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Geng XZ, Hu JT, Zhang ZM, Li ZL, Chen CJ, Wang YL, Zhang ZQ, Zhong YJ. Exploring efficient strategies for air quality improvement in China based on its regional characteristics and interannual evolution of PM 2.5 pollution. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 252:119009. [PMID: 38679277 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) harms human health and hinders normal human life. Considering the serious complexity and obvious regional characteristics of PM2.5 pollution, it is urgent to fill in the comprehensive overview of regional characteristics and interannual evolution of PM2.5. This review studied the PM2.5 pollution in six typical areas between 2014 and 2022 based on the data published by the Chinese government and nearly 120 relevant literature. We analyzed and compared the characteristics of interannual and quarterly changes of PM2.5 concentration. The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region (BTH), Yangtze River Delta (YRD) and Pearl River Delta (PRD) made remarkable progress in improving PM2.5 pollution, while Fenwei Plain (FWP), Sichuan Basin (SCB) and Northeast Plain (NEP) were slightly inferior mainly due to the relatively lower level of economic development. It was found that the annual average PM2.5 concentration change versus year curves in the three areas with better pollution control conditions can be merged into a smooth curve. Importantly, this can be fitted for the accurate evaluation of each area and provide reliable prediction of its future evolution. In addition, we analyzed the factors affecting the PM2.5 in each area and summarize the causes of air pollution in China. They included primary emission, secondary generation, regional transmission, as well as unfavorable air dispersion conditions. We also suggested that the PM2.5 pollution control should target specific industries and periods, and further research need to be carried out on the process of secondary production. The results provided useful assistance such as effect prediction and strategy guidance for PM2.5 pollution control in Chinese backward areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Ze Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China.
| | - Jia-Tian Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Zi-Meng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Zhi-Ling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Chong-Jun Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China
| | - Yu-Long Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Zhi-Qing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Ying-Jie Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
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Ting YC, Huang CH, Cheng YH, Hsiao TC, Wei-Po Lai W, Ciou ZJ. Chemical characteristics and formation mechanism of secondary inorganic aerosols: The decisive role of aerosol acidity and meteorological conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 358:124472. [PMID: 38945190 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been a growing concern about air pollution and its impact on the air quality and human health, especially for fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and its associated secondary aerosols in urban areas. This study conducted a year-long field campaign to collect PM2.5 samples day and night in an urban area of central Taiwan. Higher PM2.5 mass concentrations were observed in winter (27.7 ± 9.7 μg/m3), followed by autumn (22.5 ± 8.3 μg/m3), spring (19.2 ± 6.4 μg/m3), and summer (11.0 ± 3.1 μg/m3). The dominant formation mechanism of secondary inorganic aerosols was heterogeneous reactions of NO3- at night and homogeneous reactions of SO42- during the day. Additionally, significant correlations were observed between aerosol liquid water content (ALWC) and NO3- during nighttime, indicating the importance of aqueous-phase NO3- formation. The role of aerosol acidity was explored and a unique alkaline condition was found in spring and summer, which showed lower PM2.5 concentrations than the neutralized condition. Under the neutralized condition, higher PM2.5 concentrations were commonly found when combining the ammonium-rich regime with molar ratios of [NO3-]/[SO42-] exceeding 1.6, suggesting the importance of reducing both NH3 and NOx. Furthermore, the results showed that reducing NH3 should be prioritized under high temperature conditions, while reducing NOx became important under low temperature conditions. Clustering of backward trajectories showed that long-range transport could enhance the formation of secondary aerosols, but local emissions emerged as the main factor driving high PM2.5 concentrations. This study provides insights for policymakers to improve air quality, suggesting that different mitigation strategies should be formulated based on meteorological variables and that using clean energy for vehicles and electricity generation is important to alleviate air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chieh Ting
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Chuan-Hsiu Huang
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsiang Cheng
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei, Taiwan; Center for Environmental Sustainability and Human Health, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ta-Chih Hsiao
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Research Centre for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Webber Wei-Po Lai
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Zih-Jhe Ciou
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Gan Y, Lu X, Chen S, Jiang X, Yang S, Ma X, Li M, Yang F, Shi Y, Wang X. Aqueous-phase formation of N-containing secondary organic compounds affected by the ionic strength. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 138:88-101. [PMID: 38135436 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The reaction of carbonyl-to-imine/hemiaminal conversion in the atmospheric aqueous phase is a critical pathway to produce the light-absorbing N-containing secondary organic compounds (SOC). The formation mechanism of these compounds has been wildly investigated in bulk solutions with a low ionic strength. However, the ionic strength in the aqueous phase of the polluted atmosphere may be higher. It is still unclear whether and to what extent the inorganic ions can affect the SOC formation. Here we prepared the bulk solution with certain ionic strength, in which glyoxal and ammonium were mixed to mimic the aqueous-phase reaction. Molecular characterization by High-resolution Mass Spectrometry was performed to identify the N-containing products, and the light absorption of the mixtures was measured by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. Thirty-nine N-containing compounds were identified and divided into four categories (N-heterocyclic chromophores, high-molecular-weight compounds with N-heterocycle, aliphatic imines/hemiaminals, and the unclassified). It was observed that the longer reaction time and higher ionic strength led to the formation of more N-heterocyclic chromophores and the increasing of the light-absorbance of the mixture. The added inorganic ions were proposed to make the aqueous phase somewhat viscous so that the molecules were prone to undergo consecutive and intramolecular reactions to form the heterocycles. In general, this study revealed that the enhanced ionic strength and prolonged reaction time had the promotion effect on the light-absorbing SOC formation. It implies that the aldehyde-derived aqueous-phase SOC would contribute more light-absorbing particulate matter in the industrial or populated area where inorganic ions are abundant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Gan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xiaohui Lu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Great Bay Area, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Shaodong Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xinghua Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Shanye Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiewen Ma
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Mei Li
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Environmental Monitoring Station of Pudong New District, Shanghai 201200, China
| | - Yewen Shi
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China.
