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Zhang F, Cheng T, Zhang SX. Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR): a potential new therapeutic target for rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2023; 25:187. [PMID: 37784141 PMCID: PMC10544394 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-023-03181-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by systemic synovitis and bone destruction. Proinflammatory cytokines activate pathways of immune-mediated inflammation, which aggravates RA. The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway associated with RA connects immune and metabolic signals, which regulates immune cell proliferation and differentiation, macrophage polarization and migration, antigen presentation, and synovial cell activation. Therefore, therapy strategies targeting mTOR have become an important direction of current RA treatment research. In the current review, we summarize the biological functions of mTOR, its regulatory effects on inflammation, and the curative effects of mTOR inhibitors in RA, thus providing references for the development of RA therapeutic targets and new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, No. 382, Wuyi Road, Xinghualing District, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi Province, China
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Rheumatism Immune Microecology, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology at Shanxi Medical University, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Ting Cheng
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, No. 382, Wuyi Road, Xinghualing District, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi Province, China
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Rheumatism Immune Microecology, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology at Shanxi Medical University, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Sheng-Xiao Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, No. 382, Wuyi Road, Xinghualing District, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi Province, China.
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Rheumatism Immune Microecology, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China.
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology at Shanxi Medical University, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China.
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2
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Toskov V, Ehl S. Autoimmune lymphoproliferative immunodeficiencies (ALPID) in childhood: breakdown of immune homeostasis and immune dysregulation. Mol Cell Pediatr 2023; 10:11. [PMID: 37702894 PMCID: PMC10499775 DOI: 10.1186/s40348-023-00167-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Many inborn errors of immunity (IEI) manifest with hallmarks of both immunodeficiency and immune dysregulation due to uncontrolled immune responses and impaired immune homeostasis. A subgroup of these disorders frequently presents with autoimmunity and lymphoproliferation (ALPID phenotype). After the initial description of the genetic basis of autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS) more than 20 years ago, progress in genetics has helped to identify many more genetic conditions underlying this ALPID phenotype. Among these, the majority is caused by a group of autosomal-dominant conditions including CTLA-4 haploinsufficiency, STAT3 gain-of-function disease, activated PI3 kinase syndrome, and NF-κB1 haploinsufficiency. Even within a defined genetic condition, ALPID patients may present with staggering clinical heterogeneity, which makes diagnosis and management a challenge. In this review, we discuss the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, approaches to diagnosis, and conventional as well as targeted therapy of the most common ALPID conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasil Toskov
- Centre for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Ehl
- Centre for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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3
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Targeting mTOR as a Cancer Therapy: Recent Advances in Natural Bioactive Compounds and Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14225520. [PMID: 36428613 PMCID: PMC9688668 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14225520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a highly conserved serine/threonine-protein kinase, which regulates many biological processes related to metabolism, cancer, immune function, and aging. It is an essential protein kinase that belongs to the phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) family and has two known signaling complexes, mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2). Even though mTOR signaling plays a critical role in promoting mitochondria-related protein synthesis, suppressing the catabolic process of autophagy, contributing to lipid metabolism, engaging in ribosome formation, and acting as a critical regulator of mRNA translation, it remains one of the significant signaling systems involved in the tumor process, particularly in apoptosis, cell cycle, and cancer cell proliferation. Therefore, the mTOR signaling system could be suggested as a cancer biomarker, and its targeting is important in anti-tumor therapy research. Indeed, its dysregulation is involved in different types of cancers such as colon, neck, cervical, head, lung, breast, reproductive, and bone cancers, as well as nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Moreover, recent investigations showed that targeting mTOR could be considered as cancer therapy. Accordingly, this review presents an overview of recent developments associated with the mTOR signaling pathway and its molecular involvement in various human cancer types. It also summarizes the research progress of different mTOR inhibitors, including natural and synthetised compounds and their main mechanisms, as well as the rational combinations with immunotherapies.
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4
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Chen H, Zhou J, Zhang G, Luo Z, Li L, Kang X. Emerging role and therapeutic implication of mTOR signalling in intervertebral disc degeneration. Cell Prolif 2022; 56:e13338. [PMID: 36193577 PMCID: PMC9816935 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD), an important cause of chronic low back pain (LBP), is considered the pathological basis for various spinal degenerative diseases. A series of factors, including inflammatory response, oxidative stress, autophagy, abnormal mechanical stress, nutritional deficiency, and genetics, lead to reduced extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis by intervertebral disc (IVD) cells and accelerate IDD progression. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is an evolutionarily conserved serine/threonine kinase that plays a vital role in diverse degenerative diseases. Recent studies have shown that mTOR signalling is involved in the regulation of autophagy, oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, ECM homeostasis, cellular senescence, and apoptosis in IVD cells. Accordingly, we reviewed the mechanism of mTOR signalling in the pathogenesis of IDD to provide innovative ideas for future research and IDD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai‐Wei Chen
- Department of OrthopaedicsLanzhou University Second HospitalLanzhouGansuPeople's Republic of China,The Second Clinical Medical CollegeLanzhou UniversityLanzhouGansuPeople's Republic of China
| | - Jian‐Wei Zhou
- Department of OrthopaedicsLanzhou University Second HospitalLanzhouGansuPeople's Republic of China,Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics Disease of Gansu ProvinceLanzhou University Second HospitalLanzhouGansu ProvincePeople's Republic of China
| | - Guang‐Zhi Zhang
- Department of OrthopaedicsLanzhou University Second HospitalLanzhouGansuPeople's Republic of China,The Second Clinical Medical CollegeLanzhou UniversityLanzhouGansuPeople's Republic of China
| | - Zhang‐Bin Luo
- Department of OrthopaedicsLanzhou University Second HospitalLanzhouGansuPeople's Republic of China,The Second Clinical Medical CollegeLanzhou UniversityLanzhouGansuPeople's Republic of China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of OrthopaedicsLanzhou University Second HospitalLanzhouGansuPeople's Republic of China,The Second Clinical Medical CollegeLanzhou UniversityLanzhouGansuPeople's Republic of China
| | - Xue‐Wen Kang
- Department of OrthopaedicsLanzhou University Second HospitalLanzhouGansuPeople's Republic of China,The Second Clinical Medical CollegeLanzhou UniversityLanzhouGansuPeople's Republic of China,Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics Disease of Gansu ProvinceLanzhou University Second HospitalLanzhouGansu ProvincePeople's Republic of China
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Hong PP, Li C, Niu GJ, Zhao XF, Wang JX. White spot syndrome virus directly activates mTORC1 signaling to facilitate its replication via polymeric immunoglobulin receptor-mediated infection in shrimp. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010808. [PMID: 36067252 PMCID: PMC9481175 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling pathway has antiviral functions or is beneficial for viral replication, however, the detail mechanisms by which mTORC1 enhances viral infection remain unclear. Here, we found that proliferation of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) was decreased after knockdown of mTor (mechanistic target of rapamycin) or injection inhibitor of mTORC1, rapamycin, in Marsupenaeus japonicus, which suggests that mTORC1 is utilized by WSSV for its replication in shrimp. Mechanistically, WSSV infects shrimp by binding to its receptor, polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR), and induces the interaction of its intracellular domain with Calmodulin. Calmodulin then promotes the activation of protein kinase B (AKT) by interaction with the pleckstrin homology (PH) domain of AKT. Activated AKT phosphorylates mTOR and results in the activation of the mTORC1 signaling pathway to promote its downstream effectors, ribosomal protein S6 kinase (S6Ks), for viral protein translation. Moreover, mTORC1 also phosphorylates eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 (4EBP1), which will result in the separation of 4EBP1 from eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) for the translation of viral proteins in shrimp. Our data revealed a novel pathway for WSSV proliferation in shrimp and indicated that mTORC1 may represent a potential clinical target for WSSV control in shrimp aquaculture. White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is the causative pathogen of white spot disease (WSD) and represents the most destructive viral disease of shrimp. The virus has evolved various strategies to escape from host defenses or exploit host biological pathways for its reproduction. Studies on viral immune-escape mechanisms can provide new strategies for disease prevention and control in shrimp aquaculture. Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) plays a central role in the regulation of cell growth and metabolism, which nucleates two distinct protein complexes, mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2) with diverse functions at different levels of the signaling pathway. mTORC1 is reported to be exploited by viruses in their reproduction. However, the detail mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we identified a new mechanism of mTOR being hijacked by WSSV in shrimp (Marsupenaeus japonicus). WSSV infects shrimp by its receptor, pIgR and induces the interaction of the intracellular domain of pIgR with Calmodulin. Calmodulin subsequently promotes the activation of AKT by interaction with the pleckstrin homology domain of the kinase. Activated AKT phosphorylates mTOR and results in the activation of the mTORC1 signaling pathway to promote its downstream effectors, S6Ks, for viral protein synthesis. Moreover, mTORC1 also phosphorylates 4EBP1, which results in the separation of 4EBP1 from eIF4E for the translation of viral proteins in shrimp. Our study reveals a novel strategy for WSSV proliferation in shrimp and indicates that the components of mTORC1 may represent potential clinical targets for WSSV control in shrimp aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan-Pan Hong
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Cang Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Guo-Juan Niu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xiao-Fan Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Jin-Xing Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- * E-mail:
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6
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Cheng L, Wang Y, Qiu L, Chang Y, Lu H, Liu C, Zhang B, Zhou Y, Bai H, Xiong L, Zhong H, Nie W, Han B. mTOR pathway gene mutations predict response to immune checkpoint inhibitors in multiple cancers. J Transl Med 2022; 20:247. [PMID: 35642038 PMCID: PMC9153162 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03436-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND mTOR pathway is known to promote cancer malignancy and influence cancer immunity but is unknown for its role in immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) therapy. METHODS Using Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center dataset (MSKCC), we extracted mTOR pathway gene mutations for stepwise Cox regression in 1661 cancer patients received ICI. We associated the mutation of the gene signature resulted from the stepwise Cox regression with the 1661 patients' survival. Other 553 ICI-treated patients were collected from 6 cohorts for validation. We also performed this survival association in patients without ICI treatment from MSKCC as discovery (n = 2244) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) as validation (n = 763). Pathway enrichment analysis were performed using transcriptome profiles from TCGA and IMvigor210 trial to investigate the potential mechanism. RESULTS We identified 8 genes involved in mTOR pathway, including FGFR2, PIK3C3, FGFR4, FGFR1, FGF3, AKT1, mTOR, and RPTOR, resulted from stepwise Cox regression in discovery (n = 1661). In both discovery (n = 1661) and validation (n = 553), the mutation of the 8-gene signature was associated with better survival of the patients treated with ICI, which was independent of tumor mutation burden (TMB) and mainly attributed to the missense mutations. This survival association was not observed in patients without ICI therapy. Intriguingly, the mutation of the 8-gene signature was associated with increased TMB and PD1/PD-L1 expression. Immunologically, pathways involved in anti-tumor immune response were enriched in presence of this mutational signature in mTOR pathway, leading to increased infiltration of immune effector cells (e.g., CD8 + T cells, NK cells, and M1 macrophages), but decreased infiltration of immune inhibitory M2 macrophages. CONCLUSIONS These results suggested that mTOR pathway gene mutations were predictive of better survival upon ICI treatment in multiple cancers, likely by its association with enhanced anti-tumor immunity. Larger studies are warranted to validate our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Cheng
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 20030, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 20030, China
| | - Lixin Qiu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yuanyuan Chang
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 20030, China
| | - Haijiao Lu
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 20030, China
| | - Chenchen Liu
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 20030, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 20030, China
| | - Hao Bai
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 20030, China
| | - Liwen Xiong
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 20030, China.
| | - Hua Zhong
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 20030, China.
| | - Wei Nie
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 20030, China.
| | - Baohui Han
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 20030, China.
