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Liu S, Wang H, Hu Z, Zhang X, Sun Y, Dong F. Resolving the overlooked photochemical nitrophenol transformation mechanism induced by nonradical species under visible light. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2401452121. [PMID: 39018193 PMCID: PMC11287141 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2401452121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Nitrophenols present on the surface of particulates are ubiquitous in the atmosphere. However, its atmospheric photochemical transformation pathway remains unknown, for which the crucial effect of visible light is largely overlooked, resulting in an incomplete understanding of the effects of nitrophenols in the atmospheric environment. This study delves into the photolysis mechanism of 4-nitrophenol (4NP), one of the most abundant atmospheric nitrophenol compounds, on the surface of photoactive particulates under visible light irradiation. Unexpectedly, the nonradical species (singlet oxygen, 1O2) was identified as a dominant factor in driving the visible photolysis of 4NP. The pathways of HONO and p-benzoquinone (C6H4O2) generation were clarified by acquiring direct evidence of C-N and O-H bond breakage in the nitro (-NO2) and hydroxyl (-OH) groups of 4NP. The further decomposition of HONO results in the generation of NO and hydroxyl radicals, which could directly contribute to atmospheric oxidizing capacity and complicate the PM2.5 composition. Significantly, the behavior of 1O2-induced visible photolysis of 4NP was universal on the surface of common particulates in the atmosphere, such as A1 dust and Fe2O3. This work advances the understanding of the photochemical transformation mechanism of particulate-phase atmospheric nitrophenols, which is indispensable in elucidating the role of nitrophenols in atmospheric chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujun Liu
- Research Center for Carbon-Neutral Environmental & Energy Technology, Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu611731, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Research Center for Carbon-Neutral Environmental & Energy Technology, Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu611731, China
| | - Zehui Hu
- Research Center for Carbon-Neutral Environmental & Energy Technology, Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu611731, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Research Center for Carbon-Neutral Environmental & Energy Technology, Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu611731, China
| | - Yanjuan Sun
- School of Resources and Environment, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu611731, China
| | - Fan Dong
- Research Center for Carbon-Neutral Environmental & Energy Technology, Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu611731, China
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2
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Tao H, Tang T, Wang H, Huo T, Yang H, Zhou Y. Characterization of atmospheric nitroaromatic compounds in Southwest China by direct injection liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis of aerosol extracts. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 363:142845. [PMID: 39004144 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 07/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Nitroaromatic compounds (NACs) in ambient particles are of great concern due to their adverse effects on human health and climate. However, investigations on the characteristics and potential sources of NACs in Southwest China are still scarce. In this study, a field sampling campaign was carried out in the winter of 2022 at a suburban site in Mianyang, Southwest China. A direct injection liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed to rapidly determine 10 NACs in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) extracts. The method was sensitive for the quantification of the NACs, with a limit of quantification (LOQ) in the range of 0.092-0.52 ng mL-1. Then, the developed method was applied to determine the concentrations of nitrophenols (NPs), nitrocatechols (NCs), nitrosalicylic acids (NSAs), and nitronaphthol in PM2.5 in Mianyang. The average concentration of total NACs was 78.2 ± 31.2 ng m-3, with daily concentrations ranging from 20.7 to 127.9 ng m-3. Among the measured NACs, 4-nitrocatechol was the most abundant, accounting for 57.8% of the NACs in winter. The five NPs compounds together contributed to 14% of the NACs, which was lower than in other Chinese cities due to the warm climate in winter in Southwest China. NSAs and nitronaphthol each accounted for less than 5% of the NACs. Three major sources of NACs were identified based on the principal component analysis, including vehicle emissions, biomass burning, and secondary formation. The significant correlation between individual NACs and NO2 supported their secondary formation sources. The good correlation between NPs and cloud amount further suggested that gas-phase oxidation was the possible NPs formation mechanism. Our findings revealed the important role of nitrocatechols in NACs in Southwest China, implying that more measures should be taken to control biomass burning and aromatic volatile organic compounds emissions to reduce the level of NACs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongli Tao
- School of Environment and Resource, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China
| | - Tian Tang
- School of Environment and Resource, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China
| | - Huanbo Wang
- School of Environment and Resource, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China.
| | - Tingting Huo
- School of Environment and Resource, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China
| | - Hao Yang
- School of Environment and Resource, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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Leung CW, Wang X, Hu D. Characteristics and source apportionment of water-soluble organic nitrogen (WSON) in PM 2.5 in Hong Kong: With focus on amines, urea, and nitroaromatic compounds. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 469:133899. [PMID: 38430595 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Water-soluble organic nitrogen (WSON) is ubiquitous in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and poses health and environmental risks. However, there is limited knowledge regarding its comprehensive speciation and source-specific contributions. Here, we conducted chemical characterization and source apportionment of WSON in 65 PM2.5 samples collected in Hong Kong during a 1-yr period. Using various mass-spectrometry-based techniques, we quantified 22 nitrogen-containing organic compounds (NOCs), including 17 nitroaromatics (NACs), four amines, and urea. The most abundant amine and NACs were dimethylamine and 4-nitrocatechol, respectively. Two secondary (i.e., secondary formation and secondary nitrate) and five primary sources (i.e., sea salt, fugitive dust, marine vessels, vehicle exhaust, and biomass burning) of WSON and these three categories of NOCs were identified. Throughout the year, secondary sources dominated WSON formation (69.0%), while primary emissions had significant contributions to NACs (77.1%), amines (75.9%), and urea (83.7%). Fugitive dust was the leading source of amines and urea, while biomass burning was the main source of NACs. Our multi-linear regression analysis revealed the significant role of sulfate, NO3, nitrate, liquid water content, and particle pH on WSON formation, highlighting the importance of nighttime NO3 processing and heterogeneous and aqueous-phase formation of NOCs in the Hong Kong atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin Wai Leung
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Xuemei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Di Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China; HKBU Institute of Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen Virtual University Park, Shenzhen 518057, PR China.
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4
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Li J, Wen Y, Fang Z, Yang W, Song X. Application of cold-adapted microbial agents in soil contaminate remediation: biodegradation mechanisms, case studies, and safety assessments. RSC Adv 2024; 14:12720-12734. [PMID: 38645519 PMCID: PMC11027001 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra01510j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The microbial agent technology has made significant progress in remediating nitro-aromatic compounds (NACs), such as p-nitrophenol, 2,4-dinitrophenol, and 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene, in farmland soil over the past decade. However, there are still gaps in our understanding of the bioavailability and degradation mechanisms of these compounds in low-temperature environments. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of the strategies employed by cold-adapted microorganisms and elucidate the degradation pathways of NACs pollutants. To further analyze their metabolic mechanisms, we propose using mass balance to improve our understanding of biochemical processes and refine the degradation pathways through stoichiometry analysis. Additionally, we suggest employing 13C-metabolic flux analysis to track enzyme activity and intermediate products during bio-degradation processes with the aim of accelerating the remediation of nitro-aromatic compounds, particularly in cold regions. Through a comprehensive analysis of pollutant metabolic activities and a commitment to the 'One Health' approach, with an emphasis on selecting non-pathogenic strains, the environmental management strategies for soil remediation could be positioned to develop and implement safe and effective measure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Li
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-restoration, Ministry of Education, Shenyang University Shenyang 110044 China +86(24)62269636
| | - Yujuan Wen
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-restoration, Ministry of Education, Shenyang University Shenyang 110044 China +86(24)62269636
- Northeast Geological S&T Innovation Center of China Geological Survey, Shenyang University Shenyang 110044 China
- Key Laboratory of Black Soil Evolution and Ecological Effect, Ministry of Natural Resources China
| | - Zheng Fang
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-restoration, Ministry of Education, Shenyang University Shenyang 110044 China +86(24)62269636
| | - Wenqi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-restoration, Ministry of Education, Shenyang University Shenyang 110044 China +86(24)62269636
| | - Xiaoming Song
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-restoration, Ministry of Education, Shenyang University Shenyang 110044 China +86(24)62269636
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Rana A, Sarkar S. The role of nitroaromatic compounds (NACs) in constraining BrC absorption in the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 917:170523. [PMID: 38296066 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
We present here the first measurements of nitroaromatic compounds (NACs) including nitrophenols (NPs), nitrocatechols (NCs) and nitrosalicylic acids (NSAs) from the Indian subcontinent and their role in constraining brown carbon (BrC) absorption. NACs at a rural receptor site in the eastern Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) (annual average: 185 ± 94 ng m-3) was dominated by NSAs (135 ± 77 ng m-3), followed by NPs (29 ± 11 ng m-3) and NCs (17 ± 16 ng m-3), with notable enrichments during nighttime and during the biomass burning seasons. An equilibrium absorption partitioning model estimated that >90 % of NSAs and NCs were in the particle-phase, suggesting lower degradation rates via oxidation and photolysis potentially due to year-round high relative humidity. While the contribution of NACs to organic aerosol mass was only 0.42 ± 0.23 %, their contribution to BrC absorption in the 300-450 nm range was higher by an order of magnitude (8 ± 4 %), with NCs and NSAs contributing almost equally in the low-visible (400-450 nm) range as at 365 nm. Despite having mass concentrations lower than NPs by factors of ∼2, contribution of NCs to BrC absorption at λ ≥ 400 nm was comparable to that by NPs, indicating the importance of the absorption efficiency of chromophores. The receptor model positive matrix factorization (PMF) quantified three major NAC sources: fossil fuel combustion (49 ± 15 %; annual average), secondary formation (40 ± 12 %), and biomass burning (11 ± 9 %), with variable contributions on seasonal and day-night bases. In summary, the study uncovered the significant role of NACs in constraining BrC absorption in the IGP, which stresses the importance for molecular-level characterization of BrC chromophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archita Rana
- Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, Nadia, India
| | - Sayantan Sarkar
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Mandi, Kamand, Himachal Pradesh, 175005, India.