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Cao L, Diao R, Shi X, Cao L, Gong Z, Zhang X, Yan X, Wang T, Mao H. Effects of Air Pollution Exposure during Preconception and Pregnancy on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. TOXICS 2023; 11:728. [PMID: 37755739 PMCID: PMC10534707 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11090728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the association between air pollution and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in small- and medium-sized cities, identify sensitive periods and major pollutants, and explore the effects of air pollution on different populations. A total of 9820 women who delivered in Handan Maternal and Child Health Hospital in the Hebei Province from February 2018 to July 2020 were included in the study. Logistic regression and principal component logistic regression models were used to assess the effects of air pollution exposure during preconception and pregnancy on GDM risk and the differences in the effects across populations. The results suggested that each 20 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 and PM10 exposure during preconception and pregnancy significantly increased the risk of GDM, and a 10 μg/m3 increase in NO2 exposure during pregnancy was also associated with the risk of GDM. In a subgroup analysis, pregnant women aged 30-35 years, nulliparous women, and those with less than a bachelor's education were the most sensitive groups. This study provides evidence for an association between air pollution and the prevalence of GDM, with PM2.5, PM10, and NO2 as risk factors for GDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Cao
- China Institute for Radiation Protection, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research & State Environmental Protection Key, Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Ruiping Diao
- Handan Maternal and Children Health Hospital, Handan 056001, China
| | - Xuefeng Shi
- China Institute for Radiation Protection, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Lu Cao
- China Institute for Radiation Protection, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Zerui Gong
- China Institute for Radiation Protection, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Xupeng Zhang
- China Institute for Radiation Protection, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Xiaohan Yan
- China Institute for Radiation Protection, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research & State Environmental Protection Key, Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Hongjun Mao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research & State Environmental Protection Key, Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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5
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Li X, Abdullah LC, Sobri S, Md Said MS, Hussain SA, Aun TP, Hu J. Long-Term Air Pollution Characteristics and Multi-scale Meteorological Factor Variability Analysis of Mega-mountain Cities in the Chengdu-Chongqing Economic Circle. WATER, AIR, AND SOIL POLLUTION 2023; 234:328. [PMID: 37200574 PMCID: PMC10175934 DOI: 10.1007/s11270-023-06279-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Currently, air quality has become central to global environmental policymaking. As a typical mountain megacity in the Cheng-Yu region, the air pollution in Chongqing is unique and sensitive. This study aims to comprehensively investigate the long-term annual, seasonal, and monthly variation characteristics of six major pollutants and seven meteorological parameters. The emission distribution of major pollutants is also discussed. The relationship between pollutants and the multi-scale meteorological conditions was explored. The results indicate that particulate matter (PM), SO2 and NO2 showed a "U-shaped" variation, while O3 showed an "inverted U-shaped" seasonal variation. Industrial emissions accounted for 81.84%, 58% and 80.10% of the total SO2, NOx and dust pollution emissions, respectively. The correlation between PM2.5 and PM10 was strong (R = 0.98). In addition, PM only showed a significant negative correlation with O3. On the contrary, PM showed a significant positive correlation with other gaseous pollutants (SO2, NO2, CO). O3 is only negatively correlated with relative humidity and atmospheric pressure. These findings provide an accurate and effective countermeasure for the coordinated management of air pollution in Cheng-Yu region and the formulation of the regional carbon peaking roadmap. Furthermore, it can improve the prediction accuracy of air pollution under multi-scale meteorological factors, promote effective emission reduction paths and policies in the region, and provide references for related epidemiological research. Graphical abstract Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11270-023-06279-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoju Li
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
- Xichang University, No. 1 Xuefu Road, Anning Town, Xichang City, 615000 Sichuan Province China
| | - Luqman Chuah Abdullah
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Shafreeza Sobri
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Mohamad Syazarudin Md Said
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Siti Aslina Hussain
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Tan Poh Aun
- SOx NOx Asia Sdn Bhd, UEP Subang Jaya, 47620 Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia
| | - Jinzhao Hu
- Xichang University, No. 1 Xuefu Road, Anning Town, Xichang City, 615000 Sichuan Province China
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Nie Y, Liu L, Xue S, Yan L, Ma N, Liu X, Liu R, Wang X, Wang Y, Zhang X, Zhang X. The association between air pollution, meteorological factors, and daily outpatient visits for urticaria in Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China: a time series analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:10664-10682. [PMID: 36076138 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22901-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The associations of air pollution and meteorological factors with the outpatient visits of urticaria remain poorly studied. This study aimed to assess the association between air pollution, meteorological factors, and daily outpatient visits for urticaria in Shijiazhuang, China, during 2014-2019. Daily recordings of air pollutant concentrations, meteorological data, and outpatient visits data for urticaria were collected during the 6 years. Descriptive research methods were used to describe the distribution characteristics and demographic features of urticaria. A combination of the generalized linear regression model (GLM) and distribution lag nonlinear model (DLNM) was used to evaluate the lag association between environmental factors and daily outpatient visits for urticaria. Stratified analyses by gender (male; female) and age (< 18 years; 18-39 years; > 39 years) were further conducted. The dose-response relationship between daily urticaria visits and CO, NO2, O3, temperature, and relative humidity was nonlinear. High concentrations of CO, NO2, O3, and high temperatures increased the risk of urticaria outpatient visits. The maximum cumulative association of high concentrations of CO, NO2, and O3 was lag 0-14 days (CO: RR = 1.10, 95%CI: 1.06, 1.31; NO2: RR = 1.09, 95%CI: 1.01, 1.08; O3: RR = 1.16, 95%CI: 1.08, 1.25), and high temperatures was lag 0-7 days (RR = 1.27, 95%CI: 1.14, 1.41). Low concentrations of NO2, O3, and high humidity, on the other hand, act as protective factors for urticaria outpatient. The maximum cumulative association of low concentrations of NO2 was the 0-day lag (RR = 0.97, 95%CI: 0.95, 0.99), O3 was lag 0-5 days (RR = 0.94, 95%CI: 0.88, 0.99), and high humidity was lag 0-10 days (RR = 0.93, 95%CI: 0.89, 0.98). Stratified analyses showed that the risk of urticaria outpatient visits was higher for the males and in the < 18 years age group. In conclusion, we found that the development of urticaria in Shijiazhuang has a distinct seasonal and cyclical nature. Air pollutants and meteorological factors had varying degrees of influence on the risk of urticaria outpatient visits. This study provides indirect evidence for a link between air pollution, meteorological factors, and urticaria outpatient visits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxiong Nie
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Lijuan Liu
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Shilin Xue
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Lina Yan
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Ning Ma
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Xuehui Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Ran Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Xue Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Yameng Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Xinzhu Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Xiaolin Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China.
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Wang J, Gao J, Che F, Wang Y, Lin P, Zhang Y. Dramatic changes in aerosol composition during the 2016-2020 heating seasons in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region and its surrounding areas: The role of primary pollutants and secondary aerosol formation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 849:157621. [PMID: 35901889 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
With the implementation of a series of air pollution mitigation strategies during the past decade, great air quality improvements have been observed in the BTH region. Despite of significant decreases in gaseous pollutants, such as SO2 and NO2, the enhancement of secondary aerosol formation was observed. NO3- has surpassed SO42- and OM to become the dominant PM2.5 component. We find that the reduction of POC mainly dominated the decreasing trend of OC. As for secondary inorganic components, the key processes or factors controlling the spatial-temporal variation characteristics were different. The areas with large SO42- concentrations corresponded well to those with high SO2 concentrations, while the synchronized NO3- better followed spatial patterns in O3 than NO2. From 2016 to 2020, the response of SO42- to SO2 was close to a linear function, while the reaction of NO3- to the decrease of NO2 displayed nonlinear behavior. Such different relationships indicated that SO42- was predominantly controlled by SO2, while NO3- was not only related to NO2 but also determined by the secondary conversion process. The ratios of SO42-, NO3-, NH4+, and OC to EC between 2016 and 2020 were generally higher than 1 in typical BTH cities, and the ratio of NO3- to EC was exceptionally high, with a range reaching up to 200 %. Besides, this ratio coincided well with the enhancement of Ox, indicating the potential role of Ox to secondary NO3- formation. The diurnal cycle of NO3-, O3, and NO2 concentration change rate indicated that the relative increase of O3 during nighttime may offset the effectiveness of NOX emission reduction. This study provided observational evidence of enhanced secondary NO3- formation with the rising trend of atmospheric oxidation and emphasized the importance of nighttime chemistry for NO3- formation in the BTH region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Wang
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Jian Gao
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Fei Che
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yali Wang
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Pengchuan Lin
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yuechong Zhang
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
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Zhang Z, Xu B, Xu W, Wang F, Gao J, Li Y, Li M, Feng Y, Shi G. Machine learning combined with the PMF model reveal the synergistic effects of sources and meteorological factors on PM 2.5 pollution. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 212:113322. [PMID: 35460636 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
PM2.5 pollution is a complex process mainly affected by emission sources and meteorological conditions. However, it is hard to accurately assess the effects of emission sources and meteorological conditions on the variation of PM2.5 concentrations in the complex atmospheric environment. In this study, the Random Forest model with Shapley Additive exPlanations (RF-SHAP) and Partial Dependence Plot (RF-PDP) was combined with Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) to evaluate the impacts of various factors on PM2.5 pollution. The results show that anthropogenic emissions and meteorological conditions contributed about 67% (40.5 μg/m3) and 33% (19.7 μg/m3) to variation in PM2.5 concentrations, respectively. Specifically, secondary nitrate (SN) had the greatest impact among all sources (about 45%). Hence, we further explore the impacts of the primary sources and meteorological conditions on SN formation. Coal combustion and vehicle emissions significantly contribute to the formation of SN by providing a large number of precursor NOX. Additionally, the RF-PDP method was further employed to estimate the synergistic effects of primary sources and meteorological conditions on SN formation. The results help reveal strategies to simultaneously reduce SN by controlling primary emissions under suitable meteorological conditions. This work also suggests that the machine learning model can utilize online datasets well and provide a reliable approach for analyzing the causes of PM2.5 pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongcheng Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, PR China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research (CLAER), College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, PR China
| | - Bo Xu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, PR China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research (CLAER), College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, PR China
| | - Weiman Xu
- Trusted AI System Laboratory, College of Computer Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, PR China
| | - Feng Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, PR China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research (CLAER), College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, PR China
| | - Jie Gao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, PR China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research (CLAER), College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, PR China
| | - Yue Li
- Trusted AI System Laboratory, College of Computer Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, PR China
| | - Mei Li
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for on-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China.
| | - Yinchang Feng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, PR China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research (CLAER), College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, PR China
| | - Guoliang Shi
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, PR China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research (CLAER), College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, PR China.
