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Kang D, Ahn YY, Moon HB, Kim K, Jeon J. Exploring micropollutants in polar environments based on non-target analysis using LC-HRMS. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 209:117083. [PMID: 39393234 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.117083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 09/30/2024] [Indexed: 10/13/2024]
Abstract
The routine use of chemicals in polar regions contributes to unexpected occurrence of micropollutants, with sewage discharge as a prominent pollution source. The aim of this study was to identify and quantify micropollutants in polar environments near potential point sources using non-target analysis (NTA) with liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry. Seawater samples were collected from Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard and Marian Cove, King George Island, in 2023. We tentatively identified 32 compounds with NTA, along with 105 homologous series substances. Of these, 18 substances were confirmed, and 13 were quantified using the internal standard method. Most quantified substances in the Ny-Ålesund, including caffeine, naproxen, and polyethylene glycols (PEGs), exhibited concentrations ranged from 0.9 to 770,000 ng/L. In Marian Cove, the analysis predominantly detected acetaminophen, with concentrations ranging from 13 to 35 ng/L. The findings underscore the presence and spatial distribution of emerging micropollutants resulting from wastewater discharge in polar regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daeho Kang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon, Gyeongsangnam-do 51140, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Yoon Ahn
- Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI), Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Bang Moon
- Department of Marine Sciences and Convergent Technology, College of Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Kitae Kim
- Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI), Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea; Department of Polar Science, University of Science of Technology (UST), Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Junho Jeon
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon, Gyeongsangnam-do 51140, Republic of Korea; School of Smart and Green Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon, Gyeongsangnam-do 51140, Republic of Korea.
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Simpson J, Simpson BS, Gerber C. Effect of secondary and tertiary wastewater treatment methods on opioids and the subsequent environmental impact of effluent and biosolids. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 364:143307. [PMID: 39260597 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.143307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Revised: 08/22/2024] [Accepted: 09/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
Opioids are widely distributed, potent prescription analgesics that are known to be diverted for illicit use. Their prevalence of use is reflected by high concentrations of parent compounds and/or metabolites found in samples collected from wastewater treatment plants. Given that treatment byproducts enter the environment through several routes, the consequences of insufficient removal by treatment methods include unwanted environmental exposure and potential to disrupt ecosystems. Activated sludge treatment has been widely investigated for a large suite of prescription opioids but the same cannot be said for UV and chlorination. Additionally, the biosolid cycle of opioids has been overlooked previously. This study aimed to determine the extent to which secondary and tertiary wastewater treatment methods remove opioids from influent, and the associated environmental exposure for those persistent, as well as the fate of opioids in biosolids. Membrane bioreactor treatment proved effective for natural and semi-synthetic opioids while the effect of UV treatment was negligible. Chlorination was the most effective treatment method resulting in effluent with concentrations below theoretical predicted no-effect concentration. Biosolids are not subjected to any additional biological or chemical treatment after membrane bioreactor treatment and the levels detected in biosolid used as fertiliser had several opioids at potentially hazardous concentrations, indicated by a QSAR theoretical model. This data indicates a potential issue regarding the treatment process of biosolids and reliance on chlorination for effluent treatment that should be investigated in other treatment plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Simpson
- Health and Biomedical Innovation, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Bradley Scott Simpson
- Health and Biomedical Innovation, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Cobus Gerber
- Health and Biomedical Innovation, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
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3
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Lykos C, Tsalpatouros K, Fragkos G, Konstantinou I. Synthesis, characterization, and application of Cu-substituted LaNiO 3 perovskites as photocatalysts and/or catalysts for persulfate activation towards pollutant removal. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 352:141477. [PMID: 38387662 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
The presence of emerging contaminants in environmental aqueous matrices is an ever-growing problem, since conventional wastewater treatment methods fail to adequately remove them. Therefore, the application of non-conventional methodologies such as advanced oxidation processes is of great importance to tackle this modern problem. Photocatalysis as well as catalytic activation of persulfates are promising techniques in this field as they are capable of eliminating various emerging contaminants, and current research aims to develop new materials that can be utilized for both processes. In this light, the present study focused on the use of a simple sol-gel-combustion methodology to synthesize Cu-substituted LaNiO3 perovskite materials in an attempt to improve the photocatalytic and catalytic performance of pure LaNiO3, using molar ratios of Cu:Ni that have not been previously reported in the literature. The morphological, structural, and optical features of the synthesized materials were characterized by a series of analytical techniques (e.g., X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, etc.). Also, their performance as photocatalysts, persulfate anion activators and simultaneously as photocatalysts/persulfate anion activators (hybrid) was evaluated by conducting laboratory-scale experiments using phenol (phenolics) as a model emerging contaminant. Interestingly, the results revealed that LaCu0.25Ni0.75O3 exhibited the best efficiency in all the applied processes, which was mainly attributed to the introduction of oxygen vacancies in the structure of the substituted material. The contribution of selected reactive species in the hybrid photocatalytic/catalytic experiments utilizing LaCu0.25Ni0.75O3 as a (photo)catalyst was investigated using appropriate scavengers, and the results suggested that singlet oxygen is the most dominant. Additionally, the stability of all synthesized perovskites was assessed by monitoring the concentration of the leached Cu and/or Ni cations at the end of every applied process. Finally, the reusability of LaCu0.25Ni0.75O3 was evaluated in three consecutive catalytic cycles using the hybrid experiment methodology, as this process demonstrated the best efficiency in terms of phenolics removal, and the results were rather promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Lykos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, 45110, Greece
| | | | - Georgios Fragkos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, 45110, Greece
| | - Ioannis Konstantinou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, 45110, Greece; Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, University Research and Innovation Center, Ioannina 45110, Greece.
