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Wang DQ, Jia SM, Liu LY, Zhang ZF, Zhu FJ, Ma WL. Pollution characteristics, source apportionment and absorption spectra of size-resolved PAHs in atmospheric particles in a cold megacity of China. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 473:134643. [PMID: 38776815 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have the capability for solar radiation absorption related to climate forcing. Herein, pollution characteristics and absorption spectra of size-resolved PAHs in atmospheric particles in a cold megacity were comprehensively investigated. The mean concentrations of Σ18PAHs in all the 11 particle size ranges were 3.95 ± 4.77 × 104 pg/m3 and 2.17 ± 1.54 × 103 pg/m3 in heating period (HP) and non-heating period (NHP), respectively. Except for most PAHs with 2 and 3 benzene rings in NHP, most other PAHs showed a unimodal distribution pattern with the peak at 0.56-1.0 µm in both periods, which was caused by PAH emission sources. The PAH-related climate forcing was mainly caused by the solar radiation absorptions at ∼325 (∼330) nm and ∼365 nm. In general, the absorption intensities were higher in HP than NHP. The absorption intensity in the particle size range of 0.56-1.0 µm was the highest, and benzo[e]pyrene was the dominant contributor. In colder periods in HP, higher PAH concentrations caused more intensive PAH-related climate forcing. This study provided new insights for pollution characteristics and absorption spectra of size-resolved PAHs in atmospheric particles, which will be useful for better understanding PAH-related climate forcing.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Qi Wang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin 150090, China
| | - Shi-Ming Jia
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin 150090, China
| | - Li-Yan Liu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin 150090, China
| | - Zi-Feng Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin 150090, China
| | - Fu-Jie Zhu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin 150090, China
| | - Wan-Li Ma
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin 150090, China.
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2
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Chivé C, Martίn-Faivre L, Eon-Bertho A, Alwardini C, Degrouard J, Albinet A, Noyalet G, Chevaillier S, Maisonneuve F, Sallenave JM, Devineau S, Michoud V, Garcia-Verdugo I, Baeza-Squiban A. Exposure to PM 2.5 modulate the pro-inflammatory and interferon responses against influenza virus infection in a human 3D bronchial epithelium model. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 348:123781. [PMID: 38492752 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies showed a positive association between exposure to PM2.5 and the severity of influenza virus infection. However, the mechanisms by which PM2.5 can disrupt antiviral defence are still unclear. From this perspective, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of PM2.5 on antiviral signalling in the respiratory epithelium using the bronchial Calu-3 cell line grown at the air-liquid interface. Pre-exposure to PM2.5 before infection with the influenza virus was investigated, as well as a co-exposure. Although a physical interaction between the virus and the particles seems possible, no effect of PM2.5 on viral replication was observed during co-exposure, although a downregulation of IFN-β release was associated to PM2.5 exposure. However, pre-exposure slightly increased the viral nucleoprotein production and the pro-inflammatory response. Conversely, the level of the myxovirus resistance protein A (MxA), an interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) induced by IFN-β, was reduced. Therefore, these results suggest that pre-exposure to PM2.5 could alter the antiviral response of bronchial epithelial cells, increasing their susceptibility to viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Chivé
- Université Paris Cité, Functional and Adaptive Biology Unit, UMR8251-CNRS, Paris, France; French Environment and Energy Management Agency 20, Avenue Du Grésillé - BP, 90406 49004, Angers, France
| | - Lydie Martίn-Faivre
- Université Paris Cité, Inflamex Excellence Laboratory, INSERM UMR-1152-PHERE, F-75018, Paris, France
| | - Alice Eon-Bertho
- Université Paris Cité, Functional and Adaptive Biology Unit, UMR8251-CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Christelle Alwardini
- Université Paris Cité, Functional and Adaptive Biology Unit, UMR8251-CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Jéril Degrouard
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Alexandre Albinet
- Institut National de L'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Parc Technologique Alata BP2, 60550, Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | - Gael Noyalet
- Université Paris Cité and Université Paris Est Créteil, CNRS, LISA, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Servanne Chevaillier
- Université Paris Cité and Université Paris Est Créteil, CNRS, LISA, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Franck Maisonneuve
- Université Paris Est Créteil and Université Paris Cité, CNRS, LISA, F-94010, Créteil, France
| | - Jean-Michel Sallenave
- Université Paris Cité, Inflamex Excellence Laboratory, INSERM UMR-1152-PHERE, F-75018, Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Devineau
- Université Paris Cité, Functional and Adaptive Biology Unit, UMR8251-CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Michoud
- Université Paris Cité and Université Paris Est Créteil, CNRS, LISA, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Ignacio Garcia-Verdugo
- Université Paris Cité, Inflamex Excellence Laboratory, INSERM UMR-1152-PHERE, F-75018, Paris, France.
| | - Armelle Baeza-Squiban
- Université Paris Cité, Functional and Adaptive Biology Unit, UMR8251-CNRS, Paris, France
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3
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Tsiodra I, Tavernaraki K, Grivas G, Parinos C, Papoutsidaki K, Paraskevopoulou D, Liakakou E, Gogou A, Bougiatioti A, Gerasopoulos E, Kanakidou M, Mihalopoulos N. Spatiotemporal Gradients of PAH Concentrations in Greek Cities and Associated Exposure Impacts. TOXICS 2024; 12:293. [PMID: 38668516 PMCID: PMC11055022 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12040293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
To study the spatiotemporal variability of particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and assess their carcinogenic potential in six contrasting urban environments in Greece, a total of 305 filter samples were collected and analyzed. Sampling sites included a variety of urban background, traffic (Athens, Ioannina and Heraklion), rural (Xanthi) and near-port locations (Piraeus and Volos). When considering the sum of 16 U.S. EPA priority PAHs, as well as that of the six EU-proposed members, average concentrations observed across locations during summer varied moderately (0.4-2.2 ng m-3) and independently of the population of each site, with the highest values observed in the areas of Piraeus and Volos that are affected by port and industrial activities. Winter levels were significantly higher and more spatially variable compared to summer, with the seasonal enhancement ranging from 7 times in Piraeus to 98 times in Ioannina, indicating the large impact of PAH emissions from residential wood burning. Regarding benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), an IARC Group 1 carcinogen and the only EU-regulated PAH, the winter/summer ratios were 24-33 in Athens, Volos, Heraklion and Xanthi; 60 in Piraeus; and 480 in Ioannina, which is afflicted by severe wood-burning pollution events. An excellent correlation was observed between organic carbon (OC) and benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) during the cold period at all urban sites (r2 > 0.8) with stable BaP/OC slopes (0.09-0.14 × 10-3), highlighting the potential use of OC as a proxy for the estimation of BaP in winter conditions. The identified spatiotemporal contrasts, which were explored for the first time for PAHs at such a scale in the Eastern Mediterranean, provide important insights into sources and controlling atmospheric conditions and reveal large deviations in exposure risks among cities that raise the issue of environmental injustice on a national level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irini Tsiodra
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, 15236 Athens, Greece; (I.T.); (K.T.); (G.G.); (D.P.); (E.L.); (E.G.); (N.M.)
| | - Kalliopi Tavernaraki
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, 15236 Athens, Greece; (I.T.); (K.T.); (G.G.); (D.P.); (E.L.); (E.G.); (N.M.)
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece; (K.P.); (M.K.)
| | - Georgios Grivas
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, 15236 Athens, Greece; (I.T.); (K.T.); (G.G.); (D.P.); (E.L.); (E.G.); (N.M.)
| | - Constantine Parinos
- Institute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, 19013 Anavyssos, Greece; (C.P.); (A.G.)
| | - Kyriaki Papoutsidaki
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece; (K.P.); (M.K.)
| | - Despina Paraskevopoulou
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, 15236 Athens, Greece; (I.T.); (K.T.); (G.G.); (D.P.); (E.L.); (E.G.); (N.M.)
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece; (K.P.); (M.K.)
| | - Eleni Liakakou
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, 15236 Athens, Greece; (I.T.); (K.T.); (G.G.); (D.P.); (E.L.); (E.G.); (N.M.)
| | - Alexandra Gogou
- Institute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, 19013 Anavyssos, Greece; (C.P.); (A.G.)
| | - Aikaterini Bougiatioti
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, 15236 Athens, Greece; (I.T.); (K.T.); (G.G.); (D.P.); (E.L.); (E.G.); (N.M.)
| | - Evangelos Gerasopoulos
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, 15236 Athens, Greece; (I.T.); (K.T.); (G.G.); (D.P.); (E.L.); (E.G.); (N.M.)
| | - Maria Kanakidou
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece; (K.P.); (M.K.)
- Center for Studies of Air Quality and Climate Change, Institute for Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, 26504 Patras, Greece
- Institute of Environmental Physics, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Nikolaos Mihalopoulos
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, 15236 Athens, Greece; (I.T.); (K.T.); (G.G.); (D.P.); (E.L.); (E.G.); (N.M.)
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece; (K.P.); (M.K.)
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Mwangi JK, Degrendele C, Bandowe BAM, Bohlin-Nizzetto P, Halse AK, Šmejkalová AH, Kim JT, Kukučka P, Martiník J, Nežiková BP, Přibylová P, Prokeš R, Sáňka M, Tannous M, Vinkler J, Lammel G. Air-soil cycling of oxygenated, nitrated and parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in source and receptor areas. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 921:170495. [PMID: 38296070 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their oxygenated and nitrated derivatives, OPAHs and NPAHs, are semivolatile air pollutants which are distributed and cycling regionally. Subsequent to atmospheric deposition to and accumulation in soils they may re-volatilise, a secondary source which is understudied. We studied the direction of air-soil mass exchange fluxes of 12 OPAHs, 17 NPAHs, 25 PAHs and one alkylated PAH in two rural environments being influenced by the pollutant concentrations in soil and air, by season, and by land cover. The OPAHs and NPAHs in samples of topsoil, of ambient air particulate and gas phases and in the gas-phase equilibrated with soil were analysed by GC-APCI-MS/MS. The pollutants soil burdens show a pronounced seasonality, a winter maximum for NPAHs and PAHs and a summer maximum for OPAHs. One order of magnitude more OPAH and parent PAH are found stored in forest soil than in nearby grassland soil. Among a number of 3-4 ring PAHs, the OPAHs benzanthrone and 6H-benzo(c,d)pyren-6-one, and the NPAHs 1- and 2-nitronaphthalene, 9-nitrophenanthrene and 7-nitrobenz(a)anthracene are found to re-volatilise from soils at a rural background site in central Europe in summer. At a receptor site in northern Europe, net deposition of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) prevails and re-volatilisation occurs only sporadic. Re-volatilisation of a number of PACs, including strong mutagens, from soils in summer and even in winter indicates that long-range atmospheric transport of primary PAC emissions from central Europe to receptor areas might be enhanced by secondary emissions from soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- John K Mwangi
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Kotlářská 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Céline Degrendele
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Kotlářská 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Benjamin A M Bandowe
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Multiphase Chemistry Department, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Anne K Halse
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Kjeller, Norway
| | | | - Jun-Tae Kim
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Multiphase Chemistry Department, Mainz, Germany; Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Center for Sustainable Environment Research, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Petr Kukučka
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Kotlářská 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Martiník
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Kotlářská 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Petra Přibylová
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Kotlářská 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Prokeš
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Kotlářská 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic; Czech Academy of Sciences, Global Change Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Sáňka
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Kotlářská 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Mariam Tannous
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Kotlářská 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Vinkler
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Kotlářská 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Gerhard Lammel
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Kotlářská 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic; Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Multiphase Chemistry Department, Mainz, Germany.
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5
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Mallikarachchi KEP, Bandara KRV, Weerasekera MM, Nugara RN, Undugoda LJS, Manage PM. Aromatase (CYP19) gene as a biomarker for detection of naphthalene and phenanthrene in Colombo to Mirissa coastal water in Sri Lanka. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 201:116187. [PMID: 38412796 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Naphthalene (NAP) and phenanthrene (PHE) are prevalent Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the environment. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis was performed on marine water samples (n = 57) collected from 19 locations. Molecular screening of the aromatase (CYP19) gene expression was examined using quantitative Reverse Transcriptase PCR (qRT-PCR). The findings of the study showed a significant range of naphthalene concentrations along the coastline, spanning from 1.70 to 15.05 mg/L, where phenanthrene concentrations varied from undetectable to a maximum of 5.36 mg/L. The relative expression of the CYP19 gene ranged from 0.5 to 13.9 in the sampling sites. The ANOVA analysis showed a significant positive correlation (p < 0.05) between the concentrations of PAHs and CYP19 gene expression. The study concluded that the CYP19 gene could be useful in detecting contaminants such as naphthalene and phenanthrene in water. This study may help develop effective strategies to detect and mitigate PAH pollution in coastal areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E P Mallikarachchi
- Centre for Water Quality and Algae Research, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka
| | - K R V Bandara
- Centre for Water Quality and Algae Research, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka; Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka
| | - M M Weerasekera
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka
| | - R N Nugara
- Department of Biosystems Technology, Faculty of Technology, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Pitipana, Homagama, Sri Lanka
| | - L J S Undugoda
- Department of Biosystems Technology, Faculty of Technology, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Pitipana, Homagama, Sri Lanka
| | - P M Manage
- Centre for Water Quality and Algae Research, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka; Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka.
