 2020; 7:923-930. [PMID: 34136585 PMCID: PMC8204317 DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.0c00749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Diffuse pollution in urban receiving waters often adversely impacts both humans and ecosystems. Identifying such pollution sources is challenging and limits the effectiveness of management actions intended to reduce risk. Here, we evaluated the use of nontarget analysis via high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) to develop chemical fingerprints/signatures for source tracking. Specifically, we applied nontarget HRMS to characterize and differentiate two urban chemical sources: roadway runoff and wastewater influent. We isolated 112 and 598 nontarget compounds (both known and unidentified chemicals) that co-occurred in all roadway runoff and wastewater influent samples, respectively, and were unique relative to other sampled sources. For example, methamphetamine, often considered wastewater derived, was detected in all samples, implying that individual wastewater indicators may lack sufficient specificity in urban receiving waters impacted by multiple sources. Hierarchical cluster analysis differentiated source types, and normalized abundance profiling prioritized nontarget compounds with consistent relative abundance patterns across field sites for a given source. Hexa(methoxymethyl)melamine, 1,3-diphenylguanidine, and polyethylene glycols co-occurred in roadway runoff across geographic areas and traffic intensities, supporting continued development of a universal roadway runoff fingerprint based on ubiquitous compounds. This study provides a proof-of-concept for isolating nontarget source fingerprints to track diffuse contamination in urban receiving waters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Du
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project Authority, Costa Mesa, California 92626, United States
| | - Zhenyu Tian
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, Washington 98421, United States; Center for Urban Waters, Tacoma, Washington 98421, United States
| | - Katherine T. Peter
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Charleston, South Carolina 29412, United States
| | - Edward P. Kolodziej
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, Washington 98421, United States; Center for Urban Waters, Tacoma, Washington 98421, United States; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Charles S. Wong
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project Authority, Costa Mesa, California 92626, United States
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Hedgespeth ML, Gibson N, McCord J, Strynar M, Shea D, Nichols EG. Suspect screening and prioritization of chemicals of concern (COCs) in a forest-water reuse system watershed. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 694:133378. [PMID: 31386959 PMCID: PMC8425958 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Much research has assessed organic chemicals of concern (COCs) in municipal wastewater and receiving waters, but few studies have examined COCs in land treatment systems. Many prior studies have implemented targeted methods that quantify a relatively small fraction of COCs present in wastewater and receiving waters. This study used suspect screening to assess chemical features in ground- and surface waters from a watershed where secondary-treated wastewater is irrigated onto 900 ha of temperate forest, offering a more holistic view of chemicals that contribute to the exposome. Chemical features were prioritized by abundance and ToxPi scoring across seasonal sampling events to determine if the forest-water reuse system contributed to the chemical exposome of ground- and surface waters. The number of chemical features detected in wastewater was usually higher than on- and off-site ground- and surface waters; in wastewater, chemical features trended with precipitation in which greater numbers of features were detected in months with low precipitation. The number of chemical features detected in off- and on-site waters was similar. The lower overlap between chemical features found in wastewater and downstream surface waters, along with the similar numbers of features being detected in upstream and downstream surface waters, suggests that though wastewater may be a source of chemicals to ground and surface waters on-site, dissipation of wastewater-derived features (in number and peak area abundance) likely occurs with limited off-site surface water export by the forested land treatment system. Further, the numbers of features detected on site and the overlap between wastewater and surface waters did not increase during periods of low rainfall, counter to our initial expectations. The chemical features tentatively identified in this watershed appear common to features identified in other studies, warranting further examination on the potential for resulting impacts of these on humans and the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie L Hedgespeth
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Nancy Gibson
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - James McCord
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Mark Strynar
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Damian Shea
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Elizabeth Guthrie Nichols
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Peter KT, Wu C, Tian Z, Kolodziej EP. Application of Nontarget High Resolution Mass Spectrometry Data to Quantitative Source Apportionment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:12257-12268. [PMID: 31603663 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b04481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
High resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) analyses provide expansive chemical characterizations of environmental samples. To date, most research efforts have developed tools to expedite labor- and time-intensive contaminant identification efforts. However, even without chemical identity, the richness of nontarget HRMS data sets represents a significant opportunity to chemically differentiate samples and delineate source contributions. To develop this potential, we evaluated the use of unidentified HRMS detections to define sample uniqueness and provide additional statistical resolution for quantitative source apportionment, overcoming a critical limitation of existing approaches based on targeted contaminants. By creating a series of sample mixtures that mimic pollution sources in a representative watershed, we assessed the fidelity of HRMS source fingerprints during dilution and mixing. This approach isolated 8-447 nontarget compounds per sample for source apportionment and yielded accurate source concentration estimates (between 0.82 and 1.4-fold of actual values), even in multisource systems with <1% source contributions. Furthermore, we mined the nontarget data to identify five source-specific chemical end-members amenable to apportionment. While additional development studies are needed to fully evaluate the myriad factors affecting method accuracy and capabilities, this study provides a conceptual foundation for novel applications of nontarget HRMS data to confidently distinguish and quantify source impacts in complex systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine T Peter
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Science , University of Washington Tacoma , Tacoma , Washington 98421 , United States
- Center for Urban Waters , Tacoma , Washington 98421 , United States
| | - Christopher Wu
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Science , University of Washington Tacoma , Tacoma , Washington 98421 , United States
- Center for Urban Waters , Tacoma , Washington 98421 , United States
| | - Zhenyu Tian
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Science , University of Washington Tacoma , Tacoma , Washington 98421 , United States
- Center for Urban Waters , Tacoma , Washington 98421 , United States
| | - Edward P Kolodziej
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Science , University of Washington Tacoma , Tacoma , Washington 98421 , United States
- Center for Urban Waters , Tacoma , Washington 98421 , United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Fonseca E, Renau-Pruñonosa A, Ibáñez M, Gracia-Lor E, Estrela T, Jiménez S, Pérez-Martín MÁ, González F, Hernández F, Morell I. Investigation of pesticides and their transformation products in the Júcar River Hydrographical Basin (Spain) by wide-scope high-resolution mass spectrometry screening. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 177:108570. [PMID: 31325630 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC implemented by the European Union established as the main objectives to achieve a "good ecological and chemical status" of the surface water and a "good quantitative and chemical status" of groundwater bodies. One of the major pressures affecting water bodies comes from the use of pesticides and their potential presence in the water ecosystems. For this purpose, the reliable determination of pesticides and their transformation products (TPs) in natural waters (both surface and groundwater) is required. The high number of compounds potentially reaching the aquatic environment makes extraordinary difficult, if not impossible, to investigate all these compounds even using the most powerful analytical techniques. Among these, liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry is emphasized due to its strong potential for detection and identification of many organic contaminants thanks to the accurate-mass full spectrum acquisition data. This work focuses on wide-scope screening of many pesticides and their TPs in surface water and groundwater samples, collected between March and May 2017, in the Júcar River Hydrographical Basin, Spain. For this purpose, a home-made database containing more than 500 pesticides and TPs was employed. Analyses performed by liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF MS) allowed the identification of up to 27 pesticides and 6 TPs. The most detected compounds in groundwater were the herbicides atrazine, simazine, terbuthylazine, and their TPs (atrazine-desethyl, terbumeton-desethyl and terbuthylazine-desethyl). Regarding surface water, the fungicides carbendazim, thiabendazole and imazalil, the herbicide terbutryn and the TP terbumeton-desethyl were also detected. These results illustrate the wide use of these compounds (in the present or in the recent past) in the area under study and the vulnerability of the water bodies, and are in accordance with previous findings in other water bodies of the different Spanish Hydrographic systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eddie Fonseca
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071, Castellón, Spain; Centro de Investigación en Contaminación Ambiental (CICA), Universidad de Costa Rica, P.O. 2060, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Arianna Renau-Pruñonosa
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071, Castellón, Spain
| | - María Ibáñez
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071, Castellón, Spain
| | - Emma Gracia-Lor
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071, Castellón, Spain; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Avenida Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Teodoro Estrela
- Confederación Hidrográfica del Júcar (CHJ), Avda. de Blasco Ibáñez 48, 46010, Valencia, Spain; Research Institute of Water and Environmental Engineering (IIAMA), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sara Jiménez
- Confederación Hidrográfica del Júcar (CHJ), Avda. de Blasco Ibáñez 48, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Pérez-Martín
- Research Institute of Water and Environmental Engineering (IIAMA), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Francisco González
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071, Castellón, Spain; Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Pinar del Río Hermanos Saíz Montes de Oca, 20100, Pinar del Río, Cuba
| | - Félix Hernández
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071, Castellón, Spain.