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Dubey M, Vellanki BP, Kazmi AA. Fate of emerging contaminants in a sequencing batch reactor and potential of biological activated carbon as tertiary treatment for the removal of persisting contaminants. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 338:117802. [PMID: 36996569 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The study aims to understand the occurrence and removal of 20 emerging contaminants (ECs) in each unit process of a sequencing batch reactor-based wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and explore the potential of biological activated carbon (BAC) for the treatment of residual ECs and organic matter in the secondary effluent. Analgesic-acetaminophen, anti-inflammatory drug-ibuprofen, and stimulant-caffeine were detected at high concentrations in the influent. Most of the removal was observed in the biological treatment stage in the SBR basins. The mass load of the ECs was 2.93 g/d in the secondary effluent and 0.4 g/d in the final sludge, while the total removal of the mass load of ECs till the secondary treatment stage was 93.22%. 12 of the 20 ECs were removed by more than 50%, while carbamazepine (negative removal), sulfamethoxazole, and trimethoprim were removed by less than 20%. As a polishing step and to remove residual ECs, two BAC units were studied for 11,000 bed volumes (324 days). Packed column studies on granular activated carbon were conducted, and GAC development to BAC was monitored. SEM and FTIR were used to confirm and characterize the BAC. The BAC appeared to be more hydrophobic than the GAC. The BAC removed 78.4% and 40% of the dissolved ECs and organic carbon at an optimum EBCT of 25 min. Carbamazepine, sulfamethoxazole, and trimethoprim were removed by 61.5, 84, and 52.2%, respectively. Parallel column tests revealed adsorption as an important mechanism for the removal of positively charged compounds. The results indicate that the BAC is an effective tertiary/polishing technique for removing organic and micropollutants in the secondary wastewater effluent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Dubey
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Bhanu Prakash Vellanki
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Absar Ahmad Kazmi
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
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Studziński W, Przybyłek M, Gackowska A. Application of gas chromatographic data and 2D molecular descriptors for accurate global mobility potential prediction. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 317:120816. [PMID: 36473641 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Mobility is a key feature affecting the environmental fate, which is of particular importance in the case of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and emerging pollutants (EPs). In this study, the global mobility classification artificial neural networks-based models employing GC retention times (RT) and 2D molecular descriptors were constructed and validated. The high usability of RT was confirmed based on the feature selection step performed using the multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS) tool. Although RT was found to be the most important, according to Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA analysis, it is insufficient to build a robust model, which justifies the need to expand the input layer with 2D descriptors. Therefore the following molecular descriptors: MPC10, WTPT-2, AATS8s, minaaCH, GATS7c, RotBtFrac, ATSC7v and ATSC1p, which were characterized by a high predicting potential were used to improve the classification performance. As a result of machine learning procedure ten of the most accurate neural networks were selected. The external validation showed that the final models are characterized by a high general accuracy score (85.71-96.43%). The high predicting abilities were also confirmed by the micro-averaged Matthews correlation coefficient (MAMCC) (0.73-0.88). To evaluate the applicability of the models, new retention times of selected POPs and EPs including pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pharmaceuticals, fragrances and personal care products were measured and used for mobility prediction. Further, the classifiers were used for photodegradation and chlorination products of two popular sunscreen agents, 2-ethyl-hexyl-4-methoxycinnamate and 2-ethylhexyl 4-(dimethylamino)benzoate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waldemar Studziński
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Seminaryjna 3, 85-326, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Maciej Przybyłek
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Pharmacy Faculty, Collegium Medicum of Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Kurpińskiego 5, 85-950, Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | - Alicja Gackowska
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Seminaryjna 3, 85-326, Bydgoszcz, Poland
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Cuccaro A, Freitas R, De Marchi L, Oliva M, Pretti C. UV-filters in marine environments: a review of research trends, meta-analysis, and ecotoxicological impacts of 4-methylbenzylidene-camphor and benzophenone-3 on marine invertebrate communities. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:64370-64391. [PMID: 35852751 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21913-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The potential adverse effects of UV-filter pollution in marine environments have been the focus of research in recent years. This systematic review aims to determine the extent of this emerging problem, both quantitatively and qualitatively, combining temporal and science mapping analyses to explore the development of the field of UV-filters in the marine environment (from 1990 to 2021), and to outline new research frontiers. The temporal trend analysis revealed an exponential growth of published studies over the last decade (70% since 2016), confirming the emerging role of this topic in environmental science. The meta-analysis determined that 4-methylbenzylidene-camphor (4-MBC) and benzophenone-3 (BP-3) are top-priority environmental pollutants due to their increasing usage and, in turn, a frequent occurrence in marine ecosystems. This meta-analysis determined the focus on these two contaminants for this review. A critical discussion of the applications, regulatory aspects, and environmental occurrences of these selected compounds was provided. The present study also focused on the most recent (2015-2021) field and laboratory studies investigating the ecotoxicological impacts of 4-MBC and BP-3 on marine invertebrates. This review highlights the need for more research efforts to fill the knowledge gaps on the realistic effects these compounds may have when considered individually, in combination, or as subsequent exposures. Overall, this review aims to establish guidelines for further studies to understand the effect of UV-filters on marine ecosystems and marine invertebrate communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Cuccaro
- Department of Biology & Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
- Interuniversity Consortium of Marine Biology and Applied Ecology "G. Bacci", 57128, Leghorn, Italy.
| | - Rosa Freitas
- Department of Biology & Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Lucia De Marchi
- Department of Biology & Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
- Interuniversity Consortium of Marine Biology and Applied Ecology "G. Bacci", 57128, Leghorn, Italy
| | - Matteo Oliva
- Interuniversity Consortium of Marine Biology and Applied Ecology "G. Bacci", 57128, Leghorn, Italy
| | - Carlo Pretti
- Interuniversity Consortium of Marine Biology and Applied Ecology "G. Bacci", 57128, Leghorn, Italy
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, 56122, San Piero a Grado (PI), Italy
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Li Q, Lai C, Yu J, Luo J, Deng J, Li G, Chen W, Li B, Chen G. Degradation of diclofenac sodium by the UV/chlorine process: Reaction mechanism, influencing factors and toxicity evaluation. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2021.113667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Alves PDCC, Rodrigues-Silva C, Ribeiro AR, Rath S. Removal of low-calorie sweeteners at five Brazilian wastewater treatment plants and their occurrence in surface water. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 289:112561. [PMID: 33865021 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The consumption of low-calorie sweeteners (LCSs) such as acesulfame (ACE), sucralose (SUC), saccharin (SAC), cyclamate (CYC), aspartame (ASP), neotame (NEO), and stevioside (STV) is increasing worldwide to meet the demand for reduced-calorie foods and beverages. However, there are no consumption data available in Brazil, as well as their concentration in sewage and removal on wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). In the present study, ACE, SUC, SAC, CYC, ASP, NEO, and STV were assessed at five WWTPs located in the metropolitan region of Campinas (São Paulo State, Brazil), in operation with different treatment processes. Surface water was also analyzed. Analyses were carried out by on-line solid-phase extraction ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The major points are the following: LCS concentrations in the influents ranged from 0.25 to 189 μg L-1 and followed the order CYC > ACE > SAC > SUC. NEO, ASP, and STV were not detected at any sampling site. Sweetener concentrations in the WWTP outputs differed mainly due to the different treatment setups employed. CYC and SAC were completely removed by biodegradation-based processes, while ACE removal was favored by the anaerobic-anoxic-aerobic process. SUC presented the highest concentration in the treated sewage, even at the WWTP operating with ultrafiltration membranes and therefore could be a marker compound for evaluation of the efficiency of removal of contaminants in WWTPs. Risk quotient estimation, using the PNEC and MEC values, indicated that the levels of the LCS reported here were harmless to the biota. The consumption of ACE, CYC, SAC, and SUC was estimated to be 2634 t year-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla da Costa Cunha Alves
- Institute of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Campinas, P.O. Box 6154, 13084-971, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Caio Rodrigues-Silva
- Institute of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Campinas, P.O. Box 6154, 13084-971, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Alyson Rogério Ribeiro
- Institute of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Campinas, P.O. Box 6154, 13084-971, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - Susanne Rath
- Institute of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Campinas, P.O. Box 6154, 13084-971, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Devault DA, Amalric L, Bristeau S, Cruz J, Tapie N, Karolak S, Budzinski H, Lévi Y. Removal efficiency of emerging micropollutants in biofilter wastewater treatment plants in tropical areas. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:10940-10966. [PMID: 33105006 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10868-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We studied the removal of 61 emerging micropollutants, including illicit drugs, in a biofilter wastewater treatment plant located in the French Indies (Martinique). Raw wastewater concentrations were the highest for paracetamol followed by caffeine, naproxen, ibuprofen, its metabolite 2-hydroxyibuprofen, atenolol, ketoprofen, furosemide, methylparaben, cocaine, benzoylecgonine, and 11-nor-delta-9-carboxytetrahydrocannabinol (THC-COOH). The calculated removals were better than those reported in the literature, while the cumulative removal efficacy (i.e., removal of the total mass load) was estimated to be 92 ± 4%. However, this good performance may be partly explained by the removal of paracetamol (also named acetaminophen) and caffeine, which represented 86.4% of the total mass load. Our results point to the adsorption of some molecules on sludge, thus raising the question about local soil pollution from sludge spreading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Alain Devault
- Département Sciences et Technologies, Centre Universitaire de Formation et de Recherche, RN3 BP 53, 97660, Dembeni, Mayotte, France.
