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Jin X, Yao R, Yao S, Yu X, Tang J, Huang J, Yao R, Jin L, Liang Q, Sun J. Metabolic perturbation and oxidative damage induced by tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) and tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP) on Escherichia coli through integrative analyses of metabolome. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 283:116797. [PMID: 39067080 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are one of the emerging environmental threats, causing the hazard to ecosystem safety and human health. Yet, the toxic effects and metabolic response mechanism after Escherichia coli (E.coli) exposed to TDCIPP and TEHP is inconclusive. Herein, the levels of SOD and CAT were elevated in a concentration-dependent manner, accompanied with the increase of MDA contents, signifying the activation of antioxidant response and occurrence of lipid peroxidation. Oxidative damage mediated by excessive accumulation of ROS decreased membrane potential and inhibited membrane protein synthesis, causing membrane protein dysfunction. Integrative analyses of GC-MS and LC-MS based metabolomics evinced that significant perturbation to the carbohydrate metabolism, nucleotide metabolism, lipids metabolism, amino acid metabolism, organic acids metabolism were induced following exposure to TDCIPP and TEHP in E.coli, resulting in metabolic reprogramming. Additionally, metabolites including PE(16:1(5Z)/15:0), PA(17:0/15:1(9Z)), PC(20:2(11Z,14Z)/12:0), LysoPC(18:3(6Z,9Z,12Z)/0:0) were significantly upregulated, manifesting that cell membrane protective molecule was afforded by these differential metabolites to improve permeability and fluidity. Overall, current findings generate new insights into the molecular toxicity mechanism by which E.coli respond to TDCIPP and TEHP stress and supply valuable information for potential ecological risks of OPEs on aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Jin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Processes and Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology Maoming, Guangdong 525000, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Runlin Yao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Siyu Yao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Xiaolong Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Processes and Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology Maoming, Guangdong 525000, China.
| | - Jin Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Processes and Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology Maoming, Guangdong 525000, China
| | - Jiaxing Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Processes and Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology Maoming, Guangdong 525000, China
| | - Ruipu Yao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Processes and Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology Maoming, Guangdong 525000, China
| | - Ling Jin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Qianwei Liang
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Jianteng Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Processes and Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology Maoming, Guangdong 525000, China.
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Lin J, Ding X, Gu J, Zhang L, Chao J, Zhang H, Feng S, Guo C, Xu J, Gao Z. Organophosphate esters (OPEs) pollution characteristics, bioaccumulation and human consumption implication in wild marine organisms from the Yellow River Estuary, China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 206:116708. [PMID: 38986395 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
As the substitutes of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, organophosphate esters (OPEs) with high concentrations have accumulated in the estuaries, bays, and harbors. However, limited information is available about the OPEs in the estuary organism categories, especially under the multiple industrial pressure. This study investigated the occurrence, bioaccumulation and human consumption implication in wild marine organisms from the Yellow River Estuary, where located many petroleum and chemical manufacturing industries. This study found that concentrations of Σ13OPEs ranged from 547 ng/L to 1164 ng/L in seawater (median: 802 ng/L), from 384 to 1366 ng/g dw in the sediment (median: 601 ng/g dw), and from 419 to 959 ng/g dw (median: 560 ng/g dw) in the marine organisms. The congener compositions in the organisms were dominated by alkyl-OPEs (80.7 %), followed by halogenated-OPEs (18.8 %) and aryl-OPEs (0.5 %). Based on the principal component analysis, petrochemical pollution, and industrial wastewater discharge were distinguished as the main plausible sources of OPEs to the YRE ecosystem. Most OPEs had potential or strong bioaccumulation capacity on the organisms, with a positive correlation between log BAF (Bioaccumulation Factor) and log Kow of OPEs. The highest estimated daily intake value of OPEs was tri-n-propyl phosphate, exceeding 300 ng/kg·bw/day via consuming fish. The highest hazard quotients from OPEs ranged from 0.001 to 0.1, indicating a low risk to human health by consuming marine organisms in the YRE. As the consumption of OPEs increases year by year, the risks of OPEs still cannot be ignored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianing Lin
- Institute of Eco-Environmental Forensics, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Xinshu Ding
- Institute of Eco-Environmental Forensics, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Jinzeng Gu
- Institute of Eco-Environmental Forensics, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Lutao Zhang
- Institute of Eco-Environmental Forensics, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Jinyu Chao
- School of Civil Engineering and Construction and Environment of Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, PR China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China
| | - Song Feng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Changsheng Guo
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China.
| | - Jian Xu
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China
| | - Zhenhui Gao
- Institute of Eco-Environmental Forensics, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
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Han Y, Zhao J, Li Z, Zhu L. Distribution, traceability, and risk assessment of organophosphate flame retardants in agricultural soils along the Yangtze River Delta in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:41013-41024. [PMID: 38842776 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33838-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Severe pollution threatens the ecosystem and human health in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) in China because of the rapid development of industry in this area. This study examines the types, distribution, concentration, and origin of fourteen typical organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) in agricultural soils within the YRD region to offer insights for pollutant control and policy-making. The total concentration of OPFRs (ΣOPFRs) varied between 79.19 and 699.58 μg/kg dry weight (dw), averaging at 209.61 μg/kg dw. Among the OPFRs detected, tributoxyethyl phosphate (TBEP) was identified as the main congener, followed by tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP), tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP), and trimethyl phosphate (TMP). Source analysis, conducted through correlation coefficients and PCA, indicated that OPFRs in agricultural soils within the YRD region mainly originate from emissions related to plastic products and transportation. The health risk exposure to ΣOPFRs in agricultural soil was considered negligible for farmers, with values below 1.24 × 10-2 and 1.76 × 10-9 for noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic risks, respectively. However, the ecological risk of ΣOPFRs in all the samples ranged from 0.08-1.08, indicating a medium to high risk level. The results offer a comprehensive understanding of OPFR pollution in agricultural soils in the YRD region and can be useful for pollution control that mitigates ecological and health risks in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxiang Han
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jiating Zhao
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zhiheng Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Zhejiang, 310018, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lizhong Zhu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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Tsegay G, Lartey-Young G, Sibhat M, Gao Y, Guo LC, Meng XZ. An integrated approach to assess human health risk of neonicotinoid insecticides in surface water of the Yangtze River Basin, China. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 469:133915. [PMID: 38452669 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Neonicotinoids are widely used insecticides that have raised considerable concerns for both environmental and human health. However, there lack of comprehensive evaluation of their accumulation in surface water ecosystems and exposure to various human groups. Additionally, there's a distinct lack of scientific evidence describing the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic impacts of neonicotinoids from surface water. Using an integrated approach employing the Relative Potency Factor (RPF), Hazard Index (HI), and Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS), the study assessed neonicotinoid exposure and risk to four demographic groups via dermal contact and mistaken oral intake pathways in the Yangtze River Basin (YRB), China. Neonicotinoid concentrations range from 0.1 to 408.12 ng/L, indicating potential risk (10-3 to 10-1) across the studied demographic groups. The Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk (ILCR) for dermal contact was within a moderate range of 2.00 × 10-3 to 1.67 × 10-2, while the mistaken oral intake was also within a moderate range of 3.07 × 10-3 to 7.05 × 10-3. The Hazard Index (HI) for dermal exposure ranged from 1.49 × 10-2 to 0.125, while for mistaken oral intake, it varied between 2.69 × 10-2 and 0.14. The findings highlight the importance of implementing specific interventions to address neonicotinoid exposure, especially among demographic groups that are more susceptible. This research underscores the urgent need for targeted strategies to address neonicotinoid risks to vulnerable populations within the YRB while contributing to insights for effective policies to mitigate neonicotinoid exposure in surface water ecosystems globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gedion Tsegay
- UNEP-TONGJI Institute of Environment for Sustainable Development (IESD), College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China; Jiaxing-Tongji Environmental Research Institute, 1994 Linggongtang Road, Jiaxing 314051, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - George Lartey-Young
- UNEP-TONGJI Institute of Environment for Sustainable Development (IESD), College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Marta Sibhat
- UNEP-TONGJI Institute of Environment for Sustainable Development (IESD), College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yunze Gao
- Jiaxing-Tongji Environmental Research Institute, 1994 Linggongtang Road, Jiaxing 314051, Zhejiang Province, China; Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ling-Chuan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xiang-Zhou Meng
- Jiaxing-Tongji Environmental Research Institute, 1994 Linggongtang Road, Jiaxing 314051, Zhejiang Province, China; Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China.
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Lian M, Wang J, Wang Z, Lin C, Gu X, He M, Liu X, Ouyang W. Occurrence, bioaccumulation and trophodynamics of organophosphate esters in the marine biota web of Laizhou Bay, Bohai Sea. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 469:134035. [PMID: 38490147 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
The trophodynamic of organophosphate esters (OPEs) has not been known well despite their widespread occurrence in the aquatic environments. In this study, ten species of crustacean, seven species of mollusk, and 22 species of fish were collected in the Laizhou Bay (LZB) to examine the occurrence, bioaccumulation, and trophic transfer, and health risk of eight traditional OPEs and three emerging oligomeric OPEs. The results showed that total concentration of OPEs was 2.04 to 28.6 ng g-1 ww in the muscle of crustacean, mollusk, and fish and 2.62 to 60.6 ng g-1 ww in the fish gill. Chlorinated OPEs averagely contributed to over 85% of total OPEs while oligomeric OPEs averagely accounted for approximate 4%. The average log apparent bioaccumulation factor (ABAF) ranged from - 0.4 L kg-1 ww for triethyl phosphate to 2.4 L kg-1 ww for resorcinol-bis (diphenyl) phosphate. Apparent trophic magnification factors (ATMF) of individual OPE were generally less than 1, demonstrating the biodilution effect of the OPEs in the organism web of LZB. Additionally, the log ABAF and ATMF of OPEs were significantly positively correlated to their log Kow but negatively correlated to their biotransformation rate constant (BRC). Therefore, the OPEs with high Kow and low BRC tend to more accumulate in the marine organisms. The health risks associated with OPEs through the consumption of the seafood from the bay were low, even at high exposure scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoshan Lian
- Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Zongxing Wang
- First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 6 Xianxialing Road, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Chunye Lin
- Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Xiang Gu
- Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Mengchang He
- Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xitao Liu
- Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Wei Ouyang
- Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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Liu Y, Chen L, Li H, Song Y, Yang Z, Cui Y. Occurrence of organophosphorus flame retardants in Xiangjiang River: Spatiotemporal variations, potential affecting factors, and source apportionment. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 355:141822. [PMID: 38561157 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The environmental occurrence of organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) is receiving increasing attention. However, their distribution in the Xiangjiang River, an important tributary in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, is still uncharacterized, and the potential factors influencing their distribution have not been adequately surveyed. In this study, the occurrence of OPFRs in the Xiangjiang River was comprehensively investigated from upstream to downstream seasonally. Fourteen OPFRs were detected in the sampling area, with a total concentration (∑OPFRs) ranging from 3.16 to 462 ng/L, among which tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate was identified as the primary pollutant (ND - 379 ng/L). Specifically, ∑OPFRs were significantly lower in the wet season than in the dry season, which may be due to the dilution effect of river flow and enhanced volatilization caused by higher water temperatures. Additionally, Changsha (during the dry season) and Zhuzhou (during the wet season) exhibited higher pollution levels than other cities. According to the Redundancy analysis, water quality parameters accounted for 35.7% of the variation in the occurrence of OPFRs, in which temperature, ammonia nitrogen content, dissolved oxygen, and chemical oxygen demand were identified as the potential influencing factors, accounting for 28.1%, 27.2%, 24.1%, and 11.5% of the total variation, respectively. The results of the Positive Matrix Factorization analysis revealed that transport and industrial emissions were the major sources of OPFRs in Xiangjiang River. In addition, there were no high-ecological risk cases for any individual OPFRs, although tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate and tributoxyethyl phosphate presented a low-to-medium risk level. And the results of mixture risk quotients indicated that medium-risk sites were concentrated in the Chang-Zhu-Tan region. This study enriches the global data of OPFRs pollution and contributes to the scientific management and control of pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Leilei Chen
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Haipu Li
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Changsha, 410083, China.
