1
|
Liu H, Xu M, Yang Y, Cheng K, Liu Y, Fan Y, Yao D, Tian D, Li L, Zhao X, Zhang R, Xu Y. The oxidative potential of fine ambient particulate matter in Xinxiang, North China: Pollution characteristics, source identification and regional transport. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 360:124615. [PMID: 39059700 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM2.5) can trigger the production of cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can trigger or exacerbate oxidative stress and pulmonary inflammation. We collected 111 daily (∼24 h) ambient PM2.5 samples within an urban region of North China during four seasons of 2019-2020. PM2.5 samples were examined for carbonaceous components, water-soluble ions, and elements, together with their oxidative potential (represent ROS-producing ability) by DTT assay. The seasonal peak DTTv was recorded in winter (2.86 ± 1.26 nmol min-1 m-3), whereas the DTTm was the highest in summer (40.6 ± 8.7 pmol min-1 μg-1). WSOC displayed the highest correlation with DTT activity (r = 0.84, p < 0.0001), but the influence of WSOC on the elevation of DTTv was extremely negligible. Combustion source exhibited the most significant and robust correlation with the elevation of DTTv according to the linear mixed-effects model result. Source identification investigation using positive matrix factorization displayed that combustion source (36.2%), traffic source (30.7%), secondary aerosol (15.7%), and dust (14.1%) were driving the DTTv, which were similar to the results from the multiple linear regression (MLR) analysis. Backward trajectory analysis revealed that the major air masses originate from local and regional transportation, but PM2.5 OP was more susceptible to the influence of short-distance transport clusters. Discerning the influence of chemicals on health-pertinent attributes of PM2.5, such as OP, could facilitate a deep understanding of the cause-and-effect relationship between PM2.5 and impacts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huanjia Liu
- Key Laboratory of Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China; School of Ecology & Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China; College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| | - Mengyuan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Ying Yang
- Key Laboratory of Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Ke Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Yongli Liu
- Key Laboratory of Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Yujuan Fan
- Key Laboratory of Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Dan Yao
- Key Laboratory of Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Di Tian
- Key Laboratory of Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Lanqing Li
- Key Laboratory of Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Xingzi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Ruiqin Zhang
- School of Ecology & Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Yadi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Xu M, Hu B, Zhao S, Yan G, Wen T, Zhao X. Size-resolved water-soluble organic carbon and its significant contribution to aerosol liquid water. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 927:172396. [PMID: 38608903 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Size-segregated aerosols collected in Beijing from 2021 to 2022 were used to investigate the contribution of organic aerosols to the aerosol liquid water content (ALWC), the influencing factors of ALWC, and the concentrations and size distribution characteristics of water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) after clean air actions. The results showed that the concentration of WSOC in particulate matter (PM)1.8 was 3.52 ± 2.43 μg/m3 during the sampling period. Obvious changes were observed in the size distribution of WSOC after clean air actions, which may be attributed to the enhancement of atmospheric oxidation capacity and the decrease in PM concentration. The contribution of organic aerosols to the ALWC in fine PM was 18.1 % during the sampling period, which was more significant at lower particles concentration and smaller particle size ranges. The ambient relative humidity (RH) and the ratio of NO3-/SO42- had an apparent influence on ALWC. The continuous increase in the nitrate proportion significantly reduced the deliquescence point of the aerosols, making them prone to hygroscopic growth at lower RH. Analysis of the relation among nitrogen oxidation ratio (sulfur oxidation ratio), ALWC and PM1.8 mass concentrations suggests that organic matter has a significant effect on the formation of secondary inorganic aerosols in the initial phase of pollution formation and plays a crucial role in aerosol pollution formation in Beijing. These results are conducive to understanding the formation mechanism of aerosols and provide scientific data and theoretical support for the formulation of more effective emission-reduction measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bo Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Shuman Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Dezhou University, Dezhou 253023, China
| | - Guangxuan Yan
- Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Tianxue Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiaoxi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mylonaki M, Gini M, Georgopoulou M, Pilou M, Chalvatzaki E, Solomos S, Diapouli E, Giannakaki E, Lazaridis M, Pandis SN, Nenes A, Eleftheriadis K, Papayannis A. Wildfire and African dust aerosol oxidative potential, exposure and dose in the human respiratory tract. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 913:169683. [PMID: 38160832 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Exposure to wildfire smoke and dust can severely affect air quality and health. Although particulate matter (PM) levels and exposure are well-established metrics linking to health outcomes, they do not consider differences in particle toxicity or deposition location in the respiratory tract (RT). Usage of the oxidative potential (OP) exposure may further shape our understanding on how different pollution events impact health. Towards this goal, we estimate the aerosol deposition rates, OP and resulting OP deposition rates in the RT for a typical adult Caucasian male residing in Athens, Greece. We focus on a period when African dust (1-3 of August 2021) and severe wildfires at the northern part of the Attika peninsula and the Evia island, Greece (4-18 of August 2021) affected air quality in Athens. During these periods, the aerosol levels increased twofold leading to exceedances of the World Health Organization (WHO) [15(5) μg m-3] PM10 (PM2.5) air quality standard by almost 100 %. We show that the OP exposure is 1.5-times larger during the wildfire smoke events than during the dust intrusion, even if the latter was present in higher mass loads - because wildfire smoke has a higher specific OP than dust. This result carries two important implications: OP exposure should be synergistically used with other metrics - such as PM levels - to efficiently link aerosol exposure with the resulting health effects, and, certain sources of air pollution (in our case, exposure to biomass burning smoke) may need to be preferentially controlled, whenever possible, owing to their disproportionate contribution to OP exposure and ability to penetrate deeper into the human RT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Mylonaki
- Laser Remote Sensing Unit, Department of Physics, National and Technical University of Athens, Zografou 15780, Greece; Meteorological Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich 80333, Germany
| | - Maria Gini
- ENRACT, Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences and Technology, Energy & Safety, N.C.S.R. "Demokritos", Ag. Paraskevi 15310, Greece
| | - Maria Georgopoulou
- Center for the Study of Air Quality and Climate Change, Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Patras 26504, Greece
| | - Marika Pilou
- Thermal Hydraulics and Multiphase Flow Laboratory, INRaSTES, NCSR "Demokritos", Agia Paraskevi 15310, Greece
| | - Eleftheria Chalvatzaki
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, Chania 73100, Greece
| | - Stavros Solomos
- Research Centre for Atmospheric Physics and Climatology, Academy of Athens, Athens 10679, Greece
| | - Evangelia Diapouli
- ENRACT, Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences and Technology, Energy & Safety, N.C.S.R. "Demokritos", Ag. Paraskevi 15310, Greece
| | - Elina Giannakaki
- Department of Environmental Physics and Meteorology, Faculty of Physics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Mihalis Lazaridis
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, Chania 73100, Greece
| | - Spyros N Pandis
- Center for the Study of Air Quality and Climate Change, Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Patras 26504, Greece; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, Patras 26504, Greece
| | - Athanasios Nenes
- Center for the Study of Air Quality and Climate Change, Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Patras 26504, Greece; Laboratory of Atmospheric Processes and their Impacts, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland.