- Public Health and Environment Laboratory Group, UMR 8079 Ecologie Systématique Evolution, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, University of Paris-Saclay, 5 rue Jean Baptiste Clément, 92290, Chatenay-Malabry, France.
| | - Laurence Amalric
- Division Laboratoires, BRGM, 3 Avenue Claude Guillemin, 45060, Orleans Cedex 2, France
| | - Sébastien Bristeau
- Division Laboratoires, BRGM, 3 Avenue Claude Guillemin, 45060, Orleans Cedex 2, France
| | - Justine Cruz
- CNRS, UMR 5805 EPOC (LPTC Research Group), Université de Bordeaux, 351 Cours de la Libération, 33405, Talence Cedex, France
| | - Nathalie Tapie
- CNRS, UMR 5805 EPOC (LPTC Research Group), Université de Bordeaux, 351 Cours de la Libération, 33405, Talence Cedex, France
| | - Sara Karolak
- Public Health and Environment Laboratory Group, UMR 8079 Ecologie Systématique Evolution, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, University of Paris-Saclay, 5 rue Jean Baptiste Clément, 92290, Chatenay-Malabry, France
| | - Hélène Budzinski
- CNRS, UMR 5805 EPOC (LPTC Research Group), Université de Bordeaux, 351 Cours de la Libération, 33405, Talence Cedex, France
| | - Yves Lévi
- Public Health and Environment Laboratory Group, UMR 8079 Ecologie Systématique Evolution, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, University of Paris-Saclay, 5 rue Jean Baptiste Clément, 92290, Chatenay-Malabry, France
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Dubey M, Vellanki BP, Kazmi AA. A systematic approach of method development for analysis of multiple classes of emerging contaminants in wastewater: a case study of a biological nutrient removal based plant. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 12:4363-4376. [PMID: 32852498 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay01131b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals, personal care products, synthetic hormones, and industrial manufacturing additives are used worldwide, and their residues are frequently detected in wastewater. In this study, a sensitive and selective method was developed and validated for the detection and quantification of 14 Emerging Contaminants (ECs) with various physico-chemical properties frequently found in wastewater. Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) allowed for extraction and concentration of the compounds. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in both positive and negative electrospray ionization mode was used for the analysis. Three different combinations of mobile phase, water + 0.1% formic acid : acetonitrile + 0.1% formic acid (3 compounds), water + 0.1% formic acid : methanol (5) and 10 mM ammonium acetate buffer : acetonitrile + 0.1% formic acid (6) gave the best chromatographic conditions to analyze the contaminants in real wastewater samples. Four different eluents at acidic and basic sample pH values were tested to optimize the SPE methodology, and three different dilution ratios (1 : 1, 2 : 1, and 5 : 1) were tested to reduce the matrix effect. Data validation was conducted using linearity, intra and inter-day repeatability, LOD/LOQ, percentage recovery, and percentage process efficiency studies. As a case study, a biological nutrient removal (BNR) based plant was tested for the presence of ECs using the developed method. Removal efficiency at different treatment stages was assessed. Most of the treatment occurred at the secondary treatment stage, whereas primary treatment and disinfection had little effect on removal. All the contaminants were found in the inlet wastewater. Estrone (E1), an endocrine disrupting compound, was reported for the first time in Indian wastewater at 376.2 ng L-1. Seven, four, and two ECs were removed at high, medium, and low efficiencies, respectively. Carbamazepine showed negative removal. This study enhanced our understanding of the occurrence and fate of several ECs in BNR based treatment systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Dubey
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India.
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Li S, Wen J, He B, Wang J, Hu X, Liu J. Occurrence of caffeine in the freshwater environment: Implications for ecopharmacovigilance. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 263:114371. [PMID: 32217417 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the substantial consumption of caffeinated food, beverages, and medicines worldwide, caffeine is considered the most representative pharmaceutically active compound (PhAC) pollutant based on its high abundance in the environment and its suitability as an indicator of the anthropogenic inputs of PhACs in water bodies. This review presents a worldwide analysis of 132 reports of caffeine residues in freshwater environments. The results indicated that more than 70% of the studies reported were from Asia and Europe, which have densely populated and industrially developed areas. However, caffeine pollution was also found to affect areas isolated from human influence, such as Antarctica. In addition, the maximum concentrations of caffeine in raw wastewater, treated wastewater, river, drinking water, groundwater, lake, catchment, reservoir, and rainwater samples were reported to be 3.60 mg/L, 55.5, 19.3, 3.39, 0.683, 174, 44.6, 4.87, and 5.40 μg/L, respectively. The seasonal variation in caffeine residues in the freshwater environment has been demonstrated. In addition, despite the fact that there was a small proportion of wastewater treatment plants in which the elimination rates of caffeine were below 60%, wastewater treatment is generally believed to have a high caffeine removal efficiency. From a pharmacy perspective, we proposed to adopt effective measures to minimize the environmental risks posed by PhACs, represented by caffeine, through a new concept known as ecopharmacovigilance (EPV). Some measures of EPV aimed at caffeine pollution have been advised, as follows: improving knowledge and perceptions about caffeine pollution among the public; listing caffeine as a high-priority PhAC pollutant, which should be targeted in EPV practices; promoting green design and production, rational consumption, and environmentally preferred disposal of caffeinated medicines, foods, and beverages; implementing intensive EPV measures in high-risk areas and during high-risk seasons; and integrating EPV into wastewater treatment programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulan Li
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Jing Wen
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Bingshu He
- Hubei Province Woman and Child Hospital, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China.
| | - Xianmin Hu
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Juan Liu
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China
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12
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Park J, Kim C, Hong Y, Lee W, Chung H, Jeong DH, Kim H. Distribution and Removal of Pharmaceuticals in Liquid and Solid Phases in the Unit Processes of Sewage Treatment Plants. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17030687. [PMID: 31973074 PMCID: PMC7036819 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17030687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we analyzed 27 pharmaceuticals in liquid and solid phase samples collected from the unit processes of four different sewage treatment plants (STPs) to evaluate their distribution and behavior of the pharmaceuticals. The examination of the relative distributions of various categories of pharmaceuticals in the influent showed that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) were the most dominant. While the relative distribution of antibiotics in the influent was not high (i.e., 3%–5%), it increased to 14%–30% in the effluent. In the four STPs, the mass load of the target pharmaceuticals was reduced by 88%–95% mainly in the biological treatment process, whereas the ratio of pharmaceuticals in waste sludge to those in the influent (w/w) was only 2%. In all the STPs, the removal efficiencies for the stimulant caffeine, NSAIDs (acetaminophen, naproxen, and acetylsalicylic acid), and the antibiotic cefradine were high; they were removed mainly by biological processes. Certain compounds, such as the NSAID ketoprofen, contrast agent iopromide, lipid regulator gemfibrozil, and antibiotic sulfamethoxazole, showed varying removal efficiencies depending on the contribution of biodegradation and sludge sorption. In addition, a quantitative meta-analysis was performed to compare the pharmaceutical removal efficiencies of the biological treatment processes in the four STPs, which were a membrane bioreactor (MBR) process, sequencing batch reactor (SBR) process, anaerobic–anoxic–oxic (A2O) process, and moving-bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) process. Among the biological processes, the removal efficiency was in the order of MBR > SBR > A2O > MBBR. Among the tertiary treatment processes investigated, powdered activated carbon showed the highest removal efficiency of 18%–63% for gemfibrozil, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, atenolol, cimetidine, and trimethoprim.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwon Park
- Department of Environmental Infrastructure Research, National Institute of Environmental Research, Ministry of Environment, 42 Hwangyeong-ro, Seo-gu, Incheon 22689, Korea; (J.P.); (C.K.); (W.L.); (H.C.)