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Mhlongo NL, Akharame MO, Pereao O, Human IS, Opeolu BO. Phenolic compounds occurrence and human health risk assessment in potable and treated waters in Western Cape, South Africa. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2024; 5:1269601. [PMID: 38239933 PMCID: PMC10794607 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2023.1269601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Phenolic pollutants from industrial and agricultural activities pose a major threat to the world's potable water supply. The persistent micro-pollutants often find their way into drinking water sources with possible adverse human health implications. In this study, bottled water, tap water, and wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent samples from the Boland region of the Western Cape, South Africa were assessed to determine 4-chlorophenol (4-CP) and 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) levels using HPLC/DAD instrumentation. The selected area is known for its vast agricultural ventures and wineries. Evaluation of the human health risk (cancer risk) for the pollutants was conducted using the hazard quotient (HQ). The Ames mutagenicity test was also conducted using the Salmonella typhimurium T98 and T100 strains and the S9 activation enzyme. Trace levels of the phenolics were detected in the samples with a range of 9.32 × 10-7-1.15 × 10-4 mg/L obtained for 4-CP, and 8.80 × 10-7-1.72 × 10-4 mg/L recorded for 2,4-DCP. Both compounds had levels below the limit of 0.01 mg/L prescribed by South African legislation. The assessed HQ for the phenolic concentrations indicates a low level of potential ecological risk and none of the samples had a cancer risk value that exceeded the regulatory limit. The possibility of the analyzed samples causing cancer is unlikely, but non-carcinogenic adverse effects were found. Strong mutagenicity was observed for the T98 strains with a potential ability to cause mutation toward the insertion or deletion of a nucleotide. The T100 bacterial strain showed very slight mutagenicity potential, however, it is unlikely to cause any mutation. The levels of phenolics in the potable water samples may pose a significant threat to human health. Hence, screening persistent organic chemicals in potable water sources and evaluating their potential human health effects is pertinent to prevent associated health challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nkosiyenzile Londiwe Mhlongo
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Studies, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Michael Ovbare Akharame
- Department of Environmental Management and Toxicology, University of Benin, Benin-City, Nigeria
| | - Omoniyi Pereao
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Studies, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Izanne Susan Human
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Studies, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Beatrice Olutoyin Opeolu
- Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology Research Group, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, South Africa
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7
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Jiang Y, Wang X, Li M, Liang Y, Liu Z, Chen J, Guan T, Mu J, Zhu Y, Meng H, Zhou Y, Yao L, Xue L, Wang W. Comprehensive understanding on sources of high levels of fine particulate nitro-aromatic compounds at a coastal rural area in northern China. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 135:483-494. [PMID: 37778820 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Nitro-aromatic compounds (NACs) are among the major components of brown carbon (BrC) in the atmosphere, causing negative impacts on regional climate, air quality, and ecological health. Due to the extensive origins, it is still a challenge to figure out the contributions and originating regions for different sources of atmospheric NACs. Here, field observations on fine particulate NACs were conducted at a coastal rural area in Qingdao, China in the winter of 2018 and 2019. The mean total concentrations of fine particulate nitro-aromatic compounds were 125.0 ± 89.5 and 27.7 ± 21.1 ng/m3 in the winter of 2018 and 2019, respectively. Among the measured eleven NACs, nitrophenols and nitrocatechols were the most abundant species. Variation characteristics and correlation analysis showed that humidity and anthropogenic primary emissions had significant influences on the NAC abundances. In this study, two tracing methods of the improved spatial concentration weighted trajectory (SCWT) model and the receptor model of positive matrix factorization (PMF) were combined to comprehensively understand the origins of NACs in fine particles at coastal Qingdao. Four major sources were identified, including coal combustion, biomass burning, vehicle exhaust, and secondary formation. Surprisingly, coal combustion was responsible for about half of the observed nitro-aromatic compounds, followed by biomass burning (∼30%). The results by SCWT demonstrated that the coal combustion dominated NACs mainly originated from the Shandong peninsula and the areas to the north and southwest, while those dominated by biomass burning primarily came from local Qingdao and the areas to the west.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueru Jiang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Xinfeng Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Min Li
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yiheng Liang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; Department of Environmental Systems Science, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland; Department of Water Resources and Drinking Water, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Duebendorf 8600, Switzerland
| | - Zhiyi Liu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Tianyi Guan
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Jiangshan Mu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yujiao Zhu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - He Meng
- Qingdao Eco-Environment Monitoring Center of Shandong Province, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Lan Yao
- School of Environmental and Geographical Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Likun Xue
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Wenxing Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
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Ahmed M, Rappenglueck B, Ganranoo L, Dasgupta PK. Source apportionment of gaseous Nitrophenols and their contribution to HONO formation in an urban area. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 338:139499. [PMID: 37467859 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Nitrophenols (NPs) have significant impacts on human health, climate, and atmospheric chemistry. Despite numerous measurements of particulate NPs, still little is known about their gaseous atmospheric abundances, sources, and fate. Here, four gaseous NPs [2,4-dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP), 4-nitrophenol (4-NP), 2-nitrophenol (2-NP), and 2-Methyl-4-nitrophenol (2-Me-4-NP)] were continuously monitored during late Spring at an urban site in Houston, Texas. Among the four NPs, 4-NP showed the highest abundance, followed by 2-Me-4-NP, 2-NP, and 2,4-DNP with average concentrations of 1.07 ± 0.19 ppt, 0.47 ± 0.12 ppt, 0.41 ± 0.16 ppt, and 0.27 ± 0.09 ppt, respectively. The positive matrix factorization (PMF) model identified seven sources: industrial NPs, secondary formation, phenol sources, acetonitrile source, natural gas/crude oil, traffic, and petrochemical industries/oil refineries. A zero-dimensional photochemical box model was used to simulate the observed 2-NP and 2,4-DNP. A 50.0% and 70.0% jNO2 was found to be consistent with the measured 2-NP and 2,4-DNP. This yields a nitrous acid (HONO) production of 7.5 ± 2.5 ppt/h from 06:00 to 18:00 Central Standard Time (CST) from both NPs. An extrapolation including other known NPs suggests a maximum HONO formation of 13.8 ppt/h. The results of this study suggest that using PMF analysis supplemented by photochemical box model provides identification of the NPs sources and their atmospheric implication to HONO formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morshad Ahmed
- Institute for Climate and Atmospheric Science, Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Bernhard Rappenglueck
- Institute for Climate and Atmospheric Science, Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lucksagoon Ganranoo
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, University of Phayao, Phayao, Thailand
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Zhang R, Song W, Zhang Y, Wang X, Fu X, Li S. Particulate nitrated aromatic compounds from corn straw burning: Compositions, optical properties and potential health risks. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 323:121332. [PMID: 36822313 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Nitrated aromatic compounds (NACs) are important components of brown carbon (BrC), and their health and climate effects are of wide concern. Biomass burning is a major contributor to NACs in the atmosphere, yet NACs emitted from biomass burning are poorly constrained. In this study particulate NACs from open burning of corn straws were characterized in terms of their compositions, light absorption and toxic equivalents. 1, 6-dinitropyrene was the most abundant species among the measured nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs) with a share of 13.4% in total NPAHs, while 4-nitrocatechol was the most abundant nitrophenol (NP) species and accounted for 25.4% of measured NPs. 2-nitropyrene, widely used as a marker of secondary formation of NPAHs, was found to be the second most abundant NPAHs (13.3% of the total NPAHs) in the particulate matter (PM) primarily emitted from corn straw burning, and thus is inappropriate to be an indicator of the secondary formation. The measured primary NACs could only explain a negligible part (0.2%) of the light absorption by BrC. Although the concentrations of 9 toxic NACs were less than one-third of the 16 USEPA priority PAHs, their benzo(a)pyrene toxic equivalency quotients however were approximately 10 times that of the 16 PAHs. This study suggests that in comparison of PAHs from straw burning, NACs should be given greater attention due to their potentially higher toxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Yanli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Xinming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Xuewei Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Sheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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10