| | - Yang Song
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Zhaoguang Yang
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Yue Cui
- Hunan Hydrology and Water Resources Survey Center, Changsha, 410081, China
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Marlina N, Hassan F, Chao HR, Latif MT, Yeh CF, Horie Y, Shiu RF, Hsieh YK, Jiang JJ. Organophosphate esters in water and air: A minireview of their sources, occurrence, and air-water exchange. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 356:141874. [PMID: 38575079 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) have received considerable attention in environmental research due to their extensive production, wide-ranging applications, prevalent presence, potential for bioaccumulation, and associated ecological and health concerns. Low efficiency of OPE removal results in the effluents of wastewater treatment plants emerging as a significant contributor to OPE contamination. Their notable solubility and mobility give OPEs the potential to be transported to coastal ecosystems via river discharge and atmospheric deposition. Previous research has indicated that OPEs have been widely detected in the atmosphere and water bodies. Atmospheric deposition across air-water exchange is the main input route for OPEs into the environment and ecosystems. The main processes that contribute to air-water exchange is air-water diffusion, dry deposition, wet deposition, and the air-water volatilization process. The present minireview links together the source, occurrence, and exchange of OPEs in water and air, integrates the occurrence and profile data, and summarizes their air-water exchange in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelly Marlina
- Advanced Environmental Ultra Research Laboratory (ADVENTURE) & Department of Environmental Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan, 320314, Taiwan; Department of Civil Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan, 320314, Taiwan
| | - Fahir Hassan
- Advanced Environmental Ultra Research Laboratory (ADVENTURE) & Department of Environmental Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan, 320314, Taiwan; Faculty of Engineering, University of Jember, Jember, 68121, Indonesia
| | - How-Ran Chao
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, 91201, Taiwan
| | - Mohd Talib Latif
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chi-Fu Yeh
- Hwa-Ying Environment Technical Consultants Co., Ltd., Kaohsiung, 81463, Taiwan
| | - Yoshifumi Horie
- Research Center for Inland Seas (KURCIS), Kobe University, Fukaeminami-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, 658-0022, Japan
| | - Ruei-Feng Shiu
- Institute of Marine Environment and Ecology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 20224, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Kung Hsieh
- Climate Change Research Center, National Environmental Research Academy, Taoyuan, 320680, Taiwan.
| | - Jheng-Jie Jiang
- Advanced Environmental Ultra Research Laboratory (ADVENTURE) & Department of Environmental Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan, 320314, Taiwan; Center for Environmental Risk Management (CERM), Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan, 320314, Taiwan; Research Center for Carbon Neutrality and Net Zero Emissions, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan, 320314, Taiwan.
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Luo W, Yao S, Huang J, Wu H, Zhou H, Du M, Jin L, Sun J. Distribution and Risk Assessment of Organophosphate Esters in Agricultural Soils and Plants in the Coastal Areas of South China. TOXICS 2024; 12:286. [PMID: 38668509 PMCID: PMC11054690 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12040286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are frequently used as flame retardants and plasticizers in various commercial products. While initially considered as substitutes for brominated flame retardants, they have faced restrictions in some countries due to their toxic effects on organisms. We collected 37 soil and crop samples in 20 cities along the coast of South China, and OPEs were detected in all of them. Meanwhile, we studied the contamination and potential human health risks of OPEs. In soil samples, the combined concentrations of eight OPEs varied between 74.7 and 410 ng/g, averaging at 255 ng/g. Meanwhile, in plant samples, the collective concentrations of eight OPEs ranged from 202 to 751 ng/g, with an average concentration of 381 ng/g. TDCIPP, TCPP, TCEP, and ToCP were the main OPE compounds in both plant and soil samples. Within the study area, the contaminants showed different spatial distributions. Notably, higher OPEs were found in coastal agricultural soils in Guangdong Province and crops in the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. The results of an ecological risk assessment show that the farmland soil along the southern coast of China is at high or medium ecological risk. The average non-carcinogenic risk and the carcinogenic risk of OPEs in soil through ingestion and dermal exposure routes are within acceptable levels. Meanwhile, this study found that the dietary intake of OPEs through food is relatively low, but twice as high as other studies, requiring serious attention. The research findings suggest that the human risk assessment indicates potential adverse effects on human health due to OPEs in the soil-plant system along the coast of South China. This study provides a crucial foundation for managing safety risks in agricultural operations involving OPEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangxing Luo
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, China; (W.L.); (H.Z.); (M.D.)
- Iron Man Environmental Technology Co., Ltd., Foshan 528000, China
| | - Siyu Yao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong; (S.Y.); (L.J.)
| | - Jiahui Huang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, China; (W.L.); (H.Z.); (M.D.)
| | - Haochuan Wu
- School of Housing, Building and Planning, Universiti Sains Malaysia, George Town 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia;
| | - Haijun Zhou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, China; (W.L.); (H.Z.); (M.D.)
| | - Mingjiang Du
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, China; (W.L.); (H.Z.); (M.D.)
| | - Ling Jin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong; (S.Y.); (L.J.)
| | - Jianteng Sun
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, China; (W.L.); (H.Z.); (M.D.)
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9
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Qin H, Bu D, Zhang Z, Han G, Huang K, Liu C. Organophosphorus flame retardants in fish from the middle reaches of the Yangtze River: Tissue distribution, age-dependent accumulation and ecological risk assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 354:141663. [PMID: 38479684 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Two fish species from the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, China, were sampled to investigate the occurrence, tissue distribution, age-dependent accumulation and ecological risk assessment of 24 organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs). Seventeen OPFRs were detected in tissue samples with a total concentration ranging from not detected (ND) to 1092 ng g-1 dw. Cl-OPFRs were predominant in all tissues (mean: 145 ng g-1 dw, median: 72.9 ng g-1 dw) and the concentrations of OPFRs in brain were the greatest (crucian carp: 525 ng g-1 dw, silver carp: 56.0 ng g-1 dw) compared with the other three organs (e.g., liver, muscle and gonad). Furthermore, the total concentrations of OPFRs in crucian carp tissues were significantly greater than those in silver carp (P < 0.01). Age-dependent accumulation of OPFRs was observed in the two fish species, but the accumulation profiles in the two fish species were different. Ecological risk assessment demonstrated that both fish species were at medium to high risk, and TDCIPP was a main contributor (>50%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyu Qin
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Dianping Bu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zihan Zhang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Guixin Han
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Kai Huang
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Chunsheng Liu
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.
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10
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Yang F, Wan Y, Wang Y, Li S, Xu S, Xia W. Occurrence of pentachlorophenol in surface water from the upper to lower reaches of the Yangtze River and treated water in Wuhan, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:25589-25599. [PMID: 38478308 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32821-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Pentachlorophenol (PCP), a persistent organic pollutant, has been banned in many countries, but it is still used in China as a wood preservative, molluscicide, or reagent for fish-pond cleaning, which may pose risks to the ecosystem and humans. However, data on the occurrence of PCP in the environment are scarce in the recent decade. The Yangtze River was regarded as a priority area of PCP pollution according to previous documents. This study aimed to examine the spatial distribution of PCP in the Yangtze River water, the differences in dry and wet seasons, the ecological risk for aquatic organisms, and its removal efficiency in tap water treatment plants. The river water samples (n = 144) were collected from the upper, middle, and lower reaches across ten provinces (or municipalities) in December 2020 and June 2021, respectively. PCP was detected in 88.9% of all the samples, ranging from
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengting Yang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Yanjian Wan
- Center for Public Health Laboratory Service, Institute of Environmental Health, Wuhan Centers for Disease Prevention & Control, Wuhan, Hubei, 430024, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Shulan Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Shunqing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Wei Xia
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.
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11
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Xu Y, Yang L, Li J, Li N, Hu L, Zuo R, Jin S. Determination of the binding affinities of OPEs to integrin α vβ 3 and elucidation of the underlying mechanisms via a competitive binding assay, pharmacophore modeling, molecular docking and QSAR modeling. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 466:133650. [PMID: 38309170 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) can cause adverse biological effects through binding to integrin αvβ3. However, few studies have focused on the binding activity and mechanism of OPEs to integrin αvβ3. Herein, a comprehensive investigation of the mechanisms by which OPEs bind to integrin αvβ3 and determination of the binding affinity were conducted by in vitro and in silico approaches: competitive binding assay as well as pharmacophore, molecular docking and QSAR modeling. The results showed that all 18 OPEs exhibited binding activities to integrin αvβ3; moreover, hydrogen bonds were identified as crucial intermolecular interactions. In addition, essential factors, including the -P = O structure of OPEs, key amino acid residues and suitable cavity volume of integrin αvβ3, were identified to contribute to the formation of hydrogen bonds. Moreover, aryl-OPEs exhibited a lower binding activity with integrin αvβ3 than halogenated- and alkyl-OPEs. Ultimately, the QSAR model constructed in this study was effectively used to predict the binding affinity of OPEs to integrin αvβ3, and the results suggest that some OPEs might pose potential risks in aquatic environments. The results of this study comprehensively elucidated the binding mechanism of OPEs to integrin αvβ3, and supported the environmental risk management of these emerging pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xu
- Engineering Research Center of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, Ministry of Education, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Engineering Research Center of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, Ministry of Education, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Jian Li
- Engineering Research Center of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, Ministry of Education, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Na Li
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Litang Hu
- Engineering Research Center of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, Ministry of Education, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Rui Zuo
- Engineering Research Center of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, Ministry of Education, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Shaowei Jin
- Institution National Supercomputing Shenzhen Center, Shenzhen 518052, China
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12
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Fu L, Liu Y, Lin S, Xiao J, Li W, Yu Y, Zeng H, Li P, Fang H. Co-occurrence of organophosphate esters and phosphorus fractions in river sediments: Implications for pollution prediction and environment risk assessment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 465:133262. [PMID: 38141294 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) and phosphorus (P) are widespread pollutants in aquatic ecosystems, presenting potential ecological risks. However, there is still a lack of comprehensive understanding of their relationships in sediments. In this study, we investigated the co-occurrence and behaviors of the OPEs and P in urban river sediments. The results indicated serious OPE and P pollution in the study area, with substantial spatial variations in the contents and compositions. The OPE congeners and P fractions exhibited different correlations, particularly more significant linear relationships (R = 0.455 - 0.816, p < 0.05) were observed between the aryl-OPEs and P fractions, potentially due to the influence from sources, physicochemical properties, and total organic carbon. About 56 to 71% of variability in predicting the concentrations of aryl-OPE can be explained by the multiple linear regression model using the Fe/Al- and Ca-bound P contents. The study regions exhibited greater aryl-OPEs ecological risks were consistent with the regions with more serious Total P pollution levels. This study represents the first report demonstrating the potential of Fe/Al-P and Ca-P contents in predicting aryl-OPE contents in heavily polluted sediments, providing a useful reference to comprehensively assess the occurrence and environmental behaviors of aryl-OPEs in anthropogenic polluted sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingfang Fu
- National Key Laboratory of Water Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Water and Air Pollution Control, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Yuxin Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Water Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Water and Air Pollution Control, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shu Lin
- National Key Laboratory of Water Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Water and Air Pollution Control, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Jieer Xiao
- National Key Laboratory of Water Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Water and Air Pollution Control, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Weijie Li
- National Key Laboratory of Water Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Water and Air Pollution Control, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Yang Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Water Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Water and Air Pollution Control, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Hailong Zeng
- National Key Laboratory of Water Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Water and Air Pollution Control, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Ping Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Huaiyang Fang
- National Key Laboratory of Water Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Water and Air Pollution Control, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China.