| | - Ignacio Morell
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071, Castellón, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Pinasseau L, Wiest L, Fildier A, Volatier L, Fones GR, Mills GA, Mermillod-Blondin F, Vulliet E. Use of passive sampling and high resolution mass spectrometry using a suspect screening approach to characterise emerging pollutants in contaminated groundwater and runoff. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 672:253-263. [PMID: 30959292 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Groundwater systems are being increasingly used to provide potable and other water supplies. Due to human activities, a range of organic pollutants is often detected in groundwater. One source of groundwater contamination is via stormwater infiltration basins, however, there is little information on the types of compounds present in these collection systems and their influence on the underlying groundwater. We developed an analytical strategy based on the use of passive sampling combined with liquid chromatography/high resolution quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry for screening for the presence of pesticide and pharmaceutical compounds in groundwater and stormwater runoff. Empore™ disk-based passive samplers (SDB-RPS and SDB-XC sorbents) were exposed, using for the first time a new specially designed deployment rig, for 10 days during a rainfall event in five different stormwater infiltration systems around Lyon, France. Stormwater runoff and groundwater (via a well, upstream and downstream of each basin) was sampled. Exposed Empore™ disks were solvent extracted (acetone and methanol) and the extracts analysed using a specific suspect compound screening workflow. High resolution mass spectrometry coupled with a suspect screening approach was found to be a useful tool as it allows a more comprehensive analysis than with targeted screening whilst being less time consuming than non-targeted screening. Using this analytical approach, 101 suspect compounds were tentatively identified, with 40 of this set being subsequently confirmed. The chemicals detected included fungicides, herbicides, insecticides, indicators of human activity, antibiotics, antiepileptics, antihypertensive and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs as well as their metabolites. Polar pesticides were mainly detected in groundwater and pharmaceuticals were more frequently found in runoff. In terms of detection frequency of the pollutants, groundwater impacted by infiltration was found not to be significantly more contaminated than non-impacted groundwater.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Pinasseau
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, 5 Rue de la Doua, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Laure Wiest
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, 5 Rue de la Doua, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Aurélie Fildier
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, 5 Rue de la Doua, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Laurence Volatier
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ENTPE, Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés, UMR 5023, 6 Rue Raphaël Dubois, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Gary R Fones
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Burnaby Road, Portsmouth PO1 3QL, UK
| | - Graham A Mills
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, White Swan Road, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, UK
| | - Florian Mermillod-Blondin
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ENTPE, Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés, UMR 5023, 6 Rue Raphaël Dubois, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Emmanuelle Vulliet
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, 5 Rue de la Doua, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Hedgespeth ML, Nichols EG. Expanding phytoremediation to the realms of known and unknown organic chemicals of concern. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2019; 21:1385-1396. [PMID: 31257906 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2019.1633265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Recent advancements in analytical chemistry and data analyses via high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) are evolving scientific understanding of the potential totality of organic chemical exposure and pollutant risk. This review addresses the importance of HRMS approaches, namely suspect screening and nontarget chemical analyses, to the realm of phytoremediation. These analytical approaches are not without caveats and constraints, but they provide an opportunity to understand in greater totality how plant-based technologies contribute, mitigate, and reduce organic chemical exposure across scales of experimental and system-level studies. These analytical tools can enlighten the complexity and efficacy of plant-contaminant system design and expand our understanding of biogenic and anthropogenic chemicals at work in phytoremediation systems. Advances in data analytics from biological sciences, such as metabolomics, are crucial to HRMS analysis. This review provides an overview of targeted, suspect screening, and nontarget HRMS approaches, summarizes the expanding knowledge of regulated and unregulated organic chemicals in the environment, addresses requisite HRMS instrumentation, analysis cost, uncertainty, and data processing techniques, and offers potential bridges of HRMS analyses to phytoremediation research and application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie L Hedgespeth
- Department of Forest and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Hohrenk LL, Vosough M, Schmidt TC. Implementation of Chemometric Tools To Improve Data Mining and Prioritization in LC-HRMS for Nontarget Screening of Organic Micropollutants in Complex Water Matrixes. Anal Chem 2019; 91:9213-9220. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lotta L. Hohrenk