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Yang M, Zeng HX, Wang XF, Hakkarainen H, Leskinen A, Komppula M, Roponen M, Wu QZ, Xu SL, Lin LZ, Liu RQ, Hu LW, Yang BY, Zeng XW, Dong GH, Jalava P. Sources, chemical components, and toxicological responses of size segregated urban air PM samples in high air pollution season in Guangzhou, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 865:161092. [PMID: 36586693 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The sources, sizes, components, and toxicological responses of particulate matter (PM) have demonstrated remarkable spatiotemporal variability. However, associations between components, sources, and toxicological effects in different-sized PM remain unclear. The purposes of this study were to 1) determine the sources of PM chemical components, 2) investigate the associations between components and toxicology of PM from Guangzhou high air pollution season. We collected size-segregated PM samples (PM10-2.5, PM2.5-1, PM1-0.2, PM0.2) from December 2017 to March 2018 in Guangzhou. PM sources and components were analyzed. RAW264.7 mouse macrophages were treated with PM samples for 24 h followed by measurements of toxicological responses. The concentrations of PM10-2.5 and PM1-0.2 were relatively high in all samples. Water-soluble ions and PAHs were more abundant in smaller-diameter PM, while metallic elements were more enriched in larger-diameter PM. Traffic exhaust, soil dust, and biomass burning/petrochemical were the most important sources of PAHs, metals and ions, respectively. The main contributions to PM were soil dust, coal combustion, and biomass burning/petrochemical. Exposure to PM10-2.5 induced the most significant reduction of cell mitochondrial activity, oxidative stress and inflammatory response, whereas DNA damage, an increase of Sub G1/G0 population, and impaired cell membrane integrity were most evident with PM1-0.2 exposure. There were moderate or strong correlations between most single chemicals and almost all toxicological endpoints as well as between various toxicological outcomes. Our findings highlight those various size-segregated PM-induced toxicological effects in cells, and identify chemical components and sources of PM that play the key role in adverse intracellular responses. Although fine and ultrafine PM have attracted much attention, the inflammatory damage caused by coarse PM cannot be ignored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo Yang
- Department of Environmental and Biological Science, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Hui-Xian Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xin-Feng Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Henri Hakkarainen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Science, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ari Leskinen
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland; Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mika Komppula
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marjut Roponen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Science, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Qi-Zhen Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Shu-Li Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Li-Zi Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Ru-Qing Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Li-Wen Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Bo-Yi Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xiao-Wen Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Guang-Hui Dong
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Pasi Jalava
- Department of Environmental and Biological Science, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
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Baweja S, Antonelli E, Hussain S, Fernández-Ramos A, Kleiner I, Nguyen HVL, Sanz ME. Revealing Internal Rotation and 14N Nuclear Quadrupole Coupling in the Atmospheric Pollutant 4-Methyl-2-nitrophenol: Interplay of Microwave Spectroscopy and Quantum Chemical Calculations. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052153. [PMID: 36903397 PMCID: PMC10004196 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The structure and interactions of oxygenated aromatic molecules are of atmospheric interest due to their toxicity and as precursors of aerosols. Here, we present the analysis of 4-methyl-2-nitrophenol (4MNP) using chirped pulse and Fabry-Pérot Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy in combination with quantum chemical calculations. The rotational, centrifugal distortion, and 14N nuclear quadrupole coupling constants of the lowest-energy conformer of 4MNP were determined as well as the barrier to methyl internal rotation. The latter has a value of 106.4456(8) cm-1, significantly larger than those from related molecules with only one hydroxyl or nitro substituent in the same para or meta positions, respectively, as 4MNP. Our results serve as a basis to understand the interactions of 4MNP with atmospheric molecules and the influence of the electronic environment on methyl internal rotation barrier heights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shefali Baweja
- Department of Chemistry, King’s College London, Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London SE1 1DB, UK
| | - Eleonore Antonelli
- Université Paris Est Créteil and Université Paris Cité, CNRS, LISA, F-94010 Créteil, France
| | - Safia Hussain
- Department of Chemistry, King’s College London, Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London SE1 1DB, UK
| | - Antonio Fernández-Ramos
- Departamento de Química Física and Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS), Jenaro de la Fuente s/n, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Isabelle Kleiner
- Université Paris Cité and Université Paris Est Créteil, CNRS, LISA, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Ha Vinh Lam Nguyen
- Université Paris Est Créteil and Université Paris Cité, CNRS, LISA, F-94010 Créteil, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), 1 rue Descartes, F-75231 Paris, France
- Correspondence: (H.V.L.N.); (M.E.S.)
| | - M. Eugenia Sanz
- Department of Chemistry, King’s College London, Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London SE1 1DB, UK
- Correspondence: (H.V.L.N.); (M.E.S.)
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12
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Cao M, Yu W, Chen M, Chen M. Characterization of nitrated aromatic compounds in fine particles from Nanjing, China: Optical properties, source allocation, and secondary processes. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 316:120650. [PMID: 36379294 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Recently, nitrated aromatic compounds (NACs) have received much attention due to their role as key chromophores of brown carbon (BrC) and their impact on human health and the climate. In this study, a method for detection of 12 NACs in the atmosphere was developed and applied to the detection of 191 atmospheric samples in the northern suburbs of Nanjing in 2017. The average concentration of total NACs in Nanjing was 26.48 ng m-3, which was lower than that in North China. The total NACs also showed obvious seasonal variation, with the highest concentration in winter (51.99 ng m-3) and the lowest concentration in summer (11.26 ng m-3). Moreover, the contribution of subcomponents of NACs also changed with the seasons. Nitrophenols (NPs) and nitrocatechols (NCs) were most abundant in winter, while nitrosalicylic acids (NSAs) were more abundant in summer, accounting for 30%, 27%, and 85%, respectively. The reason for this result may be due to the different sources of dominance of NACs in different seasons. The light absorption of NACs to water-soluble BrC was mainly concentrated in the 300-400 nm range, and its contribution reached the maximum at 310 nm. NPs and NCs had the highest contribution to BrC among all NACs in winter, with a range of 25-54% and 3-59%, respectively. The Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) was used to analyze the main sources of NACs in different seasons. Secondary generation was the largest source in summer, accounting for 43.5%, and biomass combustion contributed the most in autumn, accounting for 36.7%. NACs are affected by temperature, especially in summer, and the subcomponents vary in temperature dependence. The secondary generation process of NACs is affected by NO2 and O3, especially when NO2 is greater than 40 μg m-3 and O3 is less than 220 μg m-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoyu Cao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Wentao Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Mindong Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
| | - Meijuan Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
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13
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Yan J, Wang X, Gao S, Gong P, Dotel J, Pokhrel B. Diagnostic ratio of nitrated phenols as a new method for the identification of pollution emission sources. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 316:120509. [PMID: 36288763 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nitrated phenols (NPs) are emitted from biomass burning and vehicles emissions, or produced by oxidation of phenolic precursors. Previous studies have investigated the emission factors of NPs from various primary emission sources. However, there is no study on the source apportionment method for the diagnostic ratio of NPs. In this study, a new source apportionment method is established using a diagnostic ratio of NPs. Two categories (methyl-nitrocatechols and methyl-nitrophenols) of NP diagnostic ratios, are proposed for source apportionment of primary aerosols. In order to show the accuracy of this source apportionment method, it was applied to the source apportionment of atmospheric NPs in both urban (Kathmandu, Nepal) and remote areas (Lulang, Tibetan Plateau, China). The results show that biomass burning is a common emission source for atmospheric NPs in Kathmandu and Lulang, with vehicle emissions being another important emission source. The atmospheric NPs in the urban area of Kathmandu are commonly from gasoline motorbike emissions, while the atmospheric NPs in Lulang derive from diesel vehicles, throughout the year. The conclusions of the source apportionment study were consistent with the actual vehicle types of local residents in Kathmandu and Lulang, which further proves the reliability of the NP diagnostic ratios method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juping Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment (TPESRE), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment (TPESRE), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Shaopeng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment (TPESRE), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ping Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment (TPESRE), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jagdish Dotel
- Department of Hydrology and Meteorology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, 44618, Nepal
| | - Balram Pokhrel
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, 45200, Nepal
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14
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Inter-Comparisons of Major Ions and Organic Matter Using Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer, Ion Chromatography and Sunset Lab Carbon Analyzer in Aged Aerosols from Okinawa in the Western North Pacific Rim. SEPARATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/separations9120430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inorganic components were measured in the aged ambient aerosols from Cape Hedo, Okinawa, an outflow region of East Asia, using online quadrupole Aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer (Q-AMS) and offline ion chromatography (IC) and Sunset Lab carbon analyzer. Here, we performed an inter-comparison study on nitrate (NO3−), ammonium (NH4+) and sulfate (SO42−) that were measured by IC and AMS. Sulfate and ammonium showed a good agreement between two instruments. However, abundances of NO3− by AMS are on average twice overestimated compared to nitrate obtained by IC. We also found that a significant amount of organic nitrogen (ON) was detected in the filter samples from Okinawa. The online measurement (Q-AMS) data and offline filter based-NO3− data need to be carefully evaluated when ON is abundantly present in aerosols. The OM/OC ratios derived from AMS are consistent with the bulk OMAMS/OCSunset ratios (2.1). This study demonstrates that the OM/OC of 2.1 is the reasonable criteria for more aged aerosols.