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Lima-Silva LF, Lee J, Moraes-Vieira PM. Soluble Carrier Transporters and Mitochondria in the Immunometabolic Regulation of Macrophages. Antioxid Redox Signal 2022; 36:906-919. [PMID: 34555943 PMCID: PMC9271333 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Immunometabolic regulation of macrophages is a growing area of research across many fields. Here, we review the contribution of solute carriers (SLCs) in regulating macrophage metabolism. We also highlight key mechanisms that regulate SLC function, their effects on mitochondrial activity, and how these intracellular activities contribute to macrophage fitness in health and disease. Recent Advances: SLCs serve as a major drug absorption pathway and represent a novel category of therapeutic drug targets. SLC dynamics affect cellular nutritional sensors, such as AMP-activated protein kinase and mammalian target of rapamycin, and consequently alter the cellular metabolism and mitochondrial dynamics within macrophages to adapt to a new functional phenotype. Critical Issues: SLC function affects macrophage phenotype, but their mechanisms of action and how their functions contribute to host health remain incompletely defined. Future Directions: Few studies focus on the impact of solute transporters on macrophage function. Identifying which SLCs are present in macrophages and determining their functional roles may reveal novel therapeutic targets with which to treat metabolic and inflammatory diseases. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 36, 906-919.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lincon Felipe Lima-Silva
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.,Post Graduate Program in Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jennifer Lee
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Pedro M Moraes-Vieira
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.,Experimental Medicine Research Cluster (EMRC), University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.,Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
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8
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Zhang H, He F, Zhou L, Shi M, Li F, Jia H. Activation of TLR4 induces inflammatory muscle injury via mTOR and NF-κB pathways in experimental autoimmune myositis mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 603:29-34. [PMID: 35276460 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic inflammatory myopathy (IIM) is an autoimmune disease that invades skeletal muscle; however, the etiology of IIM is still poorly understood. Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 has been widely reported to take part in the autoimmune inflammation of IIMs. The mammalian target of rapamycin, mTOR, is a key central substance which mediates immune responses and metabolic changes, and also has been confirmed to be involved in the pathogenesis of IIMs. However, the interconnectedness between TLR4 and mTOR in IIM inflammation has not been fully elucidated. We hypothesized that TLR4 may play an important role in IIM inflammatory muscle injury by regulating mTOR. Mice were divided into four groups: a normal control group, IIM animal model (experimental autoimmune myositis, EAM) group, TAK242 intervention group and rapamycin (RAPA) intervention group. The results of EAM mice showed that TLR4, mTOR, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and inflammatory factors interleukin-17A (IL-17A) and interferon γ (IFN-γ) mRNA levels were significantly upregulated. These factors were positively correlated with the degree of muscle inflammatory injury. When EAM mice were given the antagonist TAK242 to inhibit the TLR4 pathway, the results demonstrated that both mTOR and NF-κB were downregulated in the muscle of the mice. Muscle staining showed that the inflammatory injury was alleviated and the EAM mouse muscle strength was improved. Then, RAPA was used to inhibit the mTOR pathway, and the inflammatory factors IL-17A and IFN-γ were downregulated in EAM mouse muscle and serum. Consistently, muscle inflammatory injury was significantly reduced, and muscle strength was significantly improved. Our results suggest that TLR4 may regulate inflammatory muscle injury in EAM by activating the mTOR and NF-κB pathways, which provides both an experimental complement for the pathological mechanism of IIM and an encouraging target for the selection of effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongya Zhang
- Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China; Department of Neurology, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fangyuan He
- Department of Neurology, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Linfu Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University School of Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | - Ming Shi
- Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Fangming Li
- Department of Neurology, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Hongge Jia
- Department of Neurology, Shenzhen Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China.
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9
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Ren Z, Yu Y, Chen C, Yang D, Ding T, Zhu L, Deng J, Xu Z. The Triangle Relationship Between Long Noncoding RNA, RIG-I-like Receptor Signaling Pathway, and Glycolysis. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:807737. [PMID: 34917069 PMCID: PMC8670088 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.807737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Long noncoding RNA (LncRNA), a noncoding RNA over 200nt in length, can regulate glycolysis through metabolic pathways, glucose metabolizing enzymes, and epigenetic reprogramming. Upon viral infection, increased aerobic glycolysis providzes material and energy for viral replication. Mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) is the only protein-specified downstream of retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) that bridges the gap between antiviral immunity and glycolysis. MAVS binding to RIG-I inhibits MAVS binding to Hexokinase (HK2), thereby impairing glycolysis, while excess lactate production inhibits MAVS and the downstream antiviral immune response, facilitating viral replication. LncRNAs can also regulate antiviral innate immunity by interacting with RIG-I and downstream signaling pathways and by regulating the expression of interferons and interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). Altogether, we summarize the relationship between glycolysis, antiviral immunity, and lncRNAs and propose that lncRNAs interact with glycolysis and antiviral pathways, providing a new perspective for the future treatment against virus infection, including SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Ren
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yueru Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chaoxi Chen
- College of Life Since and Technology, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dingyong Yang
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Chengdu Agricultural College, Chengdu, China
| | - Ting Ding
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Junliang Deng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiwen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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10
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Rusin A, Li M, Cocchetto A, Seymour C, Mothersill C. Radiation exposure and mitochondrial insufficiency in chronic fatigue and immune dysfunction syndrome. Med Hypotheses 2021; 154:110647. [PMID: 34358921 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2021.110647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chronic fatigue and Immune Dysfunction Syndrome (CFIDS) is a heterogeneous disease that may be promoted by various environmental stressors, including viral infection, toxin uptake, and ionizing radiation exposure. Previous studies have identified mitochondrial dysfunction in CFIDS patients, including modulation of mitochondrial respiratory chain activity, deletions in the mitochondrial genome, and upregulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This paper focuses on radiation effects and hypothesizes that CFIDS is primarily caused by stressor-induced mitochondrial metabolic insufficiency, which results in decreased energy production and anabolic metabolites required for normal cellular metabolism. Furthermore, tissues neighbouring or distant from directly perturbed tissues compensate for this dysfunction, which causes symptoms associated with CFIDS. This hypothesis is justified by reviewing the links between radiation exposure and CFIDS, cancer, immune dysfunction, and induction of oxidative stress. Moreover, the relevance of mitochondria in cellular responses to radiation and metabolism are discussed and putative mitochondrial biomarkers for CFIDS are introduced. Implications for diagnosis are then described, including a potential urine assay and PCR test for mitochondrial genome mutations. Finally, future research needs are offered with an emphasis on where rapid progress may be made to assist the afflicted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrej Rusin
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON Canada.
| | - Megan Li
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON Canada
| | - Alan Cocchetto
- National CFIDS Foundation Inc., 103 Aletha Road, Needham, MA USA
| | - Colin Seymour
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON Canada
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11
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Ye Y, Wang M, Huang H. Follicular regulatory T cell biology and its role in immune-mediated diseases. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 110:239-255. [PMID: 33938586 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.1mr0321-601rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Follicular regulatory T (Tfr) cells are recently found to be a special subgroup of regulatory T (Treg) cells. Tfr cells play an important role in regulating the germinal center (GC) response, especially modulating follicular helper T (Tfh) cells and GC-B cells, thereby affecting the production of antibodies. Tfr cells are involved in the generation and development of many immune-related and inflammatory diseases. This article summarizes the advances in several aspects of Tfr cell biology, with special focus on definition and phenotype, development and differentiation, regulatory factors, functions, and interactions with T/B cells and molecules involved in performance and regulation of Tfr function. Finally, we highlight the current understanding of Tfr cells involvement in autoimmunity and alloreactivity, and describe some drugs targeting Tfr cells. These latest studies have answered some basic questions in Tfr cell biology and explored the roles of Tfr cells in immune-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yishan Ye
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mowang Wang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - He Huang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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12
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Yina S, Zhongjie C, Kaiyu C, Chenghua L, Xiaodong Z. Target of rapamycin signaling inhibits autophagy in sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 102:480-488. [PMID: 32437859 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy mediated by mTOR pathway is a particularly important immune defense mechanism in the pathogens infected mammals. However, the role of TOR in echinoderm autophagy is largely unknown. Here, a cDNA encoding TOR protein was cloned and characterized from sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (designated as AjTOR) and its biological functions were also investigated. The AjTOR gene encoded a peptide of 2499 amino acids with the representative domains of DUF3385, FAT, FRB, PI3Kc, and FATC, which exhibited highly conservation with vertebrate orthologs. Phylogenetic analysis supported that AjTOR belonged to a new member of TOR family. Moreover, tissues distribution analysis indicated that AjTOR was ubiquitously expressed in all the tested tissues, with the highest transcription in muscle. Vibrio splendidus infection in vivo and LPS challenge in vitro could both significantly down-regulate the mRNA expression of AjTOR. What's more, transmission electron microscopy observations showed that rapamycin treatment resulted in rapid formation of autophagosomes in coelomocytes both at 3 and 6 h, however, injection with mTOR activator of MHY1485 showed an inhibitory effect on autophagosomes formation compared to the control, suggesting blocking the expression of AjTOR could accelerates autophagy signals. Our findings supported that AjTOR served as a negative regulator in sea cucumber authophay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao Yina
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China
| | - Che Zhongjie
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China
| | - Chen Kaiyu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China
| | - Li Chenghua
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, PR China.