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Spatiotemporal variations and sources of PM2.5 in the Central Plains Urban Agglomeration, China. AIR QUALITY, ATMOSPHERE & HEALTH 2022; 15:1507-1521. [PMID: 35815237 PMCID: PMC9257121 DOI: 10.1007/s11869-022-01178-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
The Central Plains Urban Agglomeration (CPUA) is the largest region in central China and suffers from serious air pollution. To reveal the spatiotemporal variations and the sources of fine particulate matter (PM2.5, with an aerodynamic diameter of smaller than 2.5 μm) concentrations of CPUA, multiple and transdisciplinary methods were used to analyse the collected millions of PM2.5 concentration data. The results showed that during 2017 ~ 2020, the yearly mean concentrations of PM2.5 for CPUA were 68.3, 61.5, 58.7, and 51.5 μg/m3, respectively. The empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis suggested that high PM2.5 pollution mainly occurred in winter (100.8 μg/m3, 4-year average). The diurnal change in PM2.5 concentrations varied slightly over the season. The centroid of the PM2.5 concentration moved towards the west over time. The spatial autocorrelation analysis indicated that PM2.5 concentrations exhibited a positive spatial autocorrelation in CPUA. The most polluted cities distributed in the northern CPUA (Handan was the centre) formed a high-high agglomeration, and the cities located in the southern CPUA (Xinyang was the centre) formed a low-low agglomeration. The backward trajectory model and potential source contribution function were employed to discuss the regional transportation of PM2.5. The results demonstrated that internal-region and cross-regional transport of anthropogenic emissions were all important to PM2.5 pollution of CPUA. Our study suggests that joint efforts across cities and regions are necessary.
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Shu Z, Zhao T, Liu Y, Zhang L, Ma X, Kuang X, Li Y, Huo Z, Ding Q, Sun X, Shen L. Impact of deep basin terrain on PM 2.5 distribution and its seasonality over the Sichuan Basin, Southwest China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 300:118944. [PMID: 35121013 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.118944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The terrain effect on atmospheric environment is poorly understood in particular for the polluted region with underlying complex topography. Therefore, this study targeted the Sichuan Basin (SCB), a deep basin with severe PM2.5 pollution enclosed by the eastern Tibetan Plateau (TP), Yunnan-Guizhou Plateaus (YGP) and mountains over Southwest China, and we investigated the terrain effect on seasonal PM2.5 distribution and the meteorological mechanism based on the WRF-Chem simulation with stuffing the basin topography. It is characterized that the three-dimensional distribution of topography-induced PM2.5 concentrations over the SCB with the seasonal shift of regional PM2.5 averages from approximately 30 μg m-3 in summer to 90 μg m-3 in winter at surface layer and from summertime 10 μg m-3 to wintertime 30 μg m-3 in the lower free troposphere. Such basin-forced PM2.5 changes presented the vertically monotonical declines concentrated within the lower troposphere below 3.6 km in spring, 2.3 km in summer, 2.6 km in autumn and 4.8 km in winter. Impacts of deep basin aggravated PM2.5 accumulation within the SCB and transport toward the surrounding plateaus contributing approximately 50-90% to PM2.5 levels over the regions of eastern TP and northern YGP. In the SCB, atmospheric thermal structure in the lower troposphere could build a vertical convergence layer between the boundary layer and free troposphere, acting as a lid inhibiting air diffusion, which was regulated by the terrain effects on interactions of westerlies and Asian monsoons, especially the wintertime strong warm lid deteriorating air pollution in the SCB. Furthermore, warm and humid air conditions within the basin prompted sulfur oxidation ratio by +0.02 and nitrogen oxidation ratio by +0.22 effectively producing the secondary PM2.5 in atmospheric environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuozhi Shu
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; Precision Regional Earth Modeling and Information Center, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Tianliang Zhao
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; Precision Regional Earth Modeling and Information Center, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
| | - Yubao Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; Precision Regional Earth Modeling and Information Center, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiaodan Ma
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; Precision Regional Earth Modeling and Information Center, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Xiang Kuang
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Yang Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; Precision Regional Earth Modeling and Information Center, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Zhaoyang Huo
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; Precision Regional Earth Modeling and Information Center, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - QiuJi Ding
- Precision Regional Earth Modeling and Information Center, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Xiaoyun Sun
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; Precision Regional Earth Modeling and Information Center, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Lijuan Shen
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; Precision Regional Earth Modeling and Information Center, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
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Liu X, Pan X, Li J, Chen X, Liu H, Tian Y, Zhang Y, Lei S, Yao W, Liao Q, Sun Y, Wang Z, He H. Cross-boundary transport and source apportionment for PM 2.5 in a typical industrial city in the Hebei Province, China: A modeling study. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 115:465-473. [PMID: 34969474 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cross-boundary transport of air pollution is a difficult issue in pollution control for the North China Plain. In this study, an industrial district (Shahe City) with a large glass manufacturing sector was investigated to clarify the relative contribution of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) to the city's high levels of pollution. The Nest Air Quality Prediction Model System (NAQPMS), paired with Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF), was adopted and applied with a spatial resolution of 5 km. During the study period, the mean mass concentrations of PM2.5, SO2, and NO2 were observed to be 132.0, 76.1, and 55.5 μg/m3, respectively. The model reproduced the variations in pollutant concentrations in Shahe at an acceptable level. The simulation of online source-tagging revealed that pollutants emitted within a 50-km radius of downtown Shahe contributed 63.4% of the city's total PM2.5 concentration. This contribution increased to 73.9±21.2% when unfavorable meteorological conditions (high relative humidity, weak wind, and low planetary boundary layer height) were present; such conditions are more frequently associated with severe pollution (PM2.5 ≥ 250 μg/m3). The contribution from Shahe was 52.3±21.6%. The source apportionment results showed that industry (47%), transportation (10%), power (17%), and residential (26%) sectors were the most important sources of PM2.5 in Shahe. The glass factories (where chimney stack heights were normally < 70 m) in Shahe contributed 32.1% of the total PM2.5 concentration in Shahe. With an increase in PM2.5 concentration, the emissions from glass factories accumulated vertically and narrowed horizontally. At times when pollution levels were severe, the horizontally influenced area mainly covered Shahe. Furthermore, sensitivity tests indicated that reducing emissions by 20%, 40%, and 60% could lead to a decrease in the mass concentration of PM2.5 of of 12.0%, 23.8%, and 35.5%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaole Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shandong Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Weijie Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qi Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yele Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; College of Earth Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zifa Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; College of Earth Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hong He
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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Liu R, Cai J, Guo W, Guo W, Wang W, Yan L, Ma N, Zhang X, Zhang S. Effects of temperature and PM 2.5 on the incidence of hand, foot, and mouth in a heavily polluted area, Shijiazhuang, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:11801-11814. [PMID: 34550518 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16397-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The influence of weather and air pollution factors on hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) has received widespread attention. However, most of the existing studies came from lightly polluted areas and the results were inconsistent. There was a lack of relevant evidence of heavily polluted areas. This study aims to quantify the relationship between weather factors and air pollution with HFMD in heavily polluted areas. We collected the daily number of hand, foot, and mouth disease in Shijiazhuang, China from 2014 to 2018, as well as meteorological and air pollutant data over the same period. The generalized linear model combined with the distributed lag model was used to study the effect of meteorological factors and air pollutants on the daily cases of HFMD and its hysteresis effect. We found that the dose-response relationship between temperature, PM2.5, and the risk of hand-foot-mouth disease was non-linear. Both low temperature and high temperature increased the risk of hand-foot-mouth disease. The cumulative effect of high temperature reached the maximum at 0-10 lag days, and the cumulative effect of low temperature reached the maximum at 0-3 lag days. The concentration of PM2.5 between 76 and 200 μg/m3 has a certain risk of the onset of hand, foot, and mouth disease, but the extreme PM2.5 concentration has a certain protective effect. In addition, low humidity, low wind speed, and low-O3 can increase the risk of HFMD. Risks of humidity and low concentration of O3 increased as lag days extended. In conclusion, our study found that climate factors and air pollutants exert varying degrees of impact on HFMD. Our research provided the scientific basis for establishing an early warning system so that medical staff and parents can take corresponding measures to prevent HFMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Jianning Cai
- The Department of Epidemic Treating and Preventing, Center for Disease Prevention and Control of Shijiazhuang City, Likang Road 3#, Shijiazhuang, 050011, China
| | - Weiheng Guo
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Wenjuan Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Lina Yan
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Ning Ma
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Xiaolin Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China.
| | - Shiyong Zhang
- The Department of Epidemic Treating and Preventing, Center for Disease Prevention and Control of Shijiazhuang City, Likang Road 3#, Shijiazhuang, 050011, China.