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Wang M, Luo N, Gao Y, Li G, An T. Pyrene and its derivatives increase lung adverse effects by activating aryl hydrocarbon receptor transcription. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 916:170030. [PMID: 38220008 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Derivatives of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) pose significant threat to environment and human health due to their widespread and potential hazards. However, adverse effects and action mechanisms of PAH derivatives on human health have not been attempted yet. Herein, we chose pyrene and its derivatives (1-hydroxypyrene, 1-nitropyrene, and 1-methylpyrene) to investigate adverse effect mechanism to human lungs using in vitro and in vivo methods. Results showed that pyrene derivatives have higher lung health risks than original pyrene. They can activate AhR, subsequently affecting expression of downstream target genes CYP1A1 and CYP1B1. The binding energies of pyrene and its derivatives ranged from -16.07 to -27.25 kcal/mol by molecular dynamics simulations, implying that pyrene and its derivatives acted as agonists of AhR and increased adverse effects on lungs. Specifically, 1-nitropyrene exhibited stabler binding conformation and stronger AhR expression. In addition, sensitivity of pyrene and its derivatives to AhR activation was attributed to type and number of key amino acids in AhR, that is, pyrene (Leu293), 1-nitropyrene (Cys333, Met348, and Val381), 1-hydroxypyrene (Leu293 and Phe287), and 1-methylpyrene (Met348). In summary, we provide a universal approach for understanding action mechanisms of PAH derivatives on human health, and their adverse effects should be taken seriously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Wang
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Na Luo
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yanpeng Gao
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Guiying Li
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Taicheng An
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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7
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Amato F, van Drooge BL, Jaffrezo JL, Favez O, Colombi C, Cuccia E, Reche C, Ippolito F, Ridolfo S, Lara R, Uzu G, Ngoc TVD, Dominutti P, Darfeuil S, Albinet A, Srivastava D, Karanasiou A, Lanzani G, Alastuey A, Querol X. Aerosol source apportionment uncertainty linked to the choice of input chemical components. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 184:108441. [PMID: 38241832 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
For a Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) aerosol source apportionment (SA) studies there is no standard procedure to select the most appropriate chemical components to be included in the input dataset for a given site typology, nor specific recommendations in this direction. However, these choices are crucial for the final SA outputs not only in terms of number of sources identified but also, and consequently, in the source contributions estimates. In fact, PMF tends to reproduce most of PM mass measured independently and introduced as a total variable in the input data, regardless of the percentage of PM mass which has been chemically characterized, so that the lack of some specific source tracers (e.g. levoglucosan) can potentially affect the results of the whole source apportionment study. The present study elaborates further on the same concept, evaluating quantitatively the impact of lacking specific sources' tracers on the whole source apportionment, both in terms of identified sources and source contributions. This work aims to provide first recommendations on the most suitable and critical components to be included in PMF analyses in order to reduce PMF output uncertainty as much as possible, and better represent the most commons PM sources observed in many sites in Western countries. To this aim, we performed three sensitivity analyses on three different datasets across EU, including extended sets of organic tracers, in order to cover different types of urban conditions (Mediterranean, Continental, and Alpine), source types, and PM fractions. Our findings reveal that the vehicle exhaust source resulted to be less sensitive to the choice of analytes, although source contributions estimates can deviate significantly up to 44 %. On the other hand, for the detection of the non-exhaust one is clearly necessary to analyze specific inorganic elements. The choice of not analysing non-polar organics likely causes the loss of separation of exhaust and non-exhaust factors, thus obtaining a unique road traffic source, which provokes a significant bias of total contribution. Levoglucosan was, in most cases, crucial to identify biomass burning contributions in Milan and in Barcelona, in spite of the presence of PAHs in Barcelona, while for the case of Grenoble, even discarding levoglucosan, the presence of PAHs allowed identifying the BB factor. Modifying the rest of analytes provoke a systematic underestimation of biomass burning source contributions. SIA factors resulted to be generally overestimated with respect to the base case analysis, also in the case that ions were not included in the PMF analysis. Trace elements were crucial to identify shipping emissions (V and Ni) and industrial sources (Pb, Ni, Br, Zn, Mn, Cd and As). When changing the rest of input variables, the uncertainty was narrow for shipping but large for industrial processes. Major and trace elements were also crucial to identify the mineral/soil factor at all cities. Biogenic SOA and Anthropogenic SOA factors were sensitive to the presence of their molecular tracers, since the availability of OC alone is unable to separate a SOA factor. Arabitol and sorbitol were crucial to detecting fungal spores while odd number of higher alkanes (C27 to C31) for plant debris.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Amato
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - B L van Drooge
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - J L Jaffrezo
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, Grenoble INP, INRAE, IGE, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - O Favez
- Institut national de l'environnement industriel et des risques (Ineris), 60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | - C Colombi
- Environmental Monitoring Sector, Arpa Lombardia, Via Rosellini 17, Milan, 20124, Italy
| | - E Cuccia
- Environmental Monitoring Sector, Arpa Lombardia, Via Rosellini 17, Milan, 20124, Italy
| | - C Reche
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - F Ippolito
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Ridolfo
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - R Lara
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - G Uzu
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, Grenoble INP, INRAE, IGE, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - T V D Ngoc
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, Grenoble INP, INRAE, IGE, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - P Dominutti
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, Grenoble INP, INRAE, IGE, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - S Darfeuil
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, Grenoble INP, INRAE, IGE, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - A Albinet
- Institut national de l'environnement industriel et des risques (Ineris), 60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | - D Srivastava
- Institut national de l'environnement industriel et des risques (Ineris), 60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | - A Karanasiou
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - G Lanzani
- Environmental Monitoring Sector, Arpa Lombardia, Via Rosellini 17, Milan, 20124, Italy
| | - A Alastuey
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - X Querol
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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8
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van Pinxteren D, Engelhardt V, Mothes F, Poulain L, Fomba KW, Spindler G, Cuesta-Mosquera A, Tuch T, Müller T, Wiedensohler A, Löschau G, Bastian S, Herrmann H. Residential Wood Combustion in Germany: A Twin-Site Study of Local Village Contributions to Particulate Pollutants and Their Potential Health Effects. ACS ENVIRONMENTAL AU 2024; 4:12-30. [PMID: 38250341 PMCID: PMC10797685 DOI: 10.1021/acsenvironau.3c00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Residential wood combustion contributing to airborne particulate matter (PM10) was studied for 1 year at two sites in the village of Melpitz. Significant excess pollution was observed at the Melpitz center compared to that at the TROPOS research station Melpitz reference site, situated only 700 m away. Local concentration increments at the village site for the combustion PM constituents organic carbon, elemental carbon, levoglucosan, and benzo[a]pyrene were determined under appropriate wind directions, and their winter mean values were 0.7 μg m-3, 0.3 μg m-3, 0.1 μg m-3, and 0.4 ng m-3, representing relative increases over the regional background concentration of 24, 70, 61, and 107%, respectively. Yearly, weekly, and diurnal profiles of village increments suggest residential heating as the dominant source of this excess pollution, mainly originating from wood combustion. Receptor modeling using positive matrix factorization quantified 4.5 μg m-3 wood combustion PM at the village site, representing an increment of 1.9 μg m-3 and an increase of ∼75% over the 2.6 μg m-3 regional background wood combustion PM. This increment varied with season, temperature, and boundary layer height and reached daily mean values of 4-6 μg m-3 during unfavorable meteorological conditions. Potential health effects were estimated and resulted in an all-cause mortality from short-term exposure to wood combustion PM of 2.1 cases per 100,000 inhabitants and year for areas with similar wood smoke levels as observed in Melpitz. The excess cancer risk from the concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons was 6.4 per 100,000. For both health metrics, the very local contributions from the village itself were about 40-50%, indicating a strong potential for mitigation through local-scale policies. A compilation of literature data demonstrates wood combustion to represent a major source of PM pollution in Germany, with average winter-time contributions of 10-20%. The present study quantifies the negative impacts of heating with wood in rural residential areas, where the continuous monitoring of air quality is typically lacking. Further regulation of this PM source is warranted in order to protect human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik van Pinxteren
- Leibniz
Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Vanessa Engelhardt
- Leibniz
Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Falk Mothes
- Leibniz
Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Laurent Poulain
- Leibniz
Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Khanneh Wadinga Fomba
- Leibniz
Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gerald Spindler
- Leibniz
Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andrea Cuesta-Mosquera
- Leibniz
Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Tuch
- Leibniz
Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Müller
- Leibniz
Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alfred Wiedensohler
- Leibniz
Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gunter Löschau
- Saxon
State Office for the Environment, Agriculture, and Geology (LfULG), Pillnitzer Platz 3, 01326 Dresden Pillnitz, Germany
| | - Susanne Bastian
- Saxon
State Office for the Environment, Agriculture, and Geology (LfULG), Pillnitzer Platz 3, 01326 Dresden Pillnitz, Germany
| | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Leibniz
Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
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9
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Claus JA, Bermúdez C, Vallet V, Margulès L, Goubet M. The hydration of an oxy-polycyclic aromatic compound: the case of naphthaldehyde. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:23667-23677. [PMID: 37610078 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp02649c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
The study of the intermolecular interactions of polycyclic aromatic compounds, considered as important pollutants of the Earth's atmosphere since they are emitted by the partial combustion of fuels, is essential to understand the formation and aging of their aerosols. In this study, the hydration of α-naphthaldehyde and β-naphthaldehyde isomers was investigated through a combination of Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy and quantum chemical calculations. Monohydrate structures were observed experimentally for both isomers, with two hydrate structures observed for β-naphthaldehyde and only one for α-naphthaldehyde, consistent with computational predictions. Analysis of the monohydrate structures indicated that the β-isomer exhibits higher hydrophilicity compared to the α-isomer, supported by electronic densities, hydration energies, and structural considerations. Further computational calculations were conducted to explore the planarity of the naphthaldehyde hydrates. Different levels of theory were employed, some of these revealing slight deviations from planarity in the hydrate structures. Low-frequency out-of-plane vibrational modes were examined, and the inertial defect was used to assess the planarity of the hydrates. The results suggested that the hydrates possess a predominantly planar structure, in agreement with the highest level of computational calculations and the absence of c-type transitions in the experimental spectra. Additionally, calculations were extended to dihydrate structures by attaching two water molecules to the naphthaldehyde isomers. The most stable dihydrate structures were predicted to be combinations of the observed monohydrate positions. However, experimental observation of the most stable dihydrate structures was challenging due to their very low vapour pressure, calling for complementary experiments using laser ablation nozzles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan A Claus
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8523 - PhLAM - Physique des Lasers, Atomes et Molécules, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Celina Bermúdez
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8523 - PhLAM - Physique des Lasers, Atomes et Molécules, F-59000 Lille, France.
- Departamento de Química Física y Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias - I.U. CINQUIMA, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid 47011, Spain.
| | - Valérie Vallet
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8523 - PhLAM - Physique des Lasers, Atomes et Molécules, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Laurent Margulès
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8523 - PhLAM - Physique des Lasers, Atomes et Molécules, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Manuel Goubet
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8523 - PhLAM - Physique des Lasers, Atomes et Molécules, F-59000 Lille, France.
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10
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Li CWY, Walters S, Müller JF, Orlando J, Brasseur GP. Contamination of tea leaves by anthraquinone: The atmosphere as a possible source. AMBIO 2023; 52:1373-1388. [PMID: 37115429 PMCID: PMC10272057 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-023-01858-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The detection of anthraquinone in tea leaves has raised concerns due to a potential health risk associated with this species. This led the European Union to impose a maximum residue limit (MRL) of 0.02 mg/kg for anthraquinone in dried tea leaves. As atmospheric contamination has been identified as one of the possible sources of anthraquinone residue, this study investigates the contamination resulting from the deposition of atmospheric anthraquinone using a global chemical transport model that accounts for the emission, atmospheric transport, chemical transformation, and deposition of anthraquinone on the surface. The largest contribution to the global atmospheric budget of anthraquinone is from residential combustion followed by the secondary formation from oxidation of anthracene. Simulations suggest that atmospheric anthraquinone deposition could be a substantial source of the anthraquinone found on tea leaves in several tea-producing regions, especially near highly industrialized and populated areas of southern and eastern Asia. The high level of anthraquinone deposition in these areas may result in residues in tea products exceeding the EU MRL. Additional contamination could also result from local tea production operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathy W. Y. Li
- Environmental Modelling Group, Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Bundesstrasse 53, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stacy Walters
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Lab, National Center for Atmospheric Research, P.O. Box 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA
| | - Jean-François Müller
- Department “Sources and Sinks of Atmospheric Constituents”, Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy, Ringlaan 3 Avenue Circulaire, 1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - John Orlando
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Lab, National Center for Atmospheric Research, P.O. Box 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA
| | - Guy P. Brasseur
- Environmental Modelling Group, Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Bundesstrasse 53, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Lab, National Center for Atmospheric Research, P.O. Box 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA
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11
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Zhang X, Li Z. Investigating industrial PAH air pollution in relation to population exposure in major countries: A scoring approach. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 338:117801. [PMID: 36996564 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are common air pollutants worldwide, associated with industrial processes. In the general population, both modeling and field studies revealed a positive correlation between air PAH concentrations and urinary PAH metabolite levels. Many countries lack population urinary data that correspond to local PAH air concentrations. Thus, we proposed a scoring-based approximate approach to investigating that correlation in selected countries, hypothesizing that PAH air concentrations in selected regions could represent the national air quality influenced by industrial emission and further correlate to PAH internal exposure in the general population. This research compiled 85 peer-reviewed journal articles and 9 official monitoring datasets/reports covering 34 countries, 16 of which with both atmospheric PAH data and human biomonitoring data. For the air pollution score (AirS), Egypt had the highest AirS at 0.94 and Pakistan was at the bottom of the score ranking at -1.95, as well as the median in the UK (AirS: 0.50). For the population exposure score (ExpS), China gained the top ExpS at 0.44 and Spain was with the lowest ExpS of -1.52, with the median value in Italy (ExpS: 0.43). Through the correlation analysis, atmospheric PAHs and their corresponding urinary metabolites provided a positive relationship to a diverse extent, indicating that the related urinary metabolites could reflect the population's exposure to specific atmospheric PAHs. The findings also revealed that in the 16 selected countries, AirS indexes were positively correlated with ExpS indexes, implying that higher PAH levels in the air may lead to elevated metabolite urinary levels in general populations. Furthermore, lowering PAH air concentrations could reduce population internal PAH exposure, implying that strict PAH air regulation or emission would reduce health risks for general populations. Notably, this study was an ideal theoretical research based on proposed assumptions to some extent. Further research should focus on understanding exposure pathways, protecting vulnerable populations, and improving the PAH database to optimize PAH pollution control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Zhang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China
| | - Zijian Li
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China.