| | - Konstantinos Eleftheriadis
- ENRACT, Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences and Technology, Energy & Safety, N.C.S.R. "Demokritos", Ag. Paraskevi 15310, Greece
| | - Alexandros Papayannis
- Laser Remote Sensing Unit, Department of Physics, National and Technical University of Athens, Zografou 15780, Greece; Laboratory of Atmospheric Processes and their Impacts, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Aldekheel M, Tohidi R, Al-Hemoud A, Alkudari F, Verma V, Subramanian PSG, Sioutas C. Identifying urban emission sources and their contribution to the oxidative potential of fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) in Kuwait. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 343:123165. [PMID: 38103716 PMCID: PMC10923010 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.123165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the seasonal variations, chemical composition, sources, and oxidative potential of ambient PM2.5 (particles with a diameter of less than 2.5 μm) in Kuwait City. The sampling campaign was conducted within the premises of Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research from June 2022 to May 2023, covering different seasons throughout the year. The personal cascade impactor sampler (PCIS) operated at flow rate of 9 L/min was employed to collect weekly PM2.5 samples on PTFE and quarts filters. These collected samples were analyzed for carbonaceous species (i.e., elemental and organic carbon), metals and transition elements, inorganic ions, and DTT (dithiothreitol) redox activity. Furthermore, principal component analysis (PCA) and multi-linear regression (MLR) were used to identify the predominant emission sources and their percentage contribution to the redox activity of PM2.5 in Kuwait. The results of this study highlighted that the annual-averaged ambient PM2.5 mass concentrations in Kuwait (59.9 μg/m3) substantially exceeded the World Health Organization (WHO) guideline of 10 μg/m3. Additionally, the summer season displayed the highest PM2.5 mass concentration (75.2 μg/m3) compared to other seasons, primarily due to frequent dust events exacerbated by high-speed winds. The PCA identified four primary PM2.5 sources: mineral dust, fossil fuel combustion, road traffic, and secondary aerosols. The mineral dust was found to be the predominant source, contributing 36.1% to the PM2.5 mass, followed by fossil fuel combustion and traffic emissions with contributions of 23.7% and 20.3%, respectively. The findings of MLR revealed that road traffic was the most significant contributor to PM2.5 oxidative potential, accounting for 47% of the total DTT activity. In conclusion, this comprehensive investigation provides essential insights into the sources and health implications of PM2.5 in Kuwait, underscoring the critical need for effective air quality management strategies to mitigate the impacts of particulate pollution in the region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Aldekheel
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA; Department of Civil Engineering, Kuwait University, P.O Box 5969, Safat, 13060, Kuwait
| | - Ramin Tohidi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Ali Al-Hemoud
- Environment and Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P.O. Box 24885, Safat, 13109, Kuwait
| | - Fahad Alkudari
- Public Administration of Experts, Ministry of Justice, P.O. Box 6, Safat, 12008, Kuwait
| | - Vishal Verma
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - P S Ganesh Subramanian
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Constantinos Sioutas
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Badami MM, Tohidi R, Aldekheel M, Farahani VJ, Verma V, Sioutas C. Design, optimization, and evaluation of a wet electrostatic precipitator (ESP) for aerosol collection. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT (OXFORD, ENGLAND : 1994) 2023; 308:119858. [PMID: 37305446 PMCID: PMC10249774 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2023.119858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we developed, optimized, and evaluated in lab and field experiments a wet electrostatic precipitator (ESP) for the collection of ambient PM2.5 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter < 2.5 μm) into ultrapure water by applying an electrostatic charge to the particles. We operated the wet ESP at different flow rates and voltages to identify the optimal operating conditions. According to our experimental measurements, a flow rate of 125 lpm and an applied positive voltage of 11 kV resulted in a lower ozone generation of 133 ppb and a particle collection efficiency exceeding 80-90% in all size ranges. For the field tests, the wet ESP was compared with the versatile aerosol concentration enrichment system (VACES) connected to a BioSampler, a PTFE filter sampler, and an OC/EC analyzer (Sunset Laboratory Inc., USA) as a reference. The chemical analysis results indicated the wet ESP concentrations of metal and trace elements were in very good agreement with those measured by the VACES/BioSampler and PTFE filter sampler. Moreover, our results showed comparable total organic carbon (TOC) concentrations measured by the wet ESP, BioSampler, and OC/EC analyzer, while somewhat lower TOC concentrations were measured by the PTFE filter sampler, possibly due to the limitations of extracting water-insoluble organic carbon (WIOC) from a dry substrate in the latter sampler. The comparable TOC content in the wet ESP and BioSampler samples differs from previous findings that showed higher TOC content in BioSampler samples compared to those collected by dry ESP. The results of the Dithiothreitol (DTT) assay showed comparable DTT activity in the VACES/BioSampler and wet ESP PM samples while slightly lower in the PTFE filter samples. Overall, our results suggest that the wet ESP could be a promising alternative to other conventional sampling methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mahdi Badami
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ramin Tohidi
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Mohammad Aldekheel
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Kuwait University, Department of Civil Engineering, P.O Box 5969, Safat 13060, Kuwait
| | - Vahid Jalali Farahani
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Vishal Verma
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Constantinos Sioutas
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sidwell A, Smith SC, Roper C. A comparison of fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) in vivo exposure studies incorporating chemical analysis. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2022; 25:422-444. [PMID: 36351256 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2022.2142345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The complex, variable mixtures present in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) have been well established, and associations between chemical constituents and human health are expanding. In the past decade, there has been an increase in PM2.5 toxicology studies that include chemical analysis of samples. This investigation is a crucial component for identifying the causal constituents for observed adverse health effects following exposure to PM2.5. In this review, investigations of PM2.5 that used both in vivo models were explored and chemical analysis with a focus on respiratory, cardiovascular, central nervous system, reproductive, and developmental toxicity was examined to determine if chemical constituents were considered in the interpretation of the toxicity findings. Comparisons between model systems, PM2.5 characteristics, endpoints, and results were made. A vast majority of studies observed adverse effects in vivo following exposure to PM2.5. While limited, investigations that explored connections between chemical components and measured endpoints noted significant associations between biological measurements and a variety of PM2.5 constituents including elements, ions, and organic/elemental carbon, indicating the need for such analysis. Current limitations in available data, including relatively scarce statistical comparisons between collected toxicity and chemical datasets, are provided. Future progress in this field in combination with epidemiologic research examining chemical composition may support regulatory standards of PM2.5 to protect human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allie Sidwell
- Department of Biology, University of Mississippi, Mississippi, MS, USA
| | - Samuel Cole Smith
- Department of Bio-Molecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, Mississippi, MS, USA
| | - Courtney Roper