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Can Green Technological Innovation Reduce Hazardous Air Pollutants?—An Empirical Test Based on 283 Cities in China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19031611. [PMID: 35162639 PMCID: PMC8835187 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Based on the panel data of 283 cities in China from 2009 to 2018, this paper analyzes the effect of urban green scientific and technological innovation enhancement on hazardous air pollutants using the GS2SLS method, which simultaneously controls for model endogeneity and spatial spillover effects and reveals the transmission mechanism of urban green scientific and technological innovation level. It was found that (1) There is a significant spatial spillover effect of hazardous air pollutants between regions, both in China as a whole and in the eastern, central, and western parts of the country, and the spatial spillover effect of hazardous air pollutants is significantly greater in the eastern and central parts of China than in the western parts. (2) Green technological innovation has a significant inhibitory effect on hazardous air pollutants in cities in eastern and central China. An extended study found that the improvement in green technology levels in innovative cities has a better effect on controlling hazardous air pollutants than in non-innovative cities. (3) The energy- saving and green economy effects have a mediating influence on the effect of green technological innovation on hazardous air pollutants in cities, and the simultaneous occurrence of these two effects in green technological innovation serves to enhance the transmission of hazardous air pollutants in order to facilitate the long-term management of haze.
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Guo Y, Lin C, Li J, Wei L, Ma Y, Yang Q, Li D, Wang H, Shen J. Persistent pollution episodes, transport pathways, and potential sources of air pollution during the heating season of 2016-2017 in Lanzhou, China. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:852. [PMID: 34846562 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09597-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
As one of the most important industrial cities in Northwest China, Lanzhou currently suffers from serious air pollution. This study analyzed the formation mechanism and potential source areas of persistent air pollution in Lanzhou during the heating period from November 1, 2016 to March 31, 2017 based on the air pollutant concentrations and relevant meteorological data. Our findings indicate that particulate pollution was extremely severe during the study period. The daily PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations had significantly negative correlations with daily temperature, wind speed, maximum daily boundary layer height, while the daily PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations showed significantly positive correlations with daily relative humidity. Five persistent pollution episodes were identified and classified as either stagnant accumulation or explosive growth types according to the mechanism of pollution formation and evolution. The PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations and PM2.5/PM10 ratio followed a growing "saw-tooth cycle" pattern during the stagnant accumulation type event. Dust storms caused abrupt peaks in PM10 and a sharp decrease in the PM2.5/PM10 ratio in explosive growth type events. The potential sources of PM10 were mainly distributed in the Kumtag Desert in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, the Qaidam Basin and Hehuang Valley in Qinghai Province, and the western and eastern Hexi Corridor in Gansu Province. The contributions to PM10 were more than 120 μg/m3. The important potential sources of PM2.5 were located in Hehuang Valley in Qinghai and Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture in Gansu; the concentrations of PM2.5 were more than 60 μg/m3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongtao Guo
- College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Chunying Lin
- Qinghai Province Weather Modification Office, Xining, 810001, China
| | - Jiangping Li
- College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Lingbo Wei
- College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yuxia Ma
- College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Qidong Yang
- Department of Atmosphere ScienceSchool of Earth Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Dandan Li
- Gansu Province Environmental Monitoring Center, Lanzhou, 730020, China
| | - Hang Wang
- College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Jiahui Shen
- College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
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Zhang Y, Liu X, Zhang L, Tang A, Goulding K, Collett JL. Evolution of secondary inorganic aerosols amidst improving PM 2.5 air quality in the North China plain. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 281:117027. [PMID: 33857715 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The Clean Air Action implemented by the Chinese government in 2013 has greatly improved air quality in the North China Plain (NCP). In this work, we report changes in the chemical components of atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM2.5) at four NCP sampling sites from 2012/2013 to 2017 to investigate the impacts and drivers of the Clean Air Action on aerosol chemistry, especially for secondary inorganic aerosols (SIA). During the observation period, the concentrations of PM2.5 and its chemical components (especially SIA, organic carbon (OC), and elemental carbon (EC)) and the frequency of polluted days (daily PM2.5 concentration ≥ 75 μg m-3) in the NCP, declined significantly at all four sites. Asynchronized reduction in SIA components (large decreases in SO42- with stable or even increased NO3- and NH4+) was observed in urban Beijing, revealing a shift of the primary form of SIA, which suggested the fractions of NO3- increased more rapidly than SO42- during PM2.5 pollution episodes, especially in 2016 and 2017. In addition, unexpected increases in the sulfur oxidation ratio (SOR) and the nitrogen oxidation ratio (NOR) were observed among sites and across years in the substantially decreased PM2.5 levels. They were largely determined by secondary aerosol precursors (i.e. decreased SO2 and NO2), photochemical oxidants (e.g. increased O3), temperature, and relative humidity via gas-phase and heterogeneous reactions. Our results not only highlight the effectiveness of the Action Plan for improving air quality in the NCP, but also suggest an increasing importance of SIA in determining PM2.5 concentration and composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xuejun Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Lin Zhang
- Laboratory for Climate and Ocean-Atmosphere Studies, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Aohan Tang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Keith Goulding
- Department of Sustainable Agricultural Sciences, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Jeffrey L Collett
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
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Tian J, Wang Q, Zhang Y, Yan M, Liu H, Zhang N, Ran W, Cao J. Impacts of primary emissions and secondary aerosol formation on air pollution in an urban area of China during the COVID-19 lockdown. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 150:106426. [PMID: 33578069 PMCID: PMC7997682 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Restrictions on human activities were implemented in China to cope with the outbreak of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), providing an opportunity to investigate the impacts of anthropogenic emissions on air quality. Intensive real-time measurements were made to compare primary emissions and secondary aerosol formation in Xi'an, China before and during the COVID-19 lockdown. Decreases in mass concentrations of particulate matter (PM) and its components were observed during the lockdown with reductions of 32-51%. The dominant contributor of PM was organic aerosol (OA), and results of a hybrid environmental receptor model indicated OA was composed of four primary OA (POA) factors (hydrocarbon-like OA (HOA), cooking OA (COA), biomass burning OA (BBOA), and coal combustion OA (CCOA)) and two oxygenated OA (OOA) factors (less-oxidized OOA (LO-OOA) and more-oxidized OOA (MO-OOA)). The mass concentrations of OA factors decreased from before to during the lockdown over a range of 17% to 58%, and they were affected by control measures and secondary processes. Correlations of secondary aerosols/ΔCO with Ox (NO2 + O3) and aerosol liquid water content indicated that photochemical oxidation had a greater effect on the formation of nitrate and two OOAs than sulfate; however, aqueous-phase reaction presented a more complex effect on secondary aerosols formation at different relative humidity condition. The formation efficiencies of secondary aerosols were enhanced during the lockdown as the increase of atmospheric oxidation capacity. Analyses of pollution episodes highlighted the importance of OA, especially the LO-OOA, for air pollution during the lockdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Tian
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi'an 710061, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Atmospheric and Haze-fog Pollution Prevention, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Qiyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi'an 710061, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Atmospheric and Haze-fog Pollution Prevention, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Yong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Mengyuan Yan
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Huikun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Ningning Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Weikang Ran
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi'an 710061, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Atmospheric and Haze-fog Pollution Prevention, Xi'an 710061, China.