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12
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Barhoumi B, Guigue C, Touil S, Johnson-Restrepo B, Driss MR, Tedetti M. Hydrocarbons in the atmospheric gas phase of a coastal city in Tunisia: Levels, gas-particle partitioning, and health risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 879:162986. [PMID: 36958548 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Many studies have focused on aliphatic hydrocarbons and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (AHs and PAHs) in different environmental compartments, especially atmospheric particles (aerosols), due to their adverse effects on the environment and human health. However, much less information is currently available on the content of AHs and PAHs in the atmospheric gas phase, which is a major reservoir of volatile and photoreactive compounds. Here, for the first time, we assessed the levels, gas-particle partitioning, human health risks and seasonal variations of AHs and PAHs in the atmospheric gas-phase of Bizerte city (Tunisia, North Africa) over a one-year period (March 2015-January 2016). Σ34PAH concentration in the gas phase over the period ranged from 6.7 to 90.6 ng m-3 and on average was 2.5 times higher in the cold season than in the warm season. Σ28AH concentration in the gas phase over the period ranged from 14.0 to 35.9 ng m-3, with no clear seasonal variations. In the gas phase, hydrocarbons were dominated by low-molecular-weight (LMW) compounds, i.e. 3- and 4-ring for PAHs and < n-C24 for AHs. Gas-phase concentrations of PAHs and AHs accounted for up to 80 % of the total (gas + particle phases) atmospheric concentrations of PAHs and AHs. Further analysis of gas-particle partitioning showed that LMW hydrocarbons preferential accumulated in the gas phase, and that gas-particle partitioning was not in equilibrium but dominated by absorption processes into the aerosol organic matter. Benzo[a]pyrene toxic equivalency quotient (BaP-TEQ) in the gas phase represented on average 37 % of the total atmospheric BaP-TEQ concentration, which was always higher in the cold season. Atmospheric gas is a significant factor in the risks of cancer associated with inhalation of ambient air. The Monte Carlo simulation-based exposure assessment model predicted that outdoor air exposure to PAHs does not pose a cancer risk to infants, but the children, adolescent, and adult populations may face a lower cancer risk during the warm season and a higher risk in the cold season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badreddine Barhoumi
- Laboratory of Hetero-Organic Compounds and Nanostructured Materials (LR18ES11), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, 7021 Zarzouna, Tunisia; Aix Marseille Univ, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO UM 110, 13288 Marseille, France.
| | - Catherine Guigue
- Aix Marseille Univ, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO UM 110, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Soufiane Touil
- Laboratory of Hetero-Organic Compounds and Nanostructured Materials (LR18ES11), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, 7021 Zarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Boris Johnson-Restrepo
- Environmental Chemistry Research Group, School of Exact and Natural Sciences, University Campus of San Pablo, University of Cartagena, Zaragocilla, Carrera 50 No. 24-99, Cartagena, 130015, Colombia
| | - Mohamed Ridha Driss
- Laboratory of Hetero-Organic Compounds and Nanostructured Materials (LR18ES11), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, 7021 Zarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Marc Tedetti
- Aix Marseille Univ, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO UM 110, 13288 Marseille, France
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13
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Chen W, Xian W, He G, Xue Z, Li S, Li W, Li Y, Zhang Y, Yang X. Occurrence and spatiotemporal distribution of PAHs and OPAHs in urban agricultural soils from Guangzhou City, China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 254:114767. [PMID: 36917879 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) derivatives in the environment is of growing concern because they exhibit higher toxicity than their parent PAHs. This study evaluated the large-scale occurrence and spatiotemporal distribution of 16 PAHs and 14 oxygenated PAHs (OPAHs) in urban agricultural soils from seven districts of Guangzhou City, China. Linear correlation analysis was conducted to explore the relationship between PAH and OPAH occurrence and a series of parameters. The compositional analysis, principal component analysis, diagnostic ratios, and principal component analysis coupled with a multiple linear regression model were used to identify the sources of PAHs and OPAHs in the soils. The average concentrations of ΣPAHs and ΣOPAHs (59.6 ± 31.1-213 ± 115.5 μg/kg) during the flood season were significantly higher than those during the dry season (42.1 ± 13.3-157.2 ± 98.2 μg/kg), which were due to relatively strong wet deposition during the flood season and weak secondary reactions during the dry season. Linear correlation analysis showed that soil properties, industrial activities, and agricultural activities (r = 0.27-0.96, p < 0.05) were responsible for the spatial distribution of PAHs during the dry season. The PAH distribution was mainly affected by precipitation during the flood season. The concentrations of ΣOPAHs were only related to the soil properties during the dry season because their occurrence was sensitive to secondary reactions, climate and meteorological conditions, and their water solubility. Our results further showed that coal combustion and traffic emissions were the dominant origins of PAHs and OPAHs during both the seasons. Wet deposition and runoff-induced transport also contributed to PAH and OPAH occurrence during the flood season. The results of this study can improve our understanding of the environmental risks posed by PAHs and OPAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weisong Chen
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Joint Institute for Environment & Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Weixuan Xian
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Joint Institute for Environment & Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Guiying He
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Joint Institute for Environment & Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Zhongye Xue
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Joint Institute for Environment & Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Shaomin Li
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Joint Institute for Environment & Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Wenyan Li
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Joint Institute for Environment & Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Yongtao Li
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Joint Institute for Environment & Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Yulong Zhang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Joint Institute for Environment & Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China.
| | - Xingjian Yang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Joint Institute for Environment & Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China.
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14
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Jo J, Lee JY, Jang KS, Matsuki A, Natsagdorj A, Ahn YG. Development of Quantitative Chemical Ionization Using Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry and Gas Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry for Ambient Nitro- and Oxy-PAHs and Its Applications. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 28:molecules28020775. [PMID: 36677835 PMCID: PMC9867094 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the atmosphere has been continually monitored since their toxicity became known, whereas nitro-PAHs (NPAHs) and oxy-PAHs (OPAHs), which are derivatives of PAHs by primary emissions or secondary formations in the atmosphere, have gained attention more recently. In this study, a method for the quantification of 18 NPAH and OPAH congeners in the atmosphere based on combined applications of gas chromatography coupled with chemical ionization mass spectrometry is presented. A high sensitivity and selectivity for the quantification of individual NPAH and OPAH congeners without sample preparations from the extract of aerosol samples were achieved using negative chemical ionization (NCI/MS) or positive chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry (PCI-MS/MS). This analytical method was validated and applied to the aerosol samples collected from three regions in Northeast Asia-namely, Noto, Seoul, and Ulaanbaatar-from 15 December 2020 to 17 January 2021. The ranges of the method detection limits (MDLs) of the NPAHs and OPAHs for the analytical method were from 0.272 to 3.494 pg/m3 and 0.977 to 13.345 pg/m3, respectively. Among the three regions, Ulaanbaatar had the highest total mean concentration of NPAHs and OPAHs at 313.803 ± 176.349 ng/m3. The contribution of individual NPAHs and OPAHs in the total concentration differed according to the regional emission characteristics. As a result of the aerosol samples when the developed method was applied, the concentrations of NPAHs and OPAHs were quantified in the ranges of 0.016~3.659 ng/m3 and 0.002~201.704 ng/m3, respectively. It was concluded that the method could be utilized for the quantification of NPAHs and OPAHs over a wide concentration range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungmin Jo
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Yi Lee
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Soon Jang
- Bio-Chemical Analysis Team, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju 28119, Republic of Korea
| | - Atsushi Matsuki
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Amgalan Natsagdorj
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar 14200, Mongolia
| | - Yun-Gyong Ahn
- Western Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul 03759, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence:
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15
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Siudek P. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in coarse particles (PM 10) over the coastal urban region in Poland: Distribution, source analysis and human health risk implications. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 311:137130. [PMID: 36336024 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the results of PM10-bound PAH measurements were subjected to positive matrix factorization (PMF) approach and diagnostic ratios to investigate their levels, seasonal variability, impact of primary anthropogenic sources, and human health risk via the inhalation route. Daily ground-based observations were carried out at a representative coastal site in Gdynia (northern Poland), from April to December 2019. The concentrations of Σ13PAHs in PM10 varied between 0.45 ng m-3 and 54.02 ng m-3, with a mean of 5.22 ± 8.67 ng m-3. A clear seasonality and distribution profiles of PM10-bound PAHs were observed as a result of local/remote sources and meteorological conditions. The highest Σ13PAH concentration was found in December (18.56 ± 16.45 ng m-3) and the lowest values were observed between June and September (3.89 ± 0.52 ng m-3). The PMF-based analysis revealed five factors, suggesting the importance of primary anthropogenic sources of PAHs, i.e. coal combustion, biomass burning, gasoline/diesel vehicles, industrial and shipping activities as well as natural gas combustion. In summer, PAH levels were mostly controlled by local shipping emissions as well as traffic-related and non-combustion sources such as photochemical decomposition. The winter PAH maxima were attributed to a strong increase in residential coal combustion. A Spearman's rank correlation and multilinear regression analysis showed that ambient temperature and NO× had a significant impact on intra-annual variability in PM10-bound PAH transformation in this region. PAH congeners in coarse-size fraction were positively correlated with SO2, indicating their shared anthropogenic sources. The annual mean of epidemiologically based ILCR value was 6.6 × 10-5. This work indicates a potential carcinogenic risk for the local population and a significant difference in BaPeq levels between the individual seasons in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Siudek
- Institute of Meteorology and Water Management, Waszyngtona 42, PL-81-342, Gdynia, Poland.