| | - Zhao Xiaodong
- School of Ocean, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, PR China
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13
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Rokytová I, Mravec B, Lauková M, Vargovič P. Effect of rapamycin on repeated immobilization stress-induced immune alterations in the rat spleen. J Neuroimmunol 2020; 346:577309. [PMID: 32645638 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Chronic stress modulates immune system functions via neuroendocrine pathways. Rapamycin inhibits activity of immune cells through the mTOR signaling pathway. We investigated the effect of rapamycin (15 mg/kg, 3-times/week) on neuroimmune-endocrine system in the spleen of rats exposed to 42 cycles of 2-h immobilization. Rapamycin enhanced the activity of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis induced by stress exposure, prevented stress-induced expression of natural killer cell markers while reversed stress-evoked decline of Th2 immune response markers. Overall, our findings suggest that rapamycin may act on immune functions not only directly by inhibiting of mTOR in immune cells but also indirectly via modulation of neuroendocrine system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Rokytová
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Boris Mravec
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia; Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Marcela Lauková
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia; Department of Public Health, Division of Environmental Health Science, School of Health Sciences and Practice, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Peter Vargovič
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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14
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Verna EC, Patel YA, Aggarwal A, Desai AP, Frenette C, Pillai AA, Salgia R, Seetharam A, Sharma P, Sherman C, Tsoulfas G, Yao FY. Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: Management after the transplant. Am J Transplant 2020; 20:333-347. [PMID: 31710773 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.15697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is an increasingly common indication for liver transplantation (LT) in the United States and in many parts of the world. In the last decade, significant work has been done to better understand how to risk stratify LT candidates for recurrence of HCC following transplant using a combination of biomarker and imaging findings. However, despite the high frequency of HCC in the LT population, guidance regarding posttransplant management is lacking. In particular, there is no current evidence to support specific post-LT surveillance strategies, leading to significant heterogeneity in practices. In addition, there are no current recommendations regarding recurrence prevention, including immunosuppression regimen or secondary prevention with adjuvant chemotherapy. Finally, guidance on treatment of disease recurrence is also lacking and there is significant controversy about the use of immunotherapy in transplant recipients due to the risk of rejection. Thus, outcomes for patients with recurrence are poor. This paper therefore provides a comprehensive review of the current literature on post-LT management of patients with HCC and identifies gaps in our current knowledge that are in urgent need of further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C Verna
- Center for Liver Disease and Transplantation, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yuval A Patel
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Avin Aggarwal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tuscon, Arizona, USA
| | - Archita P Desai
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Catherine Frenette
- Scripps Center for Organ Transplantation, Scripps Green Hospital, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Anjana A Pillai
- Center for Liver Diseases, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Reena Salgia
- Department of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Anil Seetharam
- Transplant Hepatology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Pratima Sharma
- Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Courtney Sherman
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Georgios Tsoulfas
- Department of Surgery, Aristotle University School of Medicine, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Francis Y Yao
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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15
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Tuijnenburg P, Aan de Kerk DJ, Jansen MH, Morris B, Lieftink C, Beijersbergen RL, van Leeuwen EMM, Kuijpers TW. High-throughput compound screen reveals mTOR inhibitors as potential therapeutics to reduce (auto)antibody production by human plasma cells. Eur J Immunol 2019; 50:73-85. [PMID: 31621069 PMCID: PMC6972998 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201948241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Antibody production by the B cell compartment is a crucial part of the adaptive immune response. Dysregulated antibody production in the form of autoantibodies can cause autoimmune disease. To date, B‐cell depletion with anti‐CD20 antibodies is commonly applied in autoimmunity, but pre‐existing plasma cells are not eliminated in this way. Alternative ways of more selective inhibition of antibody production would add to the treatment of these autoimmune diseases. To explore novel therapeutic targets in signaling pathways essential for plasmablast formation and/or immunoglobulin production, we performed a compound screen of almost 200 protein kinase inhibitors in a robust B‐cell differentiation culture system. This study yielded 35 small cell‐permeable compounds with a reproducible inhibitory effect on B‐cell activation and plasmablast formation, among which was the clinically applied mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor rapamycin. Two additional compounds targeting the phosphoinositide 3‐kinase‐AKT‐mTOR pathway (BKM120 and WYE‐354) did not affect proliferation and plasmablast formation, but specifically reduced the immunoglobulin production. With this compound screen we successfully applied a method to investigate therapeutic targets for B‐cell differentiation and identified compounds in the phosphoinositide 3‐kinase‐AKT‐mTOR pathway that could specifically inhibit immunoglobulin production only. These drugs may well be explored to be of value in current B‐cell‐depleting treatment regimens in autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Tuijnenburg
- Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Pediatric Immunology, Rheumatology and Infectious diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daan J Aan de Kerk
- Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Pediatric Immunology, Rheumatology and Infectious diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Machiel H Jansen
- Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Pediatric Immunology, Rheumatology and Infectious diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ben Morris
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis and NKI Robotics and Screening Center, Netherlands Cancer Institute (NKI-AvL), The Netherlands
| | - Cor Lieftink
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis and NKI Robotics and Screening Center, Netherlands Cancer Institute (NKI-AvL), The Netherlands
| | - Roderick L Beijersbergen
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis and NKI Robotics and Screening Center, Netherlands Cancer Institute (NKI-AvL), The Netherlands
| | - Ester M M van Leeuwen
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Taco W Kuijpers
- Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Pediatric Immunology, Rheumatology and Infectious diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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16
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Leong LY, Lin PC, Chi CY, Chou CH, Lu MC, Liao WC, Ho MW, Wang JH, Jeng LB. Risk factors of tuberculosis after liver transplant in a tertiary care hospital. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2019; 54:312-318. [PMID: 31668794 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2019.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuberculosis (TB) is a serious opportunistic infection in liver transplant (LT) recipients with a high rate of morbidity and mortality. This study aims to clarify the frequency and risk factors for tuberculosis in LT recipients. METHODS A total of 884 LT recipients were investigated retrospectively at China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan. We performed a case-control study (1:2) to investigate the potential risk factors and disease onset of TB after LT. RESULTS Among the 884 LT recipients, 25 of TB cases (2.8%) were reported from 2009 to 2016. The overall incidence of TB was 744 cases per 100,000 patient-year, which was 18-fold higher than the general population in Taiwan. The median time to develop TB after liver transplant was 20 months. Of the TB cases, 15 were pulmonary TB and 10 were extra-pulmonary TB. Five cases of those extra-pulmonary TB occurred in the first post-transplant year. Overall five-year survival rate was 63.3%. Multivariate analyses identified apical fibrotic change in pre-transplant computed tomographic (CT) finding and the exposure to mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors before TB event as independent risk factors for TB development (Odd ratio (OR) 10.79, 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.73-67.49, p = 0.01; OR 3.847, 95% CI 0.80-18.51, P = 0.09, respectively). CONCLUSION TB incidence in LT recipients is high in this study. Among those post-transplant recipients with long-term immunosuppression, abnormal CT finding and exposure to mTOR inhibitors before liver transplant might be the risk factors for TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lih-Ying Leong
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Po-Chang Lin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Yu Chi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Huei Chou
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Min-Chi Lu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chih Liao
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Mao-Wang Ho
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Hsien Wang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Long-Bin Jeng
- Department of Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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17
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Gomez SR, Morgans S, Kristan DM. Rapamycin exposure to host and to adult worms affects life history traits of Heligmosomoides bakeri. Exp Parasitol 2019; 204:107720. [PMID: 31279929 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2019.107720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Parasite life history can be affected by conditions of the host and of the external environment. Rapamycin, a known immunosuppressant of mammals, was fed to laboratory mice that were then infected with the Trichostrongylid nematode Heligmosomoides bakeri to determine if host rapamycin exposure would affect parasite survival, growth, and reproduction. In addition, adult worms from control fed mice were directly exposed to rapamycin to assess if rapamycin would affect worm viability and ex vivo reproduction. We found that host ingestion of rapamycin did not affect H. bakeri survival or growth for male or female worms, but female worms had increased reproduction both in vivo and when removed from the host and cultured ex vivo. After direct rapamycin exposure, motility of female worms was greater at low levels of rapamycin compared to high levels of rapamycin or high levels of DMSO (the vehicle used to solubilize rapamycin) in control media, but was similar to females in low levels of DMSO in control media. Male motility was not affected by the presence of rapamycin or DMSO in the media. Ex vivo egg deposition was higher when exposed to rapamycin than when cultured in control media that contained DMSO, regardless of DMSO dose. Overall, we conclude that host ingestion of rapamycin or direct exposure to rapamycin was generally favorable or neutral for parasite life history traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R Gomez
- Department of Biological Sciences, 333 S. Twin Oaks Valley Rd, California State University San Marcos, San Marcos, CA, 92096, USA
| | - Scott Morgans
- Department of Biological Sciences, 333 S. Twin Oaks Valley Rd, California State University San Marcos, San Marcos, CA, 92096, USA
| | - Deborah M Kristan
- Department of Biological Sciences, 333 S. Twin Oaks Valley Rd, California State University San Marcos, San Marcos, CA, 92096, USA.
