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Kajeepeta S, Bates LM, Keyes KM, Bailey ZD, Roberts DE, Bruzelius E, Askari MS, Prins SJ. Generalized and racialized consequences of the police response to intimate partner violence in the U.S.: A systematic scoping review. AGGRESSION AND VIOLENT BEHAVIOR 2024; 78:101947. [PMID: 39005646 PMCID: PMC11238628 DOI: 10.1016/j.avb.2024.101947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) impacts more than 40% of people in the U.S. Since the 1980s, the U.S. has maintained a police-centric response to IPV, which relies on arrest-via policies like mandatory arrest laws-as its primary intervention. There is mixed evidence on whether IPV policing decreases subsequent IPV at the individual level, but less is known about IPV policing's broader collateral consequences. This systematic scoping review is the first to synthesize existing evidence for the generalized consequences of IPV policing in the U.S. We searched Web of Science, ProQuest, and EBSCO Host, and identified 36 relevant articles. Survivor criminalization was the most studied generalized consequence of IPV policing and existing studies have documented positive associations between mandatory arrest laws and risk of survivor arrest. We also found numerous methodologically rigorous studies on the effects of mandatory arrest laws on population-level IPV victimization. The review also identifies gaps in the evidence base: there is a need for research on additional potential consequences of IPV policing such as police violence against survivors, involvement of child protective services, and psychosocial and physical health outcomes of survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Kajeepeta
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, 722 W 168 Street, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lisa M Bates
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, 722 W 168 Street, New York, NY, USA
| | - Katherine M Keyes
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, 722 W 168 Street, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zinzi D Bailey
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1600 NW 10 Avenue, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Dorothy E Roberts
- University of Pennsylvania Carey Law School, 3501 Sansom Street, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Emilie Bruzelius
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, 722 W 168 Street, New York, NY, USA
| | - Melanie S Askari
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, 722 W 168 Street, New York, NY, USA
| | - Seth J Prins
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, 722 W 168 Street, New York, NY, USA
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2
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Williams YA, Fertig AR, Trofholz AC, Kunin-Batson A, Berge JM. Community and household-level incarceration and its association with mental health in a racially/ethnically diverse sample of families. Soc Sci Med 2024; 352:117000. [PMID: 38815283 PMCID: PMC11321009 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.117000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
This study examines the association between community incarceration rates, household incarceration, and the mental health of parents and children. Participant families had children ages 5-9 (n = 1307) from the African American, Latinx, Hmong, Somali/Ethiopian, Native American, and White communities in the Twin Cities, Minnesota. Linear mixed models were used to estimate associations between parent and child mental health, household incarceration exposure, and census tract race, ethnicity and gender-specific incarceration rates matched to the family's home address and race/ethnicity. Findings indicated that living in census tracts with elevated incarceration rates of men from your same racial or ethnic group was significantly associated with psychological distress in parents and externalizing behaviors in boys, regardless of household exposure to incarceration. The association between incarceration rates and externalizing behaviors was only observed among girls with exposure to household incarceration. Policies that deconstruct pervasive racism in penal systems are needed to improve population mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasin A Williams
- Adult and Child Center for Outcomes Research and Delivery Science, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Angela R Fertig
- Humphrey School of Public Affairs, University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Amanda C Trofholz
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Alicia Kunin-Batson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jerica M Berge
- Adult and Child Center for Outcomes Research and Delivery Science, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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3
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Nayak SS, Fraser T, Aldrich DP, Panagopoulos C, Kim D. County-level political group density, partisan polarization, and individual-level mortality among adults in the United States: A lagged multilevel study. SSM Popul Health 2024; 26:101662. [PMID: 38813457 PMCID: PMC11134911 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2024.101662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the associations between county-level political group density, partisan polarization, and individual-level mortality from all causes and from coronary heart disease (CHD) in the United States. Methods Using data from five survey waves (1998-2006) of the General Social Survey-National Death Index dataset and the County Presidential Election Return 2000 dataset, we fit weighted Cox proportional hazards models to estimate the associations between (1) political group density and (2) partisan polarization measured at the county level in 2000 (n = 313 counties) categorized into quartiles with individual-level mortality (n = 14,983 participants) from all causes and CHD, controlling for individual- and county-level factors. Maximum follow-up was from one year after the survey up until 2014. We conducted these analyses using two separate measures based on county-level vote share differences and party affiliation ideological extremes. Results In the overall sample, we found no evidence of associations between county-level political group density and individual-level mortality from all causes. There was evidence of a 13% higher risk of dying from heart disease in the highest quartile of county-level polarization (hazards ratio, HR = 1.13; 95% CI = 0.74-1.71). We observed heterogeneity of effects based on individual-level political affiliation. Among those identifying as Democrats, residing in counties with high (vs. low) levels of polarization appeared to be protective against mortality, with an associated 18% lower risk of dying from all causes (HR = 0.82, 95% CI = 0.71-0.94). This association was strongest in areas with the highest concentrations of Democrats. Conclusions Among all study participants, political group density and polarization at the county level in 2000 were not linked to individual-level mortality. At the same time, we found that Democratic party affiliation may be protective against the adverse effects of high polarization, particularly in counties with high concentrations of Democrats. Future research should further explore these associations to potentially identify new structural interventions to address political determinants of population health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameera S. Nayak
- Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Public Health, College of Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center for Health, Equity, & Aging, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Timothy Fraser