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13
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Ke Z, Tang J, Sun J, Bu Q, Yang L, Xu Y. Influence of watershed characteristics and human activities on the occurrence of organophosphate esters related to dissolved organic matter in estuarine surface water. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 914:169956. [PMID: 38211871 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.169956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are widespread in aquatic environments and pose potential threats to ecosystem and human health. Here, we profiled OPEs in surface water samples of heavily urbanized estuaries in eastern China and investigated the influence of watershed characteristics and human activities on the spatial distribution of OPEs related to dissolved organic matter (DOM). The total OPE concentration ranged from 22.3 to 1201 ng/L, with a mean of 162.6 ± 179.8 ng/L. Chlorinated OPEs were the predominant contaminant group, accounting for 27.4-99.6 % of the total OPE concentration. Tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate, tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate, and tributyl phosphate were the dominant compounds, with mean concentrations of 111.2 ± 176.0 ng/L, 22.6 ± 21.5 ng/L, and 14.8 ± 14.9 ng/L, respectively. Variable OPE levels were observed in various functional areas, with significantly higher concentrations in industrial areas than in other areas. Potential source analysis revealed that sewage treatment plant effluents and industrial activities were the primary OPE sources. The total OPE concentrations were negatively correlated to the mean slope, plan curvature, and elevation, indicating that watershed characteristics play a role in the occurrence of OPEs. Individual OPEs (triisobutyl phosphate, tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate, tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate, and tricresyl phosphate) and Σalkyl-OPEs were positively correlated to the night light index or population density, suggesting a significant contribution of human activity to OPE pollution. The co-occurrence of OPEs and DOM was also observed, and the fluorescence indices of DOM were found to be possible indicators for tracing OPEs. These findings can elucidate the potential OPE dynamics in response to DOM in urbanized estuarine water environments with intensive human activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyan Ke
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315800, China
| | - Jianfeng Tang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315800, China.
| | - Jing Sun
- College of Resources and Environment, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China
| | - Qingwei Bu
- School of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology-Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Lei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yaoyang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315800, China
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14
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Wang Y, Ma Y, Zhang J, Li Z, Wang F, Wu SY, Mu J, Zou X, Liu J, Zhan Z, Hou S. Occurrence, distribution, potential sources, and risks of organophosphate esters in fresh snow on Urumqi Glacier No. 1, eastern Tien Shan, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169149. [PMID: 38061641 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs), extensively used as flame retardants, are widely detected in various regions and environments. The potential toxicity of OPEs has caused great concern in recent years. Based on the global distillation model, the Tien Shan glaciers, such as Urumqi Glacier No. 1, could be as a potential "sink" for OPEs. However, little is known about the concentration, distribution, potential sources, and ecological risks of OPEs in Tien Shan glaciers. In this study, fresh snow samples were collected at various altitudes on the Urumqi Glacier No. 1, eastern Tien Shan, China. The total concentrations of ten OPEs (Σ10OPEs) ranged from 116 to 152 ng/L. The most abundant OPE was tris-(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP), contributing to 74 % of the total OPEs. Σ10OPEs, tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP), and TCIPP concentrations showed positive correlations with altitude, indicating the effect of cold condensation on OPEs deposition. Based on air mass back-trajectory analysis and principal component analysis, we found that emissions from both traffic and household products in indoor environment were the important sources, and OPEs on the Urumqi Glacier No. 1 might mainly originate from Europe. Our assessment also showed triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) posed a low ecological risk in snow. This is the first systematic study of OPEs on the Tien Shan glaciers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yishen Wang
- School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Yuxin Ma
- School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China.
| | - Jinghua Zhang
- School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Zhongqin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Feiteng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Shuang-Ye Wu
- Department of Geology and Environmental Geosciences, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469, USA
| | - Jianxin Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiang Zou
- School of Geography, Geomatics, and Planning, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Jianjie Liu
- School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Zhaojun Zhan
- School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Shugui Hou
- School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China.
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Zhang Y, Cheng X, Chen X, Ding L, Xiao H, Liu K, Yang S, Li H, He H. Interannual variation and machine learning simulation of organophosphate esters in Taihu Lake. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 461:132654. [PMID: 37788554 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are widespread in water bodies and have attracted public attention due to their hazards. This study investigated the presence of OPEs in surface water of Taihu Lake from 2012 and 2021-2022. The OPEs concentration was compared ten years ago and ten years later. Water and meteorological parameters were ranked using the random forest (RF) model, and OPEs concentration in lakes was simulated using selected parameters as inputs. The concentration of Σ7OPEs was higher ten years ago compared to ten years later. There was no significant seasonal difference in Σ7OPEs from 2021-2022, while the concentration of Σ7OPEs in 2012 was lower in summer than in other seasons. The spatial distribution of the two interannual Σ7OPEs exhibited a decreasing trend from the northwest region. The results of RF importance ranking and redundancy analysis showed that NH3-N, TN, TP, water temperature and relative humidity were the most influential factors affecting OPEs concentrations. RF models performed better for TnBP, as indicated by training R and test R values are excellent and relatively low errors. Our results demonstrated that machine learning models were useful in facilitating efficient monitoring and assessment of OPEs contamination in lakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuteng Zhang
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xinying Cheng
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xianxian Chen
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lei Ding
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Hui Xiao
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Kai Liu
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shaogui Yang
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Huiming Li
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Environmental Risk Prevention and Emergency Response Technology, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Huan He
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Environmental Risk Prevention and Emergency Response Technology, Nanjing 210023, China.
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Lin J, Liao L, Sun T, Gu J, Yang X, Zhang L, Gao Z, Feng S. Spatial and temporal variability and risk assessment of organophosphate esters in seawater and sediments of the Yangtze River estuary. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 198:115904. [PMID: 38096696 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) as substitutes for PBDEs have been widely detected in the marine environment, while little is known about the pollution characteristics and variation of OPEs in estuarine environments with complex hydrodynamic conditions and land-based input. Yangtze River Estuary (YRE) is a typical highly urbanized and industrialized estuary, with a complex hydrological environment and geochemical behavior. This study found that the concentrations of OPEs in both seawater and sediments in the YRE were higher in spring than in summer. Alkyl OPEs were the first contributor, with TnBP and TiBP as the main components, where the contribution of alkyl OPEs had exceeded 75 % in both seawater and sediments in spring, and 60 % in summer seawater, and even 80 % in sediments. In spring, OPEs peaked in the central to southern region near the YRE. In summer, OPEs were mainly concentrated in the southern branch waterway and southern nearshore area of the YRE and showed a decreasing trend to the northeast. The OPEs in the sediments were mainly concentrated in the Yangtze River Mud Area (YREMA) and the Zhe-Min Coastal Mud Area (ZMCMA). Based on the fugacity model and principal component analysis, sediments could be released into the aquatic environment as an endogenous source, and exogenous sources were mainly municipal and industrial sewage discharge sources, urban and marine traffic discharge sources, and atmospheric deposition sources. The ecological risk analysis showed that the Σ14OPEs had exhibited a low to moderate ecological risk in the southern branch waterway and the south-central region offshore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianing Lin
- Institute of Eco-Environmental Forensics, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Lingzhi Liao
- Institute of Eco-Environmental Forensics, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Ting Sun
- Institute of Eco-Environmental Forensics, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Jinzeng Gu
- Institute of Eco-Environmental Forensics, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Xiaoxian Yang
- Institute of Eco-Environmental Forensics, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Lutao Zhang
- Institute of Eco-Environmental Forensics, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China; Xingtai Gas Grp Co Ltd, Xingtai 054000, PR China.
| | - Zhenhui Gao
- Institute of Eco-Environmental Forensics, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Song Feng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China
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Balasch A, Moreno T, Eljarrat E. Assessment of Daily Exposure to Organophosphate Esters through PM 2.5 Inhalation, Dust Ingestion, and Dermal Contact. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:20669-20677. [PMID: 38035633 PMCID: PMC10720386 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c06174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Inhalation of airborne fine particulate matter (PM2.5), dust ingestion, and dermal contact with dust are important pathways for human exposure to different contaminants, such as organophosphate esters (OPE), compounds that are widely used as flame retardants and plasticizers. There are limited studies assessing the extent of the contamination of OPE in indoor airborne PM2.5. This study offers a novel approach by examining various indoor environments, such as homes, workplaces, and means of transport, where people typically spend their daily lives. The goal is to provide a comprehensive assessment of daily exposure to these pollutants. Both PM2.5 and dust samples were collected in order to determine the concentration levels of 17 different OPEs. Fifteen OPEs in PM2.5 and 16 in dust samples were detected. Concentration levels in indoor air ranged from 4.37 to 185 ng/m3 (median 24.4 ng/m3) and from 3.02 to 36.9 μg/g for the dust samples (median 10.2 μg/g). Estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of OPEs were calculated for adults, yielding median values of 3.97 ng/(kg bw × day) for EDIInhalation, 5.89 ng/(kg bw × day) for EDIDermal, and 1.75 ng/(kg bw × day) for EDIIngestion. Such levels lie below human health threshold risk limits, although in some cases they could be only 2 times below the threshold for carcinogenic risk, with a main contribution from tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP). Given this threshold proximity, additional exposure to these chemicals from other pathways, such as food ingestion, gas phase exposure, and/or inhalation of coarser particles (PM10-2.5), could therefore lead to health limit exceedances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleix Balasch
- Institute of Environmental Assessment
and Water Research (IDAEA)-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Moreno
- Institute of Environmental Assessment
and Water Research (IDAEA)-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ethel Eljarrat
- Institute of Environmental Assessment
and Water Research (IDAEA)-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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18
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Liu YS, Li HR, Lao ZL, Ma ST, Liao ZC, Song AM, Liu MY, Liu YS, Ying GG. Organophosphate esters (OPEs) in a heavily polluted river in South China: Occurrence, spatiotemporal trends, sources, and phase distribution. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 336:122492. [PMID: 37659627 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, organophosphate esters (OPEs) undergo rapid increase in production and use. Meanwhile, owing to their additive property, OPEs exhibit liability to escape from related products and therefore ubiquity in various environments. Moreover, numerous researches verify their bioavailability and negative effects on biota and human, hence their occurrence and associated risks have caught much concern, particularly those in aquatic systems. So far, however, OPEs in water are generally investigated as a whole, their phase distribution and behavior in waterbodies are incompletely characterized. We examined 25 OPEs in water (including dissolved and particulate phases), sediment, and sediment core samples from the Lian River, which flows through the Guiyu e-waste recycling zone and Shantou specific economic zone in South China. Compared to most global waterbodies, the Lian River showed high or ultrahigh OPE levels in both water and sediments, particularly in the reaches surrounded by e-waste recycling and plastic-related industries, which were the top two greatest OPE sources. Non-industrial and agriculture-related anthropogenic activities also contributed OPEs. Sediment core data suggested that OPEs have been present in waters in Guiyu since the 1960s and showed a temporal trend consistent with the local waste-recycling business. The phase distribution of OPEs in the Lian River was significantly correlated with their hydrophobicity and solubility. Owing to their wide range of physicochemical properties, OPE congeners showed significant percentage differences in the Lian River water and sediments. Generally, OPEs in water reflect their dynamic real-time inputs, while those in sediment signify their accumulative deposition, which is another cause of their phase distribution disparities in the Lian River. The physicochemical parameters of OPEs first imposed negative and then positive influences on their dissolved phase-sediment distribution, indicating the involvement of both the adsorption of dissolved OPEs and the deposition of particle-bound OPEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Shan Liu
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
| | - Hui-Ru Li
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
| | - Zhi-Lang Lao
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
| | - Sheng-Tao Ma
- School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, PR China.