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Pollution Characteristics, Chemical Compositions, and Population Health Risks during the 2018 Winter Haze Episode in Jianghan Plain, Central China. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11090954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To determine the pollution characteristics, chemical compositions, and population health risks of PM2.5 at different pollution levels, PM2.5 samples were intensively collected during the long-lasting winter haze episode from 13–23 January 2018 in Xiantao in Jianghan Plain (JHP), central China. The higher PM2.5 levels during the severe pollution period were dominated by the WNW-NNE air-masses, whereas the lower PM2.5 concentrations during other pollution periods were mainly affected by the NE, S, and NW air-masses. The NO3−/SO42− and OC/EC ratios indicated a mixed contribution of intensive vehicle exhaust and secondary formation. The enrichment factor and geo-accumulation index for assessing the PM2.5-bound metal(loid)s contamination levels were positively correlated. Ingestion is the dominant exposure pathway of PM2.5-bound metal(loid)s for children and adults, followed by inhalation and dermal contact. As, Cr, and Pb may pose carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks, whereas Sb and V may only pose non-carcinogenic risks for children and adults. The population health risks may not depend on the pollution levels but depend on the PM2.5-bound metal(loid)s concentrations. PM2.5-bound metal(loid)s may pose much higher population health risks for adults compared to children. More attentions should be paid to the population health risks of PM2.5-bound metal(loid)s during a long-lasting winter haze episode in JHP.
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Pang N, Gao J, Che F, Ma T, Liu S, Yang Y, Zhao P, Yuan J, Liu J, Xu Z, Chai F. Cause of PM 2.5 pollution during the 2016-2017 heating season in Beijing, Tianjin, and Langfang, China. J Environ Sci (China) 2020; 95:201-209. [PMID: 32653181 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the cause of fine particulate matter (particles with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 µm, PM2.5) pollution in the heating season in the North China Plain (specifically Beijing, Tianjin, and Langfang), water-soluble ions and carbonaceous components in PM2.5 were simultaneously measured by online instruments with 1-hr resolution, from November 15, 2016 to March 15, 2017. The results showed extreme severity of PM2.5 pollution on a regional scale. Secondary inorganic ions (SNA, i.e., NO3-+SO42+ NH4+) dominated the water-soluble ions, accounting for 30%-40% of PM2.5, while the total carbon (TC, i.e., OC + EC) contributed to 26.5%-30.1% of PM2.5 in the three cities. SNA were mainly responsible for the increasing PM2.5 pollution compared with organic matter (OM). NO3- was the most abundant species among water-soluble ions, but SO42- played a much more important role in driving the elevated PM2.5 concentrations. The relative humidity (RH) and its precursor SO2 were the key factors affecting the formation of sulfate. Homogeneous reactions dominated the formation of nitrate which was mainly limited by HNO3 in ammonia-rich conditions. Secondary formation and regional transport from the heavily polluted region promoted the growth of PM2.5 concentrations in the formation stage of PM2.5 pollution in Beijing and Langfang. Regional transport or local emissions, along with secondary formation, made great contributions to the PM2.5 pollution in the evolution stage of PM2.5 pollution in Beijing and Langfang. The favourable meteorological conditions and regional transport from a relatively clean region both favored the diffusion of pollutants in all three cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nini Pang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China; Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Jian Gao
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Fei Che
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Tong Ma
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Su Liu
- Qingdao Huasi Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266199, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Pusheng Zhao
- Institute of Urban Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Jie Yuan
- Tianjin Environmental Monitoring Center, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Jiayuan Liu
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Zhongjun Xu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Fahe Chai
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
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19
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Zhou C, Tan Y, Wang Y, Liao F, Wang Q, Li J, Peng S, Peng X, Zou Y. PM 2.5-inducible long non-coding RNA (NONHSAT247851.1) is a positive regulator of inflammation through its interaction with raf-1 in HUVECs. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 196:110476. [PMID: 32278143 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have demonstrated that PM2.5 inhalation is associated with an increased risk of cerebrovascular disease (CVD), in which inflammation plays an important role. The mechanisms of this disease are not fully understood to date. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are involved in many pathophysiological processes, such as immune responses; however, their functions associated with inflammation are largely unexplored. High-throughput sequencing assay and obtained numerous lncRNAs that altered the expression in response to PM2.5 treatment in HUVECs. NONHSAT247851.1 was also identified, which was significantly up-regulated to control the expression of immune response genes. Mechanistically, the results indicated that NONHSAT247851.1 knockdown reduced the expression of IL1β. In study, we investigated NONHSAT247851.1 as a promoter in regulating immune response genes via binding with raf-1 to regulate the phosphorylation level of p65 protein in HUVECs. The data collected suggests that NONHSAT247851.1 regulates inflammation via interaction with raf-1 to control the inflammatory expression in PM2.5 exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- CaiLan Zhou
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Yi Tan
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510535, China
| | - YuYu Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510535, China
| | - FangPing Liao
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - QiuLing Wang
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - JingLin Li
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - SuJuan Peng
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, China
| | - XiaoWu Peng
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510535, China.
| | - YunFeng Zou
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China.
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20
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Chen Z, Chen D, Zhao C, Kwan MP, Cai J, Zhuang Y, Zhao B, Wang X, Chen B, Yang J, Li R, He B, Gao B, Wang K, Xu B. Influence of meteorological conditions on PM 2.5 concentrations across China: A review of methodology and mechanism. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 139:105558. [PMID: 32278201 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution over China has attracted wide interest from public and academic community. PM2.5 is the primary air pollutant across China. Quantifying interactions between meteorological conditions and PM2.5 concentrations are essential to understand the variability of PM2.5 and seek methods to control PM2.5. Since 2013, the measurement of PM2.5 has been widely made at 1436 stations across the country and more than 300 papers focusing on PM2.5-meteorology interactions have been published. This article is a comprehensive review on the meteorological impact on PM2.5 concentrations. We start with an introduction of general meteorological conditions and PM2.5 concentrations across China, and then seasonal and spatial variations of meteorological influences on PM2.5 concentrations. Next, major methods used to quantify meteorological influences on PM2.5 concentrations are checked and compared. We find that causality analysis methods are more suitable for extracting the influence of individual meteorological factors whilst statistical models are good at quantifying the overall effect of multiple meteorological factors on PM2.5 concentrations. Chemical Transport Models (CTMs) have the potential to provide dynamic estimation of PM2.5 concentrations by considering anthropogenic emissions and the transport and evolution of pollutants. We then comprehensively examine the mechanisms how major meteorological factors may impact the PM2.5 concentrations, including the dispersion, growth, chemical production, photolysis, and deposition of PM2.5. The feedback effects of PM2.5 concentrations on meteorological factors are also carefully examined. Based on this review, suggestions on future research and major meteorological approaches for mitigating PM2.5 pollution are made finally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyue Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global and Earth System Sciences, Beijing Normal University, 19 Xinjiekou Street, Haidian, Beijing 100875, China; Joint Center for Global Change Studies, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Danlu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global and Earth System Sciences, Beijing Normal University, 19 Xinjiekou Street, Haidian, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Chuanfeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global and Earth System Sciences, Beijing Normal University, 19 Xinjiekou Street, Haidian, Beijing 100875, China; Joint Center for Global Change Studies, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Mei-Po Kwan
- Department of Geography and Resource Management, and Institute of Space and Earth Information Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Human Geography and Spatial Planning, Utrecht University, 3584 CB Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jun Cai
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yan Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global and Earth System Sciences, Beijing Normal University, 19 Xinjiekou Street, Haidian, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Bo Zhao
- Department of Geography, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global and Earth System Sciences, Beijing Normal University, 19 Xinjiekou Street, Haidian, Beijing 100875, China; Institute of Atmospheric Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology (ESPRE), Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, 19 Xinjiekou Street, Haidian, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Ruiyuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global and Earth System Sciences, Beijing Normal University, 19 Xinjiekou Street, Haidian, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Bin He
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global and Earth System Sciences, Beijing Normal University, 19 Xinjiekou Street, Haidian, Beijing 100875, China; Joint Center for Global Change Studies, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Bingbo Gao
- China College of Land Science and Technology, China Agriculture University, Tsinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Kaicun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global and Earth System Sciences, Beijing Normal University, 19 Xinjiekou Street, Haidian, Beijing 100875, China; Joint Center for Global Change Studies, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Bing Xu
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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21
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Yang S, Duan F, Ma Y, Li H, Ma T, Zhu L, Huang T, Kimoto T, He K. Mixed and intensive haze pollution during the transition period between autumn and winter in Beijing, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 711:134745. [PMID: 31822400 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In the Northern China Plain (NCP), extreme haze events with high concentrations of fine particles occur frequently during the winter but rarely occur in autumn. In this study, we present a synthetic analysis of particulate constituents during the historically polluted transition period of autumn-winter in 2018, revealing that mixed-type haze episodes are the result of regional transport, homogeneous/heterogeneous conversion, and sandstorm influences. The hydrolysis process of N2O5 at higher relative humidity levels (>70%), which feature an enhanced nitrate oxidation ratio (0.30-0.70) and NO3- concentration (>60 μg m-3), was the driving factor for high PM2.5 mass concentrations during the observation periods. The long-distance transport of sandstorms, characterized by decreasing PM2.5/PM10 ratios (<30%) from the north/northwest, is the most important factor for the explosive growth of PM10 concentration. These results can help us gain a comprehensive understanding of haze formation and highlight the importance of nitrate chemistry in the aqueous phase. The results suggest that persistent NOx emission reduction measures must be made to better achieve air quality standards in Beijing and the NCP region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Yang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Fengkui Duan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Yongliang Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hui Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Tao Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lidan Zhu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Kimoto Electric Co. Ltd, Funahashi-Cho, Tennouji-Ku, Osaka 543-0024, Japan