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Paital B, Das K. Spike in pollution to ignite the bursting of COVID-19 second wave is more dangerous than spike of SAR-CoV-2 under environmental ignorance in long term: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:85595-85611. [PMID: 34390474 PMCID: PMC8363867 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15915-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Specific areas in many countries such as Italy, India, China, Brazil, Germany and the USA have witnessed that air pollution increases the risk of COVID-19 severity as particulate matters transmit the virus SARS-CoV-2 and causes high expression of ACE2, the receptor for spike protein of the virus, especially under exposure to NO2, SO2 and NOx emissions. Wastewater-based epidemiology of COVID-19 is also noticed in many countries such as the Netherlands, the USA, Paris, France, Australia, Spain, Italy, Switzerland China, India and Hungary. Soil is also found to be contaminated by the RNA of SARS-CoV-2. Activities including defecation and urination by infected people contribute to the source for soil contamination, while release of wastewater containing cough, urine and stool of infected people from hospitals and home isolation contributes to the source of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in both water and soil. Detection of the virus early before the outbreak of the disease supports this fact. Based on this information, spike in pollution is found to be more dangerous in long-term than the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2. It is because the later one may be controlled in future within months or few years by vaccination and with specific drugs, but the former one provides base for many diseases including the current and any future pandemics. Although such predictions and the positive effects of SARS-CoV-2 on environment was already forecasted after the first wave of COVID-19, the learnt lesson as spotlight was not considered as one of the measures for which 2nd wave has quickly hit the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswaranjan Paital
- Redox Regulation Laboratory, Department of Zoology, College of Basic Science and Humanities, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, 751003, India.
| | - Kabita Das
- Department of Philosophy, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India
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16
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Rana MS, Guzman MI. Oxidation of Catechols at the Air-Water Interface by Nitrate Radicals. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:15437-15448. [PMID: 36318667 PMCID: PMC9670857 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c05640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Abundant substituted catechols are emitted to, and created in, the atmosphere during wildfires and anthropogenic combustion and agro-industrial processes. While ozone (O3) and hydroxyl radicals (HO•) efficiently react in a 1 μs contact time with catechols at the air-water interface, the nighttime reactivity dominated by nitrate radicals (NO3) remains unexplored. Herein, online electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (OESI-MS) is used to explore the reaction of NO3(g) with a series of representative catechols (catechol, pyrogallol, 3-methylcatechol, 4-methylcatechol, and 3-methoxycatechol) on the surface of aqueous microdroplets. The work detects the ultrafast generation of nitrocatechol (aromatic) compounds, which are major constituents of atmospheric brown carbon. Two mechanisms are proposed to produce nitrocatechols, one (equivalent to H atom abstraction) following fast electron transfer from the catechols (QH2) to NO3, forming NO3- and QH2•+ that quickly deprotonates into a semiquinone radical (QH•). The second mechanism proceeds via cyclohexadienyl radical intermediates from NO3 attack to the ring. Experiments in the pH range from 4 to 8 showed that the production of nitrocatechols was favored under the most acidic conditions. Mechanistically, the results explain the interfacial production of chromophoric nitrocatechols that modify the absorption properties of tropospheric particles, making them more susceptible to photooxidation, and alter the Earth's radiative forcing.
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17
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Yang M, Jalava P, Wang XF, Bloom MS, Leskinen A, Hakkarainen H, Roponen M, Komppula M, Wu QZ, Xu SL, Lin LZ, Liu RQ, Hu LW, Yang BY, Zeng XW, Yu YJ, Dong GH. Winter and spring variation in sources, chemical components and toxicological responses of urban air particulate matter samples in Guangzhou, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 845:157382. [PMID: 35843314 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The sources and chemical components of urban air particles exhibit seasonal variations that may affect their hazardousness to human health. Our aims were to investigate winter and spring variation in particulate matter (PM) sources, components and toxicological responses of different PM size fractions from samples collected in Guangzhou, China. Four size-segregated PM samples (PM10-2.5, PM2.5-1, PM1-0.2, and PM0.2) were collected separately during winter (December 2017 and January 2018) and spring (March 2018). All PM samples were analyzed for chemical components and characterized by source. RAW 264.7 macrophages were exposed to four doses of PM samples for 24 h. Cytotoxicity, oxidation, cell cycle, genotoxicity and inflammatory parameters were tested. PM concentrations were higher in the winter samples and caused more severe cytotoxicity and oxidative damage than to PM in the spring samples. PM in winter and spring led to increases in cell cycle and genotoxicity. The trends of size-segregated PM components were consistent in winter and spring samples. Metallic elements and PAHs were found in the largest concentrations in winter PM, but ions were found in the largest concentrations in spring PM. metallic elements, PAHs and ions in size-segregated PM samples were associated with most toxicological endpoints. Soil dust and biomass burning were the main sources of PM in winter, whereas traffic exhaust and biomass burning was the main source with of spring PM. Our results suggest that the composition of PM samples from Guangzhou differed during winter and spring, which led to strong variations in toxicological responses. The results demonstrate the importance of examining a different particle sizes, compositions and sources across different seasons, for human risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo Yang
- Department of Environmental and Biological Science, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Pasi Jalava
- Department of Environmental and Biological Science, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Xin-Feng Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Michael S Bloom
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Ari Leskinen
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland; Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Henri Hakkarainen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Science, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marjut Roponen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Science, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mika Komppula
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Qi-Zhen Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Shu-Li Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Li-Zi Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Ru-Qing Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Li-Wen Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Bo-Yi Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xiao-Wen Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yun-Jiang Yu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou 510655, China.