| | - Zi-Cong Liao
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
| | - Ai-Min Song
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China.
| | - Ming-Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China.
| | - You-Sheng Liu
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
| | - Guang-Guo Ying
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
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19
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Sun J, Liu Q, Zhang R, Xing L. Organophosphate esters in rural wastewater along the Yangtze river Basin: Occurrence, removal efficiency and environmental implications. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 345:118830. [PMID: 37591091 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) discharged from rural domestic wastewater were one of the important sources of OPEs in receiving water bodies, which has posed a potential threat to the ecological environment. However, very little information on the characteristics of OPEs in the rural domestic wastewater is available. Herein, the occurrence, removal efficiency and environmental implication of OPEs in rural domestic wastewater treatment facilities (RD-WWTFs) along the Yangtze River Basin were investigated. Results indicated that the median concentrations of ΣAlkyl-OPEs, ΣHalogenated-OPEs, ΣAryl-OPEs and the total OPE (ΣOPEs) in influents were 28.28, 99.25, 10.22 and 136.84 ng/L, while the median concentrations of them in effluents were 25.80, 141.86, 7.98 and 173.31 ng/L, respectively. Undoubtedly, halogenated OPEs were the most abundant in both influent and effluent, followed by alkyl and aryl OPEs, and they accounted for average proportions of 69.50%, 19.96%and 10.54% for influents, and 78.16%, 16.14%and 5.71% for effluents, respectively. Specifically, tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP, median: 55.17 ng/L in influents and 85.75 ng/L in effluents) was the dominant contributor to the ΣOPEs concentrations with average proportions of 37.75% and 47.33% for influents and effluents, respectively. Moreover, the concentration ranks for most OPEs except for aryl OPEs from high to low were upper reaches > lower reaches > middle reaches. However, negative values of tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate (TCEP, -32.4%), TCPP (-55.4%) and tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (TDCPP, -26.3%) were observed. The removal rates of alkyl OPEs (10-20%) and aryl OPEs (20-30%) were also not sufficient. Ecological risk values of ΣOPEs showed that there were 2.44% of high risk, 31.7% of moderate risk and 41.5% of low risk for effluents; while 0.00%, 48.8% and 46.3% were exhibited in high, moderate and low risk for influents, indicating that very slight reduction in risk was achieved by the RD-WWTFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China; Suzhou Capital Greinworth Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd., Suzhou, 215126, China
| | - Qixuan Liu
- Suzhou Capital Greinworth Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd., Suzhou, 215126, China
| | - Rutao Zhang
- Suzhou Capital Greinworth Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd., Suzhou, 215126, China
| | - Liqun Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China; Nanjing University & Yancheng Academy of Environmental Protection Technology and Engineering, Yancheng, 224000, China; School of Wetlands, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng, 224007, China.
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20
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Tian YX, Wang Y, Chen HY, Ma J, Liu QY, Qu YJ, Sun HW, Wu LN, Li XL. Organophosphate esters in soils of Beijing urban parks: Occurrence, potential sources, and probabilistic health risks. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 879:162855. [PMID: 36931520 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are an emerging contaminant widely distributed in the soil. OPEs have drawn increasing attention for their biological toxicity and possible threat to human health. This research investigated the pollution characteristics of two typical OPEs, organophosphate triesters (tri-OPEs) and organophosphate diesters (di-OPEs), in soils of 104 urban parks in Beijing. The median concentrations of Σ11tri-OPEs and Σ8di-OPEs were 157 and 17.9 ng/g dw, respectively. Tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate were the dominant tri-OPE and di-OPE, respectively. Consumer materials (such as building insulation and decorative materials), traffic emissions, and reclaimed water irrigation may be critical sources of tri-OPEs in urban park soils. Di-OPEs mainly originated from the degradation of parent compounds and industrial applications. Machine learning models were employed to determine the influencing factors of OPEs and predict changes in their concentrations. The predicted OPEs concentrations in Beijing urban park soils in 2025 and 2030 are three times and five times those in 2018, respectively. According to probabilistic health risk assessment, non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks of OPEs can be negligible for children and adults. Our results could inform measures for preventing and controlling OPEs pollution in urban park soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y X Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Y Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - H Y Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - J Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Q Y Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Y J Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - H W Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - L N Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - X L Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
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21
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Yun D, Kang D, Cho KH, Baek SS, Jeon J. Characterization of micropollutants in urban stormwater using high-resolution monitoring and machine learning. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 235:119865. [PMID: 36934536 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Urban rainfall events can lead to the runoff of pollutants, including industrial, pesticide, and pharmaceutical chemicals. Transporting micropollutants (MPs) into water systems can harm both human health and aquatic species. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the dynamics of MPs during rainfall events. However, few studies have examined MPs during rainfall events due to the high analytical expenses and extensive spatiotemporal variability. Few studies have investigated the occurrence patterns of MPs and factors that influence their transport, such as rainfall duration, antecedent dry periods, and variations in streamflow. Moreover, while there have been many analyses of nutrients, suspended solids, and heavy metals during the first flush effect (FFE), studies on the transport of MPs during FFE are insufficient. This study aimed to identify the dynamics of MPs and FFE in an urban catchment, using high-resolution monitoring and machine learning methods. Hierarchical clustering analysis and partial least squares regression (PLSR) were implemented to estimate the similarity between each MP and identify the factors influencing their transport during rainfall events. Eleven dominant MPs comprised 75% of the total MP concentration and had a 100% detection frequency. During rainfall events, pesticides and pharmaceutical MPs showed a higher FFE than industrial MPs. Moreover, the initial 30% of the runoff volume contained 78.0% of pesticide and 50.1% of pharmaceutical substances for events W1 (July 5 to July 6, 2021) and W6 (August 31 to September 1, 2021), respectively. The PLSR model suggested that stormflow (m3/s) and the duration of antecedent dry hours (h) significantly influenced MP dynamics, yielding the variable importance on projection scores greater than 1.0. Hence, our findings indicate that MPs in urban waters should be managed by considering FFE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daeun Yun
- School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, 50 UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Daeho Kang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwondaehak-ro 20, Uichang-gu, Changwon-si, Gyeongsangnam-do 51140, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Hwa Cho
- School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, 50 UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea; Graduate School of Carbon Neutrality, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, 50 UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Soo Baek
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan-Si, Gyeongbuk 38541, South Korea.
| | - Junho Jeon
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwondaehak-ro 20, Uichang-gu, Changwon-si, Gyeongsangnam-do 51140, Republic of Korea; School of Smart and Green Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon, Gyeongsangnamdo 51140, Korea.
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22
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Zhang X, Bi Y, Fu M, Zhang X, Lei B, Huang X, Zhao Z. Organophosphate tri- and diesters in source water supply and drinking water treatment systems of a metropolitan city in China. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:2401-2414. [PMID: 35976479 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-022-01333-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The water contaminations with organophosphate triesters (tri-OPEs) and diesters (di-OPEs) have recently provoked concern. However, the distributions of these compounds in natural water sources and artificial water treatment facilities are poorly characterized. A comprehensive study was therefore performed to measure their concentrations in a water source, a long-distance water pipeline, and a drinking water treatment plant (DWTP). Eight tri-OPEs and 3 di-OPEs were found to be widely distributed, with total concentrations in source water and pipelines ranging from 290.6 to 843.9 ng/L. The most abundant pollutants were tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP), triethyl phosphate, tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP), and diphenyl phosphate (DPhP). Di-OPEs appeared to be removed less efficiently in the DWTP than the parent tri-OPEs, and the elimination efficiencies of tri-OPEs were structure-dependent. Long-distance pipeline transportation had no significant effect on the distributions of tri- and di-OPEs. Statistical analysis suggested that the sources of di-OPEs and the corresponding tri-OPEs differed, as did those of DPhP and di-n-butyl phosphate. A risk analysis indicated that tri-OPEs present limited ecological risks that are mainly due to TnBP and TCPP, and that the human health risks of tri-OPEs are negligible. However, di-OPEs (especially DPhP) may increase these risks. Further studies on the risks posed by di-OPEs in aquatic environments are therefore needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolan Zhang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Yuhao Bi
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Minghui Fu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- School of Public Health, Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Bingli Lei
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Xin Huang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Zhenzhen Zhao
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
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23
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Yue J, Sun C, Tang J, Zhang Q, Lou M, Sun H, Zhang L. Downregulation of miRNA-155-5p contributes to the adipogenic activity of 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Toxicology 2023; 487:153452. [PMID: 36764644 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2023.153452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
2-Ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP) is a commonly used organophosphorus flame retardant and food packaging material. Because of its high lipophilic and bioaccumulative properties, adipocytes are the primary target of EHDPP. However, the toxicity of EHDPP on preadipocytes and the potential mechanism have not been fully elucidated. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are thought to be an important mediator that contribute to the toxicity of environmental contaminants. To identify the miRNAs specifically responsible for EHDPP exposure and their role in EGDPP's toxicity in preadipocytes, the adipogenic effects and miRNA expression profiling were performed on 3T3-L1 preadipocytes exposed to EHDPP. EHDPP at concentrations of 1-10 μM promoted adipocyte differentiation, as evidenced by lipid staining, triglyceride content, and expression of adipogenesis markers. MiRNA-seq analysis revealed that 7 differentially expressed miRNAs were recognized under EHDPP exposure, with miR-155-5p being the top down-regulated miRNA. Quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis showed that miR-155-5p level fell sharply during the first 2 days and continued to fall dose-dependently throughout the EHDPP exposure period. MiR-155-5p inhibition promotes adipocyte differentiation, whereas its overexpression counteracted EHDPP-induced adipogenesis. Luciferase reporter assay identified CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta (C/EBPβ) as a target of miR-155-5p in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes in response to EHDPP. Taken together, EHDPP exposure down-regulated miR-155-5p, which then increased C/EBPβ and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) expression and promoted adipogenesis in preadipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Yue
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Safety Disposal and Recycling Technology, School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Caiting Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Safety Disposal and Recycling Technology, School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Jinyuan Tang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Safety Disposal and Recycling Technology, School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Qiyuan Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Safety Disposal and Recycling Technology, School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Mengjie Lou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Safety Disposal and Recycling Technology, School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Lianying Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Safety Disposal and Recycling Technology, School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
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24
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Yang J, Luo Y, Chen M, Lu H, Zhang H, Liu Y, Guo C, Xu J. Occurrence, spatial distribution, and potential risks of organic micropollutants in urban surface waters from qinghai, northwest China. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 318:137819. [PMID: 36640988 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.137819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Lack of knowledge on the destiny of organic micropollutants (OMPs) in the Tibetan Plateau region of China prevents the public from being aware of the need for protecting these unique aquatic ecosystems that are precious water resources and source areas of the Yellow River. To address this knowledge gap, this study systematically investigated the multi-residue analysis, distribution, and potential risks of six types of OMPs, namely, neonicotinoid pesticides (NEOs), fungicides, organophosphate esters (OPEs), organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs), psychoactive substances (PSs), and antidepressants (ADs), in surface waters of major cities in Qinghai. A total of 31 compounds, consisting of 8 NEOs, 1 fungicide, 12 OPEs, 2 OPPs, 5 PSs, and 3 ADs, were detected in >50% of the sites, showing their ubiquitous nature in the study area. Results showed that the total OMP concentration in surface water was 28.3-908 ng/L, and OPEs were the dominant composition (48.6%-97.4%). The risk quotient values of the detected diazinon and dursban regularly exceeded 1 for aquatic organisms at all sampling sites, indicating moderate-high chronic ecological risk. The joint probability curves showed that dursban and NEOs have higher risk levels than other OMPs. Although the results of the non-carcinogenic total hazard quotient of the OMPs in the surface water was less than 1 in all age groups and the carcinogenic risk was lower than the negligible risk level, the potential risks to children and infants were considerably greater and should not be underestimated. In addition to pollutant concentration and exposure duration, ingestion rate and body weight (BW) are also important factors affecting health risk, with BW having a negative effect. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this report is the first to describe OMP pollution in Qinghai, and the results provide new insight into the ecological security of the water resources of the Tibetan Plateau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangtao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Ying Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Miao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Haijian Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Changsheng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Jian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
