1
|
Mosharaf MK, Gomes RL, Cook S, Alam MS, Rasmusssen A. Wastewater reuse and pharmaceutical pollution in agriculture: Uptake, transport, accumulation and metabolism of pharmaceutical pollutants within plants. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 364:143055. [PMID: 39127189 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.143055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
The presence of pharmaceutical pollutants in water sources has become a growing concern due to its potential impacts on human health and other organisms. The physicochemical properties of pharmaceuticals based on their intended therapeutical application, which include antibiotics, hormones, analgesics, and antidepressants, is quite diverse. Their presence in wastewater, sewerage water, surface water, ground water and even in drinking water is reported by many researchers throughout the world. Human exposure to these pollutants through drinking water or consumption of aquatic and terrestrial organisms has raised concerns about potential adverse effects, such as endocrine disruption, antibiotic resistance, and developmental abnormalities. Once in the environment, they can persist, undergo transformation, or degrade, leading to a complex mixture of contaminants. Application of treated wastewater, compost, manures or biosolids in agricultural fields introduce pharmaceutical pollutants in the environment. As pharmaceuticals are diverse in nature, significant differences are observed during their uptake and accumulation in plants. While there have been extensive studies on aquatic ecosystems, the effect on agricultural land is more disparate. As of now, there are few reports available on the potential of plant uptake and transportation of pharmaceuticals within and between plant organs. This review summarizes the occurrence of pharmaceuticals in aquatic water bodies at a range of concentrations and their uptake, accumulation, and transport within plant tissues. Research gaps on pharmaceutical pollutants' specific effect on plant growth and future research scopes are highlighted. The factors affecting uptake of pharmaceuticals including hydrophobicity, ionization, physicochemical properties (pKa, logKow, pH, Henry's law constant) are discussed. Finally, metabolism of pharmaceuticals within plant cells through metabolism phase enzymes and plant responses to pharmaceuticals are reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md Khaled Mosharaf
- Agriculture and Environmental Sciences Division, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington, University of Nottingham, LE12 5RD, United Kingdom; Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, 1706, Bangladesh.
| | - Rachel L Gomes
- Food Water Waste Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Cook
- Water and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammed S Alam
- Agriculture and Environmental Sciences Division, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington, University of Nottingham, LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda Rasmusssen
- Agriculture and Environmental Sciences Division, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington, University of Nottingham, LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rana G, Dhiman P, Kumar A, Chauhan A, Sharma G. Recent advances in photocatalytic removal of antiviral drugs by Z-scheme and S-scheme heterojunction. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:40851-40872. [PMID: 38837030 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33876-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
The possible impact of antivirals on ecosystems and the emergence of antiviral resistance are the reasons for concern about their environmental release. Consequently, there has been a significant increase in curiosity regarding their presence in both organic and synthetic systems in recent years. The primary objective of this review is to address the void of information regarding the global presence of antiviral drugs in both wastewater and natural water sources. Photocatalytic degradation of pollutants is an eco-friendly, cost-effective method that effectively addresses environmental degradation. The development of efficient photocatalysts remains a significant issue in accelerating the degradation of pollutants, especially when employing solar light. Thus, the development of Z-scheme and S-scheme semiconductor heterojunctions has emerged as a viable method to improve light absorption and enhance the redox capability of photocatalysts. The principles of Z-scheme and S-scheme are reviewed extensively. The degradation route and occurrence of antiviral are discussed briefly. Finally, a short preview of the degradation of antiviral using Z-scheme and S-scheme is also highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Garima Rana
- International Research Centre of Nanotechnology for Himalayan Sustainability (IRCNHS), Shoolini University, Solan, India.
| | - Pooja Dhiman
- International Research Centre of Nanotechnology for Himalayan Sustainability (IRCNHS), Shoolini University, Solan, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- International Research Centre of Nanotechnology for Himalayan Sustainability (IRCNHS), Shoolini University, Solan, India
| | - Ankush Chauhan
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, Tamil Nadu, 603103, India
- Centre for Herbal Pharmacology and Environmental Sustainability, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, Tamil Nadu, 603103, India
| | - Gaurav Sharma
- International Research Centre of Nanotechnology for Himalayan Sustainability (IRCNHS), Shoolini University, Solan, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chen J, Liu F, Abdiryim T, Yin H, Liu X. ZnO-Ti 3C 2T X composites supported on polyacrylic acid/chitosan hydrogels as high-efficiency and recyclable photocatalysts for norfloxacin degradation. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 258:128912. [PMID: 38141716 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalysts immobilized on hydrogels is a win-win mode, which not only improves photocatalysis but also successfully prevents catalyst loss, making it easy to separate and reuse during catalytic process. Here, ZnO-Ti3C2TX photocatalysts are loaded into the chitosan/polyacrylic acid hydrogel networks, realizing the efficiently photocatalytic degradation of norfloxacin. The chitosan-based composite hydrogel features rich functional groups and a dense pore structure, which is beneficial to antibiotic enrichment and photocatalytic degradation. The effects of different catalyst ratios, dosage, initial concentrations and pH on the degradation efficiency are investigated. The norfloxacin degradation rate constant is 0.012 min-1 and its degradation efficiency reaches up to 90 % after 240 min. Importantly, the photocatalytic composite hydrogel still retains 85 % degradation efficiency after 6 cycles. Moreover, e- plays a significant role in the degradation process. This work converts the traditional powder photocatalysts into bulk photocatalysts (photocatalytic hydrogels) to accomplish efficient degradation and rapid recycling for contaminant removal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Fangfei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, Xinjiang, PR China.