| | - Changsoo Kim
- Department of Environmental Infrastructure Research, National Institute of Environmental Research, Ministry of Environment, 42 Hwangyeong-ro, Seo-gu, Incheon 22689, Korea; (J.P.); (C.K.); (W.L.); (H.C.)
| | - Youngmin Hong
- Technical Research Center, Shimadzu Scientific Korea, 145 Gasan digital 1-ro, Geumcheon-gu, Seoul 08056, Korea;
| | - Wonseok Lee
- Department of Environmental Infrastructure Research, National Institute of Environmental Research, Ministry of Environment, 42 Hwangyeong-ro, Seo-gu, Incheon 22689, Korea; (J.P.); (C.K.); (W.L.); (H.C.)
| | - Hyenmi Chung
- Department of Environmental Infrastructure Research, National Institute of Environmental Research, Ministry of Environment, 42 Hwangyeong-ro, Seo-gu, Incheon 22689, Korea; (J.P.); (C.K.); (W.L.); (H.C.)
| | - Dong-Hwan Jeong
- Department of Environmental Infrastructure Research, National Institute of Environmental Research, Ministry of Environment, 42 Hwangyeong-ro, Seo-gu, Incheon 22689, Korea; (J.P.); (C.K.); (W.L.); (H.C.)
- Correspondence: (D.-H.J.); (H.K.)
| | - Hyunook Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, 163 Seoulsiripdaero, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02054, Korea
- Correspondence: (D.-H.J.); (H.K.)
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Guerra P, Teslic S, Shah A, Albert A, Gewurtz SB, Smyth SA. Occurrence and removal of triclosan in Canadian wastewater systems. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:31873-31886. [PMID: 31489545 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06338-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) is an antimicrobial agent used in many personal care and cleaning products. It has been detected in most environmental compartments and the main entry pathway is wastewater effluents and biosolids. TCS was analyzed in 300 samples of raw influent, final effluent, and biosolids from 13 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) across Canada representing five types of typical wastewater treatment systems. TCS was almost always detected in influent (median 1480 ng/L), effluent (median 107 ng/L), and biosolids (median 8000 ng/g dry weight) samples. Removals of TCS from lagoons as well as secondary and advanced treatment facilities were significantly higher than primary treatment facilities (p < 0.001). TCS removal was strongly correlated with organic nitrogen removal. TCS removals at most lagoons and plants that use biological treatment were higher during summer compared with winter. However, no seasonal or temperature effects were observed at the two primary facilities, likely due to the absence of biological activity. Aerobically digested solids contained the lowest levels (median 555 ng/g) while anaerobically digested primary solids contained the highest levels of TCS (median 22,700 ng/g). The results of this large comprehensive study demonstrate that TCS is consistently present in wastewater and biosolids at relatively high concentrations and that removal from wastewater and levels in biosolids are strongly influenced by the wastewater and solids treatment types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Guerra
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Science and Technology Branch, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON, L7S 1A1, Canada
- Contract Pharmaceuticals Limited, 2145 Meadowpine Blvd, Mississauga, ON, L5N 6R8, Canada
| | - Steven Teslic
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Science and Technology Branch, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON, L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Ariba Shah
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Science and Technology Branch, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON, L7S 1A1, Canada
- Queen's University, 1-149 Brock St., Kingston, ON, K7L 1S2, Canada
| | - Amber Albert
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Science and Technology Branch, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON, L7S 1A1, Canada
- Columbia University, 232W 116th St. Unit 809, New York, NY, 10026, USA
| | - Sarah B Gewurtz
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Science and Technology Branch, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON, L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Shirley Anne Smyth
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Science and Technology Branch, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON, L7S 1A1, Canada.
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14
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Ashfaq M, Li Y, Rehman MSU, Zubair M, Mustafa G, Nazar MF, Yu CP, Sun Q. Occurrence, spatial variation and risk assessment of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in urban wastewater, canal surface water, and their sediments: A case study of Lahore, Pakistan. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 688:653-663. [PMID: 31254831 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Due to the lack of wastewater treatment facility in Pakistan, the wastewater is directly discharged via urban drains, which might cause a high load of contaminants of emerging concerns and potential environmental risks. The present study focused on the occurrence and risk assessment of 52 pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) of diversified classes in the water and sediment samples of urban drains and canal of Lahore, Pakistan. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs were the predominant PPCPs detected in the wastewater of urban drains and surface water of canal. The highest concentration was observed for acetaminophen, with median concentration of 13,880 ng/L followed by caffeine with median concentration of 6200 ng/L. Antibiotics were the predominant PPCPs in the sediment samples with highest concentration of ofloxacin (median value of 1980 μg/kg) followed by ciprofloxacin and oxytetracycline. Spatial variation showed that the population density has significant correlation with the level of many PPCPs in surface water while one of the drainage systems is affected by the direct wastewater discharge from the nearby industrial area. Ecological risk assessment in terms of risk quotient revealed that most of the PPCPs may cause high risk to the aquatic community. This high risk may lead to further contamination of food and crops, therefore enforcement of environmental legislations for treatment of wastewater is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ashfaq
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Department of Chemistry, University of Gujrat, Gujrat 50700, Pakistan
| | - Yan Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100043, China
| | - Muhammad Saif Ur Rehman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Khawaja Fareed University of Engineering & Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zubair
- Department of Chemistry, University of Gujrat, Gujrat 50700, Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Mustafa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Gujrat, Gujrat 50700, Pakistan
| | | | - Chang-Ping Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Qian Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
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15
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Gallé T, Koehler C, Plattes M, Pittois D, Bayerle M, Carafa R, Christen A, Hansen J. Large-scale determination of micropollutant elimination from municipal wastewater by passive sampling gives new insights in governing parameters and degradation patterns. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 160:380-393. [PMID: 31158619 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A simple balancing method using passive samplers over a week's period has been developed and tested successfully to determine elimination rates of 22 common micropollutants of household and industrial sources in 18 full-scale wastewater treatment plants of different design and performance. Independent reactor tests to delineate elimination rates with native sludge of the treatment plants correlated very well with the full-scale elimination rate determinations. As opposed to common assumptions, this large dataset indicated that shorter sludge retention times - read: higher active biomass - showed higher micropollutant elimination rates in many cases. Multivariate statistical analysis of the elimination rates over the 18 treatment plants was able to group compounds according to common degradation pathways and showed that sensitivity to SRT drove the grouping. The dataset also allowed to determine population equivalent normalized loads of the investigated micropollutants. The application of WWTP balancing with passive sampling makes it relatively easy to gather elimination rates and inlet loads on a much broader basis than before and gives orientation for more in-depth analysis of degradation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Gallé