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16
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Galvão ES, Paiva HB, Menezes HC, de Almeida Albuquerque TT, Cardeal ZDL. Cancer risk assessment and source apportionment of the gas- and particulate-phase of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a metropolitan region in Brazil. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 311:136872. [PMID: 36252898 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A risk assessment and a source apportionment of the particulate- and gas-phase PAHs were conducted in a high vehicular traffic and industrialized region in southeastern Brazil. Higher concentrations of PAHs were found during summer, being likely driven by the contributions of PAHs in the vapor phase caused by fire outbreaks during this period. Isomer ratio diagnostic and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) identified four potential sources in the region, in which the Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model confirmed and apportioned as gasoline-related (31.8%), diesel-related (25.1%), biomass burning (23.4%), and mixed sources (19.6%). The overall cancer risk had a tolerable value, with ∑CR = 4.6 × 10-5, being ingestion the major via of exposure (64% of the ∑CR), followed by dermal contact (33% of the ∑CR) and inhalation (3%). Mixed sources contributed up to 45% of the overall cancer risk (∑CR), followed by gasoline-related (up to 35%), diesel-related (up to 15%), and biomass burning (up to 10%). The risk assessment for individual PAH species allowed identifying higher CR associated with BaP, DBA, BbF, BaA, and BkF, species associated with gasoline-related and industrial sources. Higher risks were associated with PM2.5-bound PAHs exposure, mainly via ingestion and dermal contact, highlighting the need for measures of mitigation and control of PM2.5 in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elson Silva Galvão
- Departamento de Engenharia Sanitária e Ambiental, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270, Brazil
| | | | - Helvécio Costa Menezes
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270, Brazil
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17
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Gao P, Deng F, Chen WS, Zhong YJ, Cai XL, Ma WM, Hu J, Feng SR. Health Risk Assessment of Inhalation Exposure to Airborne Particle-Bound Nitrated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Urban and Suburban Areas of South China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:15536. [PMID: 36497610 PMCID: PMC9739065 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192315536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Airborne particulates (PM2.5 and TSP) were collected from outdoor and indoor areas at urban (Haizhu District) and suburban (Huadu District) sites from 2019 to 2020 in Guangzhou. Three nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (nitro-PAHs) in the airborne particulates were identified by a gas chromatograph equipped with a triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer. In the Haizhu District and Huadu District, the nitro-PAH concentrations in PM2.5 and TSP did not show a significant decrease from winter to summer. From 2019 to 2020, the difference in the average concentration of nitro-PAHs in PM2.5 and TSP in Guangzhou was relatively low and had no statistical significance. The diagnostic ratios of 2-nitrofluorene (2-NF)/1-nitropyrene (1-NP) in TSP are less than five, while for 2-NF/1-NP in outdoor PM2.5 in the summer of 2019 and 2020 are more than five, which indicates that nitro-PAHs in the atmospheric PM2.5 in Guangzhou during summer mainly originated from the secondary formation of atmospheric photochemical reactions between parent PAHs and oxidants (·OH, NO3, and O3). 9-Nitroanthracene (9-NT) made the most significant contribution to the total nitro-PAH concentration. The incremental lifetime cancer risks (ILCRs) of nitro-PAHs in PM2.5 and TSP by inhalation exposure indicated low potential health risks in the urban-suburban of Guangzhou.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Gao
- Institute of Architecture and Engineering, Guangzhou Panyu Polytechnic, Guangzhou 511483, China
| | - Feng Deng
- Institute of Architecture and Engineering, Guangzhou Panyu Polytechnic, Guangzhou 511483, China
| | - Wei-Shan Chen
- Institute of Architecture and Engineering, Guangzhou Panyu Polytechnic, Guangzhou 511483, China
| | - Yi-Jia Zhong
- Institute of Architecture and Engineering, Guangzhou Panyu Polytechnic, Guangzhou 511483, China
| | - Xiao-Lu Cai
- Institute of Architecture and Engineering, Guangzhou Panyu Polytechnic, Guangzhou 511483, China
| | - Wen-Min Ma
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, School of Geographic and Environmental Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Jian Hu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Shu-Ran Feng
- School of Business, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hongkong 999077, China
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18
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Lian X, Zhang G, Yang Y, Chen M, Yang W, Cheng C, Huang B, Fu Z, Bi X, Zhou Z, Li M. Measurement of the mixing state of PAHs in individual particles and its effect on PAH transport in urban and remote areas and from major sources. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 214:114075. [PMID: 35963317 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Although recent laboratory simulations have demonstrated that organic matter prevents the degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), their role in the long-range transport of PAHs in the real atmosphere remains poorly understood. In this study, we measured the chemical composition and mixing state of PAHs-containing individual particles in aerosols from three sources, one urban area and one remote area. PAHs-containing particles were classified into five types: organic carbon (OC), potassium mixed with organic carbon (KOC), potassium mixed with sodium (KNa), Krich and PAH-rich. The PAH-rich and KOC particles were the main types of particles produced by vehicle exhaust/coal burning and biomass burning, respectively, accounting for >50% of the PAHs-containing particles. It was found that organic matter enhancement of PAHs-containing particles occurs in the ambient atmosphere, with organic-rich (OC and KOC) particles accounting for >90%. Further analysis revealed that the increase in the fractions of PAHs was related to the mixing state with organic compounds due to the protection of organics against PAHs and/or the aging of PAHs-containing particles. The results of this study improve our understanding of the chemical composition and mixing state of PAHs particles in atmospheric aerosols from emission sources and urban and remote areas, and provide field observation evidence to support the promotion of the study of long-range transport of PAHs by organics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiufeng Lian
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Guohua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
| | - Yuxiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
| | - Mubai Chen
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Wenda Yang
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Chunlei Cheng
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Bo Huang
- Guangzhou Hexin Analytical Instrument Company Limited, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Zhong Fu
- Guangzhou Hexin Analytical Instrument Company Limited, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Xinhui Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
| | - Zhen Zhou
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Mei Li
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China.
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19
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Siudek P. Atmospheric Deposition of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Coastal Urban Environment of Poland: Sources and Transport Patterns. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:14183. [PMID: 36361064 PMCID: PMC9657786 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192114183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This study combines an interseasonal variation of deposition profiles of fine-particulate-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PM2.5-bound PAHs) with source apportionment analysis. Comprehensive measurements were conducted in four representative periods of 2019 in the coastal urban region of the Baltic Sea in Poland. The mean daily deposition flux of Σ13PAHs was 229 ng m-2 day-1, which was lower than in other urban/industrial sites of Europe and Asia. The seasonal PAHs distribution exhibited a clear U-shaped pattern, reaching maximum values in January and December and the minimum in June. A strong influence of local/regional anthropogenic emissions and meteorological factors (precipitation, ambient temperature, wind regimes) was observed. The contribution of medium molecular weight PAHs (fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo(a)anthracene, chrysene) to the total sum of PAHs deposition fluxes increased from 24% in spring to 38% in summer, as a result of photochemistry, urban traffic, and shipping emissions. The highest contribution of 5- and 6-ring PAHs occurred primarily in autumn (55%), followed by winter (39%), spring (35%), and summer (26%). Benzo(a)pyrene (human carcinogenic compound) had a relatively high deposition flux in winter, which was almost 14 and 20 times higher than the values registered in spring and summer, respectively. The FLEXTRA dispersion model was used to study potential pollution regions for PM2.5-bound PAHs and to investigate changes in the PAH deposition regime in different seasons. This study reveals that the winter contribution of PAHs was mostly impacted by local urban activities (i.e., residential heating and coal-fired power plants). Winter PAH deposition fluxes were particularly associated with atmospheric particles transported from surrounding areas and industrially impacted regions of SE-S-SW Poland and Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Siudek
- Institute of Meteorology and Water Management, Waszyngtona 42, PL-81-342 Gdynia, Poland
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20
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Strandberg B, Omelekhina Y, Klein M, Krais AM, Wierzbicka A. Particulate-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their Nitro- and Oxy-Derivative Compounds Collected Inside and Outside Occupied Homes in Southern Sweden. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2022.2136218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Strandberg
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Yuliya Omelekhina
- Department of Design Sciences, Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Mathieu Klein
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Inserm UMRS 1144, Paris University, Paris, France
| | - Annette M. Krais
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Aneta Wierzbicka
- Department of Design Sciences, Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Centre for Healthy Indoor Environments, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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21
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Iakovides M, Oikonomou K, Sciare J, Mihalopoulos N. Evidence of stockpile contamination for legacy polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in the urban environment of Cyprus (Eastern Mediterranean): Influence of meteorology on air level variability and gas/particle partitioning based on equilibrium and steady-state models. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 439:129544. [PMID: 35908394 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated comprehensively the atmospheric occurrence and fate of an extensive range of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs; forty-two congeners), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs; twenty-seven emerging and legacy agrochemicals) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs; fifty parent and alkylated members, including the non USEPA-16 listed toxic ones), in both gas and particulate phase of the scarcely monitored atmosphere over Cyprus for the first time. Parent-metabolite concentration ratios suggested fresh application for dichlorodiphenyl-trichloroethanes (DDTs), dicofol, hexachlorocyclohexanes, endosulfan and chlorothalonil, particularly during spring (April-May). Regressions of logarithms of partial pressure against ambient temperature revealed that secondary recycling from contaminated terrestrial surfaces regulates the atmospheric level variability of PCBs, DDTs, aldrin, chlordane, dicofol, heptachlor and endosulfan. Enthalpies of surface-air exchange (∆HSA) calculated from Clausius-Clapeyron equations were significantly correlated to vaporization enthalpies (∆HV) determined by chromatographic techniques, corroborating presence of potential stockpile-contaminated sites around the study area. The Harner-Bidleman equilibrium model simulating urban areas, and the Li-Jia empirical model, predicted better the partitioning behavior of PAHs (<four-ring parent and alkylated members), PCBs (<hexa-chlorobiphenyls), and OCPs, respectively. For heavier PAHs and PCBs, partitioning coefficients (KP) were inadequately predicted by the Li-Ma-Yang steady-state model, probably due to local human activities and regional transport in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minas Iakovides
- Climate and Atmosphere Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, 20, Konstantinou Kavafi Street, 2121 Aglantzia, Cyprus.
| | - Konstantina Oikonomou
- Climate and Atmosphere Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, 20, Konstantinou Kavafi Street, 2121 Aglantzia, Cyprus
| | - Jean Sciare
- Climate and Atmosphere Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, 20, Konstantinou Kavafi Street, 2121 Aglantzia, Cyprus
| | - Nikos Mihalopoulos
- Climate and Atmosphere Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, 20, Konstantinou Kavafi Street, 2121 Aglantzia, Cyprus; Chemistry Department, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Palaia Penteli, 15236 Athens, Greece
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22
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Verma PK, Sah D, Satish R, Rastogi N, Kumari KM, Lakhani A. Atmospheric chemistry and cancer risk assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Nitro-PAHs over a semi-arid site in the Indo-Gangetic plain. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 317:115456. [PMID: 35751260 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Nitro-PAHs were collected over a year at a traffic dominated site in Agra, to determine the dominant partitioning mechanism. During the entire sampling period, total PAHs and Nitro-PAHs were 3465 ± 3802 and 26.1 ± 25.9 ng m-3 respectively. The gas-particle partitioning behavior of PAHs was studied by applying the Pankow model, Absorption model, and Dual model. Amongst all the partitioning models, the Dual model fits well and indicates that the partitioning of PAHs at the traffic site in Agra depends on both the physical adsorption of PAHs on the Total Suspended Particulate (TSP) surface and absorption of PAHs into the organic layer present on the TSP surface. Pankow model indicates that PAHs are emitted from the source close to the sampling point and due to this PAHs do not get enough time to get partitioned in between both the phases. Incremental lifetime Cancer Risk (ILCR) shows that adults and children are more prone to cancer risk in comparison to infants for both PAHs and Nitro-PAHs. Cancer risk by inhalation was minimum in comparison to both ingestion and dermal exposure. Nitro-PAHs in the particulate phase were high enough to exceed the minimum permissible limit (10-6) of causing cancer by ingestion and dermal exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puneet Kumar Verma
- Department of Chemistry, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Agra, 282005, India
| | - Dinesh Sah
- Department of Chemistry, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Agra, 282005, India
| | - Rangu Satish
- Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380009, India
| | - Neeraj Rastogi
- Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380009, India
| | - K Maharaj Kumari
- Department of Chemistry, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Agra, 282005, India
| | - Anita Lakhani
- Department of Chemistry, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Agra, 282005, India.
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23
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Wietzoreck M, Bandowe BAM, Hofman J, Martiník J, Nežiková B, Kukučka P, Přibylová P, Lammel G. Nitro- and oxy-PAHs in grassland soils from decade-long sampling in central Europe. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2022; 44:2743-2765. [PMID: 34415461 PMCID: PMC9213387 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-01066-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Long-term exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their nitrated (NPAHs) and oxygenated (OPAHs) derivatives can cause adverse health effects due to their carcinogenicity, mutagenicity and oxidative potential. The distribution of PAH derivatives in the terrestrial environment has hardly been studied, although several PAH derivatives are ubiquitous in air and long-lived in soil and water. We report the multi-annual variations in the concentrations of NPAHs, OPAHs and PAHs in soils sampled at a semi-urban (Mokrá, Czech Republic) and a regional background site (Košetice, Czech Republic) in central Europe. The concentrations of the Σ18NPAHs and the Σ11+2OPAHs and O-heterocycles were 0.31 ± 0.23 ng g-1 and 4.03 ± 3.03 ng g-1, respectively, in Košetice, while slightly higher concentrations of 0.54 ± 0.45 ng g-1 and 5.91 ± 0.45 ng g-1, respectively, were found in soil from Mokrá. Among the 5 NPAHs found in the soils, 1-nitropyrene and less so 6-nitrobenzo(a)pyrene were most abundant. The OPAHs were more evenly distributed. The ratios of the PAH derivatives to their parent PAHs in Košetice indicate that they were long-range transported to the background site. Our results show that several NPAHs and OPAHs are abundant in soil and that gas-particle partitioning is a major factor influencing the concentration of several semi-volatile NPAHs and OPAHs in the soils. Complete understanding of the long-term variations of NPAH and OPAH concentrations in soil is limited by the lack of kinetic data describing their formation and degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wietzoreck
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Multiphase Chemistry Dept, Mainz, Germany
| | - B A M Bandowe
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Multiphase Chemistry Dept, Mainz, Germany
| | - J Hofman
- Masaryk University, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - J Martiník
- Masaryk University, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - B Nežiková
- Masaryk University, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - P Kukučka
- Masaryk University, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - P Přibylová
- Masaryk University, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - G Lammel
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Multiphase Chemistry Dept, Mainz, Germany.
- Masaryk University, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Brno, Czech Republic.
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24
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Lara S, Villanueva F, Martín P, Salgado S, Moreno A, Sánchez-Verdú P. Investigation of PAHs, nitrated PAHs and oxygenated PAHs in PM 10 urban aerosols. A comprehensive data analysis. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 294:133745. [PMID: 35090855 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) in particulate matter contribute considerably to the health risk of air pollution. As such, we have optimized a method to determine the levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, especially nitrated and oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, in samples of PM10 particulate matter using microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and gas chromatography coupled to a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (GC-MS/MS). The proposed method was applied to the analysis of real samples collected in the urban area of Ciudad Real (Spain) during one year. The median total concentrations of eighteen PAHs (∑PAHs) and seven OPAHs (∑OPAHs) were 0.54 and 0.23 ng m-3, respectively, with the corresponding value for NPAH (∑NPAHs) being 0.03 ng m-3 (only detected in 40% of samples). A clear seasonal trend was observed, with higher levels in the cold season and lower in the warm season for ∑PAHs. The same effect was observed for ∑OPAHs, which exhibited a median concentration of 0.72 ng m-3 in the cold season and 0.10 ng m-3 in the warm season, and for ∑NPAH, which exhibited a median of 0.04 ng m-3 in the cold season but were not detected in the warm season. Molecular diagnostic ratios and PCA (principal component analysis) showed a predominantly traffic origin for PACs. The sources of PAHs also depend on meteorological conditions and/or atmospheric reactions, as confirmed by means of statistical analysis. The ∑OPAH/∑PAH and ∑NPAH/∑PAH ratios were higher in the cold season than the warm season, thus suggesting that PAH derivatives originated from primary combustion emission sources together with their parent PAHs. The concentration range found for benzo(a)pyrene was 0.006-0.542 ng m-3, which is below the threshold value of 1 ng m-3 established in European legislation as the annual average value. The lifetime lung risk from inhalation of PM10-bound PACs was estimated to be six cancer cases per million people using the World Health Organization method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Lara
- Universidad de Castilla La Mancha. Instituto de Investigación en Combustión y Contaminación Atmosférica. Camino de Moledores s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - Florentina Villanueva
- Universidad de Castilla La Mancha. Instituto de Investigación en Combustión y Contaminación Atmosférica. Camino de Moledores s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain; Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Castilla La Mancha, Paseo de la Innovación 1, 02006, Albacete, Spain.
| | - Pilar Martín
- Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Avenida Camilo José Cela s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - Sagrario Salgado
- Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Avenida Camilo José Cela s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - Andres Moreno
- Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Avenida Camilo José Cela s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - Prado Sánchez-Verdú
- Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Avenida Camilo José Cela s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain.