| | - Tursun Abdiryim
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Hongyan Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Xiong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, Xinjiang, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Xu J, Zou J, Wu J, Zeng H, Huang Y, Yang J, Gong C, Chen S, Ma J. Enhanced chlorination of diclofenac using ABTS as electron shuttle: Performance, mechanism and applicability. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 907:168117. [PMID: 37890637 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Chlorination, one of the most common oxidation strategies, performed limited degradation capacity towards many emerging organic contaminants under neutral pH conditions. In this study, 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonate (ABTS) was discovered to possess an outstanding activation property towards free available chlorine (FAC) during the chlorination of diclofenac (DCF) among pH 6.0-9.5. ABTS radical (ABTS•+) primarily accounted for the elimination of DCF in the ABTS/FAC system, although hydroxyl radicals, reactive chlorine species, and singlet oxygen were also generated via the self-decomposition of FAC. ABTS acted as the electron shuttle to degrade DCF in the ABTS/FAC system, where ABTS was firstly oxidized by FAC to ABTS•+ via single electron transfer, and followed by the elimination of DCF with the generated ABTS•+. Eight DCF degradation intermediates were identified by LC/Q-TOF/MS, and four DCF degradation pathways were proposed. Real water bodies, humic acid, and the coexistent anions of Cl-, HCO3-, NO3-, and SO42- performed negligible influence on DCF removal in ABTS/FAC system. ABTS/FAC system was much superior to sole chlorination in terms of toxicity reduction and anti-interference capacity. Overall, this study innovatively introduced ABTS as the electron shuttle to enhance the oxidative capacity of FAC under neutral pH conditions and provided a new insight that the ABTS-like organic/synthetic components might play an important role in degrading emerging organic contaminants by chlorination in water treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Xu
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Municipal and Industrial Solid Waste Utilization and Pollution Control, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China; Key Laboratory of Water Quality Science and Water Environment Recovery Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Jing Zou
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Municipal and Industrial Solid Waste Utilization and Pollution Control, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China.
| | - Jianying Wu
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Municipal and Industrial Solid Waste Utilization and Pollution Control, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China
| | - Huiping Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Water Quality Science and Water Environment Recovery Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Yixin Huang
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Municipal and Industrial Solid Waste Utilization and Pollution Control, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China
| | - Jingxin Yang
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Chunming Gong
- Xiamen Institute of Environmental Science, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Siying Chen
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Municipal and Industrial Solid Waste Utilization and Pollution Control, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China
| | - Jun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150090, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Dai H, Wang C, Yu W, Han J. Tracing COVID-19 drugs in the environment: Are we focusing on the right environmental compartment? ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 339:122732. [PMID: 37838316 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic led to over 770 million confirmed cases, straining public healthcare systems and necessitating extensive and prolonged use of synthetic chemical drugs around the globe for medical treatment and symptom relief. Concerns have arisen regarding the massive release of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and their metabolites into the environment, particularly through domestic sewage. While discussions surrounding this issue have primarily centered on their discharge into aquatic environments, particularly through treated effluent from municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), one often overlooked aspect is the terrestrial environment as a significant receptor of pharmaceutical-laden waste. This occurs through the disposal of sewage sludge, for instance, by applying biosolids to land or non-compliant disposal of sewage sludge, in addition to the routine disposal of expired and unused medications in municipal solid wastes. In this article, we surveyed sixteen approved pharmaceuticals for treating COVID-19 and bacterial co-infections, along with their primary metabolites. For this, we delved into their physiochemical properties, ecological toxicities, environmental persistence, and fate within municipal WWTPs. Emphasis was given on lipophilic substances with log Kow >3.0, which are more likely to be found in sewage sludge at significant factions (25.2%-75.0%) of their inputs in raw sewage and subsequently enter the terrestrial environment through land application of biosolids, e.g., 43% in the United States and as high as 96% in Ireland or non-compliant practices of sewage sludge disposal in developing communities, such as open dumping and land application without prior anaerobic digestion. The available evidence underscores the importance of adequately treating and disposing of sewage sludge before its final disposal or land application in an epidemic or pandemic scenario, as mismanaged sewage sludge could be a significant vector for releasing pharmaceutical compounds and their metabolites into the terrestrial environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Han Dai
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, People's Republic of China; Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaoqi Wang
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Wangyang Yu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, People's Republic of China; College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Han