- Systems Engineering Program, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Daniel P. Aldrich
- College of Social Sciences and Humanities, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
- School of Public Policy and Urban Affairs, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Costas Panagopoulos
- College of Social Sciences and Humanities, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel Kim
- School of Public Policy and Urban Affairs, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
- School of Community Health & Behavioral Sciences, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
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Greberman E, Kerrison EMT, Chalfin A, Hyatt JM. Understanding Vaccine Hesitancy in U.S. Prisons: Perspectives from a Statewide Survey of Incarcerated People. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:600. [PMID: 38932328 PMCID: PMC11209440 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12060600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Much of the American response to the COVID-19 pandemic was characterized by a divergence between general public opinion and public health policy. With little attention paid to individuals incarcerated during this time, there is limited direct evidence regarding how incarcerated people perceived efforts to mediate the harms of COVID-19. Prisons operate as a microcosm of society in many ways but they also face unique public health challenges. This study examines vaccine hesitancy-and acceptance-among a sample of individuals incarcerated within adult prisons in Pennsylvania. Using administrative records as well as rich attitudinal data from a survey of the incarcerated population, this study identifies a variety of social and historical factors that are-and are not-associated with an incarcerated person's willingness to receive the COVID-19 vaccine. Our findings highlight vaccination challenges unique to the carceral context and offer policy recommendations to improve trust in credible health messengers and health service provision for this often overlooked but vulnerable population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Greberman
- School of Criminal Justice, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | | | - Aaron Chalfin
- Department of Criminology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
| | - Jordan M. Hyatt
- Department of Criminology & Justice Studies, Center for Public Policy, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
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Murphy M, Rogers BG, Ames E, Galipeau D, Uber J, Napoleon S, Brinkley-Rubinstein L, Toma E, Byrne S, Teitelman AM, Berk J, Chan PA, Ramsey S. Implementing Preexposure Prophylaxis for HIV Prevention in a Statewide Correctional System in the United States. Public Health Rep 2024; 139:174-179. [PMID: 37476929 PMCID: PMC10851896 DOI: 10.1177/00333549231186576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV disproportionately affects populations experiencing incarceration. Preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is an effective approach to preventing HIV acquisition among populations at increased risk of acquiring HIV. Yet few, if any, efforts have been made to offer PrEP in correctional settings. Beginning in November 2019, the Rhode Island Department of Corrections (RIDOC) implemented a systemwide PrEP initiation program with linkage to PrEP care in the community upon reentry. Incarcerated individuals identified as being potentially at increased risk of HIV acquisition during standard clinical screenings and medical care were referred to a PrEP care provider for potential PrEP initiation. Of the 309 people who met with a PrEP care provider, 35% (n = 109; 88 men, 21 women) agreed to initiate PrEP while incarcerated. Clinical testing and evaluation were completed for 82% (n = 89; 69 men, 20 women) of those who agreed to initiate PrEP. Of those, 54% (n = 48; 29 men, 19 women) completed the necessary clinical evaluation to initiate PrEP, were determined to be appropriate candidates for PrEP use, and had the medication delivered to a RIDOC facility for initiation. Only 8 people (4 men, 4 women) were successfully linked to a PrEP care provider in the community after release. The RIDOC experience demonstrates notable levels of PrEP interest and moderate levels of PrEP uptake among this population. However, PrEP engagement in care after release and persistence in taking PrEP when in the community were relatively poor, indicating a need to better understand approaches to overcoming barriers to PrEP care in this unique setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Murphy
- Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
- Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
- The Rhode Island Department of Corrections, Cranston, RI, USA
| | - Brooke G. Rogers
- Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
- The Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Evan Ames
- Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | | | - Julia Uber
- Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Siena Napoleon
- Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
| | | | - Emily Toma
- Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
- The Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | | | | | - Justin Berk
- Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
- The Rhode Island Department of Corrections, Cranston, RI, USA
| | - Philip A. Chan
- Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
- The Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Susan Ramsey
- Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
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Hochstatter KR, Nordeck C, Mitchell SG, Schwartz RP, Welsh C, Gryczynski J. Polysubstance use and post-discharge mortality risk among hospitalized patients with opioid use disorder. Prev Med Rep 2023; 36:102494. [PMID: 38116282 PMCID: PMC10728463 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2023.102494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Polysubstance use is becoming increasingly common and presents several harms. This study aimed to examine the association of comorbid cocaine, alcohol (binge drinking), and sedative use with mortality among hospitalized patients with opioid use disorder (OUD). A subsample of adult medical/surgical hospital patients with OUD who were seen by a hospital addiction consultation service in Baltimore City and enrolled in a randomized trial of a patient navigation intervention were included in this study (N = 314; 45 % female; 48 % White; mean age = 44). Death certificate data from the Maryland Division of Vital Records was used, covering 3.3-5.5 years post-discharge. Multivariable proportional hazards Cox regression and competing risks regression were used to estimate all-cause mortality and overdose mortality, respectively, as a function of concurrent use of cocaine, alcohol (binge drinking), and non-prescribed sedatives at baseline. In the 30 days prior to hospital admission, 230 (73 %) participants used cocaine, 64 (20 %) binge drank, and 45 (14 %) used non-prescribed sedatives. Nearly one-third (N = 98; 31 %) died during the observation period. Drug overdose caused 53 % (N = 52) of deaths. Older age (HR = 1.03 [1.01,1.05]; P = 0.001), less than high school education (HR = 0.36 [0.24,0.54]; P < 0.001), and past 30-day sedative use (HR = 2.05 [1.20,3.50]; P = 0.008) were significantly associated with all-cause mortality. The risk of overdose mortality was 62 % lower (HR = 0.38 [0.22,0.66]; P = 0.001) for those who completed high school. No other characteristics were significantly associated with overdose mortality. The concurrent use of opioids and sedatives increases the post-discharge mortality risk among hospitalized patients with OUD. Interventions are needed to prevent mortality among this high-risk population.