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5, avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
| | - C Koehler
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5, avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
| | - M Plattes
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5, avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - D Pittois
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5, avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - M Bayerle
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5, avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - R Carafa
- Rovira i Virgili University, Tecnatox - Department of Chemical Engineering, Països Catalans, 26, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - A Christen
- University of Luxembourg, Faculty of Science, Technology and Communication, 6, rue Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi, L-1359, Luxembourg
| | - J Hansen
- University of Luxembourg, Faculty of Science, Technology and Communication, 6, rue Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi, L-1359, Luxembourg
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16
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Mohapatra DP, Kirpalani DM. Advancement in treatment of wastewater: Fate of emerging contaminants. CAN J CHEM ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.23533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dipti Prakash Mohapatra
- National Research Council of CanadaEnergy Mining and Environment Research Centre 1200 Montreal Road Ottawa ON K1A 0R6 Canada
| | - Deepak M. Kirpalani
- National Research Council of CanadaEnergy Mining and Environment Research Centre 1200 Montreal Road Ottawa ON K1A 0R6 Canada
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17
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Guillossou R, Le Roux J, Mailler R, Vulliet E, Morlay C, Nauleau F, Gasperi J, Rocher V. Organic micropollutants in a large wastewater treatment plant: What are the benefits of an advanced treatment by activated carbon adsorption in comparison to conventional treatment? CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 218:1050-1060. [PMID: 30609484 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.11.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Several advanced treatments, such as ozonation or activated carbon adsorption, are currently considered for the removal of organic micropollutants (OMPs) in wastewater treatment plants (WWTP). However, little is known on the overall performances of a WWTP upgraded with those processes and the benefits provided regarding the elimination of multiple families of OMPs. In this study, 5 sampling campaigns were performed to determine the removal of 48 OMPs in a WWTP followed by an activated carbon pilot. The primary treatment had no effect on OMPs (removals < 20%), whereas the biological treatment removed OMPs that can be easily sorbed onto sludges or biodegraded (>60%). The additional elimination provided by the advanced treatment was not significant (<10%) for OMPs already well removed in the WWTP) but was substantial (>30%) for recalcitrant OMPs. Removals higher than 60% were obtained for all OMPs (except azithromycin and sulfamethoxazole) over the WWTP and the activated carbon pilot. The adsorption conditions (10 g/m3 fresh activated carbon addition) were not sufficient to achieve the 80% removal targeted in Switzerland for compounds suggested as indicator substances for wastewater treatment. A higher dose of activated carbon or the combination with another advanced treatment should be used to achieve a satisfactory removal of those compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronan Guillossou
- Université Paris-Est, Laboratoire Eau, Environnement, Systèmes Urbains (LEESU), UMR MA 102 - AgroParisTech, 61 Avenue du Général de Gaulle, Créteil Cedex, France.
| | - Julien Le Roux
- Université Paris-Est, Laboratoire Eau, Environnement, Systèmes Urbains (LEESU), UMR MA 102 - AgroParisTech, 61 Avenue du Général de Gaulle, Créteil Cedex, France
| | - Romain Mailler
- Syndicat Interdépartemental pour l'Assainissement de l'Agglomération Parisienne (SIAAP), Direction Innovation et Environnement, 82 Avenue Kléber, Colombes, France
| | - Emmanuelle Vulliet
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ENS-Lyon, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, 5 Rue de la Doua, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Catherine Morlay
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées-Lyon, MATEIS, UMR 5510, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Fabrice Nauleau
- Saur, Direction de la Recherche et du Développement, Maurepas, France
| | - Johnny Gasperi
- Université Paris-Est, Laboratoire Eau, Environnement, Systèmes Urbains (LEESU), UMR MA 102 - AgroParisTech, 61 Avenue du Général de Gaulle, Créteil Cedex, France.
| | - Vincent Rocher
- Syndicat Interdépartemental pour l'Assainissement de l'Agglomération Parisienne (SIAAP), Direction Innovation et Environnement, 82 Avenue Kléber, Colombes, France
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18
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Kumar R, Sarmah AK, Padhye LP. Fate of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in a wastewater treatment plant with parallel secondary wastewater treatment train. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 233:649-659. [PMID: 30605791 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.12.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Seasonal variations in the concentrations and fate of 20 selected pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) were investigated over one year in a wastewater treatment plant in New Zealand, which relies on a membrane bioreactor (MBR) and Bardenpho as parallel processes for its secondary treatment. Results showed that all of the monitored PPCPs were detected in the wastewater influent. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) and caffeine were predominant in the influent, whereas in the effluent, β-blockers and benzotriazole were present at significant concentrations. Total PPCPs' concentration in the influent was found to be 130 μg/L. Average removal efficiency was found to be ≥ 99% for acetaminophen, caffeine, TCEP, naproxen, and ibuprofen, whereas <50% of trimethoprim, metoprolol, and benzotriazole were removed. Contrary to the existing literature, no significant differences were found in the removal of PPCPs through MBR and Bardenpho processes, hinting that optimally operated Bardenpho can be equally effective in the removal of emerging contaminants as MBR. The occurrence and removal efficiencies of PPCPs were found to exhibit significant seasonal variations, with the highest influent concentrations of PPCPs reported in autumn and winter. Heavy rainfall had an insignificant impact on PPCPs' removal efficiencies although it resulted in much-diluted concentrations of PPCPs in the influent. Spearman's correlation analysis showed significant correlations between PPCPs' mass loads in the influent, wastewater quality parameters, and environmental factors. It was also found that, except sulfamethoxazole, ecotoxicity risks were minimal for the rest of the monitored PPCPs in wastewater effluent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Kumar
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ajit K Sarmah
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Lokesh P Padhye
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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19
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Villota N, Lombraña JI, Cruz-Alcalde A, Marcé M, Esplugas S. Kinetic study of colored species formation during paracetamol removal from water in a semicontinuous ozonation contactor. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 649:1434-1442. [PMID: 30308912 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Paracetamol aqueous solutions, when ozonized, acquired a strong red coloration depending on the applied ozone dose and the initial pH of the aqueous solution. Then, this color loses intensity and turns to yellow. Color formation is favored when operating at initial pH0 = 12.0 and ozone flow-rate 4.2 mg/min. A mechanism describing color formation was proposed, being the main pathway involved an initial paracetamol hydroxylation to yield 3-hydroxyacetaminophen followed by the formation of 2-amino-5-hydroxyacetofenone. Then, these compounds are degraded to colored oxidation by-products. A model describing color evolution was also proposed, considering first-order kinetics for both color formation and degradation. The corresponding kinetic constant values were determined to be kf = 0.01 (1/min) and kd = 0.03 pH -0.055 (1/min), respectively. A relationship between aromaticity loss and color changes during the reaction has been estimated considering the parameter α=kA/kf, being α = 1.62 pH + 3.5 and the first-order rate constant for aromaticity loss given by kA = 0.0162 pH + 0.035 (1/min).