| | - Guang-Hui Dong
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
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Gu C, Cui S, Ge X, Wang Z, Chen M, Qian Z, Liu Z, Wang X, Zhang Y. Chemical composition, sources and optical properties of nitrated aromatic compounds in fine particulate matter during winter foggy days in Nanjing, China. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 212:113255. [PMID: 35430278 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Functionalized aromatic compounds are one of the most important light-absorbing organic chromophores - so-called brown carbon (BrC) - in fine particulate matter (PM2.5). In this study, we conducted a wintertime field campaign to measure eight nitrated aromatic compounds (NACs) in PM2.5 with offline analysis techniques, including liquid chromatograph mass spectrometer (LC-MS) and aerodyne high-resolution aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) measurements, during foggy and nonfoggy days in suburban Nanjing in the Yangtze River Delta region, China. On average, 4-nitrophenol could be one of the most important light absorbing materials in the observed BrC, which accounted for over 40% of the mass concentration of identified chromophores. The mass concentration of 2-methyl-4-nitrophenol and 2,6-dimethyl-4-nitrophenol were evidently increased during foggy days, contribution of which to total NACs were increased by 10% and 5%, respectively. Positive matrix factorization analysis of combining LC-MS and AMS dataset was performed to identify the primary and secondary sources of NACs. Primary sources, e.g., traffic and solid-fuel combustion, accounted for 71% of the sum of 4-nitrophenol, 2,6-dimethyl-4-nitrophenol and 3-nitrosalicylic acid, suggesting important contribution of primary emissions to these NACs. The contribution of secondary sources, associated with two oxygenated organic aerosols, could contribute 66% to 4-nitrophenol, reflecting the link of such nitrated aromatic compounds to secondary organic aerosol source. Together with optical measurements, 4-nitrophenol presented a high contribution (>50%) to the identified BrC absorbance in the light range 250 and 550 nm was observed. This could highlight an important role of such NACs in ambient BrC light absorption, despite its mass contribution to total organic carbon was negligible. Our work could improve the understanding of the links between optical properties and chemical composition of BrC, and the difference between BrC chromophores from nonfoggy days and foggy days under the typical polluted atmospheric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenjuan Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Shijie Cui
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Xinlei Ge
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
| | - Zhiying Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Meijuan Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Zihe Qian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Zhiyi Liu
- Environmental Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Xinfeng Wang
- Environmental Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Yunjiang Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
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19
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Wu C, Zhu B, Liang W, Ruan T, Jiang G. Molecular characterization of nitrogen-containing organic compounds in fractionated atmospheric humic-like substances (HULIS) and its relationship with optical properties. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 832:155043. [PMID: 35390379 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Diverse nitrogen-containing organics are important components of humic-like substances (HULIS) in the atmosphere. In this study, organic components in particulate matter (PM) samples representing multiple sources were separated by successive solvent fractionation, which were then analyzed by mass spectrometric and optical instruments. The CHON compounds were eluted and clustered into the Low-polar, Medium-polar, and High-polar fractions, and discrepancies of the polar-fractions were particularly reflected by molecular descriptors such as aromaticity, oxygen content and molecular weight. In addition, the results from the light-absorbing parameters (i.e., MAE365 and SUVA254) underscored the importance of the Low-polar and High-polar fractions on optical absorption properties. The Low-polar fraction accounted for 40% of the cumulative SUVA254 values, suggesting significant content of ultraviolet-absorbing organics. The High-polar fraction contributed 52% of the cumulative MAE365 values, indicating abundant light absorption capacity and efficiency. Significant improvements were made on statistical analysis of multidimensional data by a combination of the molecular descriptors and optical parameters. Molecular structures, including condensed aromatic, lignin-like, and aliphatic compounds observed in distinct electrospray ionization modes, were found as main contributors to the light absorption capacity and the abundances of fluorophores in individual polar-fractions. Differential contributions of molecular characteristics on types and abundances of fluorophores were further found among the samples of multiple sources. Conclusions obtained from this successive solvent fractionation experiment could promote development of the pretreatment method for exploring the potential light-absorbing organics, which also provide insights into the emission sources of organics that are related to specific light absorption and fluorescence properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenghao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenqing Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ting Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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20
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Zhang Q, Li Z, Wei P, Wang Q, Tian J, Wang P, Shen Z, Li J, Xu H, Zhao Y, Dang X, Cao J. Insights into the day-night sources and optical properties of coastal organic aerosols in southern China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 830:154663. [PMID: 35318062 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Organic aerosols (OAs) in particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of smaller than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) can affect the atmospheric radiation balance through varying molecular structure and light absorption of the aerosols. In this study, daytime and nighttime PM2.5 mass, and contents of OA including nitrated aromatic compounds (NACs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), n-alkanes, and hopanes were measured from April 11th to May 15th, 2017, at the coastal Sanya, China. The average concentration of 18 total quantified PAHs (∑PAHs) was 2.08 ± 1.13 ng·m-3, which was 2.8 and 12 times higher than that of ∑NACs and hopanes, while was 7.5 times lower that of n-alkanes. Combustion-derived PAHs contributed 74% to the ∑PAHs. This finding, in addition to a high benzo[a]pyrene/(benzo[a]pyrene+benzo[e]pyrene) ratio, indicates that the PAHs mainly derived from fresh fuel combustion during the sampling periods. Furthermore, dramatic day-night differences were observed in the loadings of total NACs, PAHs, and n-alkanes, which had a high coefficient of divergence values of 0.67, 0.47, and 0.32, respectively. Moreover, hopanes exhibited similar variation as well. The proportion of dimethyl-nitrophenol (DM-NP), dinitrophenol (DNP), and nitrosalicylic acid (NSA) in PM2.5 were higher in the daytime than at nighttime, suggesting the co-influence of primary emissions and secondary formation related to biomass combustion. The positive matrix factorization (PMF) model revealed that motor vehicle and biomass burning emissions were the two main pollution sources in the daytime, contributing 51.7% and 24.6%, respectively, of the total quantified OAs. The proportion of industrial coal combustion emissions was higher at nighttime (20.6%) than in daytime (10%). Both the PAHs and NACs displayed light absorbing capacities among OAs compounds over Sanya City, and thus their influence on solar radiation must be considered in the future control policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Ziyi Li
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Peng Wei
- School of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, PR China; Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qiyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Jie Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya 572022, China.
| | - Zhenxing Shen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Jianjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Hongmei Xu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Youzhi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Xiaoqing Dang
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Junji Cao
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China.
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21
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Pang H, Wang Y, Wu Y, He J, Deng H, Li P, Xu J, Yu Z, Gligorovski S. Unveiling the pH-Dependent Yields of H 2O 2 and OH by Aqueous-Phase Ozonolysis of m-Cresol in the Atmosphere. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:7618-7628. [PMID: 35608856 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c08962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and hydroxyl radical (OH) are important oxidants in the atmospheric aqueous phase such as cloud droplets and deliquescent aerosol particles, playing a significant role in the chemical transformation of organic and inorganic pollutants in the atmosphere. Atmospheric aqueous-phase chemistry has been considered to be a source of H2O2 and OH. However, our understanding of the mechanisms of their formation in atmospheric waters is still incomplete. Here, we show that the aqueous-phase reaction of dissolved ozone (O3) with substituted phenols such as m-cresol represents an important source of H2O2 and OH exhibiting pH-dependent yields. Intriguingly, the formation of H2O2 through the ring-opening mechanism is strongly promoted under lower pH conditions (pH 2.5-3.5), while higher pH favors the ring-retaining pathways yielding OH. The rate constant of the reaction of O3 with m-cresol increases with increasing pH. The reaction products formed during the ozonolysis of m-cresol are analyzed by an Orbitrap mass spectrometer, and reaction pathways are suggested based on the identified product compounds. This study indicates that aqueous-phase ozonolysis of phenolic compounds might be an alternative source of H2O2 and OH in the cloud, rain, and liquid water of aerosol particles; thus, it should be considered in future model studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yiqun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jiazhuo He
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Huifan Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Pan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jinli Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhiqiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Sasho Gligorovski
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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22
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Chen Y, Zheng P, Wang Z, Pu W, Tan Y, Yu C, Xia M, Wang W, Guo J, Huang D, Yan C, Nie W, Ling Z, Chen Q, Lee S, Wang T. Secondary Formation and Impacts of Gaseous Nitro-Phenolic Compounds in the Continental Outflow Observed at a Background Site in South China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:6933-6943. [PMID: 34732048 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nitro-phenolic compounds (NPs) have attracted increasing attention because of their health risks and impacts on visibility, climate, and atmospheric chemistry. Despite many measurements of particulate NPs, the knowledge of their gaseous abundances, sources, atmospheric fates, and impacts remains incomplete. Here, 18 gaseous NPs were continuously measured with a time-of-flight chemical ionization mass spectrometer at a background site in South China in autumn and winter. Abundant NPs were observed in the continental outflows from East Asia, with a total concentration up to 122.1 pptv. Secondary formation from the transported aromatics dominated the observed NPs, with mono-NPs exhibiting photochemical daytime peaks and nighttime enrichments of di-NPs and Cl-substituted NPs. The budget analysis indicates that besides the •OH oxidation of aromatics, the NO3• oxidation also contributed significantly to the daytime mono-NPs, while the further oxidation of mono-NPs by NO3• dominated the nocturnal formation of di-NPs. Photolysis was the main daytime sink of NPs and produced substantial HONO, which would influence atmospheric oxidation capacity in downwind and background regions. This study provides quantitative insights on the formation and impacts of gaseous NPs in the continental outflow and highlights the role of NO3• chemistry in the secondary nitro-aromatics production that may facilitate regional pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chen