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang R, Luo J, Li C, Chen J, Zhu N. Antiviral drugs in wastewater are on the rise as emerging contaminants: A comprehensive review of spatiotemporal characteristics, removal technologies and environmental risks. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 457:131694. [PMID: 37269566 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Antiviral drugs (ATVs) are widely used to treat illnesses caused by viruses. Particularly, ATVs were consumed in such large quantities during the pandemic that high concentrations were detected in wastewater and aquatic environment. Since ATVs are not fully absorbed by the human or animal body, this results in large amounts of them being discharged into the sewage through urine or feces. Most ATVs can be degraded by microbes at wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), while some ATVs either require deep treatment to reduce concentration and toxicity. Parent and metabolites residing in effluent posed a varying degree of risk when entering the aquatic environment, while increasing the potential of natural reservoirs for environmentally acquired antiviral drug resistance potential. There is a rising research on the behavior of ATVs in the environment has surged since the pandemic. In the context of multiple viral diseases worldwide, especially during the current COVID-19 pandemic, a comprehensive assessment of the occurrence, removal, and risk of ATVs is urgently needed. This review aims to discuss the fate of ATVs in WWTPs from various regions in the world with wastewater as the main analyzing object. The ultimate goal is to focus on ATVs with high ecological impact and regulate their use or develop advanced treatment technologies to mitigate the risk to the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruming Wang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Solid Waste Treatment and Resource Recovery, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jinming Luo
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Solid Waste Treatment and Resource Recovery, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Chunxing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jiamiao Chen
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Solid Waste Treatment and Resource Recovery, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Nanwen Zhu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Solid Waste Treatment and Resource Recovery, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Barreto FC, da Silva MKL, Cesarino I. Copper Nanoparticles and Reduced Graphene Oxide as an Electrode Modifier for the Development of an Electrochemical Sensing Platform for Chloroquine Phosphate Determination. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:nano13091436. [PMID: 37176981 PMCID: PMC10180146 DOI: 10.3390/nano13091436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
This study describes the use of copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) as an electrode modifier for the determination of chloroquine phosphate (CQP). The synthetized rGO-CuNPs composite was morphologically characterized using scanning electron microscopy and electrochemically characterized using cyclic voltammetry. The parameters were optimized and the developed electrochemical sensor was applied in the determination of CQP using square-wave voltammetry (SWV). The analytical range for the determination of CQP was 0.5 to 110 μmol L-1 (one of the highest linear ranges for CQP considering electrochemical sensors), with limits of detection and quantification of 0.23 and 0.78 μmol L-1, respectively. Finally, the glassy carbon (GC) electrode modified with rGO-CuNPs was used for quantification of CQP in tap water; a study was carried out with interferents using SWV and obtained great results. The use of rGO-CuNP material as an electrode modifier was thus shown to be a good alternative for the development of low-cost devices for CQP analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Contini Barreto
- Department of Bioprocess and Biotechnology, School of Agriculture, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18610-034, SP, Brazil
| | - Martin Kássio Leme da Silva
- Department of Bioprocess and Biotechnology, School of Agriculture, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18610-034, SP, Brazil
| | - Ivana Cesarino
- Department of Bioprocess and Biotechnology, School of Agriculture, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18610-034, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang H, Yu Y, Li Y, Lin L, Zhang C, Zhang W, Wang L, Niu L. A novel BC/g-C 3N 4 porous hydrogel carrier used in intimately coupled photocatalysis and biodegradation system for efficient removal of tetracycline hydrochloride in water. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 317:137888. [PMID: 36657568 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.137888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Intimately coupled photocatalysis and biodegradation (ICPB) is a promising technology to remove refractory contaminants from water. The key to successful ICPB is a carrier capable of accumulating biofilm and adhering photocatalyst firmly. Herein, BC/g-C3N4 was prepared into a three dimensional porous hydrogel and used as a carrier in ICPB system for the first time. Degradation experiments revealed that the removal rate of tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH) in water by the ICPB system was 96.0% after 10 h, which was significantly higher than that by the photocatalysis (PC, 76.3%), biodegradation (B, 32.5%), adsorption (AD, 17.2%), and photolysis (P, 5.0%) systems. Photo-electrochemical tests confirmed that ICPB system had superior electron transfer ability between photocatalysts and microorganisms. The removal efficiency of COD proved that microorganisms played an important role in the mineralization process of TCH by the ICPB system. After the ICPB degradation experiment, microorganisms maintained high activity and Pseudomonas, Burkholderiaceae and Flavobacterium which had TCH degradation or electron transport ability, were enriched. In conclusion, the novel ICPB carrier overcame shortcomings of the traditional ICPB carrier and the novel ICPB system had superior degradation performance for TCH. This study provided a possible method to promote the practical application of ICPB technology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huanjun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development of Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Xikang Road #1, Nanjing, 210098, PR China
| | - Yanan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development of Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Xikang Road #1, Nanjing, 210098, PR China
| | - Yi Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development of Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Xikang Road #1, Nanjing, 210098, PR China.
| | - Li Lin
- Basin Water Environmental Research Department, Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute, Wuhan, Hubei, 430010, PR China; Key Lab of Basin Water Resource and Eco-Environmental Science in Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei, 430010, PR China.