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25
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Li M, Fei J, Zhang Z, Sun Q, Liu C. Organophosphate esters in Chinese rice: Occurrence, distribution, and human exposure risks. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 862:160915. [PMID: 36521608 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Dietary intake is a crucial pathway of organophosphate esters (OPEs) exposure for human. However, information about the exposure risk of OPEs via rice consumption is still largely unknown. In the present study, a total of 234 rice samples from 25 provinces or city of China were collected and the concentrations of 24 OPEs were determined. Sixteen OPEs were detected in these rice samples and each rice sample was contaminated with at least 5 OPEs, indicating a ubiquitous occurrence of OPEs in Chinese rice. Moreover, the concentrations of Σ16 OPEs ranged from 1.46 to 552.65 μg/kg dry weight (dw), with a mean value of 64.74 μg/kg dw. For the composition profile of OPEs, three Cl-OPEs, including tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tri(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP) and tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP), accounted for the highest proportion of Σ16 OPEs. For the spatial distribution of OPEs, although obvious spatial variations were observed among the 25 provinces or city, no obvious variations were found among the six rice-cultivating regions of China. Additionally, estimated dietary intakes (EDI) values of the 16 OPEs for adults and children were 1105.24 and 1399.13 ng/kg bw/day, respectively, under the high intake scenario. The hazard indexes of the 10 OPEs were 0.108 and 0.137 for adults and children, respectively. The risk assessment results indicated that Chinese adults and children did not suffer significant adverse effects from OPEs via rice intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jiamin Fei
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zihan Zhang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qian Sun
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chunsheng Liu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
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26
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Li W, Yuan Y, Wang S, Liu X. Occurrence, spatiotemporal variation, and ecological risks of organophosphate esters in the water and sediment of the middle and lower streams of the Yellow River and its important tributaries. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 443:130153. [PMID: 36244105 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Research on the environmental occurrence and behavior of organophosphate esters (OPEs) is very imperative. In this study, 12 targeted OPEs in the water and sediment samples collected from the middle and lower streams of the Yellow River (YR) and its tributaries during the dry, normal, and wet season were analyzed, to reveal their concentration, spatiotemporal variations, and ecological risks. The results indicated that the total concentration of OPEs (ΣOPE) ranged from 97.66 to 2433.30 ng/L in water, and from 47.33 to 234.08 ng/g in sediment. Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(2-chloroisopropyl)phosphate (TCIPP), and triethyl phosphate (TEP) were the most abundant OPEs in the surface water and sediment. The OPEs levels in river water were ranked as the order of dry > normal > wet season. The ΣOPE concentrations in water and sediment were relatively high in the central and lower sections of the YR. The resorcinol-bis(diphenyl)phosphate (RDP) effectively transferred from the overlying water to the sediment. TCEP and RDP posed relatively higher ecological risk than other OPEs. Municipal and chemical industrial discharge might be sources of OPEs in the middle and lower streams of the YR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanting Li
- School of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, PR China; College of Resources and Environmental Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, PR China
| | - Yin Yuan
- School of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, PR China
| | - Shiliang Wang
- School of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, PR China.
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- School of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, PR China
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27
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Chou L, Zhou C, Luo W, Guo J, Shen Y, Lin D, Wang C, Yu H, Zhang X, Wei S, Shi W. Identification of high-concern organic pollutants in tap waters from the Yangtze River in China based on combined screening strategies. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 857:159416. [PMID: 36244484 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Recently, numerous organic pollutants have been detected in water environment. The safety of our drinking water has attracted widespread attention. Effective methods to screen and identify high-concern substances are urgently needed. In this study, the combined workflow for the detection and identification of high-concern organic chemicals was established and applied to tap water samples from the Yangtze River Basin. The solid phase extraction (SPE) sorbents were compared and evaluated and finally the HLB cartridge was selected as the best one for most of the contaminants. Based on target, suspect and non-target analysis, 3023 chemicals/peaks were detected. Thirteen substances such as diundecyl phthalate (DUP), 2-hydroxyatrazine, dioxoaminopyrine and diethyl-2-phenylacetamide were detected in drinking water in the Yangtze River Basin for the very first time. Based on three kinds of prioritization principles, 49 ubiquitous, 103 characteristic chemicals and 13 inefficiently removed chemicals were selected as high-concern substances. Among them, 8, 31, 9, 3, 4 substances overlapped with the toxic, risky or high-concern chemicals lists in China, America, European Union, Japan, Korea, respectively. Specific management and removal strategies were further recommended. The workflow is efficient for identification of key pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liben Chou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chengzhuo Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wenrui Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jing Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Yanhong Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Die Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chang Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Hongxia Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Si Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Province Ecology and Environment Protection Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health Risk, Nanjing 210023, China
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Li S, Wan Y, Wang Y, He Z, Xu S, Xia W. Occurrence, spatial variation, seasonal difference, and ecological risk assessment of organophosphate esters in the Yangtze River, China: From the upper to lower reaches. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 851:158021. [PMID: 35970456 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive contamination profile of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in the Yangtze River in China has not yet been characterized. In this study, we investigated the occurrence, spatial variation, and seasonal difference of 18 selected OPEs in surface water samples of the Yangtze River mainstream. To characterize the contamination profile of the OPEs, we collected 144 Yangtze River water samples from 72 sampling sites in December 2020 and June 2021. Four alkyl-OPEs [trimethyl phosphate, triethyl phosphate (TEP), tributyl phosphate, and tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP)] and three halogenated OPEs [tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCIPP), and tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate] were the most frequently detected target compounds (>95%). TCIPP (median: 34.6 ng/L), TEP (median: 26.2 ng/L), and TCEP (median: 17.9 ng/L) were the most abundant compounds, while the median values of the others were below 10 ng/L. Additionally, the concentrations of most OPEs gradually/dramatically increased from upstream to downstream Yangtze River. Notably, the median concentration of summed OPEs in Shanghai (415 ng/L; downstream) was approximately ten times higher than that in Qinghai (45.7 ng/L; upstream). Urban sampling sites had significantly or slightly higher concentrations of most OPEs than rural sampling sites. Moreover, the OPE concentrations in the river water differed between the winter and summer. The concentrations of summed OPEs (median: 117 vs. 106 ng/L), summed alkyl-OPEs (67.0 vs. 45.8 ng/L; p < 0.05), and summed aryl-OPEs (0.48 vs. 0.17 ng/L; p < 0.05) were slightly or significantly higher in December than those in June; nevertheless, summed halogenated OPEs were slightly higher in June (62.2 vs. 50.2 ng/L) than that in December. Compared with previously reported data for OPEs in other major rivers worldwide, the Yangtze River water had relatively lower concentrations of the OPEs than those in the rivers of developed countries and regions. Ecological risk assessment suggested that tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate and TCEP posed relatively high risks (RQ: 1.01 and 0.98, respectively) at the maximum concentration, and TBOEP posed a moderate risk (RQ: 0.25). This is the first study to comprehensively characterize the contamination profile of the Yangtze River by the OPEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulan Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (HUST), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Yanjian Wan
- Institute of Environmental Health, Wuhan Centers for Disease Prevention & Control, Wuhan, Hubei 430024, China.
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (HUST), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Zhenyu He
- Institute of Environmental Health, Wuhan Centers for Disease Prevention & Control, Wuhan, Hubei 430024, China.
| | - Shunqing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (HUST), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Wei Xia
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (HUST), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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Pantelaki I, Voutsa D. Occurrence and removal of organophosphate esters in municipal wastewater treatment plants in Thessaloniki, Greece. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 214:113908. [PMID: 35843273 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
An integrate study regarding the occurrence and fate of eleven organophosphate esters (OPEs) was conducted at two wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in the area of Thessaloniki, Greece. Both plants employed conventional activated sludge process whereas as last treatment step the first unit use chlorination and the second one ozonation. OPEs were determined in dissolved fraction, total suspended solids and sludge from various treatment stages of WWTPs. Tris (2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP), tris (1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TClPP) and triphenylphosphine oxide (TPPO) were the most abundant compounds in influent and treated effluent. Triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) was also abundant in suspended solids and sludge. Total concentrations of ∑11OPEs ranged from 2144 to 9743 ng L-1 in influents, 1237-2909 ng L-1 in effluents and 3332-14294 ng g-1 dw in sludge. Removal rates from 55% to 80% were observed for most OPEs, whereas chlorinated OPEs, especially for tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) exhibited low removal efficiency. Mass balance analysis showed that biodegradation was the dominant removal mechanism contributing up to 85%. Sorption onto sludge was also relevant removal pathway for most compounds. Emissions of OPEs through effluents and sludge did not pose considerable risk to the aquatic and terrestrial environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Pantelaki
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54 124, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Dimitra Voutsa
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54 124, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Lin J, Zhang L, Zhang M, Zhang H, Guo C, Feng S, Xu J. Distribution, sources, and ecological risk of organophosphate esters in the urbanized Jiaozhou Bay, East China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:70167-70178. [PMID: 35583752 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20367-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs), substitutes of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, have been found in a variety of marine environmental matrices, whereas little is known about the feature and sources of seawater OPEs from the environments simultaneously affected by multiple anthropogenic activities. Jiaozhou Bay is one typical bay heavily disturbed by human activities, which was semi-enclosed and surrounded by large amounts of discharged rivers and catchments, various types of ports, and aquaculture farms. This study found that concentrations of Σ13OPEs ranged from 23.90 to 366.40 ng/L (median: 37.76 ng/L) in the seawater and from 90.15 to 1183.14 ng/L (median: 940.61 ng/L) in the inflowing river water. Tris (2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate, triethyl phosphate, and tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate were the predominant congener, with the percentage of 43.76%, 22.80%, and 14.01%, respectively, in the bay water and 52.47%, 11.31%, and 23.66% in the river water. The overall spatial distribution was characterized by a higher concentration of Σ13OPEs and halogenated-OPEs in the nearshore sites and in the inflowing rivers, which were surrounded by urbanized areas with dense anthropogenic activities, especially along the eastern coast. Effluent discharge and vehicular and marine traffic emissions were distinguished as two main plausible sources of OPEs to Jiaozhou Bay, based on the principal component analysis and Spearman correlations. Ecological risk analysis indicated that Σ13OPEs posed a low risk to aquatic organisms in the bay and low-to-medium risks in the inflowing rivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianing Lin
- Institute of Eco-Environmental Forensics, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, 266237, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
- Qingdao Institute of Humanities and Social Science, Shandong University, 266237, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Lutao Zhang
- Institute of Eco-Environmental Forensics, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, 266237, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
- Qingdao Institute of Humanities and Social Science, Shandong University, 266237, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingxing Zhang
- Bureau of Natural Resources and Planning, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, People's Republic of China
| | - Changsheng Guo
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, People's Republic of China.