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU) University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, Essen 45141, Germany
| | - Maryam Vosough
- Department of Clean Technologies, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran,
P.O. Box 14335-186, Tehran 1496813151, Iran
| | - Torsten C. Schmidt
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU) University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, Essen 45141, Germany
- IWW Water Centre, Moritzstr. 26, Mülheim an der Ruhr 45476, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Godlewska K, Stepnowski P, Paszkiewicz M. Application of the Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler for Isolation of Environmental Micropollutants – A Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2019; 50:1-28. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2019.1565983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Godlewska
- Department of Environmental Analytics, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Piotr Stepnowski
- Department of Environmental Analytics, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Monika Paszkiewicz
- Department of Environmental Analytics, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Rimayi C, Chimuka L, Gravell A, Fones GR, Mills GA. Use of the Chemcatcher® passive sampler and time-of-flight mass spectrometry to screen for emerging pollutants in rivers in Gauteng Province of South Africa. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2019; 191:388. [PMID: 31115701 PMCID: PMC6529598 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-7515-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Many rivers in urbanised catchments in South Africa are polluted by raw sewage and effluent to an extent that their ecological function has been severely impaired. The Hennops and Jukskei Rivers lying in the Hartbeespoort Dam catchment are two of the worst impacted rivers in South Africa and are in need of rehabilitation. Passive sampling (Chemcatcher® with a HLB receiving phase) together with high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry-targeted screening was used to provide high sensitivity and selectivity for the identification of a wide range of emerging pollutants in these urban waters. Over 200 compounds, including pesticides, pharmaceuticals and personal care products, drugs of abuse and their metabolites were identified. Many substances (~ 180) being detected for the first time in surface water in South Africa. General medicines and psychotropic drugs were the two most frequently detected groups in the catchment. These accounted for 49% of the emerging pollutants found. Of the general medicines, antihypertensive agents, beta-blocking and cardiac drugs were the most abundant (28%) classes detected. The Hennops site, downstream of a dysfunctional wastewater treatment plant, was the most polluted with 123 substances detected. From the compounds detected, peak intensity-based prioritisation was used to identify the five most abundant pollutants, being in the order caffeine > lopinavir > sulfamethoxazole > cotinine > trimethoprim. This work provides the largest available high-quality dataset of emerging pollutants detected in South African urban waters. The data generated in this study provides a solid foundation for subsequent work to further characterise (suspect screening) and quantify (target analysis) these substances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cornelius Rimayi
- Department of Water and Sanitation, Resource Quality Information Services (RQIS), Roodeplaat, P. Bag X313, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Luke Chimuka
- School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, P. Bag 3, Wits, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa
| | - Anthony Gravell
- Natural Resources Wale, NRW Analytical Services, Swansea University, Faraday Building, Singleton Campus, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Gary R Fones
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Burnaby Road, Portsmouth, PO1 3QL, UK.
| | - Graham A Mills
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, White Swan Road, Portsmouth, PO1 2DT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Peter KT, Tian Z, Wu C, Lin P, White S, Du B, McIntyre JK, Scholz NL, Kolodziej EP. Using High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry to Identify Organic Contaminants Linked to Urban Stormwater Mortality Syndrome in Coho Salmon. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:10317-10327. [PMID: 30192129 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b03287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Urban stormwater is a major threat to ecological health, causing a range of adverse, mostly sublethal effects. In western North America, urban runoff is acutely lethal to adult coho salmon ( Oncorhynchus kisutch) that spawn each fall in freshwater creeks. Although the mortality syndrome is correlated to urbanization and attributed to road runoff contaminant(s), the causal agent(s) remain unknown. We applied high-resolution mass spectrometry to isolate a coho mortality chemical signature: a list of nontarget and identified features that co-occurred in waters lethal to coho spawners (road runoff from controlled exposures and urban receiving waters from two field observations of symptomatic coho). Hierarchical cluster analysis indicated that tire wear particle (TWP) leachates were most chemically similar to the waters with observed toxicity, relative to other vehicle-derived sources. Prominent road runoff contaminants in the signature included two groups of nitrogen-containing compounds derived from TWP, polyethylene glycols, octylphenol ethoxylates, and polypropylene glycols. A (methoxymethyl)melamine compound family, previously unreported in North America, was detected in road runoff and urban creeks at concentrations up to ∼9 and ∼0.3 μg/L, respectively. The results indicate TWPs are an under-appreciated contaminant source in urban watersheds and should be prioritized for fate and toxicity assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine T Peter