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Affiliation(s)
- N Villota
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Escuela Universitaria de Ingeniería de Vitoria-Gasteiz, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Nieves Cano 12, 01006, Araba, Spain
| | - J I Lombraña
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - A Cruz-Alcalde
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Universitat de Barcelona, C/Martí i Franqués 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - M Marcé
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Universitat de Barcelona, C/Martí i Franqués 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Esplugas
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Universitat de Barcelona, C/Martí i Franqués 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Taheran M, Naghdi M, Brar SK, Verma M, Surampalli R. Emerging contaminants: Here today, there tomorrow! ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enmm.2018.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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21
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Brown AK, Wong CS. Distribution and fate of pharmaceuticals and their metabolite conjugates in a municipal wastewater treatment plant. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 144:774-783. [PMID: 30176575 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Some pharmaceutical conjugates can be excreted into wastewaters at levels rivalling those of the parent compounds; however, little is known about this potential reservoir of pharmaceuticals to aquatic systems. We evaluated the occurrence and distribution of four different classes of pharmaceuticals and their metabolite conjugates in a wastewater treatment plant over four months. Aqueous and suspended solids fractions of primary, mixed liquor, secondary, and final effluent, along with return activated sludge, and waste activated sludge were assessed. The only conjugate not found in the final effluent was acetaminophen sulfate. Moreover, thyroxine and thyroxine glucuronide were the only compounds quantified in the suspended solids in the final effluent. Propranolol, propranolol sulfate, thyroxine, and thyroxine glucuronide all had no significant decreases in concentration going through the wastewater treatment process, from primary to final effluent. However, there were significant decreases observed for acetaminophen (99.8%), sulfamethoxazole (71%), N-acetyl sulfamethoxazole (59%), and sulfamethoxazole glucuronide (79%). The mean (±SEM) mass loadings in the aqueous fraction of the final effluent for each compound ranged from 0.84 ± 0.2 g/d for thyroxine to 45.3 ± 4.2 g/d for acetaminophen. At least as much conjugate was released into receiving waters, if not more: 1.6 ± 0.2 g/d for thyroxine glucuronide to 18.5 ± 4.5 g/d for sulfamethoxazole glucuronide, and 61.2 ± 9.6 g/d for N-acetyl sulfamethoxazole. Additionally, the mean loading of thyroxine was 0.29 ± 0.025 g/day and thyroxine glucuronide 1.8 ± 0.59 g/day in the suspended solids. This equates to 26% of total thyroxine and 53% of total thyroxine glucuronide associated with suspended particulate matter that reaches receiving waters. This study reflects the importance of including phase II conjugates in assessing overall compound load of pharmaceutical discharge from wastewaters, and also that substantial amounts of such contaminants are associated with wastewater solids when drugs are in the pg/L to μg/L range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair K Brown
- University of Manitoba, Department of Chemistry, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Charles S Wong
- University of Manitoba, Department of Chemistry, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada; The University of Winnipeg, Departments of Chemistry and Environmental Studies and Sciences, Richardson College for the Environment, Winnipeg, MB R3B 2E9, Canada.
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22
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Česen M, Heath D, Krivec M, Košmrlj J, Kosjek T, Heath E. Seasonal and spatial variations in the occurrence, mass loadings and removal of compounds of emerging concern in the Slovene aqueous environment and environmental risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 242:143-154. [PMID: 29966838 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study reports the development of a multi-residue method for determining 48 compounds of emerging concern (CEC) including three diclofenac transformation products (TP) in Slovenian wastewater (WW) and surface water (SW). For solid-phase extraction (SPE), Oasis™ Prime cartridges were favoured over Oasis HLB™. The validated method was then applied to 43 SW and 52 WW samples collected at nine locations. Ten bisphenols in WW and 14 bisphenols in SW were traced in Europe for the first time. Among all of the 48 targeted CEC, 21 were >LOQ in the influents and 20 in the effluents. One diclofenac TP was also quantified in WWs (3.04-78.1 ng L-1) for the first time. As expected, based on mass loads in the wastewater treatment plant influents, caffeine is consumed in high amounts (105,000 mg day-1 1000 inhab.-1) in Slovenia, while active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) are consumed in lower amounts compared to other European countries. Removal was lower in winter in the case of four bisphenols (17-78%), one preservative (36%) and four APIs (-14-91%), but remained constant for caffeine, one API, two UV-filters and three preservatives (all >85.5%). Overall, a constructed wetland showed the lowest (0-80%) and most inconsistent removal efficiencies (SD > 40% for some CECs) of CECs including caffeine, two UV-filters, two preservatives and two APIs compared to other treatment technologies. The method was also able to quantify Bisphenol S in SW (<36.2 ng L-1). Environmental risk was assessed via risk quotients (RQs) based on WW and SW data. Two UV-filters (oxybenzone and dioxybenzone), estrone and triclosan, despite their low abundance posed a medium to high environmental risk with RQs between 0.282 (for HM-BP) and 15.5 (for E1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjeta Česen
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - David Heath
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marko Krivec
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janez Košmrlj
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tina Kosjek
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ester Heath
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Chen WL, Cheng JY, Lin XQ. Systematic screening and identification of the chlorinated transformation products of aromatic pharmaceuticals and personal care products using high-resolution mass spectrometry. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 637-638:253-263. [PMID: 29751307 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are an emerging concern because of the large amount of PPCPs that is discharged and its potential ecological effects on the aquatic environment. Chlorination has proven efficient for removing some aromatic PPCPs from wastewater, but the formation of by-products has not been thoroughly investigated partly because of analytical difficulties. This study developed a method for systematically screening and identifying the transformation products (TPs) of multiple aromatic PPCPs through high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). We spiked an environmentally relevant concentration (5000 ng/L) of three anti-inflammatory drugs, four parabens, bisphenol A, oxybenzone, and triclosan in the Milli-Q water and water containing natural organic matter (NOM). Low-dose chlorination (0.2-0.7 mg/L) was performed. We compared the chemical profiles of the chlorinated and untreated water and selected the ions to be identified based on the results of t-test and the ratio of signal intensities. Compound matching and isotopic pattern comparison were applied to characterising the molecular formulae of TPs. The fragmentation of the PPCPs and TPs was used in elucidating the structures of the TPs. The confirmation of TPs was achieved by comparing the retention time and fragment patterns of TPs with the isomer standards. In the chlorinated water, the aromatic PPCPs were substantially removed, except for the anti-inflammatory drugs (removal rates -5.2%-26%). Even with moderate chlorine dosages, all of the aromatic PPCPs, except for acetylsalicylic acid, were transformed into chlorinated derivatives in the Milli-Q water, and so were some PPCPs in the NOM-added water. The results of structure elucidation and compound confirmation as well as the increases in log Kow suggested that chlorination could transform aromatic PPCPs into more persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic TPs. The presence of these TPs in the effluents where the PPCPs are removed through chlorination may pose increased risks to aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ling Chen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Tunghai University, No. 1727, Sec. 4, Taiwan Boulevard, Xitun District, Taichung 40704, Taiwan.