| | - Song Feng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Jian Xu
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, People's Republic of China
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Zhu K, Sarvajayakesavalu S, Han Y, Zhang H, Gao J, Li X, Ma M. Occurrence, distribution and risk assessment of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in water sources from Northeast to Southeast China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 307:119461. [PMID: 35577264 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
With the wide utilization of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in recent years, OPEs have been detected more frequently in the aquatic environment. However, the distribution of OPEs in drinking source water has rarely been investigated across a large region. In this study, the occurrence and distribution of 13 OPEs were investigated in 23 source water sites from Northeast to Southeast (spacing greater than 3320 km) with a direct injection ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method. Total OPEs ranged from 218.8 to 636.6 ng/L, with a mean of 380.8 ng/L. The average detected concentration of OPEs in southern cities was higher than that in northern cities. Chlorinated OPEs accounted for 64.74% of the total concentration. Triethyl phosphate (TEP), tri (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), and tri (chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP) were detected in all water samples. Rainfall is a significant factor that affects the OPE concentration (less rainfall, higher concentration). China's OPE concentrations have rapidly reached a median level when compared to those of other countries. Ecological risk assessment showed that most OPEs have no or low risk to organisms (fish, crustacea, algae), except tricresyl phosphate (TCP), which is medium risk. The risk of OPEs in less-rain regions needs to be of greater concern, especially TCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kongrui Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Suriyanarayanan Sarvajayakesavalu
- Vinayaka Mission Kirupananda Variyar Arts and Science College, Vinayaka Mission's Research Foundation (Deemed to Be University), Salem, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Yingnan Han
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Junmin Gao
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Xinyan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Quality Improvement and Ecological Restoration for Watersheds, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Mei Ma
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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Wu JY, Zhu T, Chen ZM, Guo JS, Hou XY, Wang DR, Zhang LX, Gao JM. Occurrence, seasonal variation, potential sources, and risks of organophosphate esters in a cold rural area in Northeast China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 834:155361. [PMID: 35460793 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) in the environment have been the focus of increasing attention due to their ubiquity and potential toxicity. However, there is little information on the occurrence and characteristics of OPEs in rural areas, especially those with cold year-round temperatures and frozen soil in winter. In this study, environmental samples were collected, in summer and winter, from villages and towns in Northeast China differing in the types and intensities of their anthropogenic activities. The samples were analyzed for 12 OPEs. The results showed the widespread presence of alkyl-OPEs, Cl-OPEs, and aryl-OPEs in the water, soil, snow, and ice of the study sites. In summer, tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP) and tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) were the primary compounds in water and soil, respectively. The ∑12OPE concentration in three villages varied from 46.26 to 257.37 ng/L in water, and from 6.62 to 19.46 ng/g in soils. The ∑12OPE concentrations in water were lower in winter than summer, but conversely, ∑12OPE concentrations in frozen soils in winter were higher than those in soils in summer. In winter, there was a shift in the predominant OPEs in water and frozen soils, with dominance of TCEP and complex compounds, respectively. Obvious seasonal characteristics of the potential sources and ecological risks of OPEs in these areas were also determined, with more complex sources of OPEs seen in summer than winter. In summer, only 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP) in water posed a potential risk, while in summer and, especially, in winter, EHDPP and tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate posed potential risks in soils. The high ∑12OPE concentration in snow (56.77 ng/L) implied that wet deposition can amplify OPEs in other environmental compartments. This is the first systematic report on OPEs in a cold rural area. Our findings highlight the need for seasonal monitoring of OPEs in similar areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Yong Wu
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Tong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Zhu-Man Chen
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Jin-Song Guo
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Xian-Yu Hou
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - De-Rui Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Li-Xia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Jun-Min Gao
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China.
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Liu Y, Xu M, Le Y, Wang W, Li Y, Li X, Wang C. Sex-dependent effect of triphenyl phosphate on hepatic energy metabolism at the intersection of diet pattern in pubertal mice. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 241:113850. [PMID: 36068767 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) is mostly residual in fat-rich foodstuff and ingestion is the main route for adolescents' exposure. As a typical metabolic disruptor, however, sex-specific effect of TPhP-high fat diet (HFD) co-exposure in adolescent remains unknown. This study revealed that HFD exacerbated systematic inflammation and insulin insensitivity in female mice at pubertal stage after exposure to 25 mg/kg TPhP or above. Notably, the pattern of sexual selective metabolic disruption caused by TPhP was irrespective of diet after examined mice both in HFD and normal diet feeding. Female mice favored the energy storage in forms of D-glucose 6-phosphate, D-fructose 6-phosphate and triglyceride. That was further supported by mRNA levels of key enzymes in glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and lipid metabolism. Contrastingly, the elevation of the corresponding genes ensuing by the depleted metabolites were observed in males. In mechanistic investigation, we observed a declination of serum estrogen, a master of energy homeostasis, in both sexes, irrespective of diet. However, only male mice displayed estrogen-hypothalamus negative feedback, supporting by the upregulation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Rather than the well-recognized estrogen receptor α, hepatic G protein-coupled estrogen receptor manifested sexual dichotomy, which desensitized to estrogenic response only in females. Collectively, this study posited that females were more susceptible to store energy under TPhP-HFD than males during pubertal partially through estrogenic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- School of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengting Xu
- School of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifei Le
- School of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanyue Wang
- School of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Li
- School of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowen Li
- Cangzhou Medical College, Cangzhou, Hebei, People's Republic of China.
| | - Cui Wang
- School of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China; Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
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Liu W, Zhang H, Ding J, He W, Zhu L, Feng J. Waterborne and Dietary Bioaccumulation of Organophosphate Esters in Zooplankton Daphnia magna. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19159382. [PMID: 35954739 PMCID: PMC9367849 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19159382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are widely used as an additive in flame retardants, plasticizers, lubricants, consumer chemicals, and foaming agents. They can accumulate in aquatic organisms from water (waterborne exposure) and food (dietary exposure). However, the bioaccumulation characteristics and relative importance of different exposure routes to the bioaccumulation of OPEs are relatively poorly understood. In this study, Daphnia magna were exposed to fo typical OPEs (tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP), tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP), and triphenyl phosphate (TPHP)), and their toxicokinetics under waterborne and dietary exposure routes were analyzed. For the waterborne exposure route, the bioconcentration factors (BCFs) increased in the order of TBOEP, TCEP, TDCPP, and TPHP, which were consistent with their uptake rate constants. TPHP might have the most substantial accumulation potential while TBOEP may have the smallest potential. In dietary exposure, the depuration rate constants of four OPEs were different from those in the waterborne experiment, which may indicate other depuration mechanisms in two exposure routes. The biomagnification factors (BMFs) of fur OPEs were all below 1, suggesting trophic dilution in the transfer of four OPEs from Scenedesmus obliquus to D. magna. Except for TBOEP, the contributions of dietary exposure were generally lower than waterborne exposure in D. magna under two exposure concentrations. This study provides information on the bioaccumulation and contribution of OPEs in D. magna via different exposure routes and highlights the importance of considering different exposure routes in assessing the risk of OPEs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Lin Zhu
- Correspondence: (L.Z.); (J.F.)
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35
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Lian M, Lin C, Li Y, Hao X, Wang A, He M, Liu X, Ouyang W. Distribution, partitioning, and health risk assessment of organophosphate esters in a major tributary of middle Yangtze River using Monte Carlo simulation. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 219:118559. [PMID: 35576759 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Globally, organophosphate esters (OPEs) have attracted substantial attention because of their ubiquity in the environment, toxicity, and potential ecological and health risks. This study comprehensively investigated the occurrence, partitioning, and spatial distribution of nine ordinary monomeric OPEs (m-OPEs) and three emerging oligomeric OPEs (o-OPEs) in a major tributary of the middle Yangtze River, which is the Zijiang River (ZR), and their associated potential health risks. Total OPE concentrations ranged from 18.8 to 439 ng L-1, 1.40 to 19.1 ng L-1, and 3.71 to 77.3 ng g-1 dw in the surface water, suspended particulate matter (SPM), and sediment, respectively. Tris (2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP) dominated the water (61.3%) and sediment (60.1%) samples, whereas tris (2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP) was present in the SPM (59.0%) samples. The proportion of o-OPEs was low in all three media, ranging from 0.60% to 1.90%. Field-based log Koc values of the frequently detected OPEs were higher than those predicted by EPI Suite and were negatively correlated with temperature. The spatial distribution of OPEs in the water and hierarchical cluster analysis suggested that sewage treatment plant effluents and the mining industry were the main sources of OPEs in the ZR. The total noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic risks of OPEs in the water were low at the detected concentrations, even in the high-exposure scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoshan Lian
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Chunye Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Yun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Xin Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Aihua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Mengchang He
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Xitao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Wei Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; Advanced Interdisciplinary Institute of Environment and Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, 519087, China
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Lv J, Guo C, Luo Y, Liu Y, Deng Y, Sun S, Xu J. Spatial distribution, receptor modelling and risk assessment of organophosphate esters in surface water from the largest freshwater lake in China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 238:113618. [PMID: 35551044 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence and risk of organophosphate esters (OPEs) has become a global concern in recent years. This study investigated the occurrence, spatial distribution, and potential sources of thirteen OPEs and their associated ecological and human health risks in water samples from the largest freshwater lake, Poyang Lake, together with its five major inflow rivers and the water channel to Yangtze River. The total OPEs concentrations ranged from 38.44 ng/L to 428.94 ng/L, and the largest tributary Ganjiang River was much more polluted than other rivers. Chlorinated OPEs, such as tris (1-chloro‑2-propyl) phosphate and tri (2-chloroethyl) phosphate occupied the dominant composition of OPEs in the research area. Principal component analysis with multiple linear regression, positive matrix factorization, and correlation analysis were used to apportion the potential sources of OPEs in surface water. The combined contribution of polyvinyl chloride, polyester resins, and polyurethane foam (68.64%), antifoam agent and hydraulic fluids (21.50%), and the release of decorative materials and electric equipment from indoor (9.86%) were identified as the OPEs sources in the study region. The risk quotients (RQs) showed the ecological risk was negligible, but 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate exposures posed medium ecological risk to aquatic organisms. The carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks of the target OPEs were below the theoretical risk threshold values, however, toddlers were much more sensitive to the OPEs exposure in surface water than teenagers and adults. Oral ingestion was the principal exposure pathway, and the health risk via oral ingestion was 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than dermal contact exposure route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiapei Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Changsheng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Ying Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yanghui Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Shanwei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Jian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
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Ji B, Liu Y, Wu Y, Liang Y, Gao S, Zeng X, Yao P, Yu Z. Organophosphate esters and synthetic musks in the sediments of the Yangtze River Estuary and adjacent East China Sea: Occurrence, distribution, and potential ecological risks. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 179:113661. [PMID: 35462103 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Occurrence, distribution, and potential ecological risks of ten organophosphate esters (OPEs) and nine synthetic musks (SMs) were investigated in sediments from the Yangtze River Estuary (YRE) and adjacent East China Sea (ECS). The total concentrations of OPEs in the surface sediments ranged from 0.977 to 19.0 ng/g dry weight (dw) with tris(2-chloro-propyl) phosphate being the dominant component. Total concentrations of SMs ranged from 0.176 to 7.25 ng/g dw, with 1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethylcyclopenta(g)-2-benzopyran and 7-acetyl-1,1,3,4,4,6-hexamethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene as the dominant SMs. Higher sedimentary concentrations of ΣOPEs and ΣSMs were found in the river mouths of the YRE, inter face of Hangzhou Bay, and mud area of the ECS; the results suggested that terrestrial discharge might be the main source of OPEs and SMs in the studied region. Risk assessment revealed that low ecological risks were posed by OPEs, and limited to low ecological risks were posed by SMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingjing Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment and Resources, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Nanjing University & Yancheng Environmental Detecting Technology Co., Ltd, Yancheng, 224000, China
| | - Yang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment and Resources, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yi Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment and Resources, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Shutao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment and Resources, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xiangying Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment and Resources, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Peng Yao
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and, Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Zhiqiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment and Resources, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Fang L, Liu A, Zheng M, Wang L, Hua Y, Pan X, Xu H, Chen X, Lin Y. Occurrence and distribution of organophosphate flame retardants in seawater and sediment from coastal areas of the East China and Yellow Seas. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 302:119017. [PMID: 35192883 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphates (OPEs) are manmade organic pollutants that are widely used as flame retardants, plasticizers, and antifoaming and hydraulic agents. In this study, seven OPEs in seawater and sediment from the Yellow Sea and East China Sea were determined to study the distribution and diffusion behavior, and to evaluate the environmental risks. The ΣOPEs in the seawater and sediments ranged from below the method detection limit (<MDL) to 497.40 ng/L and from < MDL to 66.50 ng/g dw, respectively. Tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP), tris-(1, 3-Dichloro-2-Propyl) phosphate (TDCPP), and tri-meta-cresyl phosphate (TmCP) were the dominant OPEs in the seawater and sediments. OPEs were mainly distributed in coastal areas and the South Yellow Sea, indicating that they are mainly affected by land-based pollution and ocean currents. Fugacity analysis shows that tri-para-cresyl phosphate (TpCP) was in a state of equilibrium, while TDCPP, TnBP, and TmCP other OPEs tended to diffuse from sediment to water. The diffusion behavior of OPEs is mainly affected by their chemical properties. Hazard quotient (HQ) values of TmCP and TpCP in sediment samples were >1.0, indicating high ecological risks to aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidan Fang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, 266071, Qingdao, China
| | - Aifeng Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, 266071, Qingdao, China
| | - Minggang Zheng
- Marine Ecology Research Center, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, 266061, China
| | - Ling Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, 266071, Qingdao, China.