| | - Chi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development of Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Xikang Road #1, Nanjing, 210098, PR China
| | - Wenlong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development of Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Xikang Road #1, Nanjing, 210098, PR China
| | - Longfei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development of Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Xikang Road #1, Nanjing, 210098, PR China
| | - Lihua Niu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development of Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Xikang Road #1, Nanjing, 210098, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kumari M, Gupta SK. Cumulative human health risk analysis of trihalomethanes exposure in drinking water systems. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 321:115949. [PMID: 35985263 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated compounds on reaction with natural organic substances present in water leads to the formation of trihalomethanes (THMs), a major type of disinfection by-products (DBPs). Trihalomethanes (THMs) are the most widely investigated DBPs in drinking water systems because of their carcinogenic potential and subsequent adverse effects on human health. This study investigated the effect of gastro-intestinal absorption factor on human health risk assessment. Monitoring and analysis of water quality parameters and THMs levels in drinking water treatment plants revealed that the average values (306.5 μg/L) exceeded the recommended US EPA guidelines of 80 μg/L. Spearman rank (rho) correlation coefficient indicated that dissolved organic carbon is the major parameter influencing THMs formation. Monte Carlo simulations base risk assessment study was conducted for three different exposure pathways. The observed human health risk exposure effects due to THMs were below the recommended USEPA level (1.0 × 10-6) for both the drinking water treatment plants. Seasonal disparity on risk estimation analysis revealed higher risk in summer season followed by autumn which is principally due to high concentration of THMs in summers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minashree Kumari
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Huaz Khas-110016, India; Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM) Dhanbad-826004, Jharkhand, India.
| | - S K Gupta
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM) Dhanbad-826004, Jharkhand, India
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Eryildiz B, Yavuzturk Gul B, Koyuncu I. A sustainable approach for the removal methods and analytical determination methods of antiviral drugs from water/wastewater: A review. JOURNAL OF WATER PROCESS ENGINEERING 2022; 49:103036. [PMID: 35966450 PMCID: PMC9359512 DOI: 10.1016/j.jwpe.2022.103036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In the last years, antiviral drugs especially used for the treatment of COVID-19 have been considered emerging contaminants because of their continuous occurrence and persistence in water/wastewater even at low concentrations. Furthermore, as compared to antiviral drugs, their metabolites and transformation products of these pharmaceuticals are more persistent in the environment. They have been found in environmental matrices all over the world, demonstrating that conventional treatment technologies are unsuccessful for removing them from water/wastewater. Several approaches for degrading/removing antiviral drugs have been studied to avoid this contamination. In this study, the present level of knowledge on the input sources, occurrence, determination methods and, especially, the degradation and removal methods of antiviral drugs are discussed in water/wastewater. Different removal methods, such as conventional treatment methods (i.e. activated sludge), advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), adsorption, membrane processes, and combined processes, were evaluated. In addition, the antiviral drugs and these metabolites, as well as the transformation products created as a result of treatment, were examined. Future perspectives for removing antiviral drugs, their metabolites, and transformation products were also considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bahriye Eryildiz
- Istanbul Technical University, Environmental Engineering Department, Maslak 34469, Istanbul, Turkey
- National Research Center on Membrane Technologies, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak 34469, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bahar Yavuzturk Gul
- National Research Center on Membrane Technologies, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak 34469, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak 34469, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ismail Koyuncu
- Istanbul Technical University, Environmental Engineering Department, Maslak 34469, Istanbul, Turkey
- National Research Center on Membrane Technologies, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak 34469, Istanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Liu Q, Feng X, Chen N, Shen F, Zhang H, Wang S, Sheng Z, Li J. Occurrence and risk assessment of typical PPCPs and biodegradation pathway of ribavirin in wastewater treatment plants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ECOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 11:100184. [PMID: 36158755 PMCID: PMC9488096 DOI: 10.1016/j.ese.2022.100184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
A large number of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) persist in wastewater, and the consumption of PPCPs for COVID-19 control and prevention has sharply increased during the pandemic. This study investigated the occurrence, removal efficiency, and risk assessment of six typical PPCPs commonly used in China in two wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Ribavirin (RBV) is an effective pharmaceutical for severely ill patients with COVID-19, and the possible biodegradation pathway of RBV by activated sludge was discovered. The experimental results showed that PPCPs were detected in two WWTPs with a detection rate of 100% and concentrations ranging between 612 and 2323 ng L-1. The detection frequency and concentrations of RBV were substantially higher, with a maximum concentration of 314 ng L-1. Relatively high pollution loads were found for the following PPCPs from influent: ibuprofen > ranitidine hydrochloride > RBV > ampicillin sodium > clozapine > sulfamethoxazole. The removal efficiency of PPCPs was closely related to adsorption and biodegradation in activated sludge, and the moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) had a higher removal capacity than the anoxic-anaerobic-anoxic-oxic (AAAO) process. The