| | - Jiun-Yi Cheng
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Tunghai University, No. 1727, Sec. 4, Taiwan Boulevard, Xitun District, Taichung 40704, Taiwan
| | - Xiao-Qian Lin
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Tunghai University, No. 1727, Sec. 4, Taiwan Boulevard, Xitun District, Taichung 40704, Taiwan
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24
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Ashfaq M, Li Y, Wang Y, Qin D, Rehman MSU, Rashid A, Yu CP, Sun Q. Monitoring and mass balance analysis of endocrine disrupting compounds and their transformation products in an anaerobic-anoxic-oxic wastewater treatment system in Xiamen, China. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 204:170-177. [PMID: 29655110 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the occurrence, removal and mass balance of 8 endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs), including estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), ethinylestradiol (EE2), triclosan (TCS), triclocarbon (TCC), 4-n-nonyl phenol (NP) and 4-n-octyl phenol (OP), along with 5 of their transformation products (TPs), including 4-hydroxy estrone (4-OH E1), 4-hydroxy estradiol (4-OH E2), methyl triclosan (MeTCS), carbanilide (NCC), dichlorocarbanilide (DCC) in a wastewater treatment plant. Generally, E3 showed the highest concentrations in wastewater with median value of 514 ng/L in influent, while TCS and TCC showed highest level in sludge and suspended solids (SS) with median value of 960 and 724 μg/kg, respectively. Spatial variations were observed along each unit of the wastewater treatment processes for dissolved analytes in wastewater and adsorbed analytes in suspended solids and sludge. Special emphasis was placed to understand the mass load of EDCs and their TPs to the wastewater treatment unit and mass loss during the wastewater treatment processes. Mass loss based on both aqueous and suspended phase concentration revealed that majority of these chemicals were significantly removed during the treatment process except for TCS, TCC, and three of their TPs (MeTCS, NCC, DCC), which were released or generated during the treatment process. Mass load results showed that 42.4 g of these EDCs and their TPs entered this wastewater treatment system daily via influent, whereas 6.15 g and 7.60 g were discharged through effluent and sludge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ashfaq
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China; Department of Chemistry, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, 50700, Pakistan
| | - Yan Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100043, China
| | - Yuwen Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100043, China
| | - Dan Qin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100043, China
| | - Muhammad Saif Ur Rehman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Azhar Rashid
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Chang-Ping Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China; Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Qian Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China.
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25
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Appa R, Mhaisalkar VA, Bafana A, Saravana Devi S, Krishnamurthi K, Chakrabarti T, Naoghare PK. Simultaneous quantitative monitoring of four indicator contaminants of emerging concern (CEC) in different water sources of Central India using SPE/LC-(ESI)MS-MS. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2018; 190:489. [PMID: 30046939 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-018-6867-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Environmental occurrence of CECs poses a great threat to both aquatic life and human health. The aim of this study was to optimize and validate SPE/LC-(ESI)MS-MS method for simultaneous quantitative monitoring of two sub-classes of CECs (pharmaceuticals and hormones) and to estimate the concentrations of select CECs in environmental water samples. For all the tested analytes, recoveries in laboratory reagent water were greater than 81%. Average percent (relative standard deviation) RSD of the analytes in recovery, repeatability, and reproducibility experiments were ≤ 10%. Determination coefficients (r2) of primidone, diclofenac, testosterone, and progesterone were estimated to be 0.9979, 0.9972, 0.9968, and 0.9962, respectively. Limits of detection (LOD) for primidone, diclofenac, testosterone, and progesterone were 4.63 ng/L, 5.36 ng/L, 0.55 ng/L, and 0.88 ng/L, respectively. Limits of quantification (LOQ) for primidone, diclofenac, testosterone, and progesterone were 14.72 ng/L, 17.06 ng/L, 1.766 ng/L, and 2.813 ng/L, respectively. Average recoveries in environmental water and wastewater samples were greater than 74% and RSD were ≤ 7%. Trace levels (68.33-125.70 ng/L) of primidone were detected in four environmental water samples, whereas diclofenac was not detected in any of the tested sample. Trace levels of progesterone were observed in two environmental samples (16.64 -203.73 ng/L), whereas testosterone was detected in STP inlet sample (178.16 ng/L).
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshan Appa
- Department of Civil Engineering, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur, India
| | - V A Mhaisalkar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur, India
| | - Amit Bafana
- Environmental Impact and Sustainability Division, National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), CSIR, Nehru Marg, Nagpur, 440020, India
| | - S Saravana Devi
- Environmental Impact and Sustainability Division, National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), CSIR, Nehru Marg, Nagpur, 440020, India
| | - Kannan Krishnamurthi
- Environmental Impact and Sustainability Division, National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), CSIR, Nehru Marg, Nagpur, 440020, India
| | - Tapan Chakrabarti
- Department of Civil Engineering, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur, India
| | - Pravin K Naoghare
- Environmental Impact and Sustainability Division, National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), CSIR, Nehru Marg, Nagpur, 440020, India.
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26
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Edwards QA, Sultana T, Kulikov SM, Garner-O'Neale LD, Yargeau V, Metcalfe CD. Contaminants of Emerging Concern in Wastewaters in Barbados, West Indies. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2018; 101:1-6. [PMID: 29721596 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-018-2346-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
There have been few reports in the peer-reviewed literature on the levels of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) in municipal wastewater from the Caribbean region. In this study of wastewater collected from two wastewater treatment plants in Barbados, caffeine and ibuprofen were detected at µg/L concentrations, whereas two steroid hormones (i.e. androstenedione, estrone) and several prescription pharmaceuticals were detected at ng/L concentrations. Among drugs of abuse, benzoylecgonine (i.e. metabolite of cocaine), MDMA (i.e. Ecstasy) and MDA (i.e. 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine) were present at the highest concentrations in untreated wastewater. Overall, these data show that there is potential impact in the marine environment in Barbados from CECs discharged into the coastal zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quincy A Edwards
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of the West Indies, Cave Hill Campus, Bridgetown, West Indies, Barbados.
| | - Tamanna Sultana
- Water Quality Centre, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada
| | - Sergei M Kulikov
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of the West Indies, Cave Hill Campus, Bridgetown, West Indies, Barbados
| | - Leah D Garner-O'Neale
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of the West Indies, Cave Hill Campus, Bridgetown, West Indies, Barbados
| | - Viviane Yargeau
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Chris D Metcalfe
- Water Quality Centre, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada
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27
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Pan CG, Peng FJ, Shi WJ, Hu LX, Wei XD, Ying GG. Triclosan-induced transcriptional and biochemical alterations in the freshwater green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 148:393-401. [PMID: 29100157 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) is an antibacterial and antifungal agent widely used in personal care products (PCPs). We investigated the effects of TCS (20μg/L, 100μg/L and 500μg/L) on Chlamydomonas reinhardtii by measuring the algal growth, chlorophyll content, lipid peroxidation, and transcription of the antioxidant-related genes (superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferase (GST), plastid terminal oxidase 2 (PTOX) and thioredoxin (TRX)) as well as biochemical alterations. The results showed significant dose-related effects of TCS on the algal species in terms of growth and chlorophyll content. Malondialdehyde (MDA) increased with increasing TCS concentrations and showed significant difference between the treatment of 405.3μg/L TCS and control group. Transcription analysis revealed that the expression of SOD mRNA was most sensitive to TCS among the selected genes. In addition, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy showed time- and concentration-specific biochemical responses in C. reinhardtii when exposed to TCS. The biochemical alterations associated with different doses of TCS were mainly attributed to structural changes associated with lipid, protein, nucleic acid and carbohydrate. The findings from this study reveal that TCS in the aquatic environment may affect algal growth, chlorophyll synthesis, oxidative stress responses and cause biochemical alterations. This study provided important information to achieve a better understanding of the toxic mechanism of triclosan on algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Gui Pan
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, CAS Research Centre for Pearl River Delta Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Feng-Jiao Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, CAS Research Centre for Pearl River Delta Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Department of Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wen-Jun Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, CAS Research Centre for Pearl River Delta Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Li-Xin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, CAS Research Centre for Pearl River Delta Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, CAS Research Centre for Pearl River Delta Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Guang-Guo Ying
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, CAS Research Centre for Pearl River Delta Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; The Environmental Research Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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28