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Penggang Zheng
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Wei Pu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Yan Tan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Chuan Yu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Men Xia
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Weihao Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Jia Guo
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Dandan Huang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Chao Yan
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Wei Nie
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Research, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Zhenhao Ling
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, China
| | - Qi Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, BIC-ESAT and IJRC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Shuncheng Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
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23
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Khan F, Jaoui M, Rudziński K, Kwapiszewska K, Martinez-Romero A, Gil-Casanova D, Lewandowski M, Kleindienst TE, Offenberg JH, Krug JD, Surratt JD, Szmigielski R. Cytotoxicity and oxidative stress induced by atmospheric mono-nitrophenols in human lung cells. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 301:119010. [PMID: 35217136 PMCID: PMC9171836 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Nitrophenols (NPs) are hazardous pollutants found in various environmental matrices, including ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5), agricultural residues, rainwater, wildfires, and industrial wastes. This study showed for the first time the effect of three pure nitrophenols and their mixture on human lung cells to provide basic understanding of the NP influence on cell elements and processes. We identified NPs in ambient PM2.5 and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) particles generated from the photooxidation of monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the U.S. EPA smog chamber. We assessed the toxicity of identified NPs and their equimolar mixture in normal bronchial epithelial (BEAS-2B) and alveolar epithelial cancer (A549) lung cell lines. The inhibitory concentration-50 (IC50) values were highest and lowest in BEAS-2B cells treated with 2-nitrophenol (2NP) and 4-nitrophenol (4NP), respectively, at 24 h of exposure. The lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay showed that 4NP, the most abundant NP we identified in PM2.5, was the most cytotoxic NP examined in both cell lines. The annexin-V/fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) analysis showed that the populations of late apoptotic/necrotic BEAS-2B and A549 cells exposed to 3NP, 4NP, and NP equimolar mixture increased between 24 and 48 h. Cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) buildup led to cellular death post exposure to 3NP, 4NP and the NP mixtures, while 2NP induced the lowest ROS buildup. An increased mitochondrial ROS signal following NP exposure occurred only in BEAS-2B cells. The tetramethylrhodamine, methyl ester, perchlorate (TMRM) assay showed that exposed cells exhibited collapse of the mitochondrial membrane potential. TMRM signals decreased significantly only in BEAS-2B cells, and most strongly with 4NP exposures. Our results suggest that acute atmospheric exposures to NPs may be toxic at high concentrations, but not at ambient PM2.5 concentrations. Further chronic studies with NP and NP-containing PM2.5 are warranted to assess their contribution to lung pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faria Khan
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mohammed Jaoui
- Center for Environmental Measurement & Modeling, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, United States
| | - Krzysztof Rudziński
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karina Kwapiszewska
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Alicia Martinez-Romero
- Cytomics Core Facility, Príncipe Felipe Research Center, Avda. Eduardo Primo Yúfera, 3, 46012, Valenica, Spain
| | - Domingo Gil-Casanova
- Cytomics Core Facility, Príncipe Felipe Research Center, Avda. Eduardo Primo Yúfera, 3, 46012, Valenica, Spain
| | - Michael Lewandowski
- Center for Environmental Measurement & Modeling, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, United States
| | - Tadeusz E Kleindienst
- Center for Environmental Measurement & Modeling, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, United States
| | - John H Offenberg
- Center for Environmental Measurement & Modeling, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, United States
| | - Jonathan D Krug
- Center for Environmental Measurement & Modeling, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, United States
| | - Jason D Surratt
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, United States; Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, United States
| | - Rafal Szmigielski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland.
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24
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Feng R, Xu H, Gu Y, Wang Z, Han B, Sun J, Liu S, Lu H, Ho SSH, Shen Z, Cao J. Variations of Personal Exposure to Particulate Nitrated Phenols from Heating Energy Renovation in China: The First Assessment on Associated Toxicological Impacts with Particle Size Distributions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:3974-3983. [PMID: 35195986 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c07950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The clean heating renovation has been executed for improving particulate matter (PM) pollution in northern China since 2017. This study determined particle size distributions of nitrated phenols (NPs) in personal exposure samples and their associations with biomarkers in saliva and urine from homemakers in rural households of the Fenwei Plain, China. Remarkable reductions of 28.6-66.3% and 52.2-82.4% on PMs and total quantified NPs, respectively, were found with the substitutions of raw coal chunk and biomass by advanced clean coal. 4-Nitroguaiacol (4NG) showed the largest reductions of 81.2% among individual NP. In addition, the clean coal efficiently reduced interleukin-6 (IL-6) and 8-hydrox-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) in the urine and saliva by 12-72%. Furthermore, significant positive correlations between urinary 8-OHdG with most of NPs in all particle sizes, urinary IL-6 with 4NG for particles with Dp > 2.5 μm and Dp = 0.25-1.0 μm and salivary IL-6 with 4-nitrocatechol and 4-methyl-5-nitrocatechol for particles with Dp > 2.5 μm, Dp = 0.5-1.0 μm, and Dp < 0.25 μm were observed but not for salivary 8-OHdG or PMs. The results provide scientific support for the clean energy reformation and demonstrate the strong particle size dependence between NPs and biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Feng
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Hongmei Xu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
- SKLLQG, Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yunxuan Gu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Zexuan Wang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Bei Han
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Suixin Liu
- SKLLQG, Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Hongwei Lu
- Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China
| | - Steven Sai Hang Ho
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, Nevada 89512, United States
| | - Zhenxing Shen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
- SKLLQG, Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Junji Cao
- SKLLQG, Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
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25
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Zhu M, Huang M, Xue B, Cai S, Hu C, Zhao W, Gu X, Zhang W. Chemical analysis of nitro‐aromatic compounds of secondary organic aerosol formed from photooxidation of p‐xylene with NO
x. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.202100105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Min‐Cong Zhu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Science and Separation Technology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Environment Minnan Normal University Zhangzhou China
| | - Ming‐Qiang Huang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Science and Separation Technology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Environment Minnan Normal University Zhangzhou China
| | - Bing‐Bing Xue
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Science and Separation Technology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Environment Minnan Normal University Zhangzhou China
| | - Shun‐You Cai
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Science and Separation Technology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Environment Minnan Normal University Zhangzhou China
| | - Chang‐Jin Hu
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico‐Chemistry, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei China
| | - Wei‐Xiong Zhao
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico‐Chemistry, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei China
| | - Xue‐Jun Gu
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico‐Chemistry, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei China
| | - Wei‐Jun Zhang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico‐Chemistry, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei China
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26
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Lu C, Wang X, Zhang J, Liu Z, Liang Y, Dong S, Li M, Chen J, Chen H, Xie H, Xue L, Wang W. Substantial emissions of nitrated aromatic compounds in the particle and gas phases in the waste gases from eight industries. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 283:117132. [PMID: 33887668 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nitrated aromatic compounds, the ubiquitous nitrogen-containing organic pollutants, impact the environment and organisms adversely. As industrial raw materials and intermediates, nitrated aromatic compounds and their aromatic precursors are widely employed in the industrial production activities. Nevertheless, their emission from industrial waste gases has so far not been studied extensively. In this study, the concentrations of 12 nitrated aromatic compounds in the particle and gas phases downwind of 16 factories encompassing eight industries (i.e., pharmaceutical, weaving and dyeing, herbicide, explosive, painting, phenolic resin, paper pulp and polystyrene foam industries), were determined by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Their concentrations in the particle and gas phases from different factories ranged from 114.7 ± 63.5 to 296.6 ± 62.5 ng m-3 and 148.7 ± 7.4 to 309.8 ± 26.2 ng m-3, respectively, thus, exhibiting significantly high concentrations as compared to the background sites. Among the 12 detected species, 4-nitrophenol, 5-nitrosalicylic acid, 3-nitrosalicylic acid and 4-methyl-2,6-dinitrophenol were observed to be the predominant species, with total fractions up to 47.9-72.3% and 63.1-70.3% in the particle and gas phases, respectively. Their emission profiles with respect to the industrial activities exhibited large discrepancies as compared to the combustion sources, thus, indicating different formation mechanisms. The emission ratios of particulate nitrated aromatic compounds owing to the industrial activities were estimated between 0.5 ± 0.2 and 4.3 ± 1.5 ng μg-1, which were higher than or comparable to those from various combustion sources. The findings from this study confirm the industrial emission to be an important source of nitrated aromatic compounds in the atmosphere. The substantial emissions of nitrated aromatic compounds from various industries reported in this study provide the fundamental basis for further emission estimation and pollution control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunying Lu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Xinfeng Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China.