removal efficiencies of sulfamethoxazole, ampicillin sodium, ibuprofen, and clozapine ranged from 92.21% to 97.86% in MBBR process and were relatively low, from 61.82% to 97.62% in AAAO process, and the removal of RBV and ranitidine hydrochloride were lower than 42.96% in both MBBR and AAAO processes. The discrepancy in removal efficiency is caused by temperature, hydrophilicity, and hydrophobicity of the compound, and acidity and alkalinity. The transformation products of RBV in activated sludge were detected and identified, and the biodegradation process of RBV could be speculated as follows: first breaks into TCONH2 and an oxygen-containing five-membered heterocyclic ring under the nucleosidase reaction, and then TCONH2 is finally formed into TCOOH through amide hydrolysis. Aquatic ecological risks based on risk quotient (RQ) assessment showed that PPCPs had high and medium risks in the influent, and the RQ values were all reduced after MBBR and AAAO treatment. Ranitidine hydrochloride and clozapine still showed high and medium risks in the effluent, respectively, and thus presented potential risks to the aquatic ecosystem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qixin Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Xuan Feng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Ning Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Fei Shen
- Laboratory of Instrumental Analysis, Jiangsu Wuxi Environmental Monitoring Center, Wuxi, 214121, China
| | - Haichuan Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Energy and Carbon Reduction Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
- Jiangsu College of Water Treatment Technology and Material Collaborative Innovation Center, Suzhou, 215009, China
- Corresponding author. Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
| | - Zhiya Sheng
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2W2, Canada
| | - Ji Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Energy and Carbon Reduction Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
- Jiangsu College of Water Treatment Technology and Material Collaborative Innovation Center, Suzhou, 215009, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Czech B, Krzyszczak A, Boguszewska-Czubara A, Opielak G, Jośko I, Hojamberdiev M. Revealing the toxicity of lopinavir- and ritonavir-containing water and wastewater treated by photo-induced processes to Danio rerio and Allivibrio fischeri. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 824:153967. [PMID: 35182634 PMCID: PMC8849850 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), among many protocols, lopinavir and ritonavir in individual or combined forms with other drugs have been used, causing an increase in the concentration of antiviral drugs in the wastewater and hospital effluents. In conventional wastewater treatment plants, the removal efficiency of various antiviral drugs is estimated to be low (<20%). The high values of predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) for lopinavir and ritonavir (in ng∙L-1) reveal their high chronic toxicity to aquatic organisms. This indicates that lopinavir and ritonavir are current priority antiviral drugs that need to be thoroughly monitored and effectively removed from any water and wastewater samples. In this study, we attempt to explore the impacts of two photo-induced processes (photolysis and photocatalysis) on the toxicity of treated water and wastewater samples containing lopinavir and ritonavir to zebrafish (Danio rerio) and marine bacteria (Allivibrio fischeri). The obtained results reveal that traces of lopinavir in water under photo-induced processes may cause severe problems for Danio rerio, including pericardial edema and shortening of the tail, affecting its behavior, and for Allivibrio fischeri as a result of the oxygen-depleted environment, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Hence, lopinavir must be removed from water and wastewater before being in contact with light. In contrast, the photo-induced processes of ritonavir-containing water and wastewater reduce the toxicity significantly. This shows that even if the physicochemical parameters of water and wastewater are within the standard requirements/limits, the presence of traces of antiviral drugs and their intermediates can affect the survival and behavior of Danio rerio and Allivibrio fischeri. Therefore, the photo-induced processes and additional treatment of water and wastewater containing ritonavir can minimize its toxic effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bożena Czech
- Department of Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin, 3 Maria Curie-Skłodowska Sq., 20-031 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Krzyszczak
- Department of Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin, 3 Maria Curie-Skłodowska Sq., 20-031 Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Boguszewska-Czubara
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Opielak
- Chair and Department of Human Physiology, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Radziwillowska 11, 20-080 Lublin, Poland
| | - Izabela Jośko
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka Street 15, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
| | - Mirabbos Hojamberdiev
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hojamberdiev M, Czech B, Wasilewska A, Boguszewska-Czubara A, Yubuta K, Wagata H, Daminova SS, Kadirova ZC, Vargas R. Detoxifying SARS-CoV-2 antiviral drugs from model and real wastewaters by industrial waste-derived multiphase photocatalysts. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 429:128300. [PMID: 35077970 PMCID: PMC8767938 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The use of antiviral drugs has surged as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, resulting in higher concentrations of these pharmaceuticals in wastewater. The degradation efficiency of antiviral drugs in wastewater treatment plants has been reported to be too low due to their hydrophilic nature, and an additional procedure is usually necessary to degrade them completely. Photocatalysis is regarded as one of the most effective processes to degrade antiviral drugs. The present study aims at synthesizing multiphase photocatalysts by a simple calcination of industrial waste from ammonium molybdate production (WU photocatalysts) and its combination with WO3 (WW photocatalysts). The X-ray diffraction (XRD) results confirm that the presence of multiple crystalline phases in the synthesized photocatalysts. UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectra reveal that the synthesized multiphase photocatalysts absorb visible light up to 620 nm. Effects of calcination temperature of industrial waste (550-950 °C) and WO3 content (0-100%) on photocatalytic activity of multiphase photocatalysts (WU and WW) for efficient removal of SARS-CoV-2 antiviral drugs (lopinavir and ritonavir) in model and real wastewaters are studied. The highest k1 value is observed for the photocatalytic removal of ritonavir from model wastewater using WW4 (35.64 ×10-2 min-1). The multiphase photocatalysts exhibit 95% efficiency in the photocatalytic removal of ritonavir within 15 of visible light irradiation. In contrast, 60 min of visible light irradiation is necessary to achieve 95% efficiency in the photocatalytic removal of lopinavir. The ecotoxicity test using zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos shows no toxicity for photocatalytically treated ritonavir-containing wastewater, and the contrary trend is observed for photocatalytically treated lopinavir-containing wastewater. The synthesized multiphase photocatalysts can be tested and applied for efficient degradation of other SARS-CoV-2 antiviral drugs in wastewater in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mirabbos Hojamberdiev