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18
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Sinclair LV, Howden AJM, Brenes A, Spinelli L, Hukelmann JL, Macintyre AN, Liu X, Thomson S, Taylor PM, Rathmell JC, Locasale JW, Lamond AI, Cantrell DA. Antigen receptor control of methionine metabolism in T cells. eLife 2019; 8:e44210. [PMID: 30916644 PMCID: PMC6497464 DOI: 10.7554/elife.44210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune activated T lymphocytes modulate the activity of key metabolic pathways to support the transcriptional reprograming and reshaping of cell proteomes that permits effector T cell differentiation. The present study uses high resolution mass spectrometry and metabolic labelling to explore how murine T cells control the methionine cycle to produce methyl donors for protein and nucleotide methylations. We show that antigen receptor engagement controls flux through the methionine cycle and RNA and histone methylations. We establish that the main rate limiting step for protein synthesis and the methionine cycle is control of methionine transporter expression. Only T cells that respond to antigen to upregulate and sustain methionine transport are supplied with methyl donors that permit the dynamic nucleotide methylations and epigenetic reprogramming that drives T cell differentiation. These data highlight how the regulation of methionine transport licenses use of methionine for multiple fundamental processes that drive T lymphocyte proliferation and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda V Sinclair
- Cell Signalling and ImmunologyUniversity of DundeeDundeeUnited Kingdom
| | - Andrew JM Howden
- Cell Signalling and ImmunologyUniversity of DundeeDundeeUnited Kingdom
| | - Alejandro Brenes
- Centre for Gene Regulation and ExpressionUniversity of DundeeDundeeUnited Kingdom
| | - Laura Spinelli
- Cell Signalling and ImmunologyUniversity of DundeeDundeeUnited Kingdom
| | - Jens L Hukelmann
- Centre for Gene Regulation and ExpressionUniversity of DundeeDundeeUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Xiaojing Liu
- Pharmacology and Cancer BiologyDuke UniversityDurhamUnited States
| | - Sarah Thomson
- Cell Signalling and ImmunologyUniversity of DundeeDundeeUnited Kingdom
| | - Peter M Taylor
- Cell Signalling and ImmunologyUniversity of DundeeDundeeUnited Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey C Rathmell
- Center for ImmunobiologyVanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleUnited States
| | - Jason W Locasale
- Pharmacology and Cancer BiologyDuke UniversityDurhamUnited States
| | - Angus I Lamond
- Centre for Gene Regulation and ExpressionUniversity of DundeeDundeeUnited Kingdom
| | - Doreen A Cantrell
- Cell Signalling and ImmunologyUniversity of DundeeDundeeUnited Kingdom
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19
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Alizadeh D, Wong RA, Yang X, Wang D, Pecoraro JR, Kuo CF, Aguilar B, Qi Y, Ann DK, Starr R, Urak R, Wang X, Forman SJ, Brown CE. IL15 Enhances CAR-T Cell Antitumor Activity by Reducing mTORC1 Activity and Preserving Their Stem Cell Memory Phenotype. Cancer Immunol Res 2019; 7:759-772. [PMID: 30890531 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-18-0466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Improvements in the quality and fitness of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered T cells, through CAR design or manufacturing optimizations, could enhance the therapeutic potential of CAR-T cells. One parameter influencing the effectiveness of CAR-T cell therapy is the differentiation status of the final product: CAR-T cells that are less-differentiated and less exhausted are more therapeutically effective. In the current study, we demonstrate that CAR-T cells expanded in IL15 (CAR-T/IL15) preserve a less-differentiated stem cell memory (Tscm) phenotype, defined by expression of CD62L+CD45RA+ CCR7+, as compared with cells cultured in IL2 (CAR-T/IL2). CAR-T/IL15 cells exhibited reduced expression of exhaustion markers, higher antiapoptotic properties, and increased proliferative capacity upon antigen challenge. Furthermore, CAR-T/IL15 cells exhibited decreased mTORC1 activity, reduced expression of glycolytic enzymes and improved mitochondrial fitness. CAR-T/IL2 cells cultured in rapamycin (mTORC1 inhibitor) shared phenotypic features with CAR-T/IL15 cells, suggesting that IL15-mediated reduction of mTORC1 activity is responsible for preserving the Tscm phenotype. CAR-T/IL15 cells promoted superior antitumor responses in vivo in comparison with CAR-T/IL2 cells. Inclusion of cytokines IL7 and/or IL21 in addition to IL15 reduced the beneficial effects of IL15 on CAR-T phenotype and antitumor potency. Our findings show that IL15 preserves the CAR-T cell Tscm phenotype and improves their metabolic fitness, which results in superior in vivo antitumor activity, thus opening an avenue that may improve future adoptive T-cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darya Alizadeh
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, T Cell Therapeutics Research Laboratory, City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Robyn A Wong
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, T Cell Therapeutics Research Laboratory, City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Xin Yang
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, T Cell Therapeutics Research Laboratory, City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Dongrui Wang
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, T Cell Therapeutics Research Laboratory, City of Hope, Duarte, California.,Irell and Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Duarte, California
| | - Joseph R Pecoraro
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, T Cell Therapeutics Research Laboratory, City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Cheng-Fu Kuo
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, T Cell Therapeutics Research Laboratory, City of Hope, Duarte, California.,Irell and Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Duarte, California
| | - Brenda Aguilar
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, T Cell Therapeutics Research Laboratory, City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Yue Qi
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute and Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - David K Ann
- Irell and Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Duarte, California.,Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute and Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - Renate Starr
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, T Cell Therapeutics Research Laboratory, City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Ryan Urak
- Irell and Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Duarte, California
| | - Xiuli Wang
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, T Cell Therapeutics Research Laboratory, City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Stephen J Forman
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, T Cell Therapeutics Research Laboratory, City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Christine E Brown
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, T Cell Therapeutics Research Laboratory, City of Hope, Duarte, California.
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20
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Hu S, Cheng M, Fan R, Wang Z, Wang L, Zhang T, Zhang M, Louis E, Zhong J. Beneficial effects of dual TORC1/2 inhibition on chronic experimental colitis. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 70:88-100. [PMID: 30797172 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM AZD8055, a new immunosuppressive reagent, a dual TORC1/2 inhibitor, had been used successfully in animal models for heart transplantation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects and mechanisms of AZD8055 on chronic intestinal inflammation. METHODS Dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) - induced chronic colitis was used to investigate the effects of AZD8055 on the development of colitis. Colitis activity was monitored by body weight assessment, colon length, histology and cytokine profile analysis. RESULTS AZD8055 treatment significantly alleviated the severity of colitis, as assessed by colonic length and colonic damage. In addition, AZD8055 treatment decreased the colonic CD4+ T cell numbers and reduced both Th1 and Th17 cell activation and cytokine production. The percentages of Treg cells in the colon were also expanded by AZD8055 treatment. Furthermore, AZD8055 effectively inhibited mTOR downstream proteins and signal transducer and activator of transcription related proteins in CD4+ T cells of intestinal lamina propria. CONCLUSIONS These findings increased our understanding of DSS-induced colitis and shed new lights on mechanisms of digestive tract chronic inflammation. Dual TORC1/2 inhibition showed potent anti-inflammatory and immune regulation effects by targeting critical signaling pathways. The results supported the strategy of using dual mTOR inhibitor to treat inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shurong Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 200025 Shanghai, PR China; Translational Gastroenterology Research Unit, GIGA-R, University of Liège, Belgium
| | - Mengmeng Cheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 200025 Shanghai, PR China; Department of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Rong Fan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 200025 Shanghai, PR China
| | - Zhengting Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 200025 Shanghai, PR China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 200025 Shanghai, PR China
| | - Tianyu Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 200025 Shanghai, PR China
| | - Maochen Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 200025 Shanghai, PR China
| | - Edouard Louis
- Translational Gastroenterology Research Unit, GIGA-R, University of Liège, Belgium; Hepato-Gastroenterology and Digestive Oncology Unit, University Hospital, CHU Liege, Domaine du Sart Tilman, 4000 Liege, Belgium.
| | - Jie Zhong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 200025 Shanghai, PR China.
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21
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Wang X, Ping FF, Bakht S, Ling J, Hassan W. Immunometabolism features of metabolic deregulation and cancer. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 23:694-701. [PMID: 30450768 PMCID: PMC6349168 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunometabolism is a branch dealing at the interface of immune functionalities and metabolic regulations. Considered as a bidirectional trafficking, metabolic contents and their precursors bring a considerable change in immune cells signal transductions which as a result affect the metabolic organs and states as an implication. Lipid metabolic ingredients form a major chunk of daily diet and have a proven contribution in immune cells induction, which then undergo metabolic pathway shuffling inside their ownself. Lipid metabolic states activate relevant metabolic pathways inside immune cells that in turn prime appropriate responses to outside environment in various states including lipid metabolic disorders itself and cancers as an extension. Although data on Immunometabolism are still growing, but scientific community need to adjust and readjust according to recent data on given subject. This review attempts to provide current important data on Immunometabolism and consequently its metabolic ramifications. Incumbent data on various lipid metabolic deregulations like obesity, metabolic syndrome, obese asthma and atherosclerosis are analysed. Further, metabolic repercussions on cancers and its immune modalities are also analysed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wang
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Feng-Feng Ping
- Wuxi People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Sahar Bakht
- Faculty of Pharmacy and alternative medicine, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | | | - Waseem Hassan
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore, Pakistan
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22
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Lin XC, Liu X, Li K, Zhao C, Xu S, Zhang Y, Bai XC, Cai DZ. B-cell-specific mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 activation results in severe osteoarthritis in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 65:522-530. [PMID: 30408629 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Revised: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the effect of enriched plasma cells on the production of inflammatory cytokines and development of osteoarthritis (OA) in mice with B-cell-specific conditional deletion of the tuberous sclerosis 1 gene (TSC1). OA was induced by destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM) in mice with TSC1 disruption in B cells (CD19-TSC1) and in littermate control mice (CON). The effects of DMM and incidence of OA were evaluated histologically, mRNA levels of inflammatory cytokines were detected by polymerase chain reaction, and serum cytokine levels were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Deletion of TSC1 caused constitutive activation of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 mTORC1 in B cells. CON mice subjected to DMM exhibited a severe OA phenotype with increased inflammatory cytokines in B cells, serum, and the synovial membrane. Importantly, inflammatory cytokine production was also increased in B cells from the spleen of CD19-TSC1 conditional KO mice, but the OA phenotype was significantly elevated in conditional KO mice after DMM surgery compared with CON mice, as indicated by more severe articular cartilage destruction, increased protein expression of matrix metalloproteinase-13 and mRNA of type X collagen in the articular cartilage, decreased mRNA expression of type II collagen in the articular cartilage, and increased inflammatory cytokines in serum and the synovial membrane. The results demonstrate that inflammatory cytokine synthesis by B cells was enriched in CD19-TSC1 conditional KO mice, and this enhanced synthesis of inflammatory cytokines accelerated the incidence of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Chen Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China; Academy of Orthopedics, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510630, China; Department of Orthopedics, Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital, Xining 810007, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China; Academy of Orthopedics, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Kai Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China; Academy of Orthopedics, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Chang Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China; Academy of Orthopedics, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Song Xu
- Academy of Orthopedics, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510630, China; Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China; Academy of Orthopedics, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510630, China; Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xiao Chun Bai
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China; Academy of Orthopedics, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510630, China; Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Dao Zhang Cai
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China; Academy of Orthopedics, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510630, China.
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Frasca D. Senescent B cells in aging and age-related diseases: Their role in the regulation of antibody responses. Exp Gerontol 2018; 107:55-58. [PMID: 28687479 PMCID: PMC5754260 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Immune cells with a senescence-associated secretory phenotype increase in the blood of elderly individuals or individuals with age-associated diseases or with infections. Although senescent immune cells do not proliferate, they are transcriptionally and metabolically active and affect the microenvironment through the secretion of pro-inflammatory mediators. An age-driven increase in senescent B, T and NK cells has been reported and the function of these cells has been characterized. Results published by different groups have demonstrated that cell senescence induces the accumulation of terminally-differentiated cells characterized by the arrest of cell proliferation but with an active secretory profile which regulates their function through the activation of pathways integrating senescence and energy-sensing signals. This review will focus on senescent B cells, their increase in aging, age-associated conditions and infections. Similarities with other senescent immune cells will be presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Frasca
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Room #3146A, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, P.O. Box 016960 (R-138), Miami, FL 33101, USA..
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24
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de Mey S, Jiang H, Wang H, Engels B, Gevaert T, Dufait I, Feron O, Aerts J, Verovski V, De Ridder M. Potential of memory T cells in bridging preoperative chemoradiation and immunotherapy in rectal cancer. Radiother Oncol 2018; 127:361-369. [PMID: 29871814 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The management of locally advanced rectal cancer has passed a long way of developments, where total mesorectal excision and preoperative radiotherapy are crucial to secure clinical outcome. These and other aspects of multidisciplinary strategies are in-depth summarized in the literature, while our mini-review pursues a different goal. From an ethical and medical standpoint, we witness a delayed implementation of novel therapies given the cost/time consuming process of organizing randomized trials that would bridge an already excellent local control in cT3-4 node-positive disease with long-term survival. This unfortunate separation of clinical research and medical care provides a strong motivation to repurpose known pharmaceuticals that suit for treatment intensification with a focus on distant control. In the framework of on-going phase II-III IG/IMRT-SIB trials, we came across an intriguing translational observation that the ratio of circulating (protumor) myeloid-derived suppressor cells to (antitumor) central memory CD8+ T cells is drastically increased, a possible mechanism of tumor immuno-escape and spread. This finding prompts that restoring the CD45RO memory T-cell pool could be a part of integrated adjuvant interventions. Therefore, the immunocorrective potentials of modified IL-2 and the anti-diabetic drug metformin are thoroughly discussed in the context of tumor immunobiology, mTOR pathways and revised Warburg effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven de Mey
- Department of Radiotherapy, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium
| | - Heng Jiang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium
| | - Benedikt Engels
- Department of Radiotherapy, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium
| | - Thierry Gevaert
- Department of Radiotherapy, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium
| | - Inès Dufait
- Department of Radiotherapy, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium
| | - Olivier Feron
- Pole of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (FATH), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Joeri Aerts
- Department of Immunology-Physiology, Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium
| | - Valeri Verovski
- Department of Radiotherapy, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium
| | - Mark De Ridder
- Department of Radiotherapy, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium.