- Department of Bio-Molecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, Mississippi, MS, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ma L, Li B, Yabo SD, Li Z, Qi H. Fluorescence fingerprinting characteristics of water-soluble organic carbon from size-resolved particles during pollution event. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 307:135748. [PMID: 35863406 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A typical haze pollution process in northern China has necessitated this study which focuses on the fluorescence characteristics of water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) in size-resolved particles. High concentrations of WSOC were found in both fine (38 μg/m³) and coarse particles (36 μg/m³) during the pollution period, which may be related to the secondary formation of organic aerosols and stable meteorological conditions. Five fluorescent components in WSOC were extracted by parallel factor analysis. Our results showed that the fluorophores in fine and coarse particles were mainly humic-like substances (humic-like, terrestrial humic-like, and high oxidation humic-like substances) and protein-like substances (protein-like and tyrosine-like substances), respectively. Moreover, the aging degree analysis, pollution source tracing, and concentration prediction of WSOC were carried out by fluorescence index. An innovative technique called self-organizing map was proposed for an in-depth investigation of the contamination mechanism of the atmospheric organic aerosol. Furthermore, the difference in the fluorescence characteristics of WSOC in fine particles was higher than that in coarse particles. The atmospheric pollution process increased the degree of difference in fluorescence characteristics. Additionally, an effective method for predicting the size of atmospheric particles was established by combining excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy with classification and regression tree analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China; School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Bo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China; School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Stephen Dauda Yabo
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China; School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Zhuo Li
- Department of Global Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Hong Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China; School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Farahani VJ, Altuwayjiri A, Pirhadi M, Verma V, Ruprecht AA, Diapouli E, Eleftheriadis K, Sioutas C. The oxidative potential of particulate matter (PM) in different regions around the world and its relation to air pollution sources. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE: ATMOSPHERES 2022; 2:1076-1086. [PMID: 36277745 PMCID: PMC9476553 DOI: 10.1039/d2ea00043a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the impact of urban emission sources on the chemical composition of ambient particulate matter (PM) as well as the associated oxidative potential. We collected six sets of PM samples in five urban location sites around the world over long time periods varying from weeks to months, intentionally selected for their PM to be dominated by unique emission sources: (1) PM2.5 produced mainly by traffic emissions in central Los Angeles, United States (US); (2) PM2.5 dominated by biomass burning in Milan, Italy; (3) PM2.5 formed by secondary photochemical reactions thus dominated by secondary aerosols in Athens, Greece; (4) PM10 emitted by refinery and dust resuspension in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (SA); (5) PM10 generated by dust storms in Riyadh, SA, and (6) PM2.5 produced mainly by industrial and traffic emissions in Beirut, Lebanon. The PM samples were chemically analyzed and their oxidative potential were quantified by employing the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay. Our results revealed that the Milan samples were rich in water soluble organic carbon (WSOC) and PAHs, even exceeding the levels measured on Los Angeles (LA) freeways. The PM in Athens was characterized by high concentrations of inorganic ions, specifically sulfate which was the highest of all PM samples. The ambient PM in LA was impacted by the traffic-emitted primary organic and elemental carbon. Furthermore, the contribution of metals and elements per mass of PM in Riyadh and Beirut samples were more pronounced relative to other sampling areas. The highest intrinsic PM redox activity was observed for PM with the highest WSOC fraction, including Milan (biomass burning) and Athens (secondary organic aerosols, SOA). PM in areas characterized by high metal emissions including dust events, refinery and industry, such as Riyadh and Beirut, had the lowest oxidative potential as assessed by the DTT assay. The results of this study illustrate the impact of major emission sources in urban areas on the redox activity and oxidative potential of ambient PM, providing useful information for developing efficient air pollution control and mitigation policies in polluted areas around the globe.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Jalali Farahani
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering 3620 S. Vermont Ave, KAP210 Los Angeles California 90089 USA +1-213-744-1426 +1-213-740-6134
| | - Abdulmalik Altuwayjiri
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering 3620 S. Vermont Ave, KAP210 Los Angeles California 90089 USA +1-213-744-1426 +1-213-740-6134
- Majmaah University, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Majmaah Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Milad Pirhadi
- California Air Resources Board Sacramento California USA
| | - Vishal Verma
- University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Urbana Illinois USA
| | | | - Evangelia Diapouli
- Environmental Radioactivity Laboratory, N.C.S.R. Demokritos 15341 Attiki Greece
| | | | - Constantinos Sioutas
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering 3620 S. Vermont Ave, KAP210 Los Angeles California 90089 USA +1-213-744-1426 +1-213-740-6134
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Anand A, Yadav S, Phuleria HC. Chemical characteristics and oxidative potential of indoor and outdoor PM 2.5 in densely populated urban slums. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 212:113562. [PMID: 35623440 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A significant proportion of population in metropolitan cities in India live in slums which are highly dense and crowded informal housing settlements with poor environmental conditions including high exposure to air pollution. Recent studies report that toxicity is induced by oxidative processes, mediated by the water-soluble PM chemical components leading to reactive oxygen species production thereby causing inflammatory disorders. Hence, for the first time, this study assessed the chemical characteristics and oxidative potential (OP) of indoor and outdoor PM2.5 in two slums in Mumbai, India. Daily gravimetric PM2.5 was measured in ∼40 homes each in a low- and a high-traffic slum and analysed for 18 water-soluble elements and organic carbon (WSOC). Subsequently, OP was assessed through the Dithiothreitol (DTT) assay. Average WSOC was similar in indoor and outdoor environments while the water-soluble concentrations of total elements ranged 4.5-6.5 μg/m3 indoors and 6.4-19.2 μg/m3 outdoors, with S, Ca, K, Na and Zn being the most abundant elements. Spatial distributions of indoor concentrations were influenced by outdoor sources such as local traffic emissions for Cd, Fe, Al and Zn. The influence of outdoor-origin particles was enhanced in homes reporting high air exchange rates. OP was higher outdoors than indoors in both low-traffic slum (0.04-0.51 nmol min-1m-3 outdoors and 0.02-0.38 nmol min-1m-3 indoors) and high-traffic slum (0.03-1.06 nmol min-1m-3 outdoors and 0.04-0.77 nmol min-1m-3 indoors). Outdoor and indoor OP was also more influenced by outdoor road dust showing significant correlation with tracer elements Cu and Al (r ≥ 0.45; p < 0.05). Similar to OP, the non-carcinogenic health risk associated with indoor PM2.5 were also higher in high-traffic slum (Hazard Index, HI = 1.60) than in low-traffic slum (HI = 0.43). Overall, this study shows that the indoor PM2.5 and its chemical constituents in Mumbai slums are primarily of outdoor origin with higher toxicity and non-carcinogenic health risk in high-traffic slums.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abhay Anand
- Environmental Science and Engineering Department, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Suman Yadav
- Environmental Science and Engineering Department, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Harish C Phuleria