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Larrabee Sonderlund A, Williams NJ, Charifson M, Ortiz R, Sealy-Jefferson S, De Leon E, Schoenthaler A. Structural racism and health: Assessing the mediating role of community mental distress and health care access in the association between mass incarceration and adverse birth outcomes. SSM Popul Health 2023; 24:101529. [PMID: 37841218 PMCID: PMC10570581 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2023.101529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Research has linked spatial concentrations of incarceration with racial disparities in adverse birth outcomes. However, little is known about the specific mechanisms of this association. This represents an important knowledge gap in terms of intervention. We theorize two pathways that may account for the association between county-level prison rates and adverse birth outcomes: (1) community-level mental distress and (2) reduced health care access. Examining these mechanisms, we conducted a cross-sectional study of county-level prison rates, community-level mental distress, health insurance, availability of primary care physicians (PCP) and mental health providers (MHP), and adverse birth outcomes (preterm birth, low birth weight, infant mortality). Our data set included 475 counties and represented 2,677,840 live U.S. births in 2016. Main analyses involved between 170 and 326 counties. All data came from publicly available sources, including the U.S. Census and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Descriptive and regression results confirmed the link between prison rates and adverse birth outcomes and highlighted Black-White inequities in this association. Further, bootstrap mediation analyses indicated that the impact of spatially concentrated prison rates on preterm birth was mediated by PCP, MHP, community-level mental distress, and health insurance in both crude and adjusted models. Community-level mental distress and health insurance (but not PCP or MHP) similarly mediated low birthweight in both models. Mediators were less stable in the effect on infant mortality with only MHP mediating consistently across models. We conclude that mass incarceration, health care access, and community mental distress represent actionable and urgent targets for structural-, community-, and individual-level interventions targeting population inequities in birth outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Larrabee Sonderlund
- Center for Healthful Behavior Change, Institute for Excellence in Health Equity, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, USA
- Research Unit of General Practice, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
| | - Natasha J. Williams
- Center for Healthful Behavior Change, Institute for Excellence in Health Equity, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, USA
| | - Mia Charifson
- Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, USA
- Vilcek Institute of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, USA
| | - Robin Ortiz
- Center for Healthful Behavior Change, Institute for Excellence in Health Equity, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, USA
| | | | - Elaine De Leon
- Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, USA
| | - Antoinette Schoenthaler
- Center for Healthful Behavior Change, Institute for Excellence in Health Equity, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, USA
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Will J, Walsh K, Chyten-Brennan J. A comparison of chronic conditions between transgender and cisgender individuals with recent incarceration and in the community in a United States county. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TRANSGENDER HEALTH 2023; 25:187-198. [PMID: 38681500 PMCID: PMC11044716 DOI: 10.1080/26895269.2023.2280175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Background: Transgender individuals are known to be at a higher risk for certain chronic conditions compared to cisgender individuals. Similarly, research also shows justice-involved individuals have a higher risk of chronic conditions compared to non-justice-involved individuals. Aim: This study aims to investigate the differences in chronic disease diagnoses between transgender and cisgender individuals who either utilized healthcare services provided by a US county health system or who were incarcerated in the same county's jail. Method: We leveraged electronic health record data from a United States county health system, including data from the local jail, to evaluate the difference in diagnosis of certain chronic conditions among transgender and cisgender individuals. We also compared individuals who experienced incarceration and those who did not. Results: We found transgender individuals experiencing recent incarceration were more likely to be diagnosed with substance use disorder, HIV/AIDS, and Hepatitis C than cisgender individuals. Transgender individuals not experiencing recent incarceration were more likely to be diagnosed with HIV/AIDS, seizure disorder, major depressive disorder, and bipolar disorder than cisgender individuals. Conclusion: These results highlight how transgender individuals may be disproportionately impacted by certain diseases within and outside carceral settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Will
- Custody Health Services, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, San Jose, California, USA
- New York University Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kristin Walsh
- Custody Health Services, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, San Jose, California, USA
| | - Jules Chyten-Brennan
- Custody Health Services, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, San Jose, California, USA
- Thundermist Health Center, Woonsocket, Rhode Island, USA
- Department of Family Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
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Ramezani N, Hailemariam M, Breno AJ, Mackey BJ, Cuellar AE, Johnson JE, Taxman FS. Impact of County-level health infrastructure on participation in a reform effort to reduce the use of jail for individuals with mental health disorders. HEALTH & JUSTICE 2023; 11:27. [PMID: 37401987 DOI: 10.1186/s40352-023-00226-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The national Stepping Up Initiative has attracted over 500 counties interested in reducing the use of jail for individuals with mental health disorders. This paper identifies socioeconomic, criminal legal, and health care factors that predict the likelihood of counties joining Stepping Up. RESULTS After performing variable selection, logistic regression models were performed on 3,141 U.S. counties. Counties designated as medically underserved and/or mental health staffing shortage areas were less likely to participate in this initiative. Logistic regression models showed that larger counties (populations over 250,000) with better health care infrastructure, more mental health providers per capita, higher percent of Medicaid funded drug treatment services, and at least one medical school, were more likely to join Stepping Up. These counties had lower per capita jail populations, higher concentration of police resources, and higher pretrial incarceration rate. CONCLUSIONS County-level health care delivery factors are major contributors to a county's likelihood, or willingness, of engaging in Stepping Up reform efforts to reduce jail population with mental health disorders issues. Therefore, improving availability and accessibility of medical and behavioral health care in different communities, may facilitate efforts to address the unnecessary incarceration of individuals with mental health disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niloofar Ramezani
- Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University, 830 East Main Street, PO Box 980032, Richmond, VA, 23298-0032, USA.