- Center for Urban Waters , Tacoma , Washington 98421 , United States
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences , University of Washington Tacoma , Tacoma , Washington 98421 , United States
| | - Zhenyu Tian
- Center for Urban Waters , Tacoma , Washington 98421 , United States
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences , University of Washington Tacoma , Tacoma , Washington 98421 , United States
| | - Christopher Wu
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences , University of Washington Tacoma , Tacoma , Washington 98421 , United States
| | - Peter Lin
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences , University of Washington Tacoma , Tacoma , Washington 98421 , United States
| | - Sarah White
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences , University of Washington Tacoma , Tacoma , Washington 98421 , United States
| | - Bowen Du
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project , Costa Mesa , California 92626 , United States
| | - Jenifer K McIntyre
- School of the Environment , Washington State University , Puyallup , Washington 98371 , United States
| | - Nathaniel L Scholz
- Environmental and Fisheries Science Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service , National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration , 2725 Montlake Blvd. E. , Seattle , Washington 98112 , United States
| | - Edward P Kolodziej
- Center for Urban Waters , Tacoma , Washington 98421 , United States
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences , University of Washington Tacoma , Tacoma , Washington 98421 , United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Djomte VT, Taylor RB, Chen S, Booij K, Chambliss CK. Effects of hydrodynamic conditions and temperature on polar organic chemical integrative sampling rates. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:2331-2339. [PMID: 29978495 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The effects of changing hydrodynamic conditions and changing temperatures on polar organic chemical integrative sampler (POCIS) sampling rates (Rs ) were investigated for 12 crop protection chemicals. Exposure concentration was held constant in each laboratory experiment, and flow velocities were calculated from measured mass transfer coefficients of the water boundary layer near the surface of POCIS devices. At a given temperature Rs generally increased by a factor of 2 to 5 between a stagnant condition and higher flow velocities (6-21 cm/s), but Rs for most compounds was essentially constant between the higher flow velocities. When temperature was varied between 8 and 39 °C for a given flow condition, Rs increased linearly. In general, Rs increased by a factor of 2 to 4 and 2 to 8 over this temperature range under flow and stagnant conditions, respectively. An Arrhenius model was used to describe the dependence of POCIS sampling rates on temperature. Adjustments of Rs for temperature did not fully explain observed differences between time-weighted average concentrations of atrazine determined from POCIS and from composite water sampling in a field setting, suggesting that the effects of other competing factors still need to be evaluated. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:2331-2339. © 2018 SETAC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Raegyn B Taylor
- Baylor University, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Waco, Texas, USA
| | - Sunmao Chen
- Syngenta Crop Protection, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - C Kevin Chambliss
- Baylor University, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Waco, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Ponce-Robles L, Oller I, Agüera A, Trinidad-Lozano MJ, Yuste FJ, Malato S, Perez-Estrada LA. Application of a multivariate analysis method for non-target screening detection of persistent transformation products during the cork boiling wastewater treatment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 633:508-517. [PMID: 29579662 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cork boiling wastewater is a very complex mixture of naturally occurring compounds leached and partially oxidized during the boiling cycles. The effluent generated is recalcitrant and could cause a significant environmental impact. Moreover, if this untreated industrial wastewater enters a municipal wastewater treatment plant it could hamper or reduce the efficiency of most activated sludge degradation processes. Despite the efforts to treat the cork boiling wastewater for reusing purposes, is still not well-known how safe these compounds (original compounds and oxidation by-products) will be. The purpose of this work was to apply an HPLC-high resolution mass spectrometry method and subsequent non-target screening using a multivariate analysis method (PCA), to explore relationships between samples (treatments) and spectral features (masses or compounds) that could indicate changes in formation, degradation or polarity, during coagulation/flocculation (C/F) and photo-Fenton (PhF). Although, most of the signal intensities were reduced after the treatment line, 16 and 4 new peaks were detected to be formed after C/F and PhF processes respectively. The use of this non-target approach showed to be an effective strategy to explore, classify and detect transformation products during the treatment of an unknown complex mixture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Ponce-Robles