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25
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Edwards ESJ, Bier J, Cole TS, Wong M, Hsu P, Berglund LJ, Boztug K, Lau A, Gostick E, Price DA, O'Sullivan M, Meyts I, Choo S, Gray P, Holland SM, Deenick EK, Uzel G, Tangye SG. Activating PIK3CD mutations impair human cytotoxic lymphocyte differentiation and function and EBV immunity. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 143:276-291.e6. [PMID: 29800648 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Germline gain-of function (GOF) mutations in PIK3CD, encoding the catalytic p110δ subunit of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), result in hyperactivation of the PI3K-AKT-mechanistic target of rapamycin pathway and underlie a novel inborn error of immunity. Affected subjects exhibit perturbed humoral and cellular immunity, manifesting as recurrent infections, autoimmunity, hepatosplenomegaly, uncontrolled EBV and/or cytomegalovirus infection, and increased incidence of B-cell lymphoproliferation, lymphoma, or both. Mechanisms underlying disease pathogenesis remain unknown. OBJECTIVE Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms underpinning inefficient surveillance of EBV-infected B cells is required to understand disease in patients with PIK3CD GOF mutations, identify key molecules required for cell-mediated immunity against EBV, and develop immunotherapeutic interventions for the treatment of this and other EBV-opathies. METHODS We studied the consequences of PIK3CD GOF mutations on the generation, differentiation, and function of CD8+ T cells and natural killer (NK) cells, which are implicated in host defense against infection with herpesviruses, including EBV. RESULTS PIK3CD GOF total and EBV-specific CD8+ T cells were skewed toward an effector phenotype, with exaggerated expression of markers associated with premature immunosenescence/exhaustion and increased susceptibility to reactivation-induced cell death. These findings were recapitulated in a novel mouse model of PI3K GOF mutations. NK cells in patients with PIK3CD GOF mutations also exhibited perturbed expression of differentiation-associated molecules. Both CD8+ T and NK cells had reduced capacity to kill EBV-infected B cells. PIK3CD GOF B cells had increased expression of CD48, programmed death ligand 1/2, and CD70. CONCLUSIONS PIK3CD GOF mutations aberrantly induce exhaustion, senescence, or both and impair cytotoxicity of CD8+ T and NK cells. These defects might contribute to clinical features of affected subjects, such as impaired immunity to herpesviruses and tumor surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S J Edwards
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales Sydney, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - Julia Bier
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales Sydney, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - Theresa S Cole
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Melanie Wong
- Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, Australia; CIRCA (Clinical Immunogenomics Consortia Australia), Sydney, Australia
| | - Peter Hsu
- Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, Australia; CIRCA (Clinical Immunogenomics Consortia Australia), Sydney, Australia; Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Lucinda J Berglund
- CIRCA (Clinical Immunogenomics Consortia Australia), Sydney, Australia; Immunopathology Department, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kaan Boztug
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, St Anna Children's Hospital and Children's Cancer Research Institute, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, and Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anthony Lau
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales Sydney, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - Emma Gostick
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - David A Price
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom; Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | | | - Isabelle Meyts
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Childhood Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sharon Choo
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Immunology Laboratory, Laboratory Services, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Paul Gray
- CIRCA (Clinical Immunogenomics Consortia Australia), Sydney, Australia; University of New South Wales School of Women's and Children's Health, Randwick, Australia
| | - Steven M Holland
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Elissa K Deenick
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales Sydney, Darlinghurst, Australia; CIRCA (Clinical Immunogenomics Consortia Australia), Sydney, Australia
| | - Gulbu Uzel
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Stuart G Tangye
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales Sydney, Darlinghurst, Australia; CIRCA (Clinical Immunogenomics Consortia Australia), Sydney, Australia.
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26
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Tan JK, McKenzie C, Mariño E, Macia L, Mackay CR. Metabolite-Sensing G Protein-Coupled Receptors-Facilitators of Diet-Related Immune Regulation. Annu Rev Immunol 2018; 35:371-402. [PMID: 28446062 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-051116-052235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Nutrition and the gut microbiome regulate many systems, including the immune, metabolic, and nervous systems. We propose that the host responds to deficiency (or sufficiency) of dietary and bacterial metabolites in a dynamic way, to optimize responses and survival. A family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) termed the metabolite-sensing GPCRs bind to various metabolites and transmit signals that are important for proper immune and metabolic functions. Members of this family include GPR43, GPR41, GPR109A, GPR120, GPR40, GPR84, GPR35, and GPR91. In addition, bile acid receptors such as GPR131 (TGR5) and proton-sensing receptors such as GPR65 show similar features. A consistent feature of this family of GPCRs is that they provide anti-inflammatory signals; many also regulate metabolism and gut homeostasis. These receptors represent one of the main mechanisms whereby the gut microbiome affects vertebrate physiology, and they also provide a link between the immune and metabolic systems. Insufficient signaling through one or more of these metabolite-sensing GPCRs likely contributes to human diseases such as asthma, food allergies, type 1 and type 2 diabetes, hepatic steatosis, cardiovascular disease, and inflammatory bowel diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian K Tan
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; , , ,
| | - Craig McKenzie
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; , , ,
| | - Eliana Mariño
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; , , , .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Laurence Macia
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; , , , .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia; .,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Charles R Mackay
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; , , ,
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27
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Iman M, Rezaei R, Azimzadeh Jamalkandi S, Shariati P, Kheradmand F, Salimian J. Th17/Treg immunoregulation and implications in treatment of sulfur mustard gas-induced lung diseases. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2017; 13:1173-1188. [PMID: 28994328 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2017.1389646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sulfur mustard (SM) is an extremely toxic gas used in chemical warfare to cause massive lung injury and death. Victims exposed to SM gas acutely present with inhalational lung injury, but among those who survive, some develop obstructive airway diseases referred to as SM-lung syndrome. Pathophysiologically, SM-lung shares many characteristics with smoking-induced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), including airway remodeling, goblet cell metaplasia, and obstructive ventilation defect. Some of the hallmarks of COPD pathogenesis, which include dysregulated lung inflammation, neutrophilia, recruitment of interleukin 17A (IL -17A) expressing CD4+T cells (Th17), and the paucity of lung regulatory T cells (Tregs), have also been described in SM-lung. Areas covered: A literature search was performed using the MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Web of Science databases inclusive of all literature prior to and including May 2017. Expert commentary: Here we review some of the recent findings that suggest a role for Th17 cell-mediated inflammatory changes associated with pulmonary complications in SM-lung and suggest new therapeutic approaches that could potentially alter disease progression with immune modulating biologics that can restore the lung Th17/Treg balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Iman
- a Chemical Injuries Research Center , Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Ramazan Rezaei
- b Department of Immunology , School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | | | - Parvin Shariati
- c Department of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology , National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology , Tehran , Iran
| | - Farrah Kheradmand
- d Center for Translational Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Michael E. DeBakey VA, & Department of Medicine , Pulmonary and Critical Care, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Jafar Salimian
- a Chemical Injuries Research Center , Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
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28
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Emerging roles for long noncoding RNAs in B-cell development and malignancy. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2017; 120:77-85. [PMID: 29198340 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2017.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Long noncoding (lnc)RNAs have emerged as essential mediators of cellular biology, differentiation and malignant transformation. LncRNAs have a broad range of possible functions at the transcriptional, posttranscriptional and protein level and their aberrant expression significantly contributes to the hallmarks of cancer cell biology. In addition, their high tissue- and cell-type specificity makes lncRNAs especially interesting as biomarkers, prognostic factors or specific therapeutic targets. Here, we review current knowledge on lncRNA expression changes during normal B-cell development, indicating essential functions in the differentiation process. In addition we address lncRNA deregulation in B-cell malignancies, the putative prognostic value of this as well as the molecular functions of multiple deregulated lncRNAs. Altogether, the discussed work indicates major roles for lncRNAs in normal and malignant B cells affecting oncogenic pathways as well as the response to common therapeutics.