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Maya N, Evans J, Nasuhoglu D, Isazadeh S, Yargeau V, Metcalfe CD. Evaluation of wastewater treatment by ozonation for reducing the toxicity of contaminants of emerging concern to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:274-284. [PMID: 28815790 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Although conventional wastewater treatment technologies are effective at removing many contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) from municipal wastewater, some contaminants are not removed efficiently. Ozonation may be a treatment option for reducing the concentrations of recalcitrant CECs in wastewater, but this process may generate toxic transformation products. In the present study, we conducted semibatch experiments to ozonate municipal wastewater effluent spiked with 5 commonly detected CECs. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate whether ozonation increased or decreased biological responses indicative of sublethal toxicity in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with extracts prepared from ozonated and nonozonated wastewater effluent. Blood, liver, and brain tissues were collected from the fish at 72 h post injection for analysis of a battery of biomarkers. In fish i.p. injected with the extracts from nonozonated wastewater effluent, significant induction of plasma vitellogenin (VTG) was observed, but ozonation of the municipal wastewater effluent spiked with CECs significantly reduced this estrogenic response. However, in fish injected with extracts from spiked municipal wastewater effluent after ozonation, the balance of hepatic glutathione in its oxidized (glutathione disulfide [GSSG]) form was altered, indicating oxidative stress. Levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin were significantly elevated in brain tissue from trout injected with the extracts from ozonated spiked municipal wastewater effluent, a biological response that has not been previously reported in fish. Other in vivo biomarkers showed no significant changes across treatments. These results indicate that ozonation reduces the estrogenicity of wastewater, but may increase other sublethal responses. The increase in biomarker responses after ozonation may be because of the formation of biologically active products of transformation of CECs, but further work is needed to confirm this conclusion. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:274-284. © 2017 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Maya
- The School of the Environment, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jaden Evans
- The School of the Environment, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - Deniz Nasuhoglu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Siavash Isazadeh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Viviane Yargeau
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Chris D Metcalfe
- The School of the Environment, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
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29
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Maya N, Crispo C, McFarland V, Nasuhoglu D, Isazadeh S, Yargeau V, Metcalfe CD. Toxicity of extracts from municipal wastewater to early life stages of Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) to evaluate removals of micropollutants by wastewater treatment. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:136-144. [PMID: 28792110 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of municipal wastewater reduces the concentrations of some pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), hormones, and drugs of abuse. However, reduced concentrations of these micropollutants in wastewater may not correlate with reduced toxicity because transformations of micropollutants and/or the formation of disinfection by-products may generate toxic compounds. In the present study, we prepared extracts by solid phase extraction of samples collected from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) at various stages of treatment and tested these extracts for toxicity to early life stages of Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes). Toxicity data for extracts prepared from a WWTP with secondary treatment showed that the numbers of exposed embryos (n = 12 per treatment) that did not hatch increased from 1 of 12 for the treatment with untreated effluent to 5 of 12 for the treatment with final treated effluent. For extracts prepared from a WWTP with tertiary treatment, toxicity among exposed embryos (n = 12 per treatment) also increased with each step of wastewater treatment, as shown by mortalities of 2 of 12 and 8 of 12 in treatments with extracts from untreated and final treated effluent, respectively, as well as an increase in the numbers of embryos that did not hatch from 2 of 12 to 9 of 12 in treatments with untreated and final treated effluent, respectively. Ozonation of treated wastewater collected from a third WWTP caused a high incidence of delayed hatch in exposed embryos (n = 24 per treatment). However, hatching success and the numbers of developmental abnormalities in embryos from this ozonation treatment were not different from controls. The present study shows the value of including toxicity testing to assess the effectiveness of technologies for treatment of municipal wastewater. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:136-144. © 2017 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Maya
- School of the Environment, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - Calvin Crispo
- School of the Environment, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - Victoria McFarland
- School of the Environment, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - Deniz Nasuhoglu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Siavash Isazadeh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Viviane Yargeau
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Chris D Metcalfe
- School of the Environment, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
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30
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Khan U, Bloom RA, Nicell JA, Laurenson JP. Risks associated with the environmental release of pharmaceuticals on the U.S. Food and Drug Administration "flush list". THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 609:1023-1040. [PMID: 28787777 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
A select few prescription drugs can be especially harmful and, in some cases, fatal with just one dose when not used as prescribed. Therefore, the U. S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommends that expired, unwanted, or otherwise unused portions of most of these drugs be disposed of quickly through a take-back program. If such an option is not readily available, FDA recommends that they be flushed down the sink or toilet. The goal of the current investigation was to evaluate the ecological and human-health risks associated with the environmental release of the 15 active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) currently on the FDA "flush list". The evaluation suggests that even when highly conservative assumptions are used-including that the entire API mass supplied for clinical use is flushed, all relevant sources in addition to clinical use of the API are considered, and no metabolic loss, environmental degradation, or dilution of wastewater effluents are used in estimating environmental concentrations-most of these APIs present a negligible eco-toxicological risk, both as individual compounds and as a mixture. For a few of these APIs, additional eco-toxicological data will need to be developed. Using similar conservative assumptions for human-health risks, all 15 APIs present negligible risk through ingestion of water and fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usman Khan
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | - Raanan A Bloom
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - James A Nicell
- Department of Civil Engineering & Applied Mechanics, McGill University, 817 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3A 0C3
| | - James P Laurenson
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
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31
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Baalbaki Z, Torfs E, Yargeau V, Vanrolleghem PA. Predicting the fate of micropollutants during wastewater treatment: Calibration and sensitivity analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 601-602:874-885. [PMID: 28582733 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The presence of micropollutants in the environment and their toxic impacts on the aquatic environment have raised concern about their inefficient removal in wastewater treatment plants. In this study, the fate of micropollutants of four different classes was simulated in a conventional activated sludge plant using a bioreactor micropollutant fate model coupled to a settler model. The latter was based on the Bürger-Diehl model extended for the first time to include micropollutant fate processes. Calibration of model parameters was completed by matching modelling results with full-scale measurements (i.e. including aqueous and particulate phase concentrations of micropollutants) obtained from a 4-day sampling campaign. Modelling results showed that further biodegradation takes place in the sludge blanket of the settler for the highly biodegradable caffeine, underlining the need for a reactive settler model. The adopted Monte Carlo based calibration approach also provided an overview of the model's global sensitivity to the parameters. This analysis showed that for each micropollutant and according to the dominant fate process, a different set of one or more parameters had a significant impact on the model fit, justifying the selection of parameter subsets for model calibration. A dynamic local sensitivity analysis was also performed with the calibrated parameters. This analysis supported the conclusions from the global sensitivity and provided guidance for future sampling campaigns. This study expands the understanding of micropollutant fate models when applied to different micropollutants, in terms of global and local sensitivity to model parameters, as well as the identifiability of the parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeina Baalbaki
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University St., Montreal, QC H3A 0C5, Canada
| | - Elena Torfs
- modelEAU, Département de génie civil et de génie des eaux, Université Laval, 1065 Avenue de la médecine, Québec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Viviane Yargeau
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University St., Montreal, QC H3A 0C5, Canada
| | - Peter A Vanrolleghem
- modelEAU, Département de génie civil et de génie des eaux, Université Laval, 1065 Avenue de la médecine, Québec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
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32
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Dynamic modelling of solids in a full-scale activated sludge plant preceded by CEPT as a preliminary step for micropollutant removal modelling. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2016; 40:499-510. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-016-1715-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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