- Plataforma Solar de Almería-CIEMAT, Carretera de Senés Km 4, 04200 Tabernas, Almería, Spain; CIESOL, Joint Centre of the University of Almería-CIEMAT, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - I Oller
- Plataforma Solar de Almería-CIEMAT, Carretera de Senés Km 4, 04200 Tabernas, Almería, Spain; CIESOL, Joint Centre of the University of Almería-CIEMAT, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - A Agüera
- CIESOL, Joint Centre of the University of Almería-CIEMAT, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - M J Trinidad-Lozano
- ICMC-IPROCOR, Instituto del Corcho, la Madera y el Carbón Vegetal, Mérida 06800, Badajoz, Spain
| | - F J Yuste
- ICMC-IPROCOR, Instituto del Corcho, la Madera y el Carbón Vegetal, Mérida 06800, Badajoz, Spain
| | - S Malato
- Plataforma Solar de Almería-CIEMAT, Carretera de Senés Km 4, 04200 Tabernas, Almería, Spain; CIESOL, Joint Centre of the University of Almería-CIEMAT, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - L A Perez-Estrada
- Plataforma Solar de Almería-CIEMAT, Carretera de Senés Km 4, 04200 Tabernas, Almería, Spain; CIESOL, Joint Centre of the University of Almería-CIEMAT, 04120 Almería, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Lhotský O, Krákorová E, Linhartová L, Křesinová Z, Steinová J, Dvořák L, Rodsand T, Filipová A, Kroupová K, Wimmerová L, Kukačka J, Cajthaml T. Assessment of biodegradation potential at a site contaminated by a mixture of BTEX, chlorinated pollutants and pharmaceuticals using passive sampling methods - Case study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 607-608:1451-1465. [PMID: 28763941 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study describes a pilot remediation test of a co-mingled plume containing BTEX, chlorinated pollutants and pharmaceuticals. Remediation was attempted using a combination of various approaches, including a pump and treat system applying an advanced oxidation process and targeted direct push injections of calcium peroxide. The remediation process was monitored intensively and extensively throughout the pilot test using various conventional and passive sampling methods, including next-generation amplicon sequencing. The results showed that the injection of oxygen-saturated treated water with residual hydrogen peroxide and elevated temperature enhanced the in situ removal of monoaromatics and chlorinated pollutants. In particular, in combination with the injection of calcium peroxide, the conditions facilitated the in situ bacterial biodegradation of the pollutants. The mean groundwater concentration of benzene decreased from 1349μg·L-1 prior to the test to 3μg·L-1 within 3months after the calcium peroxide injections; additionally, monochlorobenzene decreased from 1545μg·L-1 to 36μg·L-1, and toluene decreased from 143μg·L-1 to 2μg·L-1. Furthermore, significant degradation of the contaminants bound to the soil matrix in less permeable zones was observed. Based on a developed 3D model, 90% of toluene and 88% of chlorobenzene bound to the soil were removed during the pilot test, and benzene was removed almost completely. On the other hand, the psychopharmaceuticals were effectively removed by the employed advanced oxidation process only from the treated water, and their concentration in groundwater remained stagnant due to inflow from the surroundings and their absence of in situ degradation. The employment of passive sampling techniques, including passive diffusion bags (PDB) for volatile organic pollutants and their respective transformation products, polar organic compound integrative samplers (POCIS) for the pharmaceuticals and in situ soil microcosms for microbial community analysis, was proven to be suitable for monitoring remediation in saturated zones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ondřej Lhotský
- DEKONTA a.s., Volutová 2523, CZ-158 00 Prague 5, Czech Republic; Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, CZ-128 01 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Krákorová
- DEKONTA a.s., Volutová 2523, CZ-158 00 Prague 5, Czech Republic; Institute of Microbiology Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Vídeňská 1083, CZ-142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Linhartová
- Institute of Microbiology Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Vídeňská 1083, CZ-142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Zdena Křesinová
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, CZ-128 01 Prague 2, Czech Republic; Institute of Microbiology Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Vídeňská 1083, CZ-142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Steinová
- Technical University of Liberec, Studentská 2, CZ-461 17 Liberec, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Dvořák
- Technical University of Liberec, Studentská 2, CZ-461 17 Liberec, Czech Republic
| | - Torgeir Rodsand
- ALS Laboratory Group Norway AS, Drammensveien 173, N-0214 Oslo, Norway
| | - Alena Filipová
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, CZ-128 01 Prague 2, Czech Republic; Institute of Microbiology Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Vídeňská 1083, CZ-142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Kristýna Kroupová
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, CZ-128 01 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Wimmerová
- ALS Laboratory Group Norway AS, Drammensveien 173, N-0214 Oslo, Norway; Department of Applied Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, CZ-165 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kukačka
- DEKONTA a.s., Volutová 2523, CZ-158 00 Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Cajthaml