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25
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Zhu FJ, Ma WL, Zhang ZF, Yang PF, Hu PT, Liu LY, Song WW. Prediction of the gas/particle partitioning quotient of PAHs based on ambient temperature. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 811:151411. [PMID: 34742985 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Gas/particle (G/P) partitioning is an important influencing factor for the environmental fate of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs). The G/P partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is an integrated complex process due to its formation and growth concurrently with particles. Based on the large dataset of gaseous and particulate samples in a wide ambient temperature range of 50 °C, the simple empirical equations based on ambient temperature were established to predict the G/P partitioning quotient (KP) of PAHs at the temperature range from 252 K to 307 K (-21 °C to 34 °C). The performance of the empirical equations was validated by comparison with the monitoring KP of PAHs worldwide. The empirical equations exhibited good performance for the prediction of KP of PAHs based on ambient temperature. Two deviations with the prediction lines of the previous G/P partitioning models from the monitoring data of KP were observed. It was found that the deviations might be attributed to some non-considered influencing factors with the previous G/P partitioning prediction models. Therefore, further research should be conducted to study the mechanism of the G/P partitioning of PAHs, and more influencing factors should be introduced into the establishment of G/P partitioning models of PAHs. In summary, the result of the present study provided a convenient method for the prediction of KP of PAHs, which should be useful for the study of environmental fate of PAHs in atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Jie Zhu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin 150090, China
| | - Wan-Li Ma
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Zi-Feng Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin 150090, China
| | - Pu-Fei Yang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin 150090, China
| | - Peng-Tuan Hu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin 150090, China
| | - Li-Yan Liu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin 150090, China
| | - Wei-Wei Song
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin 150090, China
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26
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Long-Term and Seasonal Changes in Sources of Urban Atmospheric Particulates in the Western Pacific. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12042149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
To reduce atmospheric pollutants, the sources need to be identified. To this end, combustion-derived particulates (Pc) in atmospheric suspended particulate matter (TSP) in ten Western Pacific cities from 1997 to 2018 were analyzed using the NP method, which we have recently developed. The method separates Pc into particulates originating from high-temperature (Ph) and low-temperature (Pl) combustion sources. Using this method, ten cities in the Asia-Pacific region were separated into three classes. Class 1: commercial cities whose major contributor to Pc was from vehicles, and which showed lower [Pc] values with larger [Ph]/[Pc] ratios. Sapporo, Kanazawa, Tokyo, Sagamihara (Japan), Shanghai (China), and Busan (Korea) were contained in this class. Class 2: cities whose main source of Pc was from coal heating, and which showed much higher winter [Pc] with larger [Pl]/[Pc] ratios. Beijing, Shenyang (China), and Vladivostok (Russia) were contained in this class. Class 3: steel manufacturing city which showed lower [Pc] with larger [Pl]/[Pc] ratio. The low [Pc] appeared to be due to elimination of Pl from coke oven plants. Only Kitakyushu was contained in this class. This study has elucidated the contribution of sources to urban atmospheric TSP in the Western Pacific that was previously unknown. Overall [Pc] was decreasing in this region, mainly due to the decreasing contribution of vehicles to Pc, but not due to a decrease in coal combustion.
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Song N, Tian Y, Luo Z, Dai J, Liu Y, Duan Y. Advances in pretreatment and analysis methods of aromatic hydrocarbons in soil. RSC Adv 2022; 12:6099-6113. [PMID: 35424557 PMCID: PMC8981609 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra08633b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Benzene compounds that are prevalent in the soil as organic pollutants mainly include BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and three xylene isomers) and PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons). These pose a severe threat to many aspects of human health. Therefore, the accurate measurement of BTEX and PAHs concentrations in the soil is of great importance. The samples for analysis of BTEX and PAHs need to be suitable for the various detection methods after pretreatment, which include Soxhlet extraction, ultrasonic extraction, solid-phase microextraction, supercritical extraction, and needle trap. The detection techniques mainly consist of gas chromatography (GC), mass spectrometry (MS), and online sensors, and provide comprehensive information on contaminants in the soil. Their performance is evaluated in terms of sensitivity, selectivity, and recovery. Recently, there has been rapid progress in the pretreatment and analysis methods for the quantitative and qualitative analyses of BTEX and PAHs. Therefore, it is necessary to produce a timely and in-depth review of the emerging pretreatment and analysis methods, which is unfortunately absent from the recent literature. In this work, state-of-art extraction techniques and analytical methods have been summarized for the determination of BTEX and PAHs in soil, with a particular focus on the potential and limitations of the respective methods for different aromatic hydrocarbons. Accordingly, the paper will describe the basic methodological knowledge, as well as the recent advancement of pretreatment and analysis methods for samples containing BTEX and PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Song
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University Xi'an Shaanxi 710069 P. R.China
| | - Yonghui Tian
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University Xi'an Shaanxi 710069 P. R.China
| | - Zewei Luo
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University Xi'an Shaanxi 710069 P. R.China
| | - Jianxiong Dai
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University Xi'an Shaanxi 710069 P. R.China
| | - Yan Liu
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University Xi'an Shaanxi 710069 P. R.China
| | - Yixiang Duan
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University Xi'an Shaanxi 710069 P. R.China
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Degrendele C, Klánová J, Prokeš R, Příbylová P, Šenk P, Šudoma M, Röösli M, Dalvie MA, Fuhrimann S. Current use pesticides in soil and air from two agricultural sites in South Africa: Implications for environmental fate and human exposure. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 807:150455. [PMID: 34634720 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Concerns about the possible negative impacts of current use pesticides (CUPs) for both the environment and human health have increased worldwide. However, the knowledge on the occurrence of CUPs in soil and air and the related human exposure in Africa is limited. This study investigated the presence of 30 CUPs in soil and air at two distinct agricultural sites in South Africa and estimated the human exposure and related risks to rural residents via soil ingestion and inhalation (using hazard quotients, hazard index and relative potency factors). We collected 12 soil and 14 air samples over seven days during the main pesticide application season in 2018. All samples were extracted, purified and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. In soils, nine CUPs were found, with chlorpyrifos, carbaryl and tebuconazole having the highest concentrations (up to 63.6, 1.10 and 0.212 ng g-1, respectively). In air, 16 CUPs were found, with carbaryl, tebuconazole and terbuthylazine having the highest levels (up to 25.0, 22.2 and 1.94 pg m-3, respectively). Spatial differences were observed between the two sites for seven CUPs in air and two in soils. A large dominance towards the particulate phase was found for almost all CUPs, which could be related to mass transport kinetics limitations (non-equilibrium) following pesticide application. The estimated daily intake via soil ingestion and inhalation of individual pesticides ranged from 0.126 fg kg-1 day-1 (isoproturon) to 14.7 ng kg-1 day-1 (chlorpyrifos). Except for chlorpyrifos, soil ingestion generally represented a minor exposure pathway compared to inhalation (i.e. <5%). The pesticide environmental exposure largely differed between the residents of the two distinct agricultural sites in terms of levels and composition. The estimated human health risks due to soil ingestion and inhalation of pesticides were negligible although future studies should explore other relevant pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jana Klánová
- Masaryk University, RECETOX Centre, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Prokeš
- Masaryk University, RECETOX Centre, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Příbylová
- Masaryk University, RECETOX Centre, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Šenk
- Masaryk University, RECETOX Centre, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Šudoma
- Masaryk University, RECETOX Centre, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Röösli
- University of Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH), 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mohamed Aqiel Dalvie
- Centre for Environmental and Occupational Health Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, 7925 Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Samuel Fuhrimann
- University of Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH), 4002 Basel, Switzerland; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, 3584 Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Jaafar W, Zaherddine V, Hussein F, Saliba NA, Hayeck N. Poor regulation implications in a low and middle income country based on PAH source apportionment and cancer risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2021; 23:1986-1996. [PMID: 34755749 DOI: 10.1039/d1em00285f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ambient particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were collected for one year at an urban background site, and spatially and temporally compared to yearly averages in three coastal cities in Lebanon. The samples were quantified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and source apportioned with an optimized robust method using positive matrix factorization (PMF). Three major sources were found to contribute to PAH emissions at the urban background site, namely, traffic (48%), diesel generators (23%), and incineration (29%). The cancer risk was found higher than what was measured at the same site in previous years with an increase of 35%. Improper regulations of the sources (incineration, power plant, diesel generators and traffic) identified in the different sites resulted in PAH intraurban variability. It is essential to study the chemical components of particulate matter (PM) in order to assess toxicity. In particular, particle-bound PAHs and their oxidation products are known for their carcinogenicity as well as their persistence in the atmosphere, which facilitate their transport to new locations. In the absence of law enforcement, unregulated sources and their total contribution to ambient PAHs present a major health risk. This calls for the attention of development funding agencies and their need to implement sustainable "carbon-free" funding strategies in support of urban development of low and middle-income countries (LMICs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiaam Jaafar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Vera Zaherddine
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Fatima Hussein
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Najat Aoun Saliba
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nathalie Hayeck
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Chouran, Beirut 1102-2801, Lebanon.
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Noblet C, Besombes JL, Lemire M, Pin M, Jaffrezo JL, Favez O, Aujay-Plouzeau R, Dermigny A, Karoski N, Van Elsuve D, Dubois P, Collet S, Lestremau F, Albinet A. Emission factors and chemical characterization of particulate emissions from garden green waste burning. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 798:149367. [PMID: 34375266 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This work provides an evaluation of the emission factors (EFs) of typical garden waste burning (fallen leaves and hedge trimming) in terms of particulate matter (PM), elemental and organic carbon (EC-OC) together with a detailed chemical characterization of 88 particle-bound organic species including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), levoglucosan and its isomers, lignin breakdown products (methoxyphenols), cholesterol, alkanes, polyols and sugars. Furthermore, wood-log based burning experiments have been performed to highlight key indicators or chemical patterns of both, green waste and wood burning (residential heating) sources, that may be used for PM source apportionment purposes. Two residential log wood combustion appliances, wood stove (RWS) and fireplace, under different output conditions (nominal and reduced) and wood log moisture content (mix of beech, oak and hornbeam), have been tested. Open wood burning experiments using wood logs were also performed. Green waste burning EFs obtained were comparable to the available literature data for open-air biomass burning. For PM and for most of the organic species studied, they were about 2 to 30 times higher than those observed for wood log combustion experiments. Though, poor performance wood combustions (open-air wood log burning, fireplace and RWS in reduced output) showed comparable EFs for levoglucosan and its isomers, methoxyphenols, polyols, PAHs and sugars. Toxic PAH equivalent benzo[a]pyrene EFs were even 3-10 times higher for the fireplace and open-air wood log burning. These results highlighted the impact of the nature of the fuel burnt and the combustion performances on the emissions. Different chemical fingerprints between both biomass burning sources were highlighted with notably a predominance of odd high-molecular weight n-alkanes (higher carbon preference index, CPI), lower levoglucosan/mannosan ratio and lower sinapylaldehyde abundance for green waste burning. However, the use of such indicators seems limited, especially if applied alone, for a clear discrimination of both sources in ambient air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Noblet
- Institut National de l'Environnement industriel et des RISques (Ineris), 60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France; Université Savoie Mont-Blanc, CNRS, EDYTEM (UMR5204), F-73000 Chambéry, France
| | - Jean-Luc Besombes
- Université Savoie Mont-Blanc, CNRS, EDYTEM (UMR5204), F-73000 Chambéry, France
| | - Marie Lemire
- Université Savoie Mont-Blanc, CNRS, EDYTEM (UMR5204), F-73000 Chambéry, France
| | - Mathieu Pin
- Université Savoie Mont-Blanc, CNRS, EDYTEM (UMR5204), F-73000 Chambéry, France
| | - Jean-Luc Jaffrezo
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, INP-G, IGE (UMR 5001), F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Olivier Favez
- Institut National de l'Environnement industriel et des RISques (Ineris), 60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | - Robin Aujay-Plouzeau
- Institut National de l'Environnement industriel et des RISques (Ineris), 60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | - Adrien Dermigny
- Institut National de l'Environnement industriel et des RISques (Ineris), 60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | - Nicolas Karoski
- Institut National de l'Environnement industriel et des RISques (Ineris), 60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | - Denis Van Elsuve
- Institut National de l'Environnement industriel et des RISques (Ineris), 60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | - Pascal Dubois
- Institut National de l'Environnement industriel et des RISques (Ineris), 60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | - Serge Collet
- Institut National de l'Environnement industriel et des RISques (Ineris), 60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | - François Lestremau
- Institut National de l'Environnement industriel et des RISques (Ineris), 60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | - Alexandre Albinet
- Institut National de l'Environnement industriel et des RISques (Ineris), 60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France.