- Environmental Science and Engineering Department, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India; Interdisciplinary Programme in Climate Studies, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Jalali Farahani V, Altuwayjiri A, Taghvaee S, Sioutas C. Tailpipe and Nontailpipe Emission Factors and Source Contributions of PM 10 on Major Freeways in the Los Angeles Basin. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:7029-7039. [PMID: 35230811 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c06954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the emission factors of PM10 and its chemical constituents from various contributing sources including nontailpipe and tailpipe emissions were estimated on two interstate freeways in the Los Angeles basin. PM10 samples were collected on the I-110 and I-710 freeways as well as at the University of Southern California (USC) campus as the urban background site, while freeway and urban background CO2 levels were measured simultaneously. PM10 samples were analyzed for their content of chemical species which were used to estimate the emission factors of PM10 and its constituents on both I-110 and I-710 freeways. The estimated values were employed to determine the emission factors for light (LDV) and heavy-duty vehicles (HDV). The quantified species were also processed by the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model to produce PM10 freeway source profiles and their contribution to PM10 mass concentrations. Using the PMF factor profiles and emission factors on the two freeways, we characterized the emission factors for light-duty and heavy-duty vehicles by each nontailpipe source. Our findings indicated higher nontailpipe emission factors of PM10 and metal elements on the I-710 freeway compared to the I-110 freeway, due to the higher fraction of heavy-duty vehicles (HDVs) on that freeway. Furthermore, the generation of nontailpipe PM10 from resuspension of road dust was twice of tire and brake wear. The results of this study provide significant insights into PM10 freeway emissions and particularly the overall contribution of nontailpipe and tailpipe sources in Los Angeles, which can be helpful to modelers and air quality officials in assessing the importance of individual traffic-related emissions on the overall population exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Jalali Farahani
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90007, United States
| | - Abdulmalik Altuwayjiri
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90007, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Majmaah University, Majmaah, Riyadh 15341, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sina Taghvaee
- Department of Atmospheric & Oceanic Sciences, University of California─Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Constantinos Sioutas
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90007, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wang Y, Puthussery JV, Yu H, Liu Y, Salana S, Verma V. Sources of cellular oxidative potential of water-soluble fine ambient particulate matter in the Midwestern United States. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 425:127777. [PMID: 34838366 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the spatiotemporal distribution and sources of cellular oxidative potential (OP) in the Midwest US. Weekly samples were collected from three urban [Chicago (IL), Indianapolis (IN), and St. Louis (MO)], one rural [Bondville (IL], and one roadside site [Champaign (IL)] for a year (May 2018 to May 2019), and analyzed for water-soluble cellular OP using a macrophage reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay. Chemical composition of the samples including several carbonaceous components, inorganic ions, and water-soluble elementals, were also analyzed. The emission sources contributing to water-soluble cellular OP and PM2.5 mass were analyzed using positive matrix factorization. The secondary organic aerosols contributed substantially (≥54%) to PM2.5 cellular OP at urban sites, while the roadside and rural OP were dominated by road dust (54%) and agricultural activities (62%), respectively. However, none of these sources contributed substantially to the PM2.5 mass (≤21%). Other sources contributing significantly to the PM2.5 mass, i.e., secondary sulfate and nitrate, biomass burning and coal combustion (14-26%) contributed minimally to the cellular OP (≤13%). Such divergent profiles of the emission sources contributing to cellular OP vs. PM2.5 mass demonstrate the need of considering more health-relevant metrics such as OP in the design of air pollution control strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yixiang Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 205 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Joseph V Puthussery
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 205 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Haoran Yu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 205 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Yicen Liu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 205 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Sudheer Salana
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 205 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Vishal Verma
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 205 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Altuwayjiri A, Pirhadi M, Kalafy M, Alharbi B, Sioutas C. Impact of different sources on the oxidative potential of ambient particulate matter PM 10 in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: A focus on dust emissions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:150590. [PMID: 34597581 PMCID: PMC8907835 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we employed Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Multi-Linear Regression (MLR) to identify the most significant sources contributing to the toxicity of PM10 in the city center of Riyadh. PM10 samples were collected using a medium-volume air sampler during cool (December 2019-March 2020) and warm (May 2020-August 2020) seasons, including dust and non-dust events. The collected filters were analyzed for their chemical components (i.e., water-soluble ions, metals, and trace elements) as well as oxidative potential and elemental and organic carbon (EC/OC) contents. Our measurements revealed comparable extrinsic oxidative potential (P-value = 0.30) during the warm (1.2 ± 0.1 nmol/min-m3) and cool (1.1 ± 0.1 nmol/min-m3) periods. Moreover, we observed higher extrinsic oxidative potential of PM10 samples collected during dust events (~30% increase) compared to non-dust samples. Our PCA-MLR analysis identified soil and resuspended dust, secondary aerosol (SA), local industrial activities and petroleum refineries, and traffic emissions as the four sources contributing to the ambient PM10 oxidative potential in central Riyadh. Soil and resuspended dust were the major source contributing to the oxidative potential of ambient PM10, accounting for 31% of the total oxidative potential. Secondary aerosols (SA) were the next important source of PM10 toxicity in the area as they contributed to about 20% of the PM10 oxidative potential. Results of this study revealed the major role of soil and resuspended road dust on PM10 toxicity and can be helpful in adopting targeted air quality policies to reduce the population exposure to PM10.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdulmalik Altuwayjiri
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Majmaah University, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Majmaah, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Milad Pirhadi
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mohammed Kalafy
- Saudi Envirozone, Air Quality Monitoring Department, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Badr Alharbi
- National Center for Environmental Technology, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Constantinos Sioutas
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Shang J, Zhang Y, Schauer JJ, Chen S, Yang S, Han T, Zhang D, Zhang J, An J. Prediction of the oxidation potential of PM 2.5 exposures from pollutant composition and sources. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 293:118492. [PMID: 34785286 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The inherent oxidation potential (OP) of atmospheric particulate matter has been shown to be an important metric in assessing the biological activity of inhaled particulate matter and is associated with the composition of PM2.5. The current study examined the chemical composition of 388 personal PM2.5 samples collected from students and guards living in urban and suburban areas of Beijing, and assessed the ability to predict OP from the calculated metrics of carcinogenic risk, represented by ELCR (excess lifetime cancer risk), non-carcinogenic risk represented by HI (hazard index), and the composition and sources of the particulate matter using multiple linear regression methods. The correlations between calculated ELCR and HI and the measured OP were 0.37 and 0.7, respectively. HI was a better predictor of OP than ELCR. The prediction models based on pollutants (Model_1) and pollution sources (Model_2) were constructed by multiple linear regression method, and Pearson correlation coefficients between the predicted results of Model_1 and Model_2 with the measured volume normalized OP are 0.81 and 0.80, showing good prediction ability. Previous investigations in Europe and North America have developed location-specific relationships between the chemical composition of particulate matter and OP using regression methods. We also examined the ability of relationships between OP and composition, sources, developed in Europe and North America, to predict the OP of particulate matter in Beijing from the composition and sources determined in Beijing. The relationships developed in Europe and North America provided good predictive ability in Beijing and it suggests that these relationships can be used to predict OP from the chemical composition measured in other regions of the world.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Shang
- Institute of Urban Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing, 100089, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), China
| | - Yuanxun Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China; Institute of Eco-Environmental Forensics, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China.