| | - Maji Hailemariam
- Charles Stewart Mott Department of Public Health, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Flint, MI, USA
| | - Alex J Breno
- Center for Advancing Correctional Excellence, Schar School of Policy and Government, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Benjamin J Mackey
- Center for Advancing Correctional Excellence, Schar School of Policy and Government, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Alison Evans Cuellar
- Department of Health Administration and Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Jennifer E Johnson
- Charles Stewart Mott Department of Public Health, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Flint, MI, USA
| | - Faye S Taxman
- Center for Advancing Correctional Excellence, Schar School of Policy and Government, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
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Cloud DH, Garcia-Grossman IR, Armstrong A, Williams B. Public Health and Prisons: Priorities in the Age of Mass Incarceration. Annu Rev Public Health 2023; 44:407-428. [PMID: 36542770 PMCID: PMC10128126 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-071521-034016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Mass incarceration is a sociostructural driver of profound health inequalities in the United States. The political and economic forces underpinning mass incarceration are deeply rooted in centuries of the enslavement of people of African descent and the genocide and displacement of Indigenous people and is inextricably connected to labor exploitation, racial discrimination, the criminalization of immigration, and behavioral health problems such as mental illness and substance use disorders. This article focuses on major public health crises and advances in state and federal prisons and discusses a range of practical strategies for health scholars, practitioners, and activists to promote the health and dignity of incarcerated people. It begins by summarizing the historical and sociostructural factors that have led to mass incarceration in the United States. It then describes the ways in which prison conditions create or worsen chronic, communicable, and behavioral health conditions, while highlighting priority areas for public health research and intervention to improve the health of incarcerated people, including decarceral solutions that can profoundly minimize-and perhaps one day help abolish-the use of prisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Cloud
- Center for Vulnerable Populations, San Francisco School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA;
- Rollins School of Public Health, Department of Behavioral, Social, and Health Education Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ilana R Garcia-Grossman
- Center for Vulnerable Populations, San Francisco School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA;
| | - Andrea Armstrong
- College of Law, Loyola University New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Brie Williams
- Center for Vulnerable Populations, San Francisco School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA;
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11
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Haile R, Rowell-Cunsolo T, Hyacinthe MF, Alang S. "We (still) charge genocide": A systematic review and synthesis of the direct and indirect health consequences of police violence in the United States. Soc Sci Med 2023; 322:115784. [PMID: 36863215 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.115784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Building on historical and contemporary efforts to eliminate police and other forms of state violence, and on the understanding that police violence is a social determinant of health, we conducted a systematic review in which we synthesize the existing literature around 1) racial disparities in police violence; 2) health impacts of direct exposure to police violence; and 3) health impacts of indirect exposure to police violence. We screened 336 studies and excluded 246, due to not meeting our inclusion criteria. Forty-eight additional studies were excluded during the full text review, resulting in a study sample size of 42 studies. Our review showed that Black people in the US are far more likely than white people to experience a range of forms of police violence: from fatal and nonfatal shootings, to assault and psychological violence. Exposure to police violence increases risk of multiple adverse health outcomes. Moreover, police violence may operate as a vicarious and ecological exposure, producing consequences beyond those directly assaulted. In order to successfully eliminate police violence, scholars must work in alignment with social justice movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahwa Haile
- SUNY Old Westbury, Department of Public Health, Old Westbury, NY, USA.