| | - Takashi Kimoto
- Kimoto Electric Co. Ltd, Funahashi-Cho, Tennouji-Ku, Osaka 543-0024, Japan
| | - Kebin He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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22
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Yuan D, Wang W, Liu C, Xu L, Fei H, Wang X, Shen M, Wang S, Wang M, Zhu G. Source, contribution and microbial N-cycle of N-compounds in China fresh snow. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 183:109146. [PMID: 31991341 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The importance and contribution of nitrogen compounds and the related microbial nitrogen cycling processes in fresh snow are not well understood under the current research background. We collected fresh snow samples from 21 cities that 80% are from China during 2016 and 2017. Principal component analysis showed that SO42- were in the first principal component, and N-compounds were the second. Furthermore, the main pollutant ions SO42- and NO3- were from anthropogenic sources, and SO42- contributed (61%) more to the pollution load than NO3- (29%), which were confirmed through a series of precipitation mechanism analysis. We selected five N-cycle processes (consist of oxidation and reduction processes) for molecular biology experiments, including Ammonia-oxidation process, Nitrite-oxidation process, Denitrification process, Anaerobic-ammoxidation process (Anammox) and Dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium process (DNRA). Except ammonia-oxidizing archaeal (AOA) and bacterial (AOB) amoA genes (above 107 copies g-1), molecular assays of key functional genes in various nitrogen conversion processes showed a belowed detection limit number, and AOB abundance was always higher than AOA. The determination of the microbial transformation rate using the 15N-isotope tracer technique showed that the potential rate of five N-conversion processes was very low, which is basically consistent with the results from molecular biology studies. Taken together, our results illustrated that microbial nitrogen cycle processes are not the primary biological processes causing the pollution in China fresh snow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdan Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Weidong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Chunlei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Liya Xu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Hexin Fei
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Xiaoling Wang
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Mengnan Shen
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Shanyun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Mengzi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Guibing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun, 130118, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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23
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Wang B, Li X, Liang S, Chu R, Zhang D, Chen H, Wang M, Zhou S, Chen W, Cao X, Feng W. Adsorption and oxidation of SO2 on the surface of TiO2 nanoparticles: the role of terminal hydroxyl and oxygen vacancy–Ti3+ states. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:9943-9953. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp00785d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The absorption and oxidation reactions of SO2 on TiO2 nanoparticles were investigated by using a flow chamber, synchrotron X-ray absorption near-edge structure and high resolution synchrotron X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy techniques.
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24
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Ye S, Ma T, Duan F, Li H, He K, Xia J, Yang S, Zhu L, Ma Y, Huang T, Kimoto T. Characteristics and formation mechanisms of winter haze in Changzhou, a highly polluted industrial city in the Yangtze River Delta, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 253:377-383. [PMID: 31325882 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Changzhou, an industrial city in the Yangtze River Delta, has been experiencing serious haze pollution, particularly in winter. However, studies pertaining to the haze in Changzhou are very limited, which makes it difficult to understand the characteristics and formation of winter haze in this area, and develop effective control measures. In this study, we carried out continuous online observation of particulate matter, chemical components, and meteorology in Changzhou in February 2017. Our results showed that haze pollution occurred frequently in Changzhou winter and exhibited two patterns: dry haze with low relative humidity (RH) and wet haze with high RH. Water-soluble inorganic ions (SO42-, NO3-, and NH4+) accounted for ∼52.2% of the PM2.5 mass, of which sulfate was dominant in wet haze periods while nitrate was dominant in other periods. With the deterioration of haze pollution, the proportion of nitrate in PM2.5 increased, while sulfate proportion increased under wet haze and decreased under dry haze. Dry haze and wet haze appeared under slow north wind and south wind, respectively, and strong north wind or sea breeze scavenged pollution. We found that formation of nitrate occurred rapidly in daytime with high concentrations of odd oxygen (Ox = O3 + NO2), whereas formation of sulfate occurred rapidly during nighttime with high RH, indicating that photochemistry and heterogeneous reaction were the major formation mechanisms for nitrate and sulfate, respectively. Through the cluster analysis of 36-h backward trajectories, five sources of air masses from three directions were identified. High PM2.5 concentrations (84.1 μg m-3 on average) usually occurred under the influence of two clusters (46%) from the northwest, indicating that regional transport from northern China aggravated the winter haze pollution in Changzhou. Emission reduction, particularly the mobile sources, and regional joint prevention and control can help to mitigate the winter haze in Changzhou.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Ye
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Tao Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Fengkui Duan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Hui Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Kebin He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jing Xia
- Changzhou Environmental Monitoring Center, Changzhou 213001, China
| | - Shuo Yang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lidan Zhu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yongliang Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Kimoto Electric Co. Ltd, Funahashi-Cho, Tennouji-Ku, Osaka 543-0024, Japan
| | - Takashi Kimoto
- Kimoto Electric Co. Ltd, Funahashi-Cho, Tennouji-Ku, Osaka 543-0024, Japan
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25
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Yang L, Duan F, Tian H, He K, Ma Y, Ma T, Li H, Yang S, Zhu L. Biotoxicity of water-soluble species in PM 2.5 using Chlorella. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 250:914-921. [PMID: 31085478 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
China has been faced with severe haze pollution, which is hazardous to human health. Among the air pollutants, PM2.5 (particles with an aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 μm) is the most dangerous because of its toxicity and impact on human health and ecosystems. However, there has been limited research on PM2.5 particle toxicity. In the present study, we collected daily PM2.5 samples from January 1 to March 31, 2018 and selected samples to extract water-soluble species, including SO42-, NO3-, WSOC, and NH4+. These samples represented clean, good, slight, moderate, and heavy pollution days. After extraction using an ultrasonic method, PM2.5 solutions were obtained. We used Chlorella as the test algae and studied the content of chlorophyll a, as well as the variation in fluorescence when they were placed into the PM2.5 extraction solution, and their submicroscopic structure was analyzed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results showed that when the air quality was relatively clean and good (PM2.5 concentration ≤ 75 μg m-3), the PM2.5 extraction solutions had no inhibiting effects on Chlorella, whereas when the air quality was polluted (PM2.5 concentration > 75 μg m-3) and heavily polluted (PM2.5 concentration > 150 μg m-3), with increasing PM2.5 concentrations and exposure time, the chlorophyll a content in Chlorella decreased. Moreover, the maximum photochemical quantum yield (Fv/Fm) of Chlorella obviously decreased, indicating chlorophyll inhibition during polluted days with increasing PM2.5 concentrations. The effects on the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were also obvious, leading to an increase of energy dissipated per unit reaction center (DIo/RC), suggesting that Chlorella could survive when exposed to PM2.5 solutions, whereas the physiological activities were significantly inhibited. The TEM analysis showed that there were few effects on Chlorella cell microstructure during clean days, whereas plasmolysis occurred during light- and medium-polluted days. With increasing pollution levels, plasmolysis became more and more apparent, until the organelles inside the cells were thoroughly destroyed and most of the parts could not be recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Yang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; College of Geology and Environment, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Fengkui Duan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Hua Tian
- College of Geology and Environment, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Kebin He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yongliang Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Tao Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Hui Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Shuo Yang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Lidan Zhu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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Yamazaki S, Shima M, Yoda Y, Kurosaka F, Isokawa T, Shimizu S, Ogawa T, Kamiyoshi N, Terada K, Nishikawa J, Hanaoka K, Yamada T, Matsuura S, Hongo A, Yamamoto I. Association between chemical components of PM 2.5 and children's primary care night-time visits due to asthma attacks: A case-crossover study. Allergol Int 2019; 68:329-334. [PMID: 30744923 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few papers have examined the association between the chemical components of PM2.5 and health effects. The existence of an association is now under discussion. METHODS This case-crossover study aimed to examine the association between the chemical components of PM2.5 and night-time primary care visits (PCVs) due to asthma attacks. The subjects were 1251 children aged 0-14 years who received medical care for asthma at a municipal emergency clinic. We measured daily average concentrations of hydrogen ion, sulfate ion, nitrate ion and water-soluble organic compounds (WSOCs), which are components of PM2.5. We estimated the odds ratios (ORs) of PCVs per unit increment (inter quartile ranges) in each chemical component of PM2.5 for the subgroups of warmer months and colder months separately. RESULTS No association was seen between PCVs and PM2.5 mass concentrations the day before the PCVs in either warmer or colder months. In the warmer months, an association was seen with the concentrations of WSOCs and hydrogen ion the day before the PCVs (OR = 1.33; 95% CI: 1.00-1.76, OR = 1.18; 95% CI: 1.02-1.36, respectively). Furthermore, a negative association was seen between sulfate ion and PCVs (OR = 0.85; 95%CI: 0.74-0.98). No associations were observed in the colder months. CONCLUSIONS We observed a positive association between PCVs and certain concentrations of WSOCs and hydrogen ions in warmer months. In contrast, sulfate ion showed a negative association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Yamazaki
- Environmental Epidemiology Section, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Masayuki Shima
- Department of Public Health, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan.