| | - James J Schauer
- Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53718, USA
| | - Sumin Chen
- Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environmental Protection, China
| | - Shujian Yang
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
| | - Tingting Han
- Institute of Urban Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing, 100089, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
| | - Jinjian Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
| | - Jianxiong An
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Medicine and Critical Care Medicine, Aviation General Hospital of China Medical University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Oroumiyeh F, Jerrett M, Del Rosario I, Lipsitt J, Liu J, Paulson SE, Ritz B, Schauer JJ, Shafer MM, Shen J, Weichenthal S, Banerjee S, Zhu Y. Elemental composition of fine and coarse particles across the greater Los Angeles area: Spatial variation and contributing sources. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 292:118356. [PMID: 34653582 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The inorganic components of particulate matter (PM), especially transition metals, have been shown to contribute to PM toxicity. In this study, the spatial distribution of PM elements and their potential sources in the Greater Los Angeles area were studied. The mass concentration and detailed elemental composition of fine (PM2.5) and coarse (PM2.5-10) particles were assessed at 46 locations, including urban traffic, urban community, urban background, and desert locations. Crustal enrichment factors (EFs), roadside enrichments (REs), and bivariate correlation analysis revealed that Ba, Cr, Cu, Mo, Pd, Sb, Zn, and Zr were associated with traffic emissions in both PM2.5 and PM2.5-10, while Fe, Li, Mn, and Ti were affected by traffic emissions mostly in PM2.5. The concentrations of Ba, Cu, Mo, Sb, Zr (brake wear tracers), Pd (tailpipe tracer), and Zn (associated with tire wear) were higher at urban traffic sites than urban background locations by factors of 2.6-4.6. Both PM2.5 and PM2.5-10 elements showed large spatial variations, indicating the presence of diverse emission sources across sampling locations. Principal component analysis extracted four source factors that explained 88% of the variance in the PM2.5 elemental concentrations, and three sources that explained 86% of the variance in the PM2.5-10 elemental concentrations. Based on multiple linear regression analysis, the contribution of traffic emissions (27%) to PM2.5 was found to be higher than mineral dust (23%), marine aerosol (18%), and industrial emissions (8%). On the other hand, mineral dust was the dominant source of PM2.5-10 with 45% contribution, followed by marine aerosol (22%), and traffic emissions (19%). This study provides novel insight into the spatial variation of traffic-related elements in a large metropolitan area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farzan Oroumiyeh
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Michael Jerrett
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Irish Del Rosario
- Department of Epidemiology, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Jonah Lipsitt
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Jonathan Liu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Suzanne E Paulson
- Department of Atmospheric & Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Beate Ritz
- Department of Epidemiology, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - James J Schauer
- Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, School of Medicine & Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Martin M Shafer
- Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, School of Medicine & Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jiaqi Shen
- Department of Atmospheric & Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Scott Weichenthal
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sudipto Banerjee
- Department of Biostatistics, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Yifang Zhu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Hsiao TC, Chou LT, Pan SY, Young LH, Chi KH, Chen AY. Chemically and temporally resolved oxidative potential of urban fine particulate matter. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 291:118206. [PMID: 34740290 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Vehicle emissions are an important source of particulate matter (PM) in urban areas and have well-known adverse health effects on human health. Oxidative potential (OP) is used as a quantification metric for indexing PM toxicity. In this study, by using a liquid spot sampler (LSS) and the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay, the diurnal OP variation was assessed at a ground-level urban monitoring station. Besides, since the monitoring station was adjacent to the main road, the correlation between OP and traffic volume was also evaluated. PM components, including metals, water-soluble inorganic aerosols (WSIAs), black carbon (BC), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), were also simultaneously monitored. The daytime and evening mean ± std volume-normalized OP (OPv) were 0.46 ± 0.27 and 0.48 ± 0.26 nmol/min/m3, and exhibited good correlations with PM1.0 and BC; however, these concentrations were only weakly correlated with mass-normalized OP (OPm). The mean ± std OPm was higher in the daytime (41.3 ± 13.8 pmol/min/μg) than in the evening (36.1 ± 11.5 pmol/min/μg). According to the PMF analysis, traffic emissions dominated the diurnal OP contribution. Organic matter and individual metals associated with non-exhaust traffic emissions, such as Mn, Fe, and Cu, contributed substantially to OP. Diurnal variations of PAH concentrations suggest that photochemical reactions could enhance OP, highlighting the importance of atmospheric aging on PM toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ta-Chih Hsiao
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Research Centre for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Li-Ti Chou
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Yu Pan
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Li-Hao Young
- Department of Occupational Safety and Health, College of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Hsien Chi
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Albert Y Chen
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
The Role of Fossil Fuel Combustion Metals in PM2.5 Air Pollution Health Associations. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12091086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we elucidate the central role played by fossil fuel combustion in the health-related effects that have been associated with inhalation of ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5). We especially focus on individual properties and concentrations of metals commonly found in PM air pollution, as well as their sources and their adverse health effects, based on both epidemiologic and toxicological evidence. It is known that transition metals, such as Ni, V, Fe, and Cu, are highly capable of participating in redox reactions that produce oxidative stress. Therefore, particles that are enriched, per unit mass, in these metals, such as those from fossil fuel combustion, can have greater potential to produce health effects than other ambient particulate matter. Moreover, fossil fuel combustion particles also contain varying amounts of sulfur, and the acidic nature of the resulting sulfur compounds in particulate matter (e.g., as ammonium sulfate, ammonium bisulfate, or sulfuric acid) makes transition metals in particles more bioavailable, greatly enhancing the potential of fossil fuel combustion PM2.5 to cause oxidative stress and systemic health effects in the human body. In general, there is a need to further recognize particulate matter air pollution mass as a complex source-driven mixture, in order to more effectively quantify and regulate particle air pollution exposure health risks.