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29
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Xu L, Huang Q, Wang H, Hao Y, Bai Q, Hu J, Li Y, Wang P, Chen X, He R, Li B, Yang X, Zhao T, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Ou J, Liang H, Wu Y, Zhou X, Ye L. The Kinase mTORC1 Promotes the Generation and Suppressive Function of Follicular Regulatory T Cells. Immunity 2017; 47:538-551.e5. [PMID: 28930662 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Follicular regulatory T (Tfr) cells differentiate from conventional regulatory T (Treg) cells and suppress excessive germinal center (GC) responses by acting on both GC B cells and T follicular helper (Tfh) cells. Here, we examined the impact of mTOR, a serine/threonine protein kinase that senses and integrates diverse environmental cues, on the differentiation and functional competency of Tfr cells in response to protein immunization or viral infection. By genetically deleting Rptor or Rictor, essential components for mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2), respectively, we found that mTORC1 but not mTORC2 is essential for Tfr differentiation. Mechanistically, mTORC1-mediated phosphorylation of the transcription factor STAT3 induced the expression of the transcription factor TCF-1 by promoting STAT3 binding to the Tcf7 5'-regulatory region. Subsequently, TCF-1 bound to the Bcl6 promoter to induce Bcl6 expression, which launched the Tfr cell differentiation program. Thus, mTORC1 initiates Tfr cell differentiation by activating the TCF-1-Bcl-6 axis during immunization or infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifan Xu
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Qizhao Huang
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Haoqiang Wang
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yaxing Hao
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Qiang Bai
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jianjun Hu
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yiding Li
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Pengcheng Wang
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xiangyu Chen
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Ran He
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Bingshou Li
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xia Yang
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Tingting Zhao
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yifei Wang
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Juanjuan Ou
- Department of Oncology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Houjie Liang
- Department of Oncology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yuzhang Wu
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xinyuan Zhou
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Lilin Ye
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
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30
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Rambold AS, Pearce EL. Mitochondrial Dynamics at the Interface of Immune Cell Metabolism and Function. Trends Immunol 2017; 39:6-18. [PMID: 28923365 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Immune cell differentiation and function are crucially dependent on specific metabolic programs dictated by mitochondria, including the generation of ATP from the oxidation of nutrients and supplying precursors for the synthesis of macromolecules and post-translational modifications. The many processes that occur in mitochondria are intimately linked to their morphology that is shaped by opposing fusion and fission events. Exciting evidence is now emerging that demonstrates reciprocal crosstalk between mitochondrial dynamics and metabolism. Metabolic cues can control the mitochondrial fission and fusion machinery to acquire specific morphologies that shape their activity. We review the dynamic properties of mitochondria and discuss how these organelles interlace with immune cell metabolism and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika S Rambold
- Center of Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center, Freiburg University, Freiburg, Germany; Department of Developmental Immunology, Max-Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stübeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Erika L Pearce
- Department of Immunometabolism, Max-Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stübeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
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31
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Alexander KL, Katz J, Elson CO. CBirTox is a selective antigen-specific agonist of the Treg-IgA-microbiota homeostatic pathway. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181866. [PMID: 28750075 PMCID: PMC5531474 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cultivating an environment of mutualism between host cells and the microbiota is vital, and dysregulation of this relationship is associated with multiple immune disorders including metabolic and skin diseases, asthma, allergy, and Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). One prominent mechanism for maintaining homeostasis is the protective regulatory T cell (Treg)- Immunoglobulin A (IgA) pathway toward microbiota antigens, in which Tregs maintain homeostasis and provide critical survival factors to IgA+ B cells. In order to amplify the Treg-IgA pathway, we have generated a fusion protein, CBirTox, comprised of a portion of the carboxy terminus of CBir1, a microbiota flagellin, genetically coupled to Cholera Toxin B subunit (CTB) via the A2 linker of CT. Both dendritic cells (DCs) and B cells pulsed with CBirTox selectively induced functional CD4+Foxp3+ Tregs in vitro, and CBirTox augmented CD4+Foxp3+ cell numbers in vivo. The induced Foxp3 expression was independent of retinoic acid (RA) signaling but was inhibited by neutralization of TGF-β. CBirTox treatment of B cells downregulated mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling. Furthermore, CBirTox-pulsed DCs induced substantial production of IgA from naïve B cells. Collectively these data demonstrate that CBirTox represents a novel approach to bolstering the Treg-IgA pathway at the host-microbiota interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie L. Alexander
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
| | - Jannet Katz
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
| | - Charles O. Elson
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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32
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Li B, Li Z, Wang P, Huang Q, Xu L, He R, Ye L, Bai Q. Mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 signalling is essential for germinal centre reaction. Immunology 2017; 152:276-286. [PMID: 28557002 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a serine-threonine kinase that has been shown to be essential for the differentiation and function of various immune cells. Earlier in vitro studies showed that mTOR signalling regulates B-cell biology by supporting their activation and proliferation. However, how mTOR signalling temporally regulates in vivo germinal centre B (GCB) cell development and differentiation into short-lived plasma cells, long-lived plasma cells and memory cells is still not well understood. In this study, we used a combined conditional/inducible knock-out system to investigate the temporal regulation of mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) in the GCB cell response to acute lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection by deleting Raptor, a main component of mTORC1, specifically in B cells in pre- and late GC phase. Early Raptor deficiency strongly inhibited GCB cell proliferation and differentiation and plasma cell differentiation. Nevertheless, late GC Raptor deficiency caused only decreases in the size of memory B cells and long-lived plasma cells through poor maintenance of GCB cells, but it did not change their differentiation. Collectively, our data revealed that mTORC1 signalling supports GCB cell responses at both early and late GC phases during viral infection but does not regulate GCB cell differentiation into memory B cells and plasma cells at the late GC stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingshou Li
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhirong Li
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Pengcheng Wang
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qizhao Huang
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lifan Xu
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ran He
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lilin Ye
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiang Bai
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Mohammadian A, Naderali E, Mohammadi SM, Movasaghpour A, Valipour B, Nouri M, Nozad Charoudeh H. Cord Blood Cells Responses to IL2, IL7 and IL15 Cytokines for mTOR Expression. Adv Pharm Bull 2017; 7:81-85. [PMID: 28507940 PMCID: PMC5426737 DOI: 10.15171/apb.2017.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)is important in hematopoiesis and affect cell growth,differentiation and survival. Although previous studies were identified the effect of cytokines on the mononuclear cells development however the cytokines effect on mTOR in cord blood mononuclear cells was unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate mTOR expression in cord blood mononuclear and cord blood stem cells (CD34+ cells) in culture conditions for lymphoid cell development. Methods: Isolation of The mononuclear cells (MNCs) from umbilical cord blood were done with use of Ficollpaque density gradient. We evaluated cultured cord blood mononuclear and CD34+ cells in presece of IL2, IL7 and IL15 at distinct time points during 21 days by using flow cytometry. In this study, we presented the role of IL2, IL7 and IL15 on the expression of mTOR in cord blood cells. Results: mTOR expression were increased in peresence of IL2, IL7 and IL15 in day 14 and afterword reduced. However in persence of IL2 and IL15 expression of mTOR significantly reduced. mTOR expression in CD34+ cells decreased significantly from day7 to day 21 in culture. Conclusion: cytokines play important role in mTOR expression during hematopoiesis and development of cord blood mononuclear cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anahita Mohammadian
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz university of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Elahe Naderali
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz university of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | | | - Behnaz Valipour
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz university of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Nouri
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz university of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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34
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Patsoukis N, Weaver JD, Strauss L, Herbel C, Seth P, Boussiotis VA. Immunometabolic Regulations Mediated by Coinhibitory Receptors and Their Impact on T Cell Immune Responses. Front Immunol 2017; 8:330. [PMID: 28443090 PMCID: PMC5387055 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Host immunity provides wide spectrum protection that serves to eradicate pathogens and cancer cells, while maintaining self-tolerance and immunological homeostasis. Ligation of the T cell receptor (TCR) by antigen activates signaling pathways that coordinately induce aerobic glycolysis, mitochondrial activity, anabolic metabolism, and T effector cell differentiation. Activation of PI3K, Akt, and mTOR triggers the switch to anabolic metabolism by inducing transcription factors such as Myc and HIF1, and the glucose transporter Glut1, which is pivotal for the increase of glucose uptake after T cell activation. Activation of MAPK signaling is required for glucose and glutamine utilization, whereas activation of AMPK is critical for energy balance and metabolic fitness of T effector and memory cells. Coinhibitory receptors target TCR-proximal signaling and generation of second messengers. Imbalanced activation of such signaling pathways leads to diminished rates of aerobic glycolysis and impaired mitochondrial function resulting in defective anabolic metabolism and altered T cell differentiation. The coinhibitory receptors mediate distinct and synergistic effects on the activation of signaling pathways thereby modifying metabolic programs of activated T cells and resulting in altered immune functions. Understanding and therapeutic targeting of metabolic programs impacted by coinhibitory receptors might have significant clinical implications for the treatment of chronic infections, cancer, and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Patsoukis
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jessica D Weaver
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Laura Strauss
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christoph Herbel
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pankaj Seth
- Division of Interdisciplinary Medicine and Biotechnology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vassiliki A Boussiotis
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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35
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Harnett MM, Pineda MA, Latré de Laté P, Eason RJ, Besteiro S, Harnett W, Langsley G. From Christian de Duve to Yoshinori Ohsumi: More to autophagy than just dining at home. Biomed J 2017; 40:9-22. [PMID: 28411887 PMCID: PMC6138802 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Christian de Duve first coined the expression “autophagy” during his seminal work on the discovery of lysosomes, which led to him being awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1974. The term was adopted to distinguish degradation of intracellular components from the uptake and degradation of extracellular substances that he called “heterophagy”. Studies until the 1990s were largely observational/morphological-based until in 1993 Yoshinori Oshumi described a genetic screen in yeast undergoing nitrogen deprivation that led to the isolation of autophagy-defective mutants now better known as ATG (AuTophaGy-related) genes. The screen identified mutants that fell into 15 complementation groups implying that at least 15 genes were involved in the regulation of autophagy in yeast undergoing nutrient deprivation, but today, 41 yeast ATG genes have been described and many (though not all) have orthologues in humans. Attempts to identify the genetic basis of autophagy led to an explosion in its research and it's not surprising that in 2016 Yoshinori Oshumi was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Our aim here is not to exhaustively review the ever-expanding autophagy literature (>60 papers per week), but to celebrate Yoshinori Oshumi's Nobel Prize by highlighting just a few aspects that are not normally extensively covered. In an accompanying mini-review we address the role of autophagy in early-diverging eukaryote parasites that like yeast, lack lysosomes and so use a digestive vacuole to degrade autophagosome cargo and also discuss how parasitized host cells react to infection by subverting regulation of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret M Harnett
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Miguel A Pineda
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Perle Latré de Laté
- Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris, France; The laboratory of Comparative Cell Biology of Apicomplexa, Medical Faculty of Paris-Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris City, France
| | - Russell J Eason
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Sébastien Besteiro
- DIMNP, UMR CNRS 5235, Montpellier University, Place Eugène Bataillon, Building 24, CC Montpellier, France
| | - William Harnett
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Gordon Langsley
- Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris, France; The laboratory of Comparative Cell Biology of Apicomplexa, Medical Faculty of Paris-Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris City, France.
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DEPTOR-mTOR Signaling Is Critical for Lipid Metabolism and Inflammation Homeostasis of Lymphocytes in Human PBMC Culture. J Immunol Res 2017; 2017:5252840. [PMID: 28349073 PMCID: PMC5350400 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5252840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormal immune response of the body against substances and tissues causes autoimmune diseases, such as polymyositis, dermatomyositis, and rheumatoid arthritis. Irregular lipid metabolism and inflammation may be a significant cause of autoimmune diseases. Although much progress has been made, mechanisms of initiation and proceeding of metabolic and inflammatory regulation in autoimmune disease have not been well-defined. And novel markers for the detection and therapy of autoimmune disease are urgent. mTOR signaling is a central regulator of extracellular metabolic and inflammatory processes, while DEP domain-containing mTOR-interacting protein (DEPTOR) is a natural inhibitor of mTOR. Here, we report that overexpression of DEPTOR reduces mTORC1 activity in lymphocytes of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Combination of DEPTOR overexpression and mTORC2/AKT inhibitors effectively inhibits lipogenesis and inflammation in lymphocytes of PBMC culture. Moreover, DEPTOR knockdown activates mTORC1 and increases lipogenesis and inflammations. Our findings provide a deep insight into the relationship between lipid metabolism and inflammations via DEPTOR-mTOR pathway and imply that DEPTOR-mTOR in lymphocytes of PBMC culture has the potential to be as biomarkers for the detection and therapies of autoimmune diseases.