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Degrendele C, Kanduč T, Kocman D, Lammel G, Cambelová A, Dos Santos SG, Horvat M, Kukučka P, Holubová Šmejkalová A, Mikeš O, Nuñez-Corcuera B, Přibylová P, Prokeš R, Saňka O, Maggos T, Sarigiannis D, Klánová J. NPAHs and OPAHs in the atmosphere of two central European cities: Seasonality, urban-to-background gradients, cancer risks and gas-to-particle partitioning. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 793:148528. [PMID: 34328964 PMCID: PMC8434474 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Derivatives of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) such as nitrated- and oxygenated-PAHs (NPAHs and OPAHs) could be even more toxic and harmful for the environment and humans than PAHs. We assessed the spatial and seasonal variations of NPAHs and OPAHs atmospheric levels, their cancer risks and their gas-to-particle partitioning. To this end, about 250 samples of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and 50 gaseous samples were collected in 2017 in central Europe in the cities of Brno and Ljubljana (two traffic and two urban background sites) as well as one rural site. The average particulate concentrations were ranging from below limit of quantification to 593 pg m-3 for Σ9NPAHs and from 1.64 to 4330 pg m-3 for Σ11OPAHs, with significantly higher concentrations in winter compared to summer. In winter, the particulate levels of NPAHs and OPAHs were higher at the traffic site compared to the urban background site in Brno while the opposite was found in Ljubljana. NPAHs and OPAHs particulate levels were influenced by the meteorological parameters and co-varied with several air pollutants. The significance of secondary formation on the occurrence of some NPAHs and OPAHs is indicated. In winter, 27-47% of samples collected at all sites were above the acceptable lifetime carcinogenic risk. The gas-particle partitioning of NPAHs and OPAHs was influenced by their physico-chemical properties, the season and the site-specific aerosol composition. Three NPAHs and five OPAHs had higher particulate mass fractions at the traffic site, suggesting they could be primarily emitted as particles from vehicle traffic and subsequently partitioning to the gas phase along air transport. This study underlines the importance of inclusion of the gas phase in addition to the particulate phase when assessing the atmospheric fate of polycyclic aromatic compounds and also when assessing the related health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tjaša Kanduč
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Slovenia
| | - David Kocman
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Slovenia
| | | | | | - Saul Garcia Dos Santos
- Área de Contaminación Atmosférica, Centro Nacional de Sanidad Ambiental Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Milena Horvat
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Slovenia
| | - Petr Kukučka
- RECETOX Centre, Masaryk University, Czech Republic
| | | | - Ondřej Mikeš
- RECETOX Centre, Masaryk University, Czech Republic
| | - Beatriz Nuñez-Corcuera
- Área de Contaminación Atmosférica, Centro Nacional de Sanidad Ambiental Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | | | - Roman Prokeš
- RECETOX Centre, Masaryk University, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Saňka
- RECETOX Centre, Masaryk University, Czech Republic
| | - Thomas Maggos
- Atmospheric Chemistry & Innovative Technologies Laboratory, NCSR "Demokritos", Greece
| | - Denis Sarigiannis
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece; HERACLES Research Centre on the Exposome and Health, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, Thessaloniki, Greece; University School of Advanced Study, Pavia, Italy
| | - Jana Klánová
- RECETOX Centre, Masaryk University, Czech Republic
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Wei C, Bandowe BAM, Han Y, Cao J, Watson JG, Chow JC, Wilcke W. Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAHs, oxygenated PAHs, nitrated PAHs, and azaarenes) in air from four climate zones of China: Occurrence, gas/particle partitioning, and health risks. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 786:147234. [PMID: 33971611 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their derivatives [oxygenated PAHs (OPAHs), nitrated PAHs (NPAHs), and azaarenes (AZAs)] are toxic and ubiquitous air pollutants. In this study, the concentrations of these PACs were determined in air obtained in spring and autumn of 2012 from urban and rural areas of the Tibetan Plateau, temperate, subtropical, and tropical climate zones in China. Average concentrations (gaseous + particulate) of ∑29PAHs, ∑15OPAHs, ∑11NPAHs, and ∑4AZAs were 928 ± 658, 54 ± 45, 5.3 ± 4.4, 14 ± 11 ng m-3 and 995 ± 635, 67 ± 38, 8.4 ± 6.1, 24 ± 16 ng m-3 in spring and autumn, respectively. Various C fractions and latitude correlated significantly with the concentrations and ratios of PACs. The slopes of the regression of gas-particle partition coefficients (Kp) of PACs on their sub-cooled liquid vapor pressures (PL0), indicated both adsorption and absorption to total suspended particles (TSP) for PAHs, OPAHs, and NPAHs in the four studied climatic zones. This result was further supported by comparing the fractions of PACs in TSP calculated from field data with those predicted by the Junge-Pankow adsorption and KOA absorption models. The concentration ratios of most OPAHs or NPAHs to their parent PAHs and of benzo[e]pyrene/benzo[a]pyrene were higher in autumn than in spring and increased with remoteness from point sources. This suggests enhanced secondary formation of PAH derivatives due to the elevated photochemical activity in autumn and longer ageing of air and associated transformation of PACs during their long-distance transport from source regions (urban sites) to rural sites. Lifetime lung cancer risk estimated from PACs ranged from 0.8 ± 0.6 to 3.1 ± 1.0 (×10-3), exceeding the value (10-5) recommended by the WHO. Gaseous PACs contributed substantially to the estimated cancer risks and their contributions increased with decreasing latitude in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics (KLACP), State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Shanghai Carbon Data Research Center (SCDRC), CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Benjamin A Musa Bandowe
- Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Yongming Han
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics (KLACP), State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics (KLACP), State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - John G Watson
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics (KLACP), State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Desert Research Institute, 2215 Raggio Parkway, Reno, NV 89512, USA
| | - Judith C Chow
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics (KLACP), State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Desert Research Institute, 2215 Raggio Parkway, Reno, NV 89512, USA
| | - Wolfgang Wilcke
- Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Reinhard-Baumeister-Platz 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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Chen L, Liu W, Tao S, Liu W. Spatiotemporal variations and source identification of atmospheric nitrated and oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the coastal cities of the Bohai and Yellow Seas in northern China. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 279:130565. [PMID: 33866095 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Gaseous and particulate nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs, 12 species) and oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OPAHs, 4 species) in seven coastal cities of the Bohai and Yellow Seas were determined throughout the year. The annual arithmetical mean concentrations of ΣNPAH12 and ΣOPAH4 were 737 ± 475 pg/m3 and 35.3 ± 26.8 ng/m3. NPAHs and OPAHs existed mainly in the gaseous phase, accounted for 88.5% and 95.2% of the total concentrations. Air concentrations of ΣNPAH12 and ΣOPAH4 in the coastal cities of the Yellow Sea were significantly lower (p < 0.05) than those of the Bohai Sea. Air concentrations of ΣNPAH12 and ΣOPAH4 were significantly higher (p < 0.01) in winter than in summer. Strong secondary formation of atmospheric NPAHs and OPAHs occurred in all of the studied cities. The sequence of annual contribution of the emission sources of airborne NPAHs determined by positive matrix factorization was traffic exhaust > combustion of solid fuels (coal and biomass) > secondary formation, while for OPAHs, it was combustion of solid fuels > secondary formation > traffic exhaust. The combustion of solid fuels served as the main source of NPAHs and OPAHs in winter, while secondary formation was the predominant source in summer. Interregional transport may exert an important effect on the local atmospheric NPAHs and OPAHs by potential source contribution function analysis. The estimated incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) due to inhalation exposure to specific NPAHs ranged from 2.9 × 10-12 to 6.2 × 10-6 (median at 4.8 × 10-9) was mainly attributed to exposure before the age of 16.
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Affiliation(s)
- LiYuan Chen
- Key Laboratory for Earth Surface and Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - WeiJian Liu
- Key Laboratory for Earth Surface and Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Shu Tao
- Key Laboratory for Earth Surface and Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - WenXin Liu
- Key Laboratory for Earth Surface and Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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Hong Y, Xu X, Liao D, Ji X, Hong Z, Chen Y, Xu L, Li M, Wang H, Zhang H, Xiao H, Choi SD, Chen J. Air pollution increases human health risks of PM 2.5-bound PAHs and nitro-PAHs in the Yangtze River Delta, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 770:145402. [PMID: 33736387 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Identifying the nature and extent of atmospheric PM2.5-bound toxic organic pollutants is beneficial to evaluate human health risks of air pollution. Seasonal observations of PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitro-PAHs (NPAHs) in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) were investigated, along with criteria air pollutants and meteorological parameters. With the elevated PM2.5 level, the percentage of 4-ring PAHs and typical NPAH including 3-Nitrobiphenyl (3-NBP) and 2-Nitrofluoranthene (2-NFLT) increased by 19-40%. PM2.5-bound 2-NFLT was positively correlated with O3 and NO2, suggesting the contribution of atmospheric oxidation capacity to enhance the secondary formation of NPAHs in the atmosphere. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis indicated that traffic emissions (44.9-48.7%), coal and biomass combustion (27.6-36.0%) and natural gas and volatilization (15.3-27.5%) were major sources of PAHs, and secondary formation (39.8-53.8%) was a predominant contributor to total NPAH concentrations. Backward trajectory analysis showed that air masses from North China transported to the YRD region increased PAH and NPAH concentrations. Compare to clean days, the BaP equivalent concentrations of total PAHs and NPAHs during haze pollution days were enhanced by 10-25 and 2-6 times, respectively. The Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risks (ILCRs) of PAHs by inhalation exposure also indicated high potential health risks in the YRD region. The results implied that the health risks of PM2.5-bound PAHs and NPAHs could be sharply enhanced with the increase of PM2.5 concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youwei Hong
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forest University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xinbei Xu
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dan Liao
- College of Environment and Public Health, Xiamen Huaxia University, Xiamen 361024, China
| | - Xiaoting Ji
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhenyu Hong
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Yanting Chen
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Lingling Xu
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Mengren Li
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Fujian Meteorological Science Institute, Fujian Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Hang Xiao
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Sung-Deuk Choi
- Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Jinsheng Chen
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
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35
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Nežiková B, Degrendele C, Bandowe BAM, Holubová Šmejkalová A, Kukučka P, Martiník J, Mayer L, Prokeš R, Přibylová P, Klánová J, Lammel G. Three years of atmospheric concentrations of nitrated and oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and oxygen heterocycles at a central European background site. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 269:128738. [PMID: 33121801 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nitrated and oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs, OPAHs) are abundant in the atmosphere and contribute significantly to the health risk associated with inhalation of polluted air. Despite the health hazard they pose, NPAHs and OPAHs were rarely included in monitoring. The aim of this study is to provide the first multi-year temporal trends of the concentrations, composition pattern and fate of NPAHs and OPAHs in air from a site representative of background air quality conditions in central Europe. Samples were collected every second week at a rural background site in the Czech Republic during 2015-2017. Concentrations ranged from 1.3 to 160 pg m-3 for Σ17NPAHs, from 32 to 2600 pg m-3 for Σ10OPAHs and from 5.1 to 4300 pg m-3 for Σ2O-heterocycles. The average particulate mass fraction (θ) ranged from 0.01 ± 0.02 (2-nitronaphthalene) to 0.83 ± 0.22 (1-nitropyrene) for individual NPAHs and from <0.01 ± 0.01 (dibenzofuran) to 0.96 ± 0.08 (6H-benzo (c,d)pyren-6-one) for individual OPAHs and O-heterocycles. The multiyear variations showed downward trends for a number of targeted compounds. This suggests that on-going emission reductions of PAHs are effective also for co-emitted NPAHs and OPAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Benjamin A M Bandowe
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Petr Kukučka
- RECETOX Centre, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Martiník
- RECETOX Centre, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ludovic Mayer
- RECETOX Centre, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Prokeš
- RECETOX Centre, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Jana Klánová
- RECETOX Centre, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Gerhard Lammel
- RECETOX Centre, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany.
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Temporal Distribution and Gas/Particle Partitioning of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Atmosphere of Strasbourg, France. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12030337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Gas and particulate phase ambient air concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (Ʃ16PAHs) were determined in Strasbourg, a large city located in the Alsace region of northeastern France, from May 2018 to March 2020, to study the evolution of their temporal variations and their potential origins. The analysis of PAHs was performed using a global analytical method permitting the quantification of pesticides, PAHs, and polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs). Filters and Carbon doped silicon carbide NMC@SiC foams were extracted by accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) followed by a solid-phase extraction (SPE). Afterwards, extracts were analyzed using gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). Prior to analysis, a pre-concentration step based on solid-phase microextraction (SPME) was used with a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) 100 µm fiber. The average total (gas plus particulate) concentration of Ʃ16PAHs varied from 0.51 to 117.31 ng m−3 with a mean of 16.87 ng m−3, with higher concentrations in the cold season of more than 2.5-fold and 6-fold that in the warm season for the gas and particulate phases, respectively. Moreover, low molecular weight (LMW) (2-ring and 3-ring) and medium molecular weight (MMW) (4-ring) PAHs contribute dominantly to the gas phase, while the particulate phase is associated with MMW (4-ring) and high molecular weight (HMW) (5-ring and 6-ring) PAHs. Gas/particle partitioning coefficient (log Kp) was calculated, and values varied between −4.13 and −1.49. It can be seen that the log Kp increased with the molecular weight of the PAHs and that the log Kp is different between cold and warm seasons for HMW PAHs but not for LMW PAHs. Diagnostic ratios of PAHs, which were employed to estimate the primary source of PAHs in Strasbourg, indicate that fuel combustion and biomass/coal burning are the possible origins of PAHs in Strasbourg’s atmosphere.