Collapse
|
17
|
Tzortzi A, Kapetanstrataki M, Rachiotis G, Evangelopoulou V, Leventou E, Behrakis P. Perceived Importance of Public Health Risks in Greece: A Nationwide Survey of the Adult Population. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18168256. [PMID: 34444006 PMCID: PMC8393876 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18168256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The current study is the first to examine the perceptions of the Greek public towards selected health risks and prioritize perceived risk importance and the needs to be addressed for public health promotion. Participants were asked to consider the individual importance of selected risks and the top three most important risks. Data collection took place on February 2020 in a representative sample of the adult Greek population. Differences between groups were assessed with Chi-square tests. Logistic regression models were used to identify perceptions based on participants’ characteristics. Analysis was conducted in Stata 14, and 1976 adults participated in the survey: 48% male and 52% female. Road accidents, cancer and air pollution and environmental protection were considered the top three most important public health risks. Differences were observed between sexes; females were more concerned regarding the importance of the examined public health risks, and between age groups, younger ages considered STDs and contraception more important than older ages. Finally, non-smokers considered exercise and smoking to be more important than smokers. This is the first study to present and grade the public’s perceptions on the importance of public health risks in Greece. Our study’s prioritization of health risks could aid health authorities in improving and promoting the overall public health in Greece.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Tzortzi
- George D. Behrakis Research Lab, Hellenic Cancer Society, 11521 Athens, Greece; (A.T.); (V.E.); (P.B.)
- Institute of Public Health, The American College of Greece, 15342 Athens, Greece
| | - Melpo Kapetanstrataki
- George D. Behrakis Research Lab, Hellenic Cancer Society, 11521 Athens, Greece; (A.T.); (V.E.); (P.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-2106470056
| | - Georgios Rachiotis
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Medical Faculty, University of Thessaly, 38221 Volos, Greece;
| | - Vaso Evangelopoulou
- George D. Behrakis Research Lab, Hellenic Cancer Society, 11521 Athens, Greece; (A.T.); (V.E.); (P.B.)
| | - Eleni Leventou
- School of Allied and Public Health Professions, Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury CT1 1QU, UK;
| | - Panagiotis Behrakis
- George D. Behrakis Research Lab, Hellenic Cancer Society, 11521 Athens, Greece; (A.T.); (V.E.); (P.B.)
- Institute of Public Health, The American College of Greece, 15342 Athens, Greece
- Athens Medical Center, 15125 Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Chen XC, Chuang HC, Ward TJ, Sarkar C, Webster C, Cao J, Hsiao TC, Ho KF. Toxicological effects of personal exposure to fine particles in adult residents of Hong Kong. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 275:116633. [PMID: 33561752 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Toxicological studies have demonstrated the associations between fine particle (PM2.5) components and various cytotoxic endpoints. However, few studies have investigated the toxicological effects of source-specific PM2.5 at the individual level. To investigate the potential impact of source-specific PM2.5 on cytotoxic effects, we performed repeated personal PM2.5 monitoring of 48 adult participants in Hong Kong during the winter and summer of 2014-2015. Quartz filters were analyzed for carbonaceous aerosols and water-soluble ions in PM2.5. Teflon filters were collected to determine personal PM2.5 mass and metal concentrations. The toxicological effects of personal PM2.5 exposure-including cytotoxicity, inflammatory response, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production-were measured using A549 cells in vitro. Personal PM2.5 samples collected in winter were more effective than those collected in summer at inducing cytotoxicity and the expression of proinflammation cytokine IL-6. By contrast, summer personal PM2.5 samples induced high ROS production. We performed a series of statistical analyses, Spearman correlation and a source apportionment approach with a multiple linear regression (MLR) model, to explore the sources contributing most significantly to personal PM2.5 bioreactivity. Secondary inorganic species and transition metals were discovered to be weak-to-moderately associated with cytotoxicity (rs: 0.26-0.55; p < 0.01) and inflammatory response (rs: 0.26-0.44; p < 0.05), respectively. Carbonaceous aerosols (i.e., organic and elemental carbon; rs: 0.23-0.27; p < 0.05) and crustal material (Mg and Ca) was positively associated with ROS generation. The PMF-MLR models revealed that tailpipe exhaust and secondary sulfate contributed to ROS generation, whereas secondary nitrate was the major contributor to PM2.5 cytotoxicity and inflammation. These results improve and variate the arguments for practical policies designed to mitigate the risks posed by air pollution sources and to protect public health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Cui Chen
- Healthy High Density Cities Lab, HKUrbanLab, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, The University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hsiao-Chi Chuang
- School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tony J Ward
- School of Public and Community Health Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Chinmoy Sarkar
- Healthy High Density Cities Lab, HKUrbanLab, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Chris Webster
- Healthy High Density Cities Lab, HKUrbanLab, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Ta-Chih Hsiao
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kin-Fai Ho
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Altuwayjiri A, Soleimanian E, Moroni S, Palomba P, Borgini A, De Marco C, Ruprecht AA, Sioutas C. The impact of stay-home policies during Coronavirus-19 pandemic on the chemical and toxicological characteristics of ambient PM 2.5 in the metropolitan area of Milan, Italy. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 758:143582. [PMID: 33213922 PMCID: PMC7833074 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to characterize changes in components and toxicological properties of PM2.5 during the nationwide 2019-Coronavirus (COVID-19) lockdown restrictions in Milan, Italy. Time-integrated PM2.5 filters were collected at a residential site in Milan metropolitan area from April 11th to June 3rd at 2020, encompassing full-lockdown (FL), the followed partial-lockdown (PL2), and full-relaxation (FR) periods of COVID-19 restrictions. The collected filters were analyzed for elemental and organic carbon (EC/OC), water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), individual organic species (e.g., polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and levoglucosan), and metals. According to online data, nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and benzene (C6H6) levels significantly decreased during the entire COVID-19 period compared to the same time span in 2019, mainly due to the government-backed shutdowns and curtailed road traffic. Similarly, with a few exceptions, surrogates of tailpipe emissions (e.g., traffic-associated PAHs) as well as re-suspended road dust (e.g., Fe, Mn, Cu, Cr, and Ti) were relatively lower during FL and PL2 periods in comparison with year 2019, whereas an increasing trend in mass concentration of mentioned species was observed from FL to PL2 and FR phases due to the gradual lifting of lockdown restrictions. In contrast, comparable concentrations of ambient PM2.5 and black carbon (BC) between lockdown period and the same time span in 2019 were attributed to the interplay between decreased road traffic and elevated domestic biomass burning as a result of adopted stay-home strategies. Finally, the curtailed road traffic during FL and PL2 periods led to ~25% drop in the PM2.5 oxidative potential (measured via 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein (DCFH) and dithiothreitol (DTT) assays) with respect to the FR period as well as the same time span in 2019. The results of this study provide insights into the changes in components and oxidative potential of PM2.5 in the absence of road traffic during COVID-19 restrictions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdulmalik Altuwayjiri
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ehsan Soleimanian
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Silvia Moroni
- Agenzia Mobilità Ambiente e Territorio - AMAT srl, Mobility, Environment and Territory Agency, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Palomba
- Agenzia Mobilità Ambiente e Territorio - AMAT srl, Mobility, Environment and Territory Agency, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Borgini
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy; Associazione Medici per l'Ambiente ISDE Italia, International Society of Doctors for the Environment (ISDE), Italy
| | - Cinzia De Marco
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy; Associazione Medici per l'Ambiente ISDE Italia, International Society of Doctors for the Environment (ISDE), Italy
| | - Ario A Ruprecht
- Associazione Medici per l'Ambiente ISDE Italia, International Society of Doctors for the Environment (ISDE), Italy
| | - Constantinos Sioutas
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Oxidative Potential Induced by Ambient Particulate Matters with Acellular Assays: A Review. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8111410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Acellular assays of oxidative potential (OP) induced by ambient particulate matters (PMs) are of great significance in screening for toxicity in PMs. In this review, several typical OP measurement techniques, including the respiratory tract lining fluid assay (RTLF), ascorbate depletion assay (AA), dithiothreitol assay (DTT), chemiluminescent reductive acridinium triggering (CRAT), dichlorofluorescin assay (DCFH) and electron paramagnetic/spin resonance assay (EPR/ESR) are discussed and their sensitivity to different PMs species composition, PMs size distribution and seasonality is compared. By comparison, the DTT assay tends to be the preferred method providing a more comprehensive measurement with transition metals and quinones accumulated in the fine PMs fraction. Specific transition metals (i.e., Mn, Cu, Fe) and quinones are found to contribute OPDTT directly whereas the redox properties of PMs species may be changed by the interactions between themselves. The selection of the appropriate OP measurement methods and the accurate analysis of the relationship between the methods and PM components is conducive to epidemiological researches which are related with oxidative stress induced by PMs exposure.
Collapse
|
21
|
Todorović MN, Radenković MB, Onjia AE, Ignjatović LM. Characterization of PM 2.5 sources in a Belgrade suburban area: a multi-scale receptor-oriented approach. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:41717-41730. [PMID: 32691324 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10129-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Designated as the most harmful for health, PM2.5 aerosol fraction was a subject of our study. It was collected for all four seasons during 2014/15 in the suburban area of Belgrade (Serbia) and analysed for Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Br, As, Ba and Pb elements and for NH4+, NO3- and SO42- ions by particle-induced X-ray emission and ion chromatography techniques, respectively. Obtained concentrations have been treated by a combination of several receptor-oriented models to reveal source contributions to the suburban PM2.5 at different spatial scales. Applied positive matrix factorization analysis indicated five main groups of emission sources: biomass burning (14.5%), traffic (3.9%), regional combustion/secondary sulphates (28.8%), local combustion/secondary nitrates (29.7%) and soil (5.4%). Local heating units had been pointed out as dominant contributors by long-range transport and ground-wind circulation analyses. Air masses circulating over the Balkan Peninsula denoted regional emissions as responsible for the high concentrations of secondary sulphates. Local and long-range transport analyses combined suggested that the BB and the LC/NO3 originated from the wider urban area. Several Saharan dust episodes were detected as well. Presented results might be a basis for the development of air pollution mitigation strategies in the continental Balkan area, considered one of the most polluted and under-investigated European regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marija N Todorović
- Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mirjana B Radenković
- Vinca Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Mihajla Petrovica Alasa 12-14, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Antonije E Onjia
- Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ljubiša M Ignjatović
- Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, Belgrade, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Airborne Aerosols and Human Health: Leapfrogging from Mass Concentration to Oxidative Potential. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11090917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The mass concentration of atmospheric particulate matter (PM) has been systematically used in epidemiological studies as an indicator of exposure to air pollutants, connecting PM concentrations with a wide variety of human health effects. However, these effects can be hardly explained by using one single parameter, especially because PM is formed by a complex mixture of chemicals. Current research has shown that many of these adverse health effects can be derived from the oxidative stress caused by the deposition of PM in the lungs. The oxidative potential (OP) of the PM, related to the presence of transition metals and organic compounds that can induce the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS), could be a parameter to evaluate these effects. Therefore, estimating the OP of atmospheric PM would allow us to evaluate and integrate the toxic potential of PM into a unique parameter, which is related to emission sources, size distribution and/or chemical composition. However, the association between PM and particle-induced toxicity is still largely unknown. In this commentary article, we analyze how this new paradigm could help to deal with some unanswered questions related to the impact of atmospheric PM over human health.