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Identification of Palmitoleic Acid Controlled by mTOR Signaling as a Biomarker of Polymyositis. J Immunol Res 2017; 2017:3262384. [PMID: 28194428 PMCID: PMC5282408 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3262384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 09/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymyositis (PM) is a chronic disease characterized by muscle pain, weakness, and increase in muscle-related enzymes, accompanied with inflammations in lymphocytes. However, it is not well understood how the molecular alternations in lymphocytes contribute to the development of polymyositis. The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling is the central regulator of metabolism and inflammation in mammalian cells. Based on previous studies, we proposed that mTOR signaling may control inflammatory reactions via lipid metabolism. In this study, we aim to figure out the role of mTOR signaling in the development of polymyositis and identify novel biomarkers for the detection and therapy of polymyositis. After screening and validation, we found that palmitoleic acid, a monounsaturated fatty acid, is highly regulated by mTOR signaling. Inhibition of mTORC1 activity decreases palmitoleic acid level. Moreover, mTORC1 regulates the level of palmitoleic acid by controlling its de novo synthesis. Importantly, increased palmitoleic acid has been proven to be a marker of polymyositis. Our work identifies palmitoleic acid in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) as a biomarker of polymyositis and offers new targets to the clinical therapy.
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38
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Na YR, Gu GJ, Jung D, Kim YW, Na J, Woo JS, Cho JY, Youn H, Seok SH. GM-CSF Induces Inflammatory Macrophages by Regulating Glycolysis and Lipid Metabolism. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:4101-4109. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Two insulin-like peptides differentially regulate malaria parasite infection in the mosquito through effects on intermediary metabolism. Biochem J 2016; 473:3487-3503. [PMID: 27496548 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Insulin-like peptides (ILPs) play important roles in growth and metabolic homeostasis, but have also emerged as key regulators of stress responses and immunity in a variety of vertebrates and invertebrates. Furthermore, a growing literature suggests that insulin signaling-dependent metabolic provisioning can influence host responses to infection and affect infection outcomes. In line with these studies, we previously showed that knockdown of either of two closely related, infection-induced ILPs, ILP3 and ILP4, in the mosquito Anopheles stephensi decreased infection with the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum through kinetically distinct effects on parasite death. However, the precise mechanisms by which ILP3 and ILP4 control the response to infection remained unknown. To address this knowledge gap, we used a complementary approach of direct ILP supplementation into the blood meal to further define ILP-specific effects on mosquito biology and parasite infection. Notably, we observed that feeding resulted in differential effects of ILP3 and ILP4 on blood-feeding behavior and P. falciparum development. These effects depended on ILP-specific regulation of intermediary metabolism in the mosquito midgut, suggesting a major contribution of ILP-dependent metabolic shifts to the regulation of infection resistance and parasite transmission. Accordingly, our data implicate endogenous ILP signaling in balancing intermediary metabolism for the host response to infection, affirming this emerging tenet in host-pathogen interactions with novel insights from a system of significant public health importance.
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40
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Ni FF, Li CR, Liao JX, Wang GB, Lin SF, Xia Y, Wen JL. The effects of ketogenic diet on the Th17/Treg cells imbalance in patients with intractable childhood epilepsy. Seizure 2016; 38:17-22. [PMID: 27061881 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The ketogenic diet (KD) is an effective treatment for intractable epilepsy (IE), however the therapeutic mechanism is still unclear. This study was designed to investigate T helper type 17/regulatory T cell (Th17/Treg) levels in children with IE and age-matched healthy controls following KD. METHOD Circulating levels of Th17/Treg cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. Plasma concentration of interleukin (IL)-17 was measured by cytometric bead array assay. Real-time PCR was performed to measure mRNA levels of mTOR, HIF1α and Th17/Treg associated factors in purified CD4(+)CD25(+) T and CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells. RESULTS By one-way ANOVA, the proportion of circulating Th17 cells and expression of IL-17A and RORγt were significantly higher (P<.05), while the proportion of circulating Tregs and expression of Foxp3, GITR, CTLA-4 were significantly lower (P<.05) in IE patients than healthy subjects. However, these alternations were reversed following KD (P<.05). In CD4(+)CD25(+) T and CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells mTOR and HIF1α expression were significantly higher in IE patients (P<.05), however KD reduced mTOR and HIF1α expression (P<.05). The plasma IL-17A concentrations were higher in IE patients than controls (P<.05). KD partially reduced IL-17A levels (P<.05). CONCLUSION Our results suggest that Th17/Treg imbalance is characteristic of childhood IE, and may contribute to IE pathogenesis. KD treatment is able to correct this imbalance, probably via inhabiting the mTOR/HIF-1α signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen-Fen Ni
- Institute of Pediatrics, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen 518026, China
| | - Cheng-Rong Li
- Institute of Pediatrics, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen 518026, China.
| | - Jian-Xiang Liao
- Institute of Pediatrics, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen 518026, China
| | - Guo-Bing Wang
- Institute of Pediatrics, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen 518026, China
| | - Su-Fang Lin
- Institute of Pediatrics, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen 518026, China
| | - Yu Xia
- Institute of Pediatrics, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen 518026, China
| | - Jia-Lun Wen
- Institute of Pediatrics, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen 518026, China
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Khorsandi SE, Heaton N. Optimization of immunosuppressive medication upon liver transplantation against HCC recurrence. Transl Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 1:25. [PMID: 28138592 DOI: 10.21037/tgh.2016.03.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The introduction of liver transplant listing criteria for hepatocellular cancer (HCC) has significantly improved oncological outcomes and survival. But despite this HCC recurrence is still problematic. There is emerging evidence that the choice of immunosuppression (IS) after transplant for HCC can influence oncological survival and HCC recurrence. The following is a short summary of what has been published on HCC recurrence with the different classes of immunosuppressive agents in present use, concluding with the possible rationalization of the use of these immunosuppressive agents in the post-transplant patient at high risk of recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Elizabeth Khorsandi
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's Healthcare Partners at Denmark Hill, King's College Hospital NHSFT, London, SE5 9RS, UK
| | - Nigel Heaton
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's Healthcare Partners at Denmark Hill, King's College Hospital NHSFT, London, SE5 9RS, UK
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42
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Kamphorst AO, Araki K, Ahmed R. Beyond adjuvants: immunomodulation strategies to enhance T cell immunity. Vaccine 2016; 33 Suppl 2:B21-8. [PMID: 26022562 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.12.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Engagement of CD8T cells is a crucial aspect of immune responses to pathogens and in tumor surveillance. Nonetheless most vaccination strategies with common adjuvants fail to elicit long-term memory CD8T cells. Increased knowledge on the cellular and molecular requirements for CD8T cell activation has unveiled new opportunities to directly modulate CD8T cells to generate optimal responses. During chronic infections and cancer, immunomodulation strategies to enhance T cell responses may be particularly necessary to overcome the immunosuppressive microenvironment. In this review we will discuss blockade of inhibitory receptors; interleukin-2 administration; regulatory T cell modulation; and targeting of mTOR, as means to enhance CD8T cell immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice O Kamphorst
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Rd Rm G211, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Koichi Araki
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Rd Rm G211, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Rafi Ahmed
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Rd Rm G211, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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43
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Viel S, Marçais A, Guimaraes FSF, Loftus R, Rabilloud J, Grau M, Degouve S, Djebali S, Sanlaville A, Charrier E, Bienvenu J, Marie JC, Caux C, Marvel J, Town L, Huntington ND, Bartholin L, Finlay D, Smyth MJ, Walzer T. TGF-β inhibits the activation and functions of NK cells by repressing the mTOR pathway. Sci Signal 2016; 9:ra19. [PMID: 26884601 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aad1884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 424] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a major immunosuppressive cytokine that maintains immune homeostasis and prevents autoimmunity through its antiproliferative and anti-inflammatory properties in various immune cell types. We provide genetic, pharmacologic, and biochemical evidence that a critical target of TGF-β signaling in mouse and human natural killer (NK) cells is the serine and threonine kinase mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin). Treatment of mouse or human NK cells with TGF-β in vitro blocked interleukin-15 (IL-15)-induced activation of mTOR. TGF-β and the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin both reduced the metabolic activity and proliferation of NK cells and reduced the abundances of various NK cell receptors and the cytotoxic activity of NK cells. In vivo, constitutive TGF-β signaling or depletion of mTOR arrested NK cell development, whereas deletion of the TGF-β receptor subunit TGF-βRII enhanced mTOR activity and the cytotoxic activity of the NK cells in response to IL-15. Suppression of TGF-β signaling in NK cells did not affect either NK cell development or homeostasis; however, it enhanced the ability of NK cells to limit metastases in two different tumor models in mice. Together, these results suggest that the kinase mTOR is a crucial signaling integrator of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in NK cells. Moreover, we propose that boosting the metabolic activity of antitumor lymphocytes could be an effective strategy to promote immune-mediated tumor suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Viel
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), 69007 Lyon, France. INSERM U1111, 69007 Lyon, France. Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France. Université Lyon 1, 69007 Lyon, France. CNRS, UMR5308, 69007 Lyon, France. Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Pierre-Bénite 69310, France
| | - Antoine Marçais
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), 69007 Lyon, France. INSERM U1111, 69007 Lyon, France. Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France. Université Lyon 1, 69007 Lyon, France. CNRS, UMR5308, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Fernando Souza-Fonseca Guimaraes
- Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia. School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Roisin Loftus
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology and School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Jessica Rabilloud
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), 69007 Lyon, France. INSERM U1111, 69007 Lyon, France. Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France. Université Lyon 1, 69007 Lyon, France. CNRS, UMR5308, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Morgan Grau
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), 69007 Lyon, France. INSERM U1111, 69007 Lyon, France. Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France. Université Lyon 1, 69007 Lyon, France. CNRS, UMR5308, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Sophie Degouve
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), 69007 Lyon, France. INSERM U1111, 69007 Lyon, France. Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France. Université Lyon 1, 69007 Lyon, France. CNRS, UMR5308, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Sophia Djebali
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), 69007 Lyon, France. INSERM U1111, 69007 Lyon, France. Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France. Université Lyon 1, 69007 Lyon, France. CNRS, UMR5308, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Amélien Sanlaville
- Immunology Virology and Inflammation Department, INSERM U1052, CNRS 5286 Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Emily Charrier
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), 69007 Lyon, France. INSERM U1111, 69007 Lyon, France. Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France. Université Lyon 1, 69007 Lyon, France. CNRS, UMR5308, 69007 Lyon, France. Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Pierre-Bénite 69310, France
| | - Jacques Bienvenu
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), 69007 Lyon, France. INSERM U1111, 69007 Lyon, France. Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France. Université Lyon 1, 69007 Lyon, France. CNRS, UMR5308, 69007 Lyon, France. Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Pierre-Bénite 69310, France
| | - Julien C Marie
- Immunology Virology and Inflammation Department, INSERM U1052, CNRS 5286 Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France. TGF-beta and immunoregulation group, DKFZ, Heidelberg 69121, Germany
| | - Christophe Caux
- Immunology Virology and Inflammation Department, INSERM U1052, CNRS 5286 Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Jacqueline Marvel
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), 69007 Lyon, France. INSERM U1111, 69007 Lyon, France. Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France. Université Lyon 1, 69007 Lyon, France. CNRS, UMR5308, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Liam Town
- Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Nicholas D Huntington
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Laurent Bartholin
- Immunology Virology and Inflammation Department, INSERM U1052, CNRS 5286 Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - David Finlay
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology and School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Mark J Smyth
- Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia. School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia.
| | - Thierry Walzer
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), 69007 Lyon, France. INSERM U1111, 69007 Lyon, France. Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France. Université Lyon 1, 69007 Lyon, France. CNRS, UMR5308, 69007 Lyon, France.