| | - Jun Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China; Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), 5232, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Zhiyi Liu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Yiheng Liang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Shuwei Dong
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Min Li
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Haibiao Chen
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Huijun Xie
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Likun Xue
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Wenxing Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
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27
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Kroflič A, Anders J, Drventić I, Mettke P, Böge O, Mutzel A, Kleffmann J, Herrmann H. Guaiacol Nitration in a Simulated Atmospheric Aerosol with an Emphasis on Atmospheric Nitrophenol Formation Mechanisms. ACS EARTH & SPACE CHEMISTRY 2021; 5:1083-1093. [PMID: 34084985 PMCID: PMC8161671 DOI: 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.1c00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric nitrophenols are pollutants of concern due to their toxicity and light-absorption characteristics and their low reactivity resulting in relatively long residence times in the environment. We investigate multiphase nitrophenol formation from guaiacol in a simulated atmospheric aerosol and support observations with the corresponding chemical mechanisms. The maximal secondary organic aerosol (SOA) yield (42%) is obtained under illumination at 80% relative humidity. Among the identified nitrophenols, 4-nitrocatechol (3.6% yield) is the prevailing species in the particulate phase. The results point to the role of water in catechol and further 4-nitrocatechol formation from guaiacol. In addition, a new pathway of dark nitrophenol formation is suggested, which prevailed in dry air and roughly yielded 1% nitroguaiacols. Furthermore, the proposed mechanism possibly leads to oligomer formation via a phenoxy radical formation by oxidation with HONO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Kroflič
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute
of Chemistry, Hajdrihova
19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Atmospheric
Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz-Institute
for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Janine Anders
- Atmospheric
Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz-Institute
for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ivana Drventić
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute
of Chemistry, Hajdrihova
19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Peter Mettke
- Atmospheric
Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz-Institute
for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Olaf Böge
- Atmospheric
Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz-Institute
for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anke Mutzel
- Atmospheric
Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz-Institute
for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jörg Kleffmann
- Physical
and Theoretical Chemistry, University of
Wuppertal, Gaußstraße 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Atmospheric
Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz-Institute
for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
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Zeng J, Han G. Rainwater chemistry observation in a karst city: variations, influence factors, sources and potential environmental effects. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11167. [PMID: 33976970 PMCID: PMC8065247 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The rainwater chemistry and related air contaminants are used to investigate the rainwater ions sources, variations, and influence factors from 2012 to 2014 in Guiyang city (the typical karst urban area of Southwest China). According to temporal rainwater ion concentrations, the obvious variations were presented in the study period, such as Ca2+ (125∼6,652 μeq L−1) and SO42− (11∼4,127 μeq L−1). Consequently, Ca2+, Mg2+, SO42− and Cl− are considered as the leading ions. Three critical influencing factors of rainwater ions concentrations, including sources variations, rainfall amount and long-distance migration (rainfall amount > 100 mm) are identified. Based on the typical ionic ratios, source identification suggested that anthropogenic inputs mainly contributed to F−, NO3− and SO42−, while the dusts (crustal sources) are the primary sources of Mg2+, Ca2+ and K+. Cl− Enrichment in long-distance transport is the main contributor of Cl−. According to the observation of high level of total wet acid deposition, the more detailed spatio-temporal monitoring of rainfall-related acid deposition (particularly sulfur deposition) is required to understand its potential environmental effects in the aquatic ecosystem of the earth surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zeng
- Institute of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, China
| | - Guilin Han
- Institute of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, China
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29
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Cheng X, Chen Q, Li Y, Huang G, Liu Y, Lu S, Zheng Y, Qiu W, Lu K, Qiu X, Bianchi F, Yan C, Yuan B, Shao M, Wang Z, Canagaratna MR, Zhu T, Wu Y, Zeng L. Secondary Production of Gaseous Nitrated Phenols in Polluted Urban Environments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:4410-4419. [PMID: 33793220 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c07988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nitrated phenols (NPs) are important atmospheric pollutants that affect air quality, radiation, and health. The recent development of the time-of-flight chemical ionization mass spectrometer (ToF-CIMS) allows quantitative online measurements of NPs for a better understanding of their sources and environmental impacts. Herein, we deployed nitrate ions as reagent ions in the ToF-CIMS and quantified six classes of gaseous NPs in Beijing. The concentrations of NPs are in the range of 1 to 520 ng m-3. Nitrophenol (NPh) has the greatest mean concentration. Dinitrophenol (DNP) shows the greatest haze-to-clean concentration ratio, which may be associated with aqueous production. The high concentrations and distinct diurnal profiles of NPs indicate a strong secondary formation to overweigh losses, driven by high emissions of precursors, strong oxidative capacity, and high NOx levels. The budget analysis on the basis of our measurements and box-model calculations suggest a minor role of the photolysis of NPs (<1 ppb h-1) in producing OH radicals. NPs therefore cannot explain the underestimated OH production in urban environments. Discrepancies between these results and the laboratory measurements of the NP photolysis rates indicate the need for further studies aimed at understanding the production and losses of NPs in polluted urban environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Cheng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, BIC-ESAT and IJRC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qi Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, BIC-ESAT and IJRC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yongjie Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau 999078, China
| | - Guancong Huang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, BIC-ESAT and IJRC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ying Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, BIC-ESAT and IJRC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Sihua Lu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, BIC-ESAT and IJRC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yan Zheng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, BIC-ESAT and IJRC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wanyi Qiu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, BIC-ESAT and IJRC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Keding Lu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, BIC-ESAT and IJRC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xinghua Qiu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, BIC-ESAT and IJRC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Federico Bianchi
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Chao Yan
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Bin Yuan
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Min Shao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, BIC-ESAT and IJRC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Tong Zhu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, BIC-ESAT and IJRC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yusheng Wu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, BIC-ESAT and IJRC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Limin Zeng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, BIC-ESAT and IJRC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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Wang S, Li H. NO 3·-Initiated Gas-Phase Formation of Nitrated Phenolic Compounds in Polluted Atmosphere. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:2899-2907. [PMID: 33594878 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c08041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Organic nitrogen (ON) compounds are key contents of particulate matter in the megacities of Asia. As a series of important ON, nitrated phenolic compounds (NPs) are of high concentration in the atmosphere, although their formation mechanism and role in particulate nucleation and growth are not fully understood. Herein, using a high level of quantum mechanical calculations, we explore the formation paths of NPs initiated by NO3· radicals, where some common atmospheric species, such as H2O, (H2O)2, NH3, and dimethylamine (DMA), can act as molecular catalysts. The kinetic study predicts that the formation rate of methyl nitrophenols with the assistance of DMA and (H2O)2 can reach ∼103 molecules·cm-3·s-1 in a polluted and humid atmosphere. The volatilities obtained from the empirical model show the formed NPs mainly belong to the intermediate and semivolatile organic compounds, which can participate in the growth process of aerosols rather than the early stage of cluster nucleation. Moreover, some NPs can be salified with atmospheric bases to further increase their contributions to the particulate formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shixian Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemistry Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Hui Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemistry Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
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31
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Majewska M, Khan F, Pieta IS, Wróblewska A, Szmigielski R, Pieta P. Toxicity of selected airborne nitrophenols on eukaryotic cell membrane models. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 266:128996. [PMID: 33288286 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nitroaromatics belong to the group of toxic components of aerosol particles and atmospheric hydrometeors that enter the atmosphere through biomass burning and fuel combustion. In the present work, we report on the cytotoxic effects of a 2-, 3- and 4-nitrophenol mixture on a model eukaryotic-like cell membrane and compared it with in vitro cellular models BEAS-2B (immortalized bronchial epithelial cells) and A549 (cancerous alveolar epithelial cells). A selected model biomembrane comprised of DMPC (1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine), DPPC (1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) and POPC (1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) was studied. The electrochemical-based method, combined with atomic force microscopy (AFM) and phase-contrast microscopy imaging, allowed to get insights into the mechanism of cellular function disruption caused by airborne nitrophenols. The efficacy of the method is supported by the data obtained from in vitro experiments performed on cell models. The nitrophenol mixture exhibited cytotoxic effects at concentrations above 100 μg mL-1, as demonstrated by phase-contrast microscopy in real lung cell lines. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) revealed the formation of membrane defects at a nitrophenol concentration of 200 μg mL-1. AFM imaging confirmed the model membrane disintegration and phospholipids rearrangement in the presence of nitrophenols. These observations indicate that particle-bound nitrophenols induce substantial changes in cell membranes and make them more permeable to aerosol, resulting in major cellular damage in the lungs when inhaled. The study provides initial evidence of cellular membrane damage induced by three important nitrated phenols present in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Majewska
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Faria Khan
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Izabela S Pieta
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Wróblewska
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rafal Szmigielski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Piotr Pieta
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland.