Collapse
|
23
|
Cui Y, Yin Y, Chen K, Zhang X, Kuang X, Jiang H, Wang H, Zhen Z, He C. Characteristics and sources of WSI in North China Plain: A simultaneous measurement at the summit and foot of Mount Tai. J Environ Sci (China) 2020; 92:264-277. [PMID: 32430129 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
To better understand the characteristics and sources of water soluble ions (WSI) in North China Plain (NCP), fine particles (PM2.5) were simultaneously sampled at the summit (SM) and foot (FT) of Mount Tai during May 12th to June 24th, 2017. Ion chromatography analysis showed that concentration of WSI was lower at SM (22.26 ± 16.53 μg/m3) than that at FT (31.02 ± 21.92 μg/m3). The concentration and proportion of SO42- in total WSI were both lower than the values reported in previous studies. Daytime WSI concentrations were higher than that at nighttime at SM, while the opposite results were obtained at FT, possibly associated with more anthropogenic activities and higher boundary layer height (BLH) during daytimes. A severe pollution event occurred during June 14th - June 16th was documented at both FT and SM. Regional transport and topography-forced vertical transport along the slope of the mountain could explain the higher concentrations of pollutants at SM. The analyses also indicated that NH4+ existed mainly in the form of NH4HSO4 and NH4NO3, but (NH4)2SO4 could also exist, especially when emissions of NH4+ and NH3 were increased during daytime at FT. The results of principal component analysis (PCA) illustrated that secondary aerosols, coal/biomass burnings, sea-salts and crustal/soil dusts were the main sources at SM, and secondary aerosols and crustal/soil dusts contributed most at FT. Backward air-mass trajectories were classified into four clusters, of which air masses with the highest frequency and WSI concentrations were originated from the southwest with secondary ions (SO42-, NO3- and NH4+) as major pollutants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Cui
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Yan Yin
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Kui Chen
- Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Xiang Kuang
- Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Honglei Wang
- Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Zhongxiu Zhen
- Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Chuan He
- Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Source Apportionment of Fine Organic and Inorganic Atmospheric Aerosol in an Urban Background Area in Greece. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11040330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Fine particulate matter (PM) originates from various emission sources and physicochemical processes. Quantification of the sources of PM is an important step during the planning of efficient mitigation strategies and the investigation of the potential risks to human health. Usually, source apportionment studies focus either on the organic or on the inorganic fraction of PM. In this study that took place in Patras, Greece, we address both PM fractions by combining measurements from a range of on- and off-line techniques, including elemental composition, organic and elemental carbon (OC and EC) measurements, and high-resolution Aerosol Mass Spectrometry (AMS) from different techniques. Six fine PM2.5 sources were identified based on the off-line measurements: secondary sulfate (34%), biomass burning (15%), exhaust traffic emissions (13%), nonexhaust traffic emissions (12%), mineral dust (10%), and sea salt (5%). The analysis of the AMS spectra quantified five factors: two oxygenated organic aerosols (OOA) factors (an OOA and a marine-related OOA, 52% of the total organic aerosols (OA)), cooking OA (COA, 11%) and two biomass burning OA (BBOA-I and BBOA-II, 37% in total) factors. The results of the two methods were synthesized, showcasing the complementarity of the two methodologies for fine PM source identification. The synthesis suggests that the contribution of biomass burning is quite robust, but that the exhaust traffic emissions are not due to local sources and may also include secondary OA from other sources.
Collapse
|
25
|
Xu F, Shi X, Qiu X, Jiang X, Fang Y, Wang J, Hu D, Zhu T. Investigation of the chemical components of ambient fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) associated with in vitro cellular responses to oxidative stress and inflammation. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 136:105475. [PMID: 32007923 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) poses a significant risk to human health worldwide, by promoting oxidative stress and inflammation; however, the components responsible for these effects have not been fully evaluated. In this study, we investigated the cellular response of a macrophage cell line exposed to PM2.5 extracts in vitro. We obtained a dataset of chemical components of PM2.5 and determined those associated with the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and secretion of inflammatory cytokines through an orthogonal partial least-squares (OPLS) regression. The results indicated that after water extracts exposure, both ROS and interleukin (IL)-1β levels were positively correlated with transition metals. In cells exposed to dichloromethane extracts, IL-1β secretion was significantly correlated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs); meanwhile, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α secretion was negatively associated with secondary nitrated PAHs, suggesting that atmospheric nitration process might modify the biological effects of PM2.5 components. We also performed source apportionment using a positive matrix factorization (PMF) model to explore the relative influence of different sources of components on cells. It was found that components from vehicle emissions promoted both ROS and TNF-α, while IL-1β secretion was induced mainly by those from coal combustion. This study provides information regarding PM2.5 components having biological effects, and the sources thereof, which could inform effective measures for controlling this type of air pollution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fanfan Xu
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, and Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Xiaodi Shi
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, and Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Xinghua Qiu
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, and Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China.
| | - Xing Jiang
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, and Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Yanhua Fang
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, and Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Junxia Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, and Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Di Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tong Zhu
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, and Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Arı A, Arı PE, Gaga EO. Chemical characterization of size-segregated particulate matter (PM) by inductively coupled plasma – Tandem mass spectrometry (ICP-MS/MS). Talanta 2020; 208:120350. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
27
|
Abstract
Long-term ground-based measurements of aerosol optical properties in Athens, Greece, for the period 2008–2018 performed by the National Observatory of Athens are used in order to investigate the aerosol climatology of the area. In this study, we utilize quality-assured measurements of the aerosol optical depth (AOD), Single Scattering Albedo (SSA) and Ångström exponent obtained by CIMEL photometers in the framework of the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) to extract the seasonality and the trends of aerosols in the region. Higher aerosol loads are found during spring and summer months. A 1.1% per year decrease for AOD at 440 nm and 0.4% decrease per year for SSA during the studied period are recorded. Collocated and synchronous PM10 values, for a five-year period, are used in order to study ground-level conditions. Also, the Planetary Boundary Layer Height from ERA-5 is used to investigate the stratification of the particles. The classification of aerosols using AERONET data is performed to separate dust, biomass burning, polluted urban, marine and continental dominant aerosol mixtures. Also, the characterization of AOD provided by Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS) is investigated. Finally, seasonal AOD trends recorded from AERONET from satellite sensors (MODIS-Aqua/MODIS-Terra) and estimated by CAMS are examined, and significant differences have been found.
Collapse
|
28
|
Review of PM Oxidative Potential Measured with Acellular Assays in Urban and Rural Sites across Italy. ATMOSPHERE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos10100626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This work is an overview of the oxidative potential (OP) values up to date measured in Italy, with the aim to provide a picture of the spatial and seasonal variability of OP in the various geographical areas across Italy. The summarized works used the common acellular assays-based dithiothreitol (OPDTT), ascorbic acid (OPAA), glutathione (OPGSH), and 2',7'-dichlorodfluorescein (OPDCFH) assays. The paper describes the association of OP responses with PM chemical composition, the sensitivity of various acellular OP assays to PM components and emission sources, and PM size distribution of the measured OP values. Our synthesis indicates that crustal and transition metals (e.g., Fe, Ni, Cu, Cr, Mn, Zn, and V), secondary ions and carbonaceous components (elemental carbon, EC, organic carbon, OC and water soluble carbon, WSOC) show significant correlations with OP across different urban and rural areas and size ranges. These chemical species are mainly associated with various PM sources, including residual/fuel oil combustion, traffic emissions, and secondary organic aerosol formation. Although the OP assays are sensitive to the same redox-active species, they differ in the association with PM chemical components. The DDT assay is mainly sensitive to the organic compounds that are mostly accumulated in the fine PM fraction, i.e., tracers of burning sources, and redox active organics associated with other markers of photochemical aging. In contrast, OPAA and OPGSH were mostly responsive to metals, mainly those related to non-exhaust traffic emissions (Cu, Zn, Cr, Fe, Ni, Mn, Sn, Cd, Pb), that are mainly accumulated in the coarse PM. Among the investigated sites, our synthesis shows larger OP values in Trentino region and the Po Valley, that may be explained by the high density of anthropogenic sources, and the orographic and meteorological characteristics, that favor the pollutants accumulation and aerosol photo-oxidative aging.
Collapse
|