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Bożena Czech
- Department of Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Pl. M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Anna Wasilewska
- Department of Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Pl. M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Boguszewska-Czubara
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, Lublin 20-093, Poland
| | - Kunio Yubuta
- Department of Applied Quantum Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Hajime Wagata
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, Kawasaki 214-8571, Japan
| | - Shahlo S Daminova
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, National University of Uzbekistan, Tashkent 100174, Uzbekistan; Uzbekistan-Japan Innovation Center of Youth, University Str. 2B, Tashkent 100095, Uzbekistan
| | - Zukhra C Kadirova
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, National University of Uzbekistan, Tashkent 100174, Uzbekistan; Uzbekistan-Japan Innovation Center of Youth, University Str. 2B, Tashkent 100095, Uzbekistan
| | - Ronald Vargas
- Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (INTECH) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) / Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM), Avenida Intendente Marino, Km 8,2, B7130IWA Chascomús, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Nason SL, Lin E, Eitzer B, Koelmel J, Peccia J. Changes in Sewage Sludge Chemical Signatures During a COVID-19 Community Lockdown, Part 1: Traffic, Drugs, Mental Health, and Disinfectants. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2022; 41:1179-1192. [PMID: 34668219 DOI: 10.26434/chemrxiv.13562525.v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The early months of the COVID-19 pandemic and the associated shutdowns disrupted many aspects of daily life and thus caused changes in the use and disposal of many types of chemicals. While records of sales, prescriptions, drug overdoses, and so forth provide data about specific chemical uses during this time, wastewater and sewage sludge analysis can provide a more comprehensive overview of chemical changes within a region. We analyzed primary sludge from a wastewater-treatment plant in Connecticut, USA, collected March 19 to June 30, 2020. This time period encompassed the first wave of the pandemic, the initial statewide stay at home order, and the first phase of reopening. We used liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry and targeted and suspect screening strategies to identify 78 chemicals of interest, which included pharmaceuticals, illicit drugs, disinfectants, ultraviolet (UV) filters, and others. We analyzed trends over time for the identified chemicals using linear trend analyses and multivariate comparisons (p < 0.05). We found trends related directly to the pandemic (e.g., hydroxychloroquine, a drug publicized for its potential to treat COVID-19, had elevated concentrations in the week following the implementation of the US Emergency Use Authorization), as well as evidence for seasonal changes in chemical use (e.g., increases for three UV-filter compounds). Though wastewater surveillance during the pandemic has largely focused on measuring severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 RNA concentrations, chemical analysis can also show trends that are important for revealing the public and environmental health effects of the pandemic. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:1179-1192. © 2021 SETAC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara L Nason
- Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Elizabeth Lin
- Department of Environmental Health, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Brian Eitzer
- Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jeremy Koelmel
- Department of Environmental Health, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jordan Peccia
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Nason SL, Lin E, Eitzer B, Koelmel J, Peccia J. Changes in Sewage Sludge Chemical Signatures During a COVID-19 Community Lockdown, Part 1: Traffic, Drugs, Mental Health, and Disinfectants. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2022; 41:1179-1192. [PMID: 34668219 PMCID: PMC8653241 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The early months of the COVID-19 pandemic and the associated shutdowns disrupted many aspects of daily life and thus caused changes in the use and disposal of many types of chemicals. While records of sales, prescriptions, drug overdoses, and so forth provide data about specific chemical uses during this time, wastewater and sewage sludge analysis can provide a more comprehensive overview of chemical changes within a region. We analyzed primary sludge from a wastewater-treatment plant in Connecticut, USA, collected March 19 to June 30, 2020. This time period encompassed the first wave of the pandemic, the initial statewide stay at home order, and the first phase of reopening. We used liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry and targeted and suspect screening strategies to identify 78 chemicals of interest, which included pharmaceuticals, illicit drugs, disinfectants, ultraviolet (UV) filters, and others. We analyzed trends over time for the identified chemicals using linear trend analyses and multivariate comparisons (p < 0.05). We found trends related directly to the pandemic (e.g., hydroxychloroquine, a drug publicized for its potential to treat COVID-19, had elevated concentrations in the week following the implementation of the US Emergency Use Authorization), as well as evidence for seasonal changes in chemical use (e.g., increases for three UV-filter compounds). Though wastewater surveillance during the pandemic has largely focused on measuring severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 RNA concentrations, chemical analysis can also show trends that are important for revealing the public and environmental health effects of the pandemic. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:1179-1192. © 2021 SETAC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara L. Nason