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, CZ-128 01 Prague 2, Czech Republic; Institute of Microbiology Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Vídeňská 1083, CZ-142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Wood TP, Du Preez C, Steenkamp A, Duvenage C, Rohwer ER. Database-driven screening of South African surface water and the targeted detection of pharmaceuticals using liquid chromatography - High resolution mass spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 230:453-462. [PMID: 28683392 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals and personal care products are released into aquatic environments, largely as a result of ineffectual removal during wastewater treatment. Here we present a screening strategy based on the use of three commercially available mass spectral databases, combined into a single searchable entity and parallelized by cluster computing. In addition to this, a targeted solid phase extraction method with Ultra High Pressure Liquid Chromatography coupled to quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF) was used to quantify 99 pharmaceuticals in South African surface water on a national level. Limits of quantification were in the low ng/L range for the majority of the compounds and it was found that nationally both Lamotrigine and Nevirapine occurred most often. Prednisolone and Ritonavir were present at the highest average concentration; 623 and 489 ng/L respectively. It is however shown that more than 50% of the targets chosen for analysis are not detectable in any of the samples, which highlights the utility of untargeted, database driven screening; prior to the use of costly analytical standards. Untargeted screening detected 45% of the compounds detected in targeted mode, and furthermore tentatively identified a total of 4273 unique compounds across the samples. Automatically triggered MS/MS analyses yielded 92 unique hits with greater than 95% confidence. It is therefore suggested that untargeted screening should precede the targeted approach as a matter of economy and to guide the selection of targets for quantification. There is however great room for improvement in current commercial database search methodologies as a large bottleneck exists due to processing time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Paul Wood
- Protechnik Laboratories, A Division of ARMSCOR SOC Ltd, 103 Combretum Crescent, Centurion, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, Lynwood Road, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa.
| | - Christiaan Du Preez
- Flamengro, A Division of ARMSCOR SOC Ltd, Cnr Delmas Road and Nossob Street, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa.
| | - Adriaan Steenkamp
- Flamengro, A Division of ARMSCOR SOC Ltd, Cnr Delmas Road and Nossob Street, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Cornelia Duvenage
- Department of Internal Medicine, 1 Military Hospital, South African Military Health Services, Voortrekker Street, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa.
| | - Egmont R Rohwer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, Lynwood Road, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Mali N, Cerar S, Koroša A, Auersperger P. Passive sampling as a tool for identifying micro-organic compounds in groundwater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 593-594:722-734. [PMID: 28364607 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The paper presents the use of a simple and cost efficient passive sampling device with integrated active carbon with which to test the possibility of determining the presence of micro-organic compounds (MOs) in groundwater and identifying the potential source of pollution as well as the seasonal variability of contamination. Advantage of the passive sampler is to cover a long sampling period by integrating the pollutant concentration over time, and the consequently analytical costs over the monitoring period can be reduced substantially. Passive samplers were installed in 15 boreholes in the Maribor City area in Slovenia, with two sampling campaigns covered a period about one year. At all sampling sites in the first series a total of 103 compounds were detected, and 144 in the second series. Of all detected compounds the 53 most frequently detected were selected for further analysis. These were classified into eight groups based on the type of their source: Pesticides, Halogenated solvents, Non-halogenated solvents, Domestic and personal, Plasticizers and additives, Other industrial, Sterols and Natural compounds. The most frequently detected MO compounds in groundwater were tetrachloroethene and trichloroethene from the Halogenated solvents group. The most frequently detected among the compound's groups were pesticides. Analysis of frequency also showed significant differences between the two sampling series, with less frequent detections in the summer series. For the analysis to determine the origin of contamination three groups of compounds were determined according to type of use: agriculture, urban and industry. Frequency of detection indicates mixed land use in the recharge areas of sampling sites, which makes it difficult to specify the dominant origin of the compound. Passive sampling has proved to be useful tool with which to identify MOs in groundwater and for assessing groundwater quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Mali
- Geological Survey of Slovenia, Department of Hydrogeology, Dimičeva ulica 14, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - S Cerar
- Geological Survey of Slovenia, Department of Hydrogeology, Dimičeva ulica 14, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - A Koroša
- Geological Survey of Slovenia, Department of Hydrogeology, Dimičeva ulica 14, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - P Auersperger
- Public Water Supply Company Vodovod-Kanalizacija, Vodovodna cesta 90, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Statistical Approaches for LC-HRMS Data To Characterize, Prioritize, and Identify Transformation Products from Water Treatment Processes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2016-1241.ch004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
|