| | | | | | - Sirry Alang
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Health and Human Development, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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12
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Walters SM, Liu W, Lamuda P, Huh J, Brewer R, Johnson O, Bluthenthal RN, Taylor B, Schneider JA. A National Portrait of Public Attitudes toward Opioid Use in the US: A Latent Class Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:4455. [PMID: 36901465 PMCID: PMC10001548 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20054455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Opioid overdose rates have steadily been increasing in the United States (US) creating what is considered an overdose death crisis. The US has a mixture of public health and punitive policies aimed to address opioid use and the overdose crisis, yet little is known about public opinion relating to opioid use and policy support. Understanding the intersection of public opinion about opioid use disorder (OUD) and policy can be useful for developing interventions to address policy responses to overdose deaths. METHODS A national sample of cross-sectional data from the AmeriSpeak survey conducted from 27 February 2020 through 2 March 2020 was analyzed. Measures included attitudes toward OUD and policy beliefs. Latent class analysis, a person-centered approach, was used to identify groups of individuals endorsing similar stigma and policy beliefs. We then examined the relationship between the identified groups (i.e., classes) and key behavioral and demographic factors. RESULTS We identified three distinct groups: (1) "High Stigma/High Punitive Policy", (2) "High Stigma/Mixed Public Health and Punitive Policy", and (3) "Low Stigma/High Public Health Policy". People with higher levels of education had reduced odds of being in the "High Stigma/High Punitive Policy" group. CONCLUSION Public health policies are most effective in addressing OUD. We suggest targeting interventions toward the "High Stigma/Mixed Public Health and Punitive Policy" group since this group already displays some support for public health policies. Broader interventions, such as eliminating stigmatizing messaging in the media and redacting punitive policies, could reduce OUD stigma among all groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzan M. Walters
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
- Center for Drug Use and HIV/HCV Research, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Weiwei Liu
- Public Health Department, NORC at the University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60603, USA
| | - Phoebe Lamuda
- Public Health Department, NORC at the University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60603, USA
| | - Jimi Huh
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Russell Brewer
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - O’Dell Johnson
- Southern Public Health and Criminal Justice Research Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Ricky N. Bluthenthal
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Bruce Taylor
- Public Health Department, NORC at the University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60603, USA
| | - John A. Schneider
- Public Health Department, NORC at the University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60603, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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13
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Blankenship KM, Rosenberg A, Schlesinger P, Groves AK, Keene DE. Structural Racism, the Social Determination of Health, and Health Inequities: The Intersecting Impacts of Housing and Mass Incarceration. Am J Public Health 2023; 113:S58-S64. [PMID: 36696621 PMCID: PMC9877374 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2022.307116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Public health researchers have directed increasing attention to structural racism and its implications for health equity. The conceptualization of racism as historically rooted in systems, structures, and institutions of US society has important implications for addressing social determinants of health (SDOH). It requires theorizing SDOH as embedded in and expressions of racially oppressive historical structures that are manifested in and maintained by policies, programs, and practices in multiple domains that dynamically intersect to reinforce and reproduce in new ways: race inequities in health. We develop this argument using housing, a SDOH recognized as reflecting longstanding racist practices and policies that, among other things, have restricted the affordable housing options of Black people to segregated neighborhoods with limited resources. We argue that understanding and addressing the health inequities resulting from structural racism associated with housing requires simultaneously understanding and addressing how housing intersects with mass incarceration, another SDOH and manifestation of structural racism. We suggest that unless these intersections are intentionally analyzed and confronted, efforts to address the impacts of housing on racial health disparities may produce new forms of health inequities. (Am J Public Health. 2023;113(S1):S58-S64. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2022.307116).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim M Blankenship
- Kim M. Blankenship is with the Sociology Department, American University, Washington, DC. Alana Rosenberg is with the Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases Department, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT. Penelope Schlesinger and Danya E. Keene are with the Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Yale School of Public Health. Allison K. Groves is with the Department of Community Health and Prevention, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Alana Rosenberg
- Kim M. Blankenship is with the Sociology Department, American University, Washington, DC. Alana Rosenberg is with the Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases Department, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT. Penelope Schlesinger and Danya E. Keene are with the Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Yale School of Public Health. Allison K. Groves is with the Department of Community Health and Prevention, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Penelope Schlesinger
- Kim M. Blankenship is with the Sociology Department, American University, Washington, DC. Alana Rosenberg is with the Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases Department, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT. Penelope Schlesinger and Danya E. Keene are with the Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Yale School of Public Health. Allison K. Groves is with the Department of Community Health and Prevention, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Allison K Groves
- Kim M. Blankenship is with the Sociology Department, American University, Washington, DC. Alana Rosenberg is with the Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases Department, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT. Penelope Schlesinger and Danya E. Keene are with the Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Yale School of Public Health. Allison K. Groves is with the Department of Community Health and Prevention, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Danya E Keene
- Kim M. Blankenship is with the Sociology Department, American University, Washington, DC. Alana Rosenberg is with the Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases Department, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT. Penelope Schlesinger and Danya E. Keene are with the Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Yale School of Public Health. Allison K. Groves is with the Department of Community Health and Prevention, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA
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14
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Hickson A, Purbey R, Dean L, Gallo JJ, Thorpe RJ, Pollack Porter K, Chandran A. A consequence of mass incarceration: county-level association between jail incarceration rates and poor mental health days. HEALTH & JUSTICE 2022; 10:31. [PMID: 36269431 PMCID: PMC9587611 DOI: 10.1186/s40352-022-00194-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mass incarceration has mental health consequences on those directly affected; some studies have also shown spillover effects on the physical health of the surrounding population. There is a dearth of research on the spillover mental health consequences of mass incarceration. This study aimed to quantify a consequence of mass incarceration which may adversely affect the population's health and widen health disparities. METHODS Using data from the Vera Institute's Incarceration Trends 2.2 and the Robert Wood Johnson County Health Rankings, the association between county-level (n = 2823) counts of jail incarceration and reported number of poor mental health days within the past 30 days in the United States in 2018 was examined. To conduct the analysis, a negative binomial regression model was fit, adjusting for State and key demographic covariates. RESULTS A change in jail incarceration rate from the first to the second and third tertiles was associated with 10.14% and 14.52% increases, respectively. For every 1% increase in the rate of mass incarceration, there was a statistically significant 15% increase in the average number of reported poor mental health days over the past 30 days. DISCUSSION Mass incarceration is a threat to mental health as well as the well-being of the surrounding population. This can be attributed to the spillover effects that extend beyond those who are directly affected by mass incarceration. Interventions to reduce jail incarceration as well as address the mental health needs of those living in high-incarceration rate areas should be prioritized in order to reduce health inequities and augment health outcomes for all residents of the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ritika Purbey
- Public Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lorraine Dean
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Room E6650, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joseph J Gallo
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 624 N. Broadway, Hampton House 792, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Roland J Thorpe
- Department of Health, Behavior, and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 624 N. Broadway, Hampton House 708, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Keshia Pollack Porter
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 624 N. Broadway, Hampton House 380A, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Aruna Chandran
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Room W6501, Baltimore, MD, USA
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15
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Larrabee Sonderlund A, Charifson M, Ortiz R, Khan M, Schoenthaler A, Williams NJ. A comprehensive framework for operationalizing structural racism in health research: The association between mass incarceration of Black people in the U.S. and adverse birth outcomes. SSM Popul Health 2022; 19:101225. [PMID: 36177482 PMCID: PMC9513165 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural racism represents a key determinant of the racial health disparities that has characterized the U.S. population throughout its existence. While this reality has recently begun to gain increasing acknowledgment and acceptance within the health sciences, there are still considerable challenges related to defining the concept of structural racism and operationalizing it in empirical study. In this paper, building on the existing evidence base, we propose a comprehensive framework that centers structural racism in terms of its historical roots and continued manifestation in most domains of society, and offer solutions for the study of this phenomenon and the pathways that connect it to population-level health disparities. We showcase our framework by applying it to the known link between spatial and racialized clustering of incarceration - a previously cited representation of structural racism - and disparities in adverse birth outcomes. Through this process we hypothesize pathways that focus on social cohesion and community-level chronic stress, community crime and police victimization, as well as infrastructural community disinvestment. First, we contextualize these mechanisms within the relevant extant literature. Then, we make recommendations for future empirical pathway analyses. Finally, we identify key areas for policy, community, and individual-level interventions that target the impact of concentrated incarceration on birth outcomes among Black people in the U.S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Larrabee Sonderlund
- Center for Healthful Behavior Change, Institute for Excellence in Health Equity, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, USA
- Research Unit of General Practice, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
| | - Mia Charifson
- Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, USA
- Vilcek Institute of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, USA
| | - Robin Ortiz
- Center for Healthful Behavior Change, Institute for Excellence in Health Equity, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, USA
| | - Maria Khan
- Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, USA
| | - Antoinette Schoenthaler
- Center for Healthful Behavior Change, Institute for Excellence in Health Equity, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, USA
| | - Natasha J. Williams
- Center for Healthful Behavior Change, Institute for Excellence in Health Equity, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, USA
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16
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Dauria EF, Kulkarni P, Clemenzi-Allen A, Brinkley-Rubinstein L, Beckwith CG. Interventions Designed to Improve HIV Continuum of Care Outcomes for Persons with HIV in Contact with the Carceral System in the USA. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2022; 19:281-291. [PMID: 35674879 PMCID: PMC9175158 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-022-00609-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To describe existing evidence and identify future directions for intervention research related to improving HIV care outcomes for persons with HIV involved in the carceral system in the USA, a population with high unmet HIV care needs. RECENT FINDINGS Few recent intervention studies focus on improving HIV care outcomes for this population. Successful strategies to improve care outcomes include patient navigation, substance use treatment, and incentivizing HIV care outcomes. Technology-supported interventions are underutilized in this population. Notable gaps in the existing literature include intervention research addressing HIV care needs for cisgender and transgender women and those under carceral supervision in the community. Future research should address existing gaps in the literature and respond to emergent needs including understanding how the changing HIV care delivery environment resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic and the approval of new injectable ART formulation shape HIV care outcomes in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily F Dauria