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32
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Mehra A, Canagaratna M, Bannan TJ, Worrall SD, Bacak A, Priestley M, Liu D, Zhao J, Xu W, Sun Y, Hamilton JF, Squires FA, Lee J, Bryant DJ, Hopkins JR, Elzein A, Budisulistiorini SH, Cheng X, Chen Q, Wang Y, Wang L, Stark H, Krechmer JE, Brean J, Slater E, Whalley L, Heard D, Ouyang B, Acton WJF, Hewitt CN, Wang X, Fu P, Jayne J, Worsnop D, Allan J, Percival C, Coe H. Using highly time-resolved online mass spectrometry to examine biogenic and anthropogenic contributions to organic aerosol in Beijing. Faraday Discuss 2021; 226:382-408. [PMID: 33475668 DOI: 10.1039/d0fd00080a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Organic aerosols, a major constituent of fine particulate mass in megacities, can be directly emitted or formed from secondary processing of biogenic and anthropogenic volatile organic compound emissions. The complexity of volatile organic compound emission sources, speciation and oxidation pathways leads to uncertainties in the key sources and chemistry leading to formation of organic aerosol in urban areas. Historically, online measurements of organic aerosol composition have been unable to resolve specific markers of volatile organic compound oxidation, while offline analysis of markers focus on a small proportion of organic aerosol and lack the time resolution to carry out detailed statistical analysis required to study the dynamic changes in aerosol sources and chemistry. Here we use data collected as part of the joint UK-China Air Pollution and Human Health (APHH-Beijing) collaboration during a field campaign in urban Beijing in the summer of 2017 alongside laboratory measurements of secondary organic aerosol from oxidation of key aromatic precursors (1,3,5-trimethyl benzene, 1,2,4-trimethyl benzene, propyl benzene, isopropyl benzene and 1-methyl naphthalene) to study the anthropogenic and biogenic contributions to organic aerosol. For the first time in Beijing, this study applies positive matrix factorisation to online measurements of organic aerosol composition from a time-of-flight iodide chemical ionisation mass spectrometer fitted with a filter inlet for gases and aerosols (FIGAERO-ToF-I-CIMS). This approach identifies the real-time variations in sources and oxidation processes influencing aerosol composition at a near-molecular level. We identify eight factors with distinct temporal variability, highlighting episodic differences in OA composition attributed to regional influences and in situ formation. These have average carbon numbers ranging from C5-C9 and can be associated with oxidation of anthropogenic aromatic hydrocarbons alongside biogenic emissions of isoprene, α-pinene and sesquiterpenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archit Mehra
- Centre for Atmospheric Science, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
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33
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Zhang L, Luo Z, Li Y, Chen Y, Du W, Li G, Cheng H, Shen G, Tao S. Optically Measured Black and Particulate Brown Carbon Emission Factors from Real-World Residential Combustion Predominantly Affected by Fuel Differences. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:169-178. [PMID: 33295176 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c04784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Residential solid fuel use is an important source of black carbon (BC) but also a main source of uncertainty in BC emission inventories, as reliable real-world emission factors (EFs) and data on consumption of noncommercial household fuels are limited. In this study, particulate BC and brown carbon (BrC) for real-world indoor coal and biomass burning were evaluated using a SootScan model OT21 optical transmissometer from a field campaign including 343 biomass/coal combustion events. The highest BC EF from the burning of coal cake (a mixed fuel locally made from coal and clay) was 1.6-6.4 higher than that of other fuels, and BC EFs were higher for coal combustion than for biomass burning. The highest particulate BrC EF was from charcoal burning and was 1.5-4.3 times higher than that from other biomass and coals. Burning fuel in iron stoves had lower BC and BrC EFs, at approximately 15-66% and 40-54%, respectively, compared with burning in other stove types. The difference between heating and cooking activities was statistically insignificant (p > 0.05). A generalized linear model coupled with dominance analysis evidenced that the EFs were significantly associated with fuel and stove types, with the fuel difference being a major influencing factor explaining 68% of the variation. This suggests that a clean fuel transition would have beneficial impacts on air pollution associated with the residential sector in China. The absorption EFs differed by 2-3 orders of magnitude across different fuel-stove combinations. The Absorption Ångström Exponent values for the particulate from residential solid fuel combustions ranged from 0.92 to 3.7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhihan Luo
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yaojie Li
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yuanchen Chen
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Wei Du
- Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Gang Li
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Hefa Cheng
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Guofeng Shen
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shu Tao
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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Paital B, Agrawal PK. Air pollution by NO 2 and PM 2.5 explains COVID-19 infection severity by overexpression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in respiratory cells: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY LETTERS 2020; 19:25-42. [PMID: 32982622 PMCID: PMC7499935 DOI: 10.1007/s10311-020-01091-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Many major cities that witnessed heavy air pollution by nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and particulate matter (PM) have experienced a high rate of infection and severity of the coronavirus disease pandemic (COVID-19). This phenomenon could be explained by the overexpression of the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) on epithelial cell surfaces of the respiratory tract. Indeed, ACE-2 is a receptor for coronaviruses including the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 1 and 2 (SARS-CoV), and ACE-2 is overexpressed under chronic exposure to air pollution such as NO2 and PM2.5. In this review, we explain that ACE-2 acts as the sole receptor for the attachment of the SARS-CoV-2 via its spike protein. The fact that respiratory and vascular epithelial cells express ACE-2 has been previously observed during the 2003 epidemic of the SARS-CoV-1 in China, and during the 2012 Middle East respiratory syndrome in Saudi Arabia. High ACE-2 expression in respiratory epithelial cells under air pollution explains the positive correlation between the severity in COVID-19 patients and elevated air pollution, notably high NO2 and PM2.5 levels. Specific areas in India, China, Italy, Russia, Chile and Qatar that experience heavy air pollution also show high rates of COVID-19 infection and severity. Overall, we demonstrate a link between NO2 emissions, PM2.5 levels, ACE-2 expression and COVID-19 infection severity. Therefore, air pollution should be reduced in places where confirmed cases of COVID-19 are unexpectedly high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswaranjan Paital
- Redox Regulation Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, College of Basic Science and Humanities, Bhubaneswar, 751003 India
| | - Pawan Kumar Agrawal
- Main Building, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, 751003 India
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35
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Wen Y, Li C, Song X, Yang Y. Biodegradation of Phenol by Rhodococcus sp. Strain SKC: Characterization and Kinetics Study. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25163665. [PMID: 32806514 PMCID: PMC7463884 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25163665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study focuses on the kinetics of a pure strain of bacterium Rhodococcus sp. SKC, isolated from phenol-contaminated soil, for the biodegradation of phenol as its sole carbon and energy source in aqueous medium. The kinetics of phenol biodegradation including the lag phase, the maximum phenol degradation rate, maximum growth rate (Rm) and maximum yield coefficient (Y) for each Si (initial phenol concentration, mg/L) were fitted using the Gompertz and Haldane models of substrate inhibition (R2 > 0.9904, RMSE < 0.00925). The values of these parameters at optimum conditions were μmax = 0.30 h−1, Ks = 36.40 mg/L, and Ki = 418.79 mg/L, and that means the inhibition concentration of phenol was 418.79 mg/L. By comparing with other strains of bacteria, Rhodococcus sp. SKC exhibited a high yield factor and tolerance towards phenol. This study demonstrates the potential application of Rhodococcus sp. SKC for the bioremediation of phenol contaminate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujuan Wen
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-restoration, Ministry of Education, Shenyang University, Shenyang 110044, China; (C.L.); (X.S.); (Y.Y.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-024-6226-7101
| | - Chaofan Li
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-restoration, Ministry of Education, Shenyang University, Shenyang 110044, China; (C.L.); (X.S.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Xiaoming Song
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-restoration, Ministry of Education, Shenyang University, Shenyang 110044, China; (C.L.); (X.S.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Yuesuo Yang
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-restoration, Ministry of Education, Shenyang University, Shenyang 110044, China; (C.L.); (X.S.); (Y.Y.)
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
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