- Connecticut Agricultural Experiment StationNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Elizabeth Lin
- Department of Environmental HealthYale School of Public HealthNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Brian Eitzer
- Connecticut Agricultural Experiment StationNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Jeremy Koelmel
- Department of Environmental HealthYale School of Public HealthNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Jordan Peccia
- Department of Chemical and Environmental EngineeringYale UniversityNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kumari M, Kumar A. Environmental and human health risk assessment of mixture of Covid-19 treating pharmaceutical drugs in environmental waters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 812:152485. [PMID: 34942257 PMCID: PMC8686450 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
This study identified ecological and human health risks exposure of COVID-19 pharmaceuticals and their metabolites in environmental waters. Environmental concentrations in aquatic species were predicted using surface water concentrations of pharmaceutical compounds. Predicted No-Effect Concentrations (PNEC) in aquatic organisms (green algae, daphnia, and fish) was estimated using EC50/LC50 values of pharmaceutical compounds taken from USEPA ECOSAR database. PNEC for human health risks was calculated using the acceptable daily intake values of drugs. Ecological PNEC revealed comparatively high values in algae (Chronic toxicity PNEC values, high to low: ribavirin (2.65 × 105 μg/L) to ritonavir (2.3 × 10-1 μg/L)) than daphnia and fish. Risk quotient (RQ) analysis revealed that algae (Avg. = 2.81 × 104) appeared to be the most sensitive species to pharmaceutical drugs followed by daphnia (Avg.: 1.28 × 104) and fish (Avg.: 1.028 × 103). Amongst the COVID-19 metabolites, lopinavir metabolites posed major risk to aquatic species. Ritonavir (RQ = 6.55) is the major drug responsible for human health risk through consumption of food (in the form fish) grown in pharmaceutically contaminated waters. Mixture toxicity analysis of drugs revealed that algae are the most vulnerable species amongst the three trophic levels. Maximum allowable concentration level for mixture of pharmaceuticals was found to be 0.53 mg/L.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minashree Kumari
- Environment Engineering Section, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, Delhi, 110017, India.
| | - Arun Kumar
- Environment Engineering Section, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, Delhi, 110017, India.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
El Amri R, Elkacmi R, Hasib A, Boudouch O. Removal of hydroxychloroquine from an aqueous solution using living microalgae: Effect of operating parameters on removal efficiency and mechanisms. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2022; 94:e10790. [PMID: 36073317 DOI: 10.1002/wer.10790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater contaminated with hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) poses a serious threat to the environment and human life. This study aimed to evaluate the ability of living microalgae to remove HCQ from an aqueous solution. Batch mode experiments were conducted under different conditions to investigate the effect of operating parameters on HCQ removal efficiency and mechanisms. Equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic study was also carried out to better describe the interactions between HCQ and microalgae. The maximum HCQ removal was 92.10 ± 1.25% obtained under optimal pH of 9.9 ± 0.1, a contact time of 45 min, a stirring speed of 300 rpm, an initial HCQ concentration of 20 mg/L, and a microalgae dose of 100 mg/L. The Langmuir isotherm and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model were best suited for the biosorption experiments, and the maximum biosorption capacity was 339.02 mg/g. The thermodynamic study showed that the biosorption process was exothermic and spontaneous. Experiments on real wastewater showed that the HCQ removal was not significantly affected by the presence of other contaminants in the water. PRACTITIONER POINTS: The best HCQ removal was 92.10 ± 1.25% obtained under optimal conditions. The Langmuir isotherm and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model were best suited for the biosorption experiments. The maximum biosorption capacity was 339.02 mg/g. The thermodynamic study showed that the biosorption process was exothermic and spontaneous. The microalgae studied can be successfully used in HCQ removal from water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Radouane El Amri
- Environmental and Agro-Industrial Process Team, Department of Chemistry and Environment, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University Sultan Moulay Slimane, Beni-Mellal, Morocco
| | - Reda Elkacmi
- Environmental and Agro-Industrial Process Team, Department of Chemistry and Environment, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University Sultan Moulay Slimane, Beni-Mellal, Morocco
| | - Aziz Hasib
- Environmental and Agro-Industrial Process Team, Department of Chemistry and Environment, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University Sultan Moulay Slimane, Beni-Mellal, Morocco
| | - Otmane Boudouch
- Environmental and Agro-Industrial Process Team, Department of Chemistry and Environment, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University Sultan Moulay Slimane, Beni-Mellal, Morocco
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Gwenzi W, Selvasembian R, Offiong NAO, Mahmoud AED, Sanganyado E, Mal J. COVID-19 drugs in aquatic systems: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY LETTERS 2022; 20:1275-1294. [PMID: 35069060 PMCID: PMC8760103 DOI: 10.1007/s10311-021-01356-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of the human coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has induced an unprecedented increase in the use of several old and repurposed therapeutic drugs such as veterinary medicines, e.g. ivermectin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, protein and peptide therapeutics, disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs and antimalarial drugs, antiretrovirals, analgesics, and supporting agents, e.g. azithromycin and corticosteroids. Excretion of drugs and their metabolites in stools and urine release these drugs into wastewater, and ultimately into surface waters and groundwater systems. Here, we review the sources, behaviour, environmental fate, risks, and remediation of those drugs. We discuss drug transformation in aquatic environments and in wastewater treatment systems. Degradation mechanisms and metabolite toxicity are poorly known. Potential risks include endocrine disruption, acute and chronic toxicity, disruption of ecosystem functions and trophic interactions in aquatic organisms, and the emergence of antimicrobial resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Willis Gwenzi