- Graduate School of Public Health, Department of Behavioral and Community Health Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Priyanka Kulkarni
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Angelo Clemenzi-Allen
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lauren Brinkley-Rubinstein
- Department of Social Medicine and Center for Health Equity Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Curt G Beckwith
- Alpert Medical School, Division of Infectious Diseases/Department of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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17
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Lofgren ET, Lum K, Horowitz A, Mabubuonwu B, Meyers K, Fefferman NH. Carceral Amplification of COVID-19: Impacts for Community, Corrections Officer, and Incarcerated Population Risks. Epidemiology 2022; 33:480-492. [PMID: 35473918 PMCID: PMC9148636 DOI: 10.1097/ede.0000000000001476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 is challenging many societal institutions, including our criminal justice systems. Some have proposed or enacted (e.g., the State of New Jersey) reductions in the jail and/or prison populations. We present a mathematical model to explore the epidemiologic impact of such interventions in jails and contrast them with the consequences of maintaining unaltered practices. We consider infection risk and likely in-custody deaths, and estimate how within-jail dynamics lead to spill-over risks, not only affecting incarcerated people but increasing exposure, infection, and death rates for both corrections officers and the broader community beyond the justice system. We show that, given a typical jail-community dynamic, operating in a business-as-usual way results in substantial, rapid, and ongoing loss of life. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that large-scale reductions in arrest and speeding of releases are likely to save the lives of incarcerated people, jail staff, and the wider community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric T. Lofgren
- From the Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA
| | - Kristian Lum
- Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Aaron Horowitz
- ACLU Analytics, American Civil Liberties Union, New York, NY
| | | | - Kellen Meyers
- Department of Mathematics, Tusculum University, Greeneville, TN
| | - Nina H. Fefferman
- Department of Mathematics, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
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18
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Schneider BS, Arciniegas DB, Harenski C, Clarke GJB, Kiehl KA, Koenigs M. The prevalence, characteristics, and psychiatric correlates of traumatic brain injury in incarcerated individuals: an examination in two independent samples. Brain Inj 2021; 35:1690-1701. [PMID: 35067151 PMCID: PMC8884136 DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2021.2013534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
PRIMARY OBJECTIVE Identify the prevalence, characteristics, and psychological correlates of traumatic brain injury (TBI) among incarcerated individuals. RESEARCH DESIGN Three aims: (1) Determine the prevalence and characteristics of TBI in 1469 adults incarcerated in Wisconsin state prisons (1064 men, 405 women); (2) Characterize the relationship between mild TBI and mental illness in a sub-sample of men and women; (3) Reproduce the findings from Aim 1 and Aim 2 in an independent sample of 1015 adults incarcerated in New Mexico state prisons (600 men, 415 women). METHODS AND PROCEDURES Standardized TBI assessment with structured clinical interviews and self-report questionnaires. MAIN OUTCOMES AND RESULTS Rates of TBI were approximately five times greater than the general population, with a substantially higher rate of TBI caused by assault. In the Wisconsin sample, mild TBI was associated with greater levels of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among women (but not among men). In the New Mexico sample, TBI of any severity was associated with greater levels of major depressive disorder (MDD) among women (but not among men). CONCLUSIONS This study thus provides novel data on TBI and its correlates among individuals incarcerated in state prisons, and highlights a specific treatment need within the prison population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett S. Schneider
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 53719
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison 53706
| | - David B. Arciniegas
- Marcus Institute for Brain Health, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuqerque, New Mexico 87106
| | - Carla Harenski
- The MIND Research Network, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106
| | | | - Kent A. Kiehl
- The MIND Research Network, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106
- Departments of Psychology, Neuroscience and Law, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106
| | - Michael Koenigs
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 53719
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MacKenzie O, Goldman J, Chin M, Duffy B, Martino S, Ramsey S, Jiménez MC, Vanjani R. Association of Individual and Familial History of Correctional Control With Health Outcomes of Patients in a Primary Care Center. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4:e2133384. [PMID: 34748006 PMCID: PMC8576582 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.33384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Research has shown that experiences of incarceration, probation, and parole are associated with worse health outcomes for incarcerated individuals and their families. OBJECTIVES To quantify the proportion of patients in an urban primary care clinic with an individual or family history of incarceration, probation, and/or parole and to evaluate how correctional control is associated with subjective and objective health outcomes. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This cross-sectional, mixed-methods study used patient surveys and retrospective medical record review to assess the experience of correctional control among 200 English-speaking adult patients presenting for care at the Rhode Island Hospital Center for Primary Care between July 9, 2019, and January 10, 2020. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Patient surveys included closed and open-ended questions pertaining to personal or familial experiences of incarceration, probation, and parole, as well as health outcomes associated with these experiences. Medical record review abstracted key health indicators and health care use data. RESULTS In this cross-sectional study of 200 adult patients (1 participant was removed from the full analytic sample owing to missing ethnicity data; 113 of 199 men [56.8%]; mean [SD] age, 51.2 [14.0] years) presenting for primary care, 78 of 199 (39.2%) had a history of incarceration, 32 of 199 (16.1%) were on probation or parole at the time of the study, and 92 of 199 (46.2%) reported having a family member with a history of incarceration. Of the 199 patients, 62 (31.2%) identified as non-Hispanic Black, 93 (46.7%) identified as non-Hispanic White, and 44 (22.1%) identified as belonging to another race (American Indian and Alaska Native, Asian, Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, or other nonspecified). Compared with participants without a history of correctional control, those with a personal history of incarceration were at greater odds of having an emergency department visit that did not result in hospitalization in models adjusted for age, sex, and race and ethnicity (odds ratio, 2.87; 95% CI, 1.47-5.75). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This cross-sectional study suggests that primary care clinicians should screen for correctional control as a prevalent social determinant of health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onagh MacKenzie