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McQueen B, Trace K, Whitman E, Bedsworth T, Barber A. Natural killer group 2D and CD28 receptors differentially activate mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin to alter murine effector CD8+ T-cell differentiation. Immunology 2016; 147:305-20. [PMID: 26661515 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory CD8+ T cells are an essential component of anti-tumour and anti-viral immunity. Activation of the mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway has been implicated in regulating the differentiation of effector and memory T cells. However, the mechanisms that control mTOR activity during immunity to tumours and infections are not well known. Activation of co-stimulatory receptors, including CD28 and natural killer group 2D (NKG2D), activate phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase and subsequently may activate the mTOR pathway in CD8+ T cells. This study compared the activation of the mTOR signalling pathway after co-stimulation through CD28 or NKG2D receptors in murine effector CD8+ T cells. Compared with CD28 co-stimulation, activation through CD3 and NKG2D receptors had weaker activation of mTORc1, as shown by decreased phosphorylation of mTORc1 targets S6K1, ribosomal protein S6 and eukaryotic initiation factor 4E binding protein 1. NKG2D co-stimulation also showed increased gene expression of tuberous sclerosis protein 2, a negative regulator of mTORc1, whereas CD28 co-stimulation increased gene expression of Ras homologue enriched in brain, an activator of mTORc1, and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and vascular endothelial growth factor-α, pro-angiogenic factors downstream of mTORc1. Strong mTORc1 activation in CD28-co-stimulated cells also increased expression of transcription factors that support effector cell differentiation, namely T-bet, B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein (BLIMP-1), interferon regulatory factor 4, and inhibitor of DNA binding 2, whereas low levels of mTORc1 activation allowed for the expression of Eomes, B-cell lymphoma 6 (BCL6), and inhibitor of DNA binding 3 during NKG2D stimulation, and increased expression of memory markers CD62 ligand and CD127. These data show that compared with CD28, co-stimulation through the NKG2D receptor leads to the differential activation of the mTOR signalling pathway and potentially supports memory CD8+ T-cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan McQueen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Longwood University, Farmville, VA, USA
| | - Kelsey Trace
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Longwood University, Farmville, VA, USA
| | - Emily Whitman
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Longwood University, Farmville, VA, USA
| | - Taylor Bedsworth
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Longwood University, Farmville, VA, USA
| | - Amorette Barber
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Longwood University, Farmville, VA, USA
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Frasca D, Blomberg BB. B Cell-Specific Biomarkers for Optimal Antibody Responses to Influenza Vaccination and Molecular Pathways That Reduce B Cell Function with Aging. Crit Rev Immunol 2016; 36:523-537. [PMID: 28845758 DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.2017020113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights recent findings on the effects of aging on influenza vaccine responses, with major emphasis on T and B cells, which are significantly impaired by aging. We discuss changes in T cell production and thymic output; T cell subsets; and TCR repertoire, function, and response to latent persistent infection. We also discuss changes in B cell subsets, repertoire, and function, and how function is impaired by increased intrinsic B cell inflammation and reduced signal transduction. This review presents age-related effects on antigen-presenting cells, summarizes recent studies, including our own, aimed at the identification of biomarkers of protective vaccine responses, and provides examples of recent technical advances and insights into human vaccine responses that are helping to define the features associated with successful vaccination and that may enable a more predictive vaccinology in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Frasca
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA
| | - Bonnie B Blomberg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA
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47
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Hurez V, Dao V, Liu A, Pandeswara S, Gelfond J, Sun L, Bergman M, Orihuela CJ, Galvan V, Padrón Á, Drerup J, Liu Y, Hasty P, Sharp ZD, Curiel TJ. Chronic mTOR inhibition in mice with rapamycin alters T, B, myeloid, and innate lymphoid cells and gut flora and prolongs life of immune-deficient mice. Aging Cell 2015; 14:945-56. [PMID: 26315673 PMCID: PMC4693453 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian (mechanistic) target of rapamycin (mTOR) regulates critical immune processes that remain incompletely defined. Interest in mTOR inhibitor drugs is heightened by recent demonstrations that the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin extends lifespan and healthspan in mice. Rapamycin or related analogues (rapalogues) also mitigate age-related debilities including increasing antigen-specific immunity, improving vaccine responses in elderly humans, and treating cancers and autoimmunity, suggesting important new clinical applications. Nonetheless, immune toxicity concerns for long-term mTOR inhibition, particularly immunosuppression, persist. Although mTOR is pivotal to fundamental, important immune pathways, little is reported on immune effects of mTOR inhibition in lifespan or healthspan extension, or with chronic mTOR inhibitor use. We comprehensively analyzed immune effects of rapamycin as used in lifespan extension studies. Gene expression profiling found many and novel changes in genes affecting differentiation, function, homeostasis, exhaustion, cell death, and inflammation in distinct T- and B-lymphocyte and myeloid cell subpopulations. Immune functions relevant to aging and inflammation, and to cancer and infections, and innate lymphoid cell effects were validated in vitro and in vivo. Rapamycin markedly prolonged lifespan and healthspan in cancer- and infection-prone mice supporting disease mitigation as a mechanism for mTOR suppression-mediated longevity extension. It modestly altered gut metagenomes, and some metagenomic effects were linked to immune outcomes. Our data show novel mTOR inhibitor immune effects meriting further studies in relation to longevity and healthspan extension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Hurez
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Vinh Dao
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Aijie Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Srilakshmi Pandeswara
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Jonathan Gelfond
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Lishi Sun
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Molly Bergman
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Carlos J Orihuela
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Veronica Galvan
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Álvaro Padrón
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Justin Drerup
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Paul Hasty
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Zelton Dave Sharp
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Tyler J Curiel
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Cancer Therapy & Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
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48
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Yap M, Brouard S, Pecqueur C, Degauque N. Targeting CD8 T-Cell Metabolism in Transplantation. Front Immunol 2015; 6:547. [PMID: 26557123 PMCID: PMC4617050 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Infiltration of effector CD8 T cells plays a major role in allograft rejection, and increases in memory and terminally differentiated effector memory CD8 T cells are associated with long-term allograft dysfunction. Alternatively, CD8 regulatory T cells suppress the inflammatory responses of effector lymphocytes and induce allograft tolerance in animal models. Recently, there has been a renewed interest in the field of immunometabolics and its important role in CD8 function and differentiation. The purpose of this review is to highlight the key metabolic pathways involved in CD8 T cells and to discuss how manipulating these metabolic pathways could lead to new immunosuppressive strategies for the transplantation field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Yap
- UMR 1064, INSERM , Nantes , France ; Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes , Nantes , France
| | - Sophie Brouard
- UMR 1064, INSERM , Nantes , France ; CHU de Nantes, ITUN , Nantes , France ; CIC Biothérapie , Nantes , France ; CHU Nantes, CRB , Nantes , France
| | - Claire Pecqueur
- Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes , Nantes , France ; UMR 892, INSERM , Nantes , France
| | - Nicolas Degauque
- UMR 1064, INSERM , Nantes , France ; CHU de Nantes, ITUN , Nantes , France
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Dworacki G, Urazayev O, Bekmukhambetov Y, Iskakova S, Frycz BA, Jagodziński PP, Dworacka M. Thymic emigration patterns in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with metformin. Immunology 2015; 146:456-69. [PMID: 26271466 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent data suggest that thymic output, which provides the naive T cells necessary for the normal functioning of T-cell-dependent immunosurveillance cellular immunity including anti-cancer protection, can be disturbed in the course of type 2 diabetes. Metformin, an anti-diabetic drug commonly confirmed as an agent with many potential anti-cancer activities, might be helpful in this immune correction. The profile of thymic output was evaluated in the current study on the basis of the signal-joint T-cell receptor excision circle (sjTREC) concentration in peripheral blood polymorphonuclear cells and thymic emigrant content in peripheral blood evaluated from CD127 and/or CD132 antigen expression. It was revealed that recent thymic emigrants and more differentiated CD127(+) CD132(+) cell populations were decreased among naive T cells and CD8(+) T cells, whereas RTE count was increased in CD4(+) T cells, and the CD127(+) CD132(+) cell population was less numerous than in non-diabetic participants. Terminally differentiated thymic emigrants, i.e. CD127(-) CD132(+) cells, were increased in naive T cells and in CD8(+) T cells. Metformin affects mainly the early phases of thymic export, increasing CD127(+) CD132(-) and CD127(+) CD132(+) cell populations in naive T cells and the CD127(+) CD132(-) population in CD4(+) T lymphocytes. It could be concluded that type 2 diabetes deteriorates thymic immunostasis. The decreased thymic output could be compensated by metformin, especially with regard to CD4(+) naive T cells. It is the first time that therapy with metformin has been documented by us as particularly useful in the control and normalization of thymus function, regarding correction of early populations of thymic emigrants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Dworacki
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Olzhas Urazayev
- Department of Oncology, West Kazakhstan State Medical University, Aktobe, Kazakhstan
| | - Yerbol Bekmukhambetov
- Department of Oncology, West Kazakhstan State Medical University, Aktobe, Kazakhstan
| | - Saule Iskakova
- Department of Pharmacology, West Kazakhstan State Medical University, Aktobe, Kazakhstan
| | - Bartosz A Frycz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Paweł P Jagodziński
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Marzena Dworacka
- Department of Pharmacology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
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50
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Ali AK, Nandagopal N, Lee SH. IL-15-PI3K-AKT-mTOR: A Critical Pathway in the Life Journey of Natural Killer Cells. Front Immunol 2015; 6:355. [PMID: 26257729 PMCID: PMC4507451 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Among numerous cytokines modulating natural killer (NK) cell function, interleukin 15 (IL-15) exerts a broad range of effect from development and homeostasis, to activation of mature NK cells during infection. Its significance is further highlighted by clinical trials in which IL-15 is being used to boost the proliferation and anti-tumor response of NK cells. Among the signal transduction pathways triggered by the engagement of IL-15 receptor with its ligand, the PI3K–AKT–mTOR pathway seems to be critical for the IL-15-mediated activation of NK cells, therefore being responsible for efficient anti-viral and anti-tumor responses. This review provides an overview of the role of IL-15 at multiple stages of NK cell life journey. Understanding the pathway by which IL-15 conveys critical signals for the generation of NK cells with efficient effector functions, in combination with established protocols for NK cell expansion ex vivo, will undoubtedly open new avenues for therapeutic applications for immunomodulation against infections and cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Kassim Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, ON , Canada
| | - Neethi Nandagopal
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, ON , Canada
| | - Seung-Hwan Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, ON , Canada
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