| | - Yoshiko Yoda
- Department of Public Health, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
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Si Y, Yu C, Zhang L, Zhu W, Cai K, Cheng L, Chen L, Li S. Assessment of satellite-estimated near-surface sulfate and nitrate concentrations and their precursor emissions over China from 2006 to 2014. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 669:362-376. [PMID: 30884261 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
China is the largest anthropogenic aerosol-generating country worldwide; however, few studies have analyzed the PM2.5 chemical components and their underlying precursor emissions over long periods and across the national domain. First, global 3-D tropospheric chemistry and transport model (GEOS-Chem)-integrated satellite-retrieved aerosol optical depth (AOD) and vertical profiles were used to estimate near-surface sulfate and nitrate levels at 10-km resolution over China from 2006 to 2014. Ground measurement validation of our satellite model yielded correlation coefficients (r) of 0.7 and 0.73 and normalized mean bias (NMB) values of -37.96% and - 32.73% for sulfate and nitrate, respectively. Second, analyses of the spatiotemporal distributions of sulfate and nitrate as well as the vertical density Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI)-measured SO2 (PBL_SO2) and NO2 (TVCD_NO2) indicated that the highest nitrate and sulfate levels occurred in the North China Plain (~25 μg/m3) and Sichuan Basin (SCB) (~30 μg/m3), respectively. The long-term variations in the estimated components and precursor gases indicated that the large sulfate decline was positively correlated with the SO2 emission reduction due to the mandatory desulfurization implemented in 2007. The annual growth rate of sulfate relative to the national mean was -6.19%/yr, and the concentration decreased by 17.10% from 2011 to 2014. Energy consumption increases and a lack of control measures for NO2 resulted in persistent increases in NO2 emissions and nitrate concentrations from 2006 to 2010, particularly in the SCB. With energy consumption structure advancements, reductions in NO2 emissions and corresponding nitrate levels over three typical regions were prominent after 2012. Third, the estimated national-scale uncertainties of satellite datasets at 0.1° × 0.1° were 26.88% for sulfate and 25.55% for nitrate. Differences in the spatial distributions and temporal trends between our estimated components and precursor gases were mainly attributed to the dataset accuracy, the data pre-processing strategy, inconsistent column density and near-surface mass concentration, meteorological variables and complex chemical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yidan Si
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Luo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wende Zhu
- School of Computer and Information Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Kun Cai
- School of Computer and Information Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Liangxiao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Liangfu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Shenshen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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28
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Song J, Lu M, Lu J, Chao L, An Z, Liu Y, Xu D, Wu W. Acute effect of ambient air pollution on hospitalization in patients with hypertension: A time-series study in Shijiazhuang, China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 170:286-292. [PMID: 30530180 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.11.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Although numerous studies have investigated the association between air pollution and hospitalization, few studies have focused on the health effect of air pollution on populations with hypertension. In this study, we conducted a time-series study to investigate the acute adverse effect of six criteria ambient air pollutants (fine particulate matter [PM2.5], inhalable particulate matter [PM10], nitrogen dioxide [NO2], sulfur dioxide [SO2], ozone [O3], and carbon monoxide [CO]) on hospitalization of patients for hypertension in Shijiazhuang, China, from 2013 to 2016. An over-dispersed Poisson generalized addictive model adjusting for weather conditions, day of the week, and long-term and seasonal trends was used. In addition, we evaluated the effect of modification by season, sex, and age. A total of 650,550 hospitalization records were retrieved during the study period. A 10 μg/m3 increase of PM2.5 (lag06), PM10 (lag06), NO2 (lag03), O3 (lag6), and CO (lag04) corresponded to 0.56% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.28-0.83%), 0.31% (95% CI: 0.12-0.50%), 1.18% (95% CI: 0.49-1.87%), 0.40% (95% CI: 0.09-0.71%), and 0.03% (95% CI: 0.01-0.05%) increments in hospitalization of patients for hypertension, respectively. We observed statistically significant associations with PM2.5, PM10, NO2, O3, and CO, while positive but insignificant associations with SO2. The effects of PM2.5, PM10, NO2, O3, and CO were robust when adjusted for co-pollutants. We found stronger associations in the cool season than in the warm season. Moreover, there were non-significant differences in the associations between air pollution and sex or age group. This study suggests that patients with hypertension had an increased risk of hospital admission when exposed to air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Song
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China; Henan International Collaborative Laboratory for Air Pollution Health Effects and Intervention, Xinxiang 453003, China.
| | - Mengxue Lu
- Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Jianguo Lu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453100, China
| | - Ling Chao
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Zhen An
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China; Henan International Collaborative Laboratory for Air Pollution Health Effects and Intervention, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Yue Liu
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Dongqun Xu
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Weidong Wu
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China; Henan International Collaborative Laboratory for Air Pollution Health Effects and Intervention, Xinxiang 453003, China
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29
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Zhou Y, Li L, Sun R, Gong Z, Bai M, Wei G. Haze Influencing Factors: A Data Envelopment Analysis Approach. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16060914. [PMID: 30875735 PMCID: PMC6466322 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16060914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper investigates the meteorological factors and human activities that influence PM2.5 pollution by employing the data envelopment analysis (DEA) approach to a chance constrained stochastic optimization problem. This approach has the two advantages of admitting random input and output, and allowing the evaluation unit to exceed the front edge under the given probability constraint. Furthermore, by utilizing the meteorological observation data incorporated with the economic and social data for Jiangsu Province, the chance constrained stochastic DEA model was solved to explore the relationship between the meteorological elements and human activities and PM2.5 pollution. The results are summarized by the following: (1) Among all five primary indexes, social progress, energy use and transportation are the most significant for PM2.5 pollution. (2) Among our selected 14 secondary indexes, coal consumption, population density and civil car ownership account for a major portion of PM2.5 pollution. (3) Human activities are the main factor producing PM2.5 pollution. While some meteorological elements generate PM2.5 pollution, some act as influencing factors on the migration of PM2.5 pollution. These findings can provide a reference for the government to formulate appropriate policies to reduce PM2.5 emissions and for the communities to develop effective strategies to eliminate PM2.5 pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhou
- School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Lianshui Li
- School of Management Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and fTechnology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Ruiling Sun
- School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Zaiwu Gong
- School of Management Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and fTechnology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Mingguo Bai
- School of Business, Anhui University of Technology, Maanshan 243032, China.
| | - Guo Wei
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Pembroke, Pembroke, NC 28372, USA.