| | - Yi Hua
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, 266071, Qingdao, China
| | - Xin Pan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, 266071, Qingdao, China
| | - Hongyan Xu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, 266071, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiangfeng Chen
- Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Yongfeng Lin
- School of Public Health, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, 266071, Qingdao, China
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Qi Y, Yao Z, Ma X, Ding X, Shangguan K, Zhang M, Xu N. Ecological risk assessment for organophosphate esters in the surface water from the Bohai Sea of China using multimodal species sensitivity distributions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 820:153172. [PMID: 35063513 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) as the foremost substitutes of brominated flame retardants have been ubiquitously found in the aquatic environment around the world. However, the information on the community-level risks induced by OPEs to the marine ecosystem remains scarce. This study adopted ten commonly used species sensitivity distribution (SSD) parametric statistical approaches coupled with the acute-to-chronic transformation for the toxicity data to fit the sensitivity distributions of different species to four major OPE congeners including triethyl phosphate (TEP), tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP), tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), and tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP) in the surface water of the Bohai Sea. All SSD models except Exponential for TnBP, TCEP, and TCPP fitted well the chronic toxicity data for the four OPE congeners. Discrepancies appeared among the best fitting models for different congeners, which also happened to the fitting results from the multiple SSD models for each congener. Based on the best fitting models, the hazard concentrations corresponding to the cumulative probability of 5% were 3.58 mg/L, 0.116 mg/L, 1.30 mg/L, and 1.44 mg/L for TEP, TnBP, TCEP, and TCPP, respectively. The risks induced by the four OPE congeners to the Bohai Sea ecosystem were negligible during the monitoring period because of both the risk quotients and the hazard indexes far <0.1. This study drew a clear picture of the joint ecological risks of TEP, TnBP, TCEP, and TCPP to the Bohai Sea environment. The application of multimodal SSD statistical methods will benefit the accurate derivation of water quality criteria and the community-level ecological risk assessment for pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjie Qi
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Coastal Ecosystem, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Ziwei Yao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Coastal Ecosystem, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xindong Ma
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Coastal Ecosystem, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xiaolin Ding
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Kuixing Shangguan
- Ecological Civilization Construction Service Center of Linyi, Linyi 276000, China
| | - Mingxing Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Coastal Ecosystem, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Nan Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China.
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Vasseghian Y, Alimohamadi M, Khataee A, Dragoi EN. A global systematic review on the concentration of organophosphate esters in water resources: Meta-analysis, and probabilistic risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 807:150876. [PMID: 34627903 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are used as additives in various industries. They do not chemically bond with the polymeric structure of materials, so they can stay for a long time and have a very adverse effect on the environment. To analyze the development of the prevalence and concentration of OPEs such as TCEP, TCPP, TDCP, TnBP, TPHP, TBOEP, TEHP, TMP, TCIPP, TDCIPP, TMPP, and TDBPP in water resources, a search between January 01, 2000, to April 08, 2021, was followed by a systematic review and meta-analysis. Among of the 888 articles scanned in the identity step, 58 articles containing 2676 samples, 10 countries, and 4 water types were included in the meta-analysis study. Among all studied OPEs, the concentration of TcrP, TCPP, TDCPP, and TnBP were at the top in water resources, with values >715 μg L-1 and lowest average concentrations were obtained for TDBPP and TpeP with values <0.0004 μg L-1. The most polluted area in terms of the concentration of OPEs in water resources was China. Besides, data analysis showed that there only was carcinogenic risk for China. A Monte-Carlo simulation indicated that although these obtained averages are in the same order of magnitude as the acceptable limit, for both adults and children, 95% of the population is at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasser Vasseghian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Quchan University of Technology, Quchan, Iran
| | - Monireh Alimohamadi
- Research Laboratory of Advanced Water and Wastewater Treatment Processes, Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, 51666-16471 Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alireza Khataee
- Research Laboratory of Advanced Water and Wastewater Treatment Processes, Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, 51666-16471 Tabriz, Iran; Department of Environmental Engineering, Gebze Technical University, 41400 Gebze, Turkey.
| | - Elena-Niculina Dragoi
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Protection "Cristofor Simionescu", "Gheorghe Asachi" Technical University, Iasi, Bld Mangeron no 73, 700050, Romania.
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Yu L, Liu X, Hua Z. Occurrence, distribution, and risk assessment of perfluoroalkyl acids in drinking water sources from the lower Yangtze River. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 287:132064. [PMID: 34474389 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence, spatial distribution, potential sources, and risk assessment of 14 perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs), including 11 perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids and 3 perfluoroalkyl sulfonates acids, were investigated in 21 drinking water sources from the lower Yangtze River in November 2019. The total PFAAs (∑PFAAs) concentrations ranged from 39.3 to 220.3 ng/L, and perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctanesulfonate were predominant with average concentrations of 19.4 and 15.4 ng/L, respectively. The higher ∑PFAAs concentrations in the southern shore and downstream could be attributed to industrial development and surface runoff/tide currents, respectively. Principal component analysis-multiple linear regression revealed that the primary sources of PFAAs were fluororesin coatings/metal plating, surface runoff/textile, effluent discharge/food packaging, and leather/fabrics. Human intake risks of PFAAs were assessed by target hazard quotient (THQ), which showed that human health risks of PFAAs decreased with increasing age, excluding 13-17 years age group. Moreover, the total exposure risks of PFOA/PFOS in all sampling sites to people aged over 18 years calculated based on contribution from drinking water were noted to be at safe level. The results obtained were helpful for improving our understanding of human health risks of PFAAs, and expanding our knowledge on PFAAs in drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Yu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, PR China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, PR China
| | - Zulin Hua
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, PR China; Yangtze Institute for Conservation and Development, Hohai University, Jiangsu, 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, PR China.
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Organophosphate Esters in China: Fate, Occurrence, and Human Exposure. TOXICS 2021; 9:toxics9110310. [PMID: 34822701 PMCID: PMC8620853 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9110310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are widely used as flame retardants and plasticizers. OPEs have been released into various environments (e.g., water, sediments, dust and air, and soil). To investigate the occurrence and distribution of OPEs in various environments in China, this review collects and discusses the published scientific studies in this field. Chlorinated OPEs, as flame retardants, are the predominant OPEs found in the environment. The analysis of data revealed large concentration variations among microenvironments, including inflowing river water (range: 0.69-10.62 µgL-1), sediments (range: 0.0197-0.234 µg/g), dust (range: 8.706-34.872 µg/g), and open recycling sites' soil (range: 0.122-2.1 µg/g). Moreover, OPEs can be detected in the air and biota. We highlight the overall view regarding environmental levels of OPEs in different matrices as a starting point to monitor trends for China. The levels of OPEs in the water, sediment, dust, and air of China are still low. However, dust samples from electronic waste workshop sites were more contaminated. Human activities, pesticides, electronics, furniture, paint, plastics and textiles, and wastewater plants are the dominant sources of OPEs. Human exposure routes to OPEs mainly include dermal contact, dust ingestion, inhalation, and dietary intake. The low level of ecological risk and risk to human health indicated a limited threat from OPEs. Furthermore, current challenges and perspectives for future studies are prospected. A criteria inventory of OPEs reflecting the levels of OPEs contamination association among different microenvironments, emerging OPEs, and potential impact of OPEs on human health, particularly for children are needed in China for better investigation.
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Yao C, Yang H, Li Y. A review on organophosphate flame retardants in the environment: Occurrence, accumulation, metabolism and toxicity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 795:148837. [PMID: 34246143 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs), as a substitute for brominated flame retardants (BFRs), are widely used in industrial production and life. The presence of OPFRs in the environment has an adverse effect on the ecological environment system. This review provides comprehensive data for the occurrence of OPFRs and their diester metabolites (OP diesters) in wastewater treatment plants, surface water, drinking water, sediment, soil, air and dust in the environment. In particular, the accumulation and metabolism of OPFRs in organisms and the types of metabolites and metabolic pathways are discussed for animals and plants. In addition, the toxicity of OP triesters and OP diesters in organisms is discussed. Although research on OPFRs has gradually increased in recent years, there are still many gaps to be filled, especially for metabolic and toxicity mechanisms that need in-depth study. This review also highlights the shortcomings of current research and provides suggestions for a basis for future research on OPFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Yao
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, HoHai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Hanpei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, HoHai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Ying Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, HoHai University, Nanjing 210098, China.