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Lanzafame GM, Srivastava D, Favez O, Bandowe BAM, Shahpoury P, Lammel G, Bonnaire N, Alleman LY, Couvidat F, Bessagnet B, Albinet A. One-year measurements of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) markers in the Paris region (France): Concentrations, gas/particle partitioning and SOA source apportionment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 757:143921. [PMID: 33261871 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Twenty-five biogenic and anthropogenic secondary organic aerosol (SOA) markers have been measured over a one-year period in both gaseous and PM10 phases in the Paris region (France). Seasonal and chemical patterns were similar to those previously observed in Europe, but significantly different from the ones observed in America and Asia due to dissimilarities in source precursor emissions. Nitroaromatic compounds showed higher concentrations in winter due to larger emissions of their precursors originating from biomass combustion used for residential heating purposes. Among the biogenic markers, only isoprene SOA marker concentrations increased in summer while pinene SOA markers did not display any clear seasonal trend. The measured SOA markers, usually considered as semi-volatiles, were mainly associated to the particulate phase, except for the nitrophenols and nitroguaiacols, and their gas/particle partitioning (GPP) showed a low temperature and OM concentrations dependency. An evaluation of their GPP with thermodynamic model predictions suggested that apart from equilibrium partitioning between organic phase and air, the GPP of the markers is affected by processes suppressing volatility from a mixed organic and inorganic phase, such as enhanced dissolution in aerosol aqueous phase and non-equilibrium conditions. SOA marker concentrations were used to apportion secondary organic carbon (SOC) sources applying both, an improved version of the SOA-tracer method and positive matrix factorization (PMF) Total SOC estimations agreed very well between both models, except in summer and during a highly processed Springtime PM pollution event in which systematic underestimation by the SOA tracer method was evidenced. As a first approach, the SOA-tracer method could provide a reliable estimation of the average SOC concentrations, but it is limited due to the lack of markers for aged SOA together with missing SOA/SOC conversion fractions for several sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Lanzafame
- Ineris, Parc Technologique Alata, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, PARIS, France
| | - D Srivastava
- Ineris, Parc Technologique Alata, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - O Favez
- Ineris, Parc Technologique Alata, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - B A M Bandowe
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Multiphase Chemistry Department, Mainz, Germany
| | - P Shahpoury
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Air Quality Processes Research Section, Toronto, Canada
| | - G Lammel
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Multiphase Chemistry Department, Mainz, Germany; Masaryk University, RECETOX, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - N Bonnaire
- LSCE - UMR8212, CNRS-CEA-UVSQ, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - L Y Alleman
- IMT Lille Douai, SAGE, Université de Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - F Couvidat
- Ineris, Parc Technologique Alata, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - B Bessagnet
- Ineris, Parc Technologique Alata, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - A Albinet
- Ineris, Parc Technologique Alata, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France.
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38
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Srivastava D, Daellenbach KR, Zhang Y, Bonnaire N, Chazeau B, Perraudin E, Gros V, Lucarelli F, Villenave E, Prévôt ASH, El Haddad I, Favez O, Albinet A. Comparison of five methodologies to apportion organic aerosol sources during a PM pollution event. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 757:143168. [PMID: 33143914 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study presents a comparison of five methodologies to apportion primary (POA) and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) sources from measurements performed in the Paris region (France) during a highly processed PM pollution event. POA fractions, estimated from EC-tracer method and positive matrix factorization (PMF) analyses, conducted on measurements from PM10 filters, aerosol chemical speciation monitor (ACSM) and offline aerosol mass spectrometry (AMS), were all comparable (2.2-3.7 μg m-3 as primary organic carbon (POC)). Associated relative uncertainties (measurement + model) on POC estimations ranged from 8 to 50%. The best apportionment of primary traffic OA was achieved using key markers (EC and 1-nitropyrene) in the chemical speciation-based PMF showing more pronounced rush-hour peaks and greater correlation with NOx than other traffic related POC factors. All biomass burning-related factors were in good agreement, with a typical diel profile and a night-time increase linked to residential heating. If PMF applied to ACSM data showed good agreement with other PMF outputs corrected from dust-related factors (coarse PM), discrepancies were observed between individual POA factors (traffic, biomass burning) and directly comparable SOA factors and highly oxidized OA. Similar secondary organic carbon (SOC) concentrations (3.3 ± 0.1 μg m-3) were obtained from all approaches, except the SOA-tracer method (1.8 μg m-3). Associated uncertainties ranged from 14 to 52% with larger uncertainties obtained for PMF-chemical data, EC- and SOA-tracer methods. This latter significantly underestimated total SOA loadings, even including biomass burning SOA, due to missing SOA classes and precursors. None of the approaches was able to identify the formation mechanisms and/or precursors responsible for the highly oxidized SOA fraction associated with nitrate- and/or sulfate-rich aerosols (35% of OA). We recommend the use of a combination of different methodologies to apportion the POC/SOC concentrations/contributions to get the highest level of confidence in the estimates obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Srivastava
- Ineris, Parc Technologique Alata, BP 2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France; CNRS, EPOC, UMR 5805 CNRS, 33405 Talence, France; Université de Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805 CNRS, 33405 Talence, France.
| | | | - Y Zhang
- Ineris, Parc Technologique Alata, BP 2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - N Bonnaire
- LSCE - UMR8212, CNRS-CEA-UVSQ, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - B Chazeau
- Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - E Perraudin
- CNRS, EPOC, UMR 5805 CNRS, 33405 Talence, France; Université de Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805 CNRS, 33405 Talence, France
| | - V Gros
- LSCE - UMR8212, CNRS-CEA-UVSQ, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - F Lucarelli
- University of Florence, Dipartimento di Fisica Astronomia, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - E Villenave
- CNRS, EPOC, UMR 5805 CNRS, 33405 Talence, France; Université de Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805 CNRS, 33405 Talence, France
| | - A S H Prévôt
- Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - I El Haddad
- Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - O Favez
- Ineris, Parc Technologique Alata, BP 2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - A Albinet
- Ineris, Parc Technologique Alata, BP 2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France.
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Galmiche M, Delhomme O, François YN, Millet M. Environmental analysis of polar and non-polar Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds in airborne particulate matter, settled dust and soot: Part II: Instrumental analysis and occurrence. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.116146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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40
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Galmiche M, Delhomme O, François YN, Millet M. Environmental analysis of polar and non-polar Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds in airborne particulate matter, settled dust and soot: Part I: Sampling and sample preparation. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.116099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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41
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Wilson J, Octaviani M, Bandowe BAM, Wietzoreck M, Zetzsch C, Pöschl U, Berkemeier T, Lammel G. Modeling the Formation, Degradation, and Spatiotemporal Distribution of 2-Nitrofluoranthene and 2-Nitropyrene in the Global Atmosphere. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:14224-14234. [PMID: 33112146 PMCID: PMC7676291 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c04319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are common atmospheric pollutants and known to cause adverse health effects. Nitrated PAHs (NPAHs) are formed in combustion activities and by nitration of PAHs in the atmosphere and may be equally or more toxic, but their spatial and temporal distribution in the atmosphere is not well characterized. Using the global EMAC model with atmospheric chemistry and surface compartments coupled, we investigate the formation, abundance, and fate of two secondarily formed NPAHs, 2-nitrofluoranthene (2-NFLT) and 2-nitropyrene (2-NPYR). The default reactivity scenario, the model with the simplest interpretation of parameters from the literature, tends to overestimate both absolute concentrations and NPAH/PAH ratios at observational sites. Sensitivity scenarios indicate that NO2-dependent NPAH formation leads to better agreement between measured and predicted NPAH concentrations and that photodegradation is the most important loss process of 2-NFLT and 2-NPYR. The highest concentrations of 2-NFLT and 2-NPYR are found in regions with strong PAH emissions, but because of continued secondary formation from the PAH precursors, these two NPAHs are predicted to be spread across the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake Wilson
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Mega Octaviani
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Marco Wietzoreck
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Cornelius Zetzsch
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Bayreuth
Centre for Ecology and Environmental Research, University of Bayreuth, 95448 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Ulrich Pöschl
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Berkemeier
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Gerhard Lammel
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Research
Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
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Wang W, Ding X, Turap Y, Tursun Y, Abulizi A, Wang X, Shao L, Talifu D, An J, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Liu H. Distribution, sources, risks, and vitro DNA oxidative damage of PM 2.5-bound atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Urumqi, NW China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 739:139518. [PMID: 32534306 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Research has focused on the impacts of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the atmosphere due to their potential carcinogenicity. In this study, we investigated the seasonal variation, sources, incremental lifetime cancer risks (ILCRS), and vitro DNA oxidative damage of PAHs in Urumqi in NW China. A total of 72 atmospheric samples from Urumqi were collected over a year (September 2017-September 2018) and were analyzed for 16 PAHs that are specifically prioritized by the U.S Environmental Protection Agency (U·S EPA). The highest PAHs concentrations were in winter (1032.66 ng m-3) and lowest in spring (146.00 ng m-3). Middle molecular weight PAHs with four rings were the most abundant species (45.28-61.19% of the total). The results of the diagnostic ratio and positive matrix factorization inferred that the major sources of atmospheric PAHs in Urumqi were biomass burning, coking, and petrogenic sources (52.9%), traffic (30.1%), coal combustion (8.9%), and the plastics recycling industry (8.1%). ILCRS assessment and Monte Carlo simulations suggested that for all age groups PAHs cancer risks were mainly associated with ingestion and dermal contact and inhalation was negligible. The plasmid scission assay results showed a positive dose-response relationship between PAHs concentrations and DNA damage rates, demonstrating that toxic PAHs was the primary cause for PM2.5-induced DNA damage in the air of Urumqi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineer, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Xiang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Yusan Turap
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineer, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Yalkunjan Tursun
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineer, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Abulikemu Abulizi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineer, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Xingming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Longyi Shao
- College of Geosciences and Survey Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Dilinuer Talifu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineer, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China.
| | - Juqin An
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineer, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineer, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Yuanyu Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineer, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Huibin Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineer, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
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Huang YD, Hou J, Xu T, Yin WJ, Cheng J, Zheng HY, Yuan J. Non-linear relationships between seasonal exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and urinary 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine levels among Chinese young students. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 251:126352. [PMID: 32443248 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Limited data are available on seasonal associations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) exposure with oxidative DNA damage. We conducted a pilot study with 20 postgraduates, and measured urinary levels of mono-hydroxyl PAHs (OH-PAHs) and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) for 7 consecutive days in the four seasons. We assessed the relationships of urinary OH-PAHs with urinary 8-OHdG in the whole year as well as cold- and warm-seasons. Summed OH-PAHs (∑OH-PAHs) were higher in cold season than in warm season. Each ln-unit (ln-transformed unit) increase in ∑OH-PAHs in the whole year corresponded to a 34%, 16% or 23% increase in urinary 8-OHdG levels at lag0, lag1 or lag2 day as well as a 26% increase in urinary 8-OHdG levels at lag0-2 days (cumulative effects). Each ln-unit increase in ∑OH-PAHs corresponded to a 36%, 26% or 46% increase in urinary 8-OHdG levels in cold season at lag0 day, lag1 day or lag2 day as well as a 36% increase in urinary 8-OHdG in warm season at lag0 day. Distributed non-linear cumulative lag models (DLNMs) indicated that each ln-unit increase in ∑OH-PAHs within the range of 5.7-8.1 nmol/mmol Cr had a stronger effect (coefficient β: 1.11-2.97 nmol/mmol Cr) on urinary 8-OHdG rather than non-cumulative DLNMs (coefficient β: 1.08-1.43 nmol/mmol Cr) as well as the non-linear dose-response relationships of ∑OH-PAHs with urinary 8-OHdG. PAHs exposure exhibited the lagged and cumulative effects on urinary 8-OHdG levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Dan Huang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, PR China
| | - Jian Hou
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, PR China
| | - Tian Xu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, PR China
| | - Wen-Jun Yin
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, PR China
| | - Juan Cheng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, PR China
| | - Hong-Yan Zheng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, PR China
| | - Jing Yuan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, PR China.