- Biosystems and Environmental Engineering Research Group, Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Environment and Food Systems, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Rangabhashiyam Selvasembian
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, Tamilnadu 613401 India
| | - Nnanake-Abasi O. Offiong
- International Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability Research (ICEESR), University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Computing and Applied Sciences, Topfaith University, Mkpatak, Nigeria
| | - Alaa El Din Mahmoud
- Environmental Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21511 Egypt
- Green Technology Group, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21511 Egypt
| | - Edmond Sanganyado
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine Science, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063 China
| | - Joyabrata Mal
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh India
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Dai C, Li S, Duan Y, Leong KH, Tu Y, Zhou L. Human health risk assessment of selected pharmaceuticals in the five major river basins, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 801:149730. [PMID: 34467938 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals in aquatic environment have raised wide attention in recent years due to their potential adverse effects and bioaccumulation in biota. China has been a major producer and consumer of pharmaceuticals, however, the potential human health risk of these chemicals is yet to be determined in China. In this study, we evaluated available exposure data for twenty pharmaceuticals in surface waters from Chinese five major river basins (the Yangtze, Haihe, Pearl, Songliao, and Yellow River Basins), and human health risk assessment was performed. Based on the concentration data and risk data, we conducted research on the source, cause, and control measures of the pharmaceuticals. The twenty pharmaceuticals were found to be ubiquitous in China with median concentrations between 0.09 and 304 ng/L. The estimated daily intake of pharmaceuticals from drinking water and eating fish was calculated. The intake via drinking water was significantly lower than that via eating fish. The risk quotients via water intake and fish consumption ranged from 0 to 17.2, with estrogen and sulfapyridine highest among the twenty pharmaceuticals. High risks of exposure were mainly in North China, including the Haihe and Songliao River Basins. This is the first analysis in Chinese major river basins that has filled the gaps in the research on the human health risks of pharmaceuticals. The results of the study provide basic information of pharmaceutical intake from drinking water and eating fish in China and provide insights into the risk management guidance of pharmaceuticals, and will facilitate the optimization of health advisories and policy making.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chaomeng Dai
- College of Civil Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Si Li
- College of Civil Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Yanping Duan
- School of Environmental and Geographical Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, No. 100 Guilin Rd., Shanghai 200234, PR China; Yangtze Delta Wetland Ecosystem National Filed Scientific Observation and Research Station, PR China.
| | - Kah Hon Leong
- Univ Tunku Abdul Rahman, Fac Engn & Green Technol, Dept Environm Engn, Kampar 31900, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Yaojen Tu
- School of Environmental and Geographical Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, No. 100 Guilin Rd., Shanghai 200234, PR China; Yangtze Delta Wetland Ecosystem National Filed Scientific Observation and Research Station, PR China
| | - Lang Zhou
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 301 E. Dean Keeton St., Stop C1786, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Revilla Pacheco C, Terán Hilares R, Colina Andrade G, Mogrovejo-Valdivia A, Pacheco Tanaka DA. Emerging contaminants, SARS-COV-2 and wastewater treatment plants, new challenges to confront: A short review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 15:100731. [PMID: 34124614 PMCID: PMC8183098 DOI: 10.1016/j.biteb.2021.100731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The current pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has put public health at risk, being wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) a potential tool in the detection, prevention, and treatment of present and possible future outbreaks, since this virus enters wastewater through various sources such as feces, vomit, and sputum. Thus, advanced technologies such as advanced oxidation processes (AOP), membrane technology (MT) are identified through a systematic literature review as an alternative option for the destruction and removal of emerging contaminants (drugs and personal care products) released mainly by infected patients. The objectives of this review are to know the implications that the new COVID-19 outbreak is generating and will generate in water compartments, as well as the new challenges faced by wastewater treatment plants due to the change in a load of contaminants and the solutions proposed based on the aforementioned technologies to be applied to preserve public health and the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Revilla Pacheco
- Laboratorio de Tecnología de Membranas, Universidad Católica de Santa María - UCSM, Urb. San José, San José S/N, Yanahuara, Arequipa, Peru
| | - Ruly Terán Hilares
- Laboratorio de Tecnología de Membranas, Universidad Católica de Santa María - UCSM, Urb. San José, San José S/N, Yanahuara, Arequipa, Peru
| | - Gilberto Colina Andrade
- Laboratorio de Tecnología de Membranas, Universidad Católica de Santa María - UCSM, Urb. San José, San José S/N, Yanahuara, Arequipa, Peru
| | - Alejandra Mogrovejo-Valdivia
- Laboratorio de Tecnología de Membranas, Universidad Católica de Santa María - UCSM, Urb. San José, San José S/N, Yanahuara, Arequipa, Peru
| | - David Alfredo Pacheco Tanaka
- Laboratorio de Tecnología de Membranas, Universidad Católica de Santa María - UCSM, Urb. San José, San José S/N, Yanahuara, Arequipa, Peru
| |
Collapse
|