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Zhang Y, Li J, Su G. Identifying Citric Acid Esters, a Class of Phthalate Substitute Plasticizers, in Indoor Dust via an Integrated Target, Suspect, and Characteristic Fragment-Dependent Screening Strategy. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:13961-13970. [PMID: 34598436 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Citrate acid esters (CAEs) have been proposed as a class of phthalate substitute plasticizers; however, information on their occurrence in indoor environments is rare. By using liquid chromatography coupled with a quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometer, we developed an integrated strategy that can be applied for target, suspect, and characteristic fragment-dependent screening of CAEs. In n = 50 indoor dust samples collected from Nanjing City (China), three CAEs, namely, acetyl tributyl citrate (ATBC; mean: 412,000 ng/g), tributyl citrate (TBC, 11,600 ng/g), and triethyl citrate (TEC, 10,900 ng/g), exhibited the greatest contamination levels. Total concentrations of CAEs (∑8CAEs) were statistically significantly (p < 0.01) greater than those of common organophosphate triesters (OPTEs), a class of ubiquitous contaminants in dust. Suspect and characteristic fragment-dependent screening (m/z 111.0078 ([C5H3O3]+) and m/z 129.0181 ([C5H5O4]+)) of CAEs were further conducted for the same batch of samples. We tentatively identified six novel CAEs, and the most frequent and abundant CAE was fully identified as tributyl aconitate (TBA). Statistically significant correlation relationships were observed on dust levels between TBA vs ATBC (r = 0.650; p < 0.01) and TBA vs TBC (r = 0.384; p < 0.01), suggesting their similar sources in dust samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayun Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Jianhua Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Guanyong Su
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
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Lian M, Lin C, Wu T, Xin M, Gu X, Lu S, Cao Y, Wang B, Ouyang W, Liu X, He M. Occurrence, spatiotemporal distribution, and ecological risks of organophosphate esters in the water of the Yellow River to the Laizhou Bay, Bohai Sea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 787:147528. [PMID: 33991915 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Limited information is available on the spatiotemporal occurrence and ecological risks of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in coastal environments. 175 water samples were collected in Laizhou Bay (LZB) and its rivers and estuaries during spring and summer for the determination of 12 targeted OPEs. Total concentration of OPEs ranged from 234.4 to 2892.1 ng L-1 in the river and estuarine water and 87.6 to 969.4 ng L-1 in the bay water, with medians of 1015.8 and 296.8 ng L-1, respectively, showing that riverine inputs were the major sources of OPEs in the bay. Tris (2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP) and triethyl phosphate (TEP) were the most abundant OPEs, with median contributions of 47% and 36% in the bay water, respectively. The total concentration of OPEs was higher in the estuarine area of the Yellow River and the southwestern coast of the LZB under the influence of riverine OPE inputs and ocean currents. In addition, the concentrations of dominant OPE species were significantly higher in the surface water than in the bottom water. The concentrations of dominant OPE species were found to be significantly lower in summer than in spring, mainly due to both precipitation and seawater dilution effects. However, the concentrations of three minor OPE species were significantly higher in summer than in spring, probably because of their high usage in summer. TCIPP and TEP concentrations were significantly negatively correlated with salinity. The targeted OPEs posed low ecological risk in the bay and moderate ecological risk in the rivers and estuaries, which was mostly ascribed to the toxicity of tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) and resorcinol-bis (diphenyl) phosphate (RDP) to algae. Priority should be given to TCIPP, TEP, TCEP, and RDP in the LZB due to their high concentrations and/or toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoshan Lian
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Chunye Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Tingting Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Ming Xin
- The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 6 Xianxialing Road, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Xiang Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Shuang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yuanxin Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Baodong Wang
- The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 6 Xianxialing Road, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Wei Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Advanced Interdisciplinary Institute of Environment and Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China
| | - Xitao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Mengchang He
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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Zhong W, Cui Y, Li R, Yang R, Li Y, Zhu L. Distribution and sources of ordinary monomeric and emerging oligomeric organophosphorus flame retardants in Haihe Basin, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 785:147274. [PMID: 33932659 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
With the banning of poly-brominated diphenyl ethers, organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) have gained great development space as their alternatives. In this study, the concentration and partition of nine ordinary monomeric OPFRs and two emerging oligomeric OPFRs (Resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate) (RDP) and bisphenol A bis(diphenyl phosphate) (BDP) in the Haihe Basin of China were studied, and their possible sources were analyzed. The ƩOPFRs in the surface water, sediments and suspended particulate matters (SPMs) in Haihe Basin were 80.1-777 ng/L, 18.9-86.5 ng/g dw and 6.40-234 ng/g dw, respectively. The detection frequencies of both oligomeric OPFRs exceeded 85%, suggesting their environmental contamination was widespread. The mean concentrations of RDP and BDP were 2.09 and 6.03 ng/L in the surface water, 0.91 and 5.09 ng/g dw in the sediments, 1.08 and 2.61 ng/g dw in SPMs, respectively. With Cl-OPFRs being predominant in all the three media, the proportions of alkyl-OPFRs, aryl-OPFRs, and oligomeric OPFRs in the sediments and SPMs were remarkably higher than those in surface water, suggesting that non-halogenated OPFRs preferred to distribute in solid phases. The water-sediment/SPM partition coefficients, logKoc, of the OPFRs were calculated based on the paired samples. The logKoc values of RDP and BDP were reported for the first time, and their logKoc water-sediment were 4.36 ± 0.47 and 4.76 ± 0.25 and their logKoc water-SPM were 3.77 ± 0.45 and 4.00 ± 0.47, respectively. The obtained logKoc values were correlated with their octanol-water partition coefficient (logKow) significantly. It suggested that their partition to sediment or SPM was dominated by hydrophobic interaction. Principal component analysis indicated that the emissions from manufacturing plants and airport operation might be two important sources of OPFRs in the Haihe Basin of China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjue Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering of Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yannan Cui
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering of Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Ruixuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering of Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Rongyan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering of Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yao Li
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering of Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering of Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
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47
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Zhang S, Yang C, Liu M, Zhao W, Li Y, Meng XZ, Cai M. Occurrence of organophosphate esters in surface water and sediment in drinking water source of Xiangjiang River, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 781:146734. [PMID: 33812108 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the occurrence of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in the surface water and sediments of the Xiangjiang (XJ) River, a drinking water source of Changsha City. The total concentrations of five detected OPEs (Σ5OPEs) in surface water and tap water were 6.07-25.3 ng L-1 (average 14.9 ± 4.98 ng L-1), and 23.6 ng L-1, respectively, and four detected OPEs (Σ4OPEs) in sediments were 3.74-27.5 ng g-1 dw (average 12.1 ± 6.48 ng g-1 dw). Tris-2-chloroisopropyl phosphate (TCIPP) was the dominant contributor in water and sediment samples, accounting for over 40% of ΣOPEs. A particular flood event during July-August 2020 reduced the level of OPEs in river water, leading to generally uniform OPE concentrations in surface water and sediment samples from the upper, middle, and lower reaches of XJ. Principal component analysis-multiple linear regression (PCA-MLR) results indicated that the main sources of OPEs in the surface water and sediments of XJ were emissions of waste-water treatment plants and anthropocentric activities. The results of ecological and human health risk assessments indicated that all OPEs posed a low or negligible ecological risk for algae, daphnia, and fish, and negligible risk for human health. Interestingly, the concentration and human health risk of OPEs in a composite tap water sample was generally higher than those in river water samples, indicating possible OPE contamination from water treatment processes or transportation through pipe networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengwei Zhang
- Ministry of Natural Resources Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai 200136, China; State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Chao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Mengyue Liu
- School of Chemistry and Food Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha 410114, China
| | - Wenyu Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Food Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha 410114, China.
| | - Yanxia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xiang-Zhou Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Minghong Cai
- Ministry of Natural Resources Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai 200136, China.
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48
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Zhang S, Li Y, Yang C, Meng XZ, Zheng H, Gao Y, Cai M. Application of Hi-throat/Hi-volume SPE technique in analyzing occurrence, influencing factors and human health risk of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in drinking water of China. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 291:112714. [PMID: 33940361 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are typical industrial additives widely applied in various industrial and household products, but they may pollute drinking water. In the present study, the occurrence of OPEs in drinking water was analyzed. For this purpose, 25 drinking water samples were collected from households in 25 cities in China. The concentrations of OPEs were accurately determined according to a high-throughput organic analysis testing combined with high-volume solid phase extraction (Hi-throat/Hi-volume SPE) technique. Through this technique, nine OPEs were detected, with spiked recoveries from 77% to 101%, and their total concentrations (ΣOPEs) ranging from 46.8 to 251 (average 126) ng L-1. The detection frequencies of the selected OPEs determined via Hi-throat/Hi-volume SPE were 88.0%-100%, which are much higher than those previously reported. The limit of detections of the OPEs was low at < 0.01 ng L-1, which could be mainly attributed to the high volume of accumulated drinking water (>20 L). OPEs in drinking water presented a decreasing trend from cities in coastal provinces to inland cities of China. Redundancy analysis showed that the concentrations of OPEs in drinking water were significantly influenced by economic-demographic influencing factors. The non-carcinogenic and lifetime carcinogenic risks (non-CR and CR) of the analyzed OPEs in drinking water were negligible for urban residents in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengwei Zhang
- Ministry of Natural Resources Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai, 200136, China; State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Yanxia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Chao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Xiang-Zhou Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Hongyuan Zheng
- Ministry of Natural Resources Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai, 200136, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Ministry of Natural Resources Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai, 200136, China
| | - Minghong Cai
- Ministry of Natural Resources Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai, 200136, China.
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49
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Zhu L, Huang X, Li Z, Cao G, Zhu X, She S, Huang T, Lu G. Evaluation of hepatotoxicity induced by 2-ethylhexyldiphenyl phosphate based on transcriptomics and its potential metabolism pathway in human hepatocytes. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 413:125281. [PMID: 33582465 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Increasing use of organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) has aroused great concern to their uncertain environment risk, especially to human health risk. In our study, hepatotoxicity screening of six aryl-OPFRs, potential hepatotoxicity mechanism of 2-ethylhexyldiphenyl phosphate (EHDPP) using RNA-sequencing and its metabolites were investigated in human hepatocytes (L02). The toxicity results demonstrated that EHDPP should be prioritized for further research with the highest toxicity. Further RNA-seq results through GO and KEGG enrichment analysis indicated that exposure to 10 mg/L of EHDPP significantly affected energy homeostasis, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, apoptosis, cell cycle, and inflammation response in cells. The top 12 hub genes were validated by RT-qPCR and conformed to be mainly related to glycolysis and ER stress, followed by cell cycle and inflammation response. Western blot, apoptosis detection, glycolysis stress test, and cell cycle analysis were further performed to verify the above main pathways. Additionally, it was found in the metabolism experiment that detoxification of EHDPP by phase I and phase II metabolism in cells wasn't significant until 48 h with a metabolic rate of 6.12%. EHDPP was stable and still dominated the induction of toxicity. Overall, this study provided valuable information regarding the toxicity and potential metabolism pathway of EHDPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingfei Zhu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiaohan Huang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zhenhua Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Biomedical Translational Research Institute and School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Gang Cao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xuanjin Zhu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Shaohua She
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Tenghao Huang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Gang Lu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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50
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Xiao K, Zhu N, Lu Z, Zheng H, Cui C, Gao Y, Gao Y, Meng X, Liu Y, Cai M. Distribution of eight organophosphorus pesticides and their oxides in surface water of the East China Sea based on high volume solid phase extraction method. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 279:116886. [PMID: 33743440 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we reported the occurrence of eight organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) in the East China Sea. Forty samples were collected and analysed with a high volume solid phase extraction method (Hi-throat/Hi-volume SPE) in the early summer of 2020. All the target OPPs were detected in the surface water at one or more stations in the East China Sea, and the concentrations of ΣOPPs were in the range 0.0775-3.09 ng/L (mean: 0.862 ± 0.624 ng/L). Terbufos sulfone and fenthion were the main pollutants in this area, probably resulting from pesticide use in China and other countries. The off-shore input from coastal regions was suggested to be a major source of OPP pollution in the East China Sea, and the movement of ocean currents played an important role in their transportation because around 0.86 t OPPs passed through the Tsushima Strait from the East China Sea each month. An ecological risk assessment showed that these OPPs presented a high risk to species in the East China Sea, whereas they posed no health risk to humans under both the median and high exposure scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyan Xiao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Ministry of Natural Resources Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai, 200136, China
| | - Ningzheng Zhu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Jiaxing-Tongji Environmental Research Institute, 1994 Linggongtang Road, Jiaxing, 314051, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zhibo Lu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Hongyuan Zheng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Ministry of Natural Resources Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai, 200136, China
| | - Chao Cui
- Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Metallogeny, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR), Qingdao, 266061, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Ministry of Natural Resources Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai, 200136, China
| | - Yunze Gao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Jiaxing-Tongji Environmental Research Institute, 1994 Linggongtang Road, Jiaxing, 314051, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiangzhou Meng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Jiaxing-Tongji Environmental Research Institute, 1994 Linggongtang Road, Jiaxing, 314051, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yanguang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Metallogeny, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR), Qingdao, 266061, China
| | - Minghong Cai
- Ministry of Natural Resources Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai, 200136, China.
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