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Song X, Li J, Shao L, Zheng Q, Zhang D. Inorganic ion chemistry of local particulate matter in a populated city of North China at light, medium, and severe pollution levels. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 650:566-574. [PMID: 30205346 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Twenty-six pairs of PM2.5 and PM10 samples were collected during haze episodes in Zhengzhou (113°28' E, 34°37' N), a highly populated city in North China. The samples were used to examine the inorganic ion chemistry of particulate matter (PM) of local origin at light (PM2.5 < 60 μg m-3 and PM10 < 135 μg m-3), medium (PM2.5: 60-170 μg m-3 and PM10: 135-325 μg m-3), and severe (PM2.5 > 170 μg m-3 and PM10 > 325 μg m-3) pollution levels. At the light and severe pollution levels, the increase of PM10 was accounted for by the increase of PM2.5, and the variation of PM10-2.5 was small. In contrast, the increase of PM10 at the medium pollution level was caused by the increase in both PM2.5 and PM10-2.5. Sulfate (SO42-), nitrate (NO3-), ammonium (NH4+), and chloride in the form of ammonium chloride (Cl-S) accounted for 47.8% and 60.3% of the PM2.5 mass at the light and severe levels, respectively. These values indicate a large contribution of secondary inorganic species to the PM2.5 growth. As the pollution level changed from light to medium, the contribution of SO42- to the growth of PM2.5 decreased from 49.0% to 15.1%, while those of NO3- and Cl-S increased from 25.1% and 0.6% to 32.5% and 2.8%, respectively, indicating the substantial production of nitrate and chloride. At the severe level, the contribution of SO42- was 30.1%, while those of NO3- and Cl-S were 5.9% and 0.5%, respectively, suggesting a hindering effect of sulfate on the production of nitrate and chloride. These results indicate that the production of secondary species with the increase of PM2.5 was dominated by sulfate-associated conversions at the light and severe pollution levels and was substantially influenced by nitrate- and chloride-associated conversions at the medium pollution level. The estimation of carbonate presence in the PM indicates that part of the carbonate in coarse particles (PM10-2.5) of crustal origin enhanced sulfate production via heterogeneous surface reactions. Quantification of the contribution of primary and secondary species to PM2.5 showed that it was dominated by both primary and secondary particles at the light pollution level, and it was mainly composed of secondary species at the severe pollution level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Song
- College of Geosciences and Engineering, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Jinjuan Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Longyi Shao
- College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qiming Zheng
- School of Resources and Environment Engineering, Henan University of Engineering, Zhengzhou, Henan 451191, China
| | - Daizhou Zhang
- Faculty of Environmental and Symbiotic Sciences, Prefectural University of Kumamoto, Kumamoto 862-8502, Japan.
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31
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Yang S, Duan F, Ma Y, He K, Zhu L, Ma T, Ye S, Li H, Huang T, Kimoto T. Haze formation indicator based on observation of critical carbonaceous species in the atmosphere. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 244:84-92. [PMID: 30326389 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Organic aerosol (OA) are always the most abundant species in terms of relative proportion to PM2.5 concentration in Beijing, while in previous studies, poor link between carbonaceous particles and their gaseous precursors were established based on field observation results. Through this study, we provided a comprehensive analysis of critical carbonaceous species in the atmosphere. The concentrations, diurnal variations, conversions, and gas-particle partitioning (F-factor) of 8 carbonaceous species, carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), methane (CH4), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), non-methane hydrocarbon (NMHC), organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), and water soluble organic compounds (WSOCs), in Beijing were analyzed synthetically. Carbonaceous gases (CO, CO2, VOCs, and CH4) and OC/EC ratios exhibited double-peak diurnal patterns with a pronounced midnight peak, especially in winter. High correlation between VOCs and OC during winter nighttime indicated that OC was formed from VOCs precursors via an unknown mechanism at relative humidity greater than 50% and 80%, thereby promoting WSOC formation in PM1 and PM2.5 respectively. The established F-factor method was effective to describe gas-to-particle transformation of carbonaceous species and was a good indicator for haze events since high F-factors corresponded with enhanced PM2.5 level. Moreover, higher F-factors in winter indicated carbonaceous species were more likely to exist as particles in Beijing. These results can help gain a comprehensive understanding of carbon cycle and formation of secondary organic aerosols from gaseous precursors in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Yang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Fengkui Duan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Yongliang Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Kebin He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Lidan Zhu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Tao Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Siqi Ye
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Hui Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Kimoto Electric Co. Ltd, Funahashi-Cho, Tennouji-Ku, Osaka, 543-0024, Japan
| | - Takashi Kimoto
- Kimoto Electric Co. Ltd, Funahashi-Cho, Tennouji-Ku, Osaka, 543-0024, Japan
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32
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Yang W, Han C, Yang H, Xue X. Significant HONO formation by the photolysis of nitrates in the presence of humic acids. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 243:679-686. [PMID: 30228059 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The generation of HONO and NO2 by the photolysis of nitrates in the presence of humic acids (HA) was measured under various conditions. The photolysis experiments of HA, KNO3 and KNO3/HA under simulated sunlight was carried out by a flow tube reactor at ambient temperature and pressure. HONO and NO2 were major products by the photolysis of KNO3. By contrast, the photolysis of HA and KNO3/HA mainly generated HONO. HA significantly enhanced the formation of HONO during the photolysis process of KNO3. With increasing the KNO3 mass, the HONO formation rate (RHONO) on KNO3/HA increased while the photolysis rate normalized by the KNO3 mass exhibited an opposite trend. RHONO on KNO3/HA linearly increased with irradiation intensity (88-262 W/m2) and relative humidity (7-70%), whereas it linearly decreased with the pH (pH = 2-12). In addition, the reaction paths of the HONO formation by the photolysis of nitrates in the presence of HA were proposed according to experimental results. Finally, atmospheric implications of the enhanced HONO formation by the photolysis of nitrates in the presence of HA were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangjin Yang
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Chong Han
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China.
| | - He Yang
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Xiangxin Xue
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
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33
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Song J, Liu Y, Zheng L, Gui L, Zhao X, Xu D, Wu W. Acute effects of air pollution on type II diabetes mellitus hospitalization in Shijiazhuang, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:30151-30159. [PMID: 30151787 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3016-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Air pollution has been considered as an important contributor to diabetes development. However, the evidence is fewer in developing countries where air pollution concentrations were much higher. In this study, we conduct a time-series study to investigate the acute adverse effect of six air pollutants on type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) hospitalization in Shijiazhuang, China. An over-dispersed passion generalized addictive model adjusted for weather conditions, day of the week, and long-term and seasonal trends was used. Finally, a 10-μg/m3 increase of fine particulate matter (PM2.5), inhalable particulate matter (PM10), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and carbon monoxide (CO) corresponded to 0.53% (95% confidence interval = 0.22-0.83), 0.32% (95% CI = 0.10-0.55), 0.55% (95% CI = 0.04-1.07), 1.27% (95% CI = 0.33-2.22), and 0.04% (95% CI = 0.02-0.06) increment of T2DM hospitalization, respectively. The effects of PM2.5, PM10, and CO were robust when adjusted for co-pollutants. The associations appeared to be a little stronger in the cool season than in the warm season. And stronger associations were found in male and elderly (≥ 65 years) than in female and younger people (35-65 years). Our results contribute to the limited data in the scientific literature on acute effects of air pollution on type II diabetes mellitus in developing countries. MAIN FINDINGS This is the first adverse effect evidence of air pollution on T2DM in Shijiazhuang, a severely polluted city in China. Males were more vulnerable than females in severe pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Song
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China.
- Henan International Collaborative Laboratory for Health Effects and Intervention of Air Pollution, Xinxiang, 453003, China.
| | - Yue Liu
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Liheng Zheng
- Hebei Chest Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050041, China
| | - Lihui Gui
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Xiangmei Zhao
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Dongqun Xu
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Weidong Wu
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
- Henan International Collaborative Laboratory for Health Effects and Intervention of Air Pollution, Xinxiang, 453003, China
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