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Goubet M, Martin-Drumel MA, Réal F, Vallet V, Pirali O. Conformational Landscape of Oxygen-Containing Naphthalene Derivatives. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:4484-4495. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c01188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Goubet
- Université Lille, CNRS, UMR 8523-PhLAM-Physique des Lasers, Atomes et Molécules, F-59000 Lille, France
| | | | - Florent Réal
- Université Lille, CNRS, UMR 8523-PhLAM-Physique des Lasers, Atomes et Molécules, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Valérie Vallet
- Université Lille, CNRS, UMR 8523-PhLAM-Physique des Lasers, Atomes et Molécules, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Olivier Pirali
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d’Orsay, 91405 Orsay, France
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45
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Lammel G, Kitanovski Z, Kukučka P, Novák J, Arangio AM, Codling GP, Filippi A, Hovorka J, Kuta J, Leoni C, Příbylová P, Prokeš R, Sáňka O, Shahpoury P, Tong H, Wietzoreck M. Oxygenated and Nitrated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Ambient Air-Levels, Phase Partitioning, Mass Size Distributions, and Inhalation Bioaccessibility. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:2615-2625. [PMID: 31950831 PMCID: PMC7307896 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b06820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Among the nitrated and oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs and OPAHs) are some of the most hazardous substances to public health, mainly because of their carcinogenicity and oxidative potential. Despite these concerns, the concentrations and fate of NPAHs and OPAHs in the atmospheric environment are largely unknown. Ambient air concentrations of 18 NPAHs, 5 quinones, and 5 other OPAHs were determined at two urban and one regional background sites in central Europe. At one of the urban sites, the total (gas and particulate) concentrations of Σ10OPAHs were 10.0 ± 9.2 ng/m3 in winter and 3.5 ± 1.6 ng/m3 in summer. The gradient to the regional background site exceeded 1 order of magnitude. Σ18NPAH concentrations were typically 1 order of magnitude lower than OPAHs. Among OPAHs, 9-fluorenone and (9,10)-anthraquinone were the most abundant species, accompanied by benzanthrone in winter. (9,10)-Anthraquinone represented two-thirds of quinones. We found that a large fraction of the target substance particulate mass was carried by submicrometer particles. The derived inhalation bioaccessibility in the PM10 size fraction is found to be ≈5% of the total ambient concentration of OPAHs and up to ≈2% for NPAHs. For 9-fluorenone and (9,10)-anthraquinone, up to 86 and 18%, respectively, were found at the rural site. Our results indicate that water solubility could function as a limiting factor for bioaccessibility of inhaled particulate NPAHs and OPAHs, without considerable effect of surfactant lipids and proteins in the lung lining fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Lammel
- Research
Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Brno 601 77, Czech Republic
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Zoran Kitanovski
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Petr Kukučka
- Research
Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Brno 601 77, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Novák
- Research
Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Brno 601 77, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea M. Arangio
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Garry P. Codling
- Research
Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Brno 601 77, Czech Republic
| | - Alexander Filippi
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Jan Hovorka
- Faculty
of Science, Institute for Environmental Studies, Charles University, Prague 116 36, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kuta
- Research
Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Brno 601 77, Czech Republic
| | - Cecilia Leoni
- Faculty
of Science, Institute for Environmental Studies, Charles University, Prague 116 36, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Příbylová
- Research
Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Brno 601 77, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Prokeš
- Research
Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Brno 601 77, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Sáňka
- Research
Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Brno 601 77, Czech Republic
| | - Pourya Shahpoury
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
- Air
Quality Processes Research Section, Environment
and Climate Change Canada, Toronto 12843, Canada
| | - Haijie Tong
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Marco Wietzoreck
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
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46
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Seasonal Variations and Chemical Predictors of Oxidative Potential (OP) of Particulate Matter (PM), for Seven Urban French Sites. ATMOSPHERE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos10110698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies suggest that the main part of chronic effects from air pollution is likely to be linked with particulate matter (PM). Oxidative potential (OP) of PM is gaining strong interest as a promising health exposure metric. This study combined atmospheric detailed composition results obtained for seven different urban background environments over France to examine any possible common feature in OP seasonal variations obtained using two assays (acid ascorbic (AA) and dithiothreitol (DTT)) along a large set of samples ( N > 700 ). A remarkable homogeneity in annual cycles was observed with a higher OP activity in wintertime at all investigated sites. Univariate correlations were used to link the concentrations of some major chemical components of PM and their OP. Four PM components were identified as OP predictors: OC, EC, monosaccharides and Cu. These species are notably emitted by road transport and biomass burning, targeting main sources probably responsible for the measured OP activity. The results obtained confirm that the relationship between OP and atmospheric pollutants is assay- and location-dependent and, thus, the strong need for a standardized test, or set of tests, for further regulation purposes.
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47
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Srivastava D, Favez O, Petit JE, Zhang Y, Sofowote UM, Hopke PK, Bonnaire N, Perraudin E, Gros V, Villenave E, Albinet A. Speciation of organic fractions does matter for aerosol source apportionment. Part 3: Combining off-line and on-line measurements. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 690:944-955. [PMID: 31302558 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The present study proposes an advanced methodology to refine the source apportionment of organic aerosol (OA). This methodology is based on the combination of offline and online datasets in a single Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) analysis using the multilinear engine (ME-2) algorithm and a customized time synchronization procedure. It has been applied to data from measurements conducted in the Paris region (France) during a PM pollution event in March 2015. Measurements included OA ACSM (Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor) mass spectra and specific primary and secondary organic molecular markers from PM10 filters on their original time resolution (30 min for ACSM and 4 h for PM10 filters). Comparison with the conventional PMF analysis of the ACSM OA dataset (PMF-ACSM) showed very good agreement for the discrimination between primary and secondary OA fractions with about 75% of the OA mass of secondary origin. Furthermore, the use of the combined datasets allowed the deconvolution of 3 primary OA (POA) factors and 7 secondary OA (SOA) factors. A clear identification of the source/origin of 54% of the total SOA mass could be achieved thanks to specific molecular markers. Specifically, 28% of that fraction was linked to combustion sources (biomass burning and traffic emissions). A clear identification of primary traffic OA was also obtained using the PMF-combined analysis while PMF-ACSM only gave a proxy for this OA source in the form of total hydrocarbon-like OA (HOA) mass concentrations. In addition, the primary biomass burning-related OA source was explained by two OA factors, BBOA and OPOA-like BBOA. This new approach has showed undeniable advantages over the conventional approaches by providing valuable insights into the processes involved in SOA formation and their sources. However, the origins of highly oxidized SOA could not be fully identified due to the lack of specific molecular markers for such aged SOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Srivastava
- INERIS, Parc Technologique Alata, BP 2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France; CNRS, EPOC, UMR 5805 CNRS, 33405 Talence, France; Université de Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805 CNRS, 33405 Talence, France.
| | - O Favez
- INERIS, Parc Technologique Alata, BP 2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - J-E Petit
- LSCE - UMR8212, CNRS-CEA-UVSQ, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Y Zhang
- INERIS, Parc Technologique Alata, BP 2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France; LSCE - UMR8212, CNRS-CEA-UVSQ, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - U M Sofowote
- Environmental Monitoring and Reporting Branch, Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, Toronto, Ontario M9P 3V6, Canada
| | - P K Hopke
- Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - N Bonnaire
- LSCE - UMR8212, CNRS-CEA-UVSQ, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - E Perraudin
- CNRS, EPOC, UMR 5805 CNRS, 33405 Talence, France; Université de Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805 CNRS, 33405 Talence, France
| | - V Gros
- LSCE - UMR8212, CNRS-CEA-UVSQ, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - E Villenave
- CNRS, EPOC, UMR 5805 CNRS, 33405 Talence, France; Université de Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805 CNRS, 33405 Talence, France
| | - A Albinet
- INERIS, Parc Technologique Alata, BP 2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France.
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48
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Clergé A, Le Goff J, Lopez C, Ledauphin J, Delépée R. Oxy-PAHs: occurrence in the environment and potential genotoxic/mutagenic risk assessment for human health. Crit Rev Toxicol 2019; 49:302-328. [DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2019.1605333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Clergé
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, UNIROUEN, ABTE, Caen Cedex, France
- Comprehensive Cancer Center François Baclesse, UNICANCER, Caen Cedex, France
| | | | - Claire Lopez
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, UNIROUEN, ABTE, Caen Cedex, France
| | | | - Raphaël Delépée
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, UNIROUEN, ABTE, Caen Cedex, France
- Comprehensive Cancer Center François Baclesse, UNICANCER, Caen Cedex, France
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, PRISMM core facility, SF4206 ICORE, CCC F. Baclesse, Caen, France
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49
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Mulder MD, Dumanoglu Y, Efstathiou C, Kukučka P, Matejovičová J, Maurer C, Přibylová P, Prokeš R, Sofuoglu A, Sofuoglu SC, Wilson J, Zetzsch C, Wotawa G, Lammel G. Fast Formation of Nitro-PAHs in the Marine Atmosphere Constrained in a Regional-Scale Lagrangian Field Experiment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:8914-8924. [PMID: 31240924 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b03090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and some of their nitrated derivatives, NPAHs, are seemingly ubiquitous in the atmospheric environment. Atmospheric lifetimes may nevertheless vary within a wide range, and be as short as a few hours. The sources and sinks of NPAH in the atmosphere are not well understood. With a Lagrangian field experiment and modeling, we studied the conversion of the semivolatile PAHs fluoranthene and pyrene into the 2-nitro derivatives 2-nitrofluoranthene and 2-nitropyrene in a cloud-free marine atmosphere on the time scale of hours to 1 day between a coastal and an island site. Chemistry and transport during several episodes was simulated by a Lagrangian box model i.e., a box model coupled to a Lagrangian particle dispersion model, FLEXPART-WRF. It is found that the chemical kinetic data do capture photochemical degradation of the 4-ring PAHs under ambient conditions on the time scale of hours to 1 day, while the production of the corresponding NPAH, which sustained 2-nitrofluoranthene/fluoranthene and 2-nitropyrene/pyrene yields of (3.7 ± 0.2) and (1.5 ± 0.1)%, respectively, is by far underestimated. Predicted levels of NPAH come close to observed ones, when kinetic data describing the reactivity of the OH-adduct were explored by means of theoretically based estimates. Predictions are also underestimated by 1-2 orders of magnitude, when NPAH/PAH yields reported from laboratory experiments conducted under high NOx conditions are adopted for the simulations. It is concluded that NPAH sources effective under low NOx conditions, are largely underestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie D Mulder
- Masaryk University , Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment , Kamenice 5 , 625 00 , Brno , Czech Republic
- Zentralanstalt für Meteorologie und Geodynamik , Wien , Austria
| | - Yetkin Dumanoglu
- Dokuz Eylül University , Environmental Engineering Dept. , Izmir , Turkey
| | - Christos Efstathiou
- Masaryk University , Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment , Kamenice 5 , 625 00 , Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kukučka
- Masaryk University , Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment , Kamenice 5 , 625 00 , Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Jana Matejovičová
- Masaryk University , Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment , Kamenice 5 , 625 00 , Brno , Czech Republic
- Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute , Bratislava , Slovakia
| | | | - Petra Přibylová
- Masaryk University , Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment , Kamenice 5 , 625 00 , Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Roman Prokeš
- Masaryk University , Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment , Kamenice 5 , 625 00 , Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Aysun Sofuoglu
- Izmir Institute of Technology , Chemical Engineering Dept. , Urla , Turkey
| | - Sait C Sofuoglu
- Izmir Institute of Technology , Chemical Engineering Dept. , Urla , Turkey
- Izmir Institute of Technology , Environmental Engineering Dept. , Urla , Turkey
| | - Jake Wilson
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry , Multiphase Chemistry Dept. , Mainz , Germany
| | - Cornelius Zetzsch
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry , Multiphase Chemistry Dept. , Mainz , Germany
| | - Gerhard Wotawa
- Zentralanstalt für Meteorologie und Geodynamik , Wien , Austria
| | - Gerhard Lammel
- Masaryk University , Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment , Kamenice 5 , 625 00 , Brno , Czech Republic
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry , Multiphase Chemistry Dept. , Mainz , Germany
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50
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Han J, Liang Y, Zhao B, Wang Y, Xing F, Qin L. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) geographical distribution in China and their source, risk assessment analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 251:312-327. [PMID: 31091495 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In China, the huge amounts of energy consumption caused severe carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) concentration in the soil and ambient air. This paper summarized that the references published in 2008-2018 and suggested that biomass, coal and vehicular emissions were categorized as major sources of PAHs in China. In 2016, the emitted PAHs in China due to the incomplete combustion of fuel was about 32720 tonnes, and the contribution of the emission sources was the sequence: biomass combustion > residential coal combustion > vehicle > coke production > refine oil > power plant > natural gas combustion. The total amount of PAHs emission in China at 2016 was significantly decreased due to the decrease of the proportion of crop resides burning (indoor and open burning). The geographical distribution of PAHs concentration demonstrated that PAHs concentration in the urban soil is 0.092-4.733 μg/g. At 2008-2012, the serious PAHs concentration in the urban soil occurred in the eastern China, which was shifted to western China after 2012. The concentration of particulate and gaseous PAHs in China is 1-151 ng/m3 and 1.08-217 ng/m3, respectively. The concentration of particle-bound PAHs in the southwest and eastern region are lower than that in north and central region of China. The incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) analysis demonstrates that ILCR in the soil and ambient air in China is below the acceptable cancer risk level of 10-6 recommended by US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), which mean that there is a low potential PAHs carcinogenic risk for the soil and ambient air in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Han
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Efficient Utilization and Agglomeration of Metallurgic Mineral Resources, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, PR China; Hubei Provincial Industrial Safety Engineering Technology Research Center, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, PR China
| | - Yangshuo Liang
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Efficient Utilization and Agglomeration of Metallurgic Mineral Resources, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, PR China
| | - Bo Zhao
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Efficient Utilization and Agglomeration of Metallurgic Mineral Resources, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, PR China.
| | - Yu Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Efficient Utilization and Agglomeration of Metallurgic Mineral Resources, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, PR China
| | - Futang Xing
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Efficient Utilization and Agglomeration of Metallurgic Mineral Resources, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, PR China
| | - Linbo Qin
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Efficient Utilization and Agglomeration of Metallurgic Mineral Resources, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, PR China.
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