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Jacqueline Goldman
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Madeline Chin
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Bridget Duffy
- Center for Health and Justice Transformation, The Miriam Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Sarah Martino
- Center for Health and Justice Transformation, The Miriam Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Susan Ramsey
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence
| | - Monik C. Jiménez
- Division of Women’s Health, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rahul Vanjani
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence
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20
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Murphy M, Ding A, Berk J, Rich J, Bayliss G. Kidney Disease among People Who Are Incarcerated. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2021; 16:1766-1772. [PMID: 34135025 PMCID: PMC8729426 DOI: 10.2215/cjn.01910221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
CKD affects 15% of US adults and is associated with higher morbidity and mortality. CKD disproportionately affects certain populations, including racial and ethnic minorities and individuals from disadvantaged socioeconomic backgrounds. These groups are also disproportionately affected by incarceration and barriers to accessing health services. Incarceration represents an opportunity to link marginalized individuals to CKD care. Despite a legal obligation to provide a community standard of care including the screening and treatment of individuals with CKD, there is little evidence to suggest systematic efforts are in place to address this prevalent, costly, and ultimately fatal condition. This review highlights unrealized opportunities to connect individuals with CKD to care within the criminal justice system and as they transition to the community, and it underscores the need for more evidence-based strategies to address the health effect of CKD on over-represented communities in the criminal justice system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Murphy
- Department of Medicine, Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island
- Rhode Island Department of Corrections, Cranston, Rhode Island
| | - Ann Ding
- Department of Medicine and Pediatrics, Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Justin Berk
- Rhode Island Department of Corrections, Cranston, Rhode Island
- Department of Medicine and Pediatrics, Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Josiah Rich
- Department of Medicine, Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - George Bayliss
- Department of Medicine, Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
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21
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County health outcomes linkage to county spending on social services, building infrastructure, and law and order. SSM Popul Health 2021; 16:100930. [PMID: 34692974 PMCID: PMC8512609 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Will counties that reallocate money from law enforcement to social services improve subsequent markers of population wellbeing? In this study, we measure the association between county government spending across multiple sectors and Life Expectancy at Birth (LEB) in the U.S. using data from the U.S. Census Bureau. We constructed a Structural Equation Model to determine whether social expenditure, building infrastructure, and spending on law and order were positively or negatively associated with LEB three-years after initial spending. The analysis compared data between 2002-05 and 2007-10 and was stratified for urban and rural counties. In rural counties, a one-standard-deviation increase in social spending increased subsequent LEB by 0.58 (SE 0.16) and 0.36 (SE 0.16) years in 2005 and 2010, respectively. In urban counties, a one-standard-deviation increase in building infrastructure spending increased subsequent LEB by 1.14 (SE 0.51) and 1.05 (SE 0.49) years in 2005 and 2010, respectively. In 2002, a one-standard-deviation increase in law and order spending significantly decreased subsequent life expectancy, 2.2 (SE 1.27) and 0.46 (SE 0.13) years in urban and rural counties, respectively. Similarly, investments in building infrastructure for urban counties and social services for rural counties were associated with subsequently higher life expectancy three years later after initial investments. Funding for public health and other social interventions is associated with subsequent improvements in life expectancy. Spending in the social services is more closely tied to future life expectancy at birth in rural counties. In urban counties spending on building infrastructure is associated with more future gains in life expectancy at birth.
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22
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Nosrati E, King LP. Punitive Social Policy and Vital Inequality. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH SERVICES : PLANNING, ADMINISTRATION, EVALUATION 2021; 51:545-558. [PMID: 34106778 PMCID: PMC8435832 DOI: 10.1177/00207314211024895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Geographical inequalities in life and death are among the world's most pronounced in the United States. However, the driving forces behind this macroscopic variation in population health outcomes remain surprisingly understudied, both empirically and theoretically. The present article steps into this breach by assessing a number of theoretically informed hypotheses surrounding the underlying causes of such spatial heterogeneity. Above and beyond a range of usual suspects, such as poverty, unemployment, and ethno-racial disparities, we find that a hitherto neglected explanans is prison incarceration. In particular, through the use of previously unavailable county-level panel data and a compound instrumentation technique suited to isolating exogenous treatment variation, high imprisonment rates are shown to substantially increase the population-wide risk of premature death. Our findings contribute to the political economy of population health by relating the rise of the carceral state to the amplification of geographically anchored unequal life chances.
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23
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Nosrati E, Kang-Brown J, Ash M, McKee M, Marmot M, King LP. Incarceration and mortality in the United States. SSM Popul Health 2021; 15:100827. [PMID: 34150979 PMCID: PMC8193150 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has spotlighted the role of America's overcrowded prisons as vectors of ill health, but robust analyses of the degree to which high rates of incarceration impact population-level health outcomes remain scarce. In this paper, we use county-level panel data from 2927 counties across 43 states between 1983 and 2014 and a novel instrumental variable technique to study the causal effect of penal expansion on age-standardised cause-specific and all-cause mortality rates. We find that higher rates of incarceration have substantively large effects on deaths from communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases in the short and medium term, whilst deaths from non-communicable disease and from all causes combined are impacted in the short, medium, and long run. These findings are further corroborated by a between-unit analysis using coarsened exact matching and a simulation-based regression approach to predicting geographically anchored mortality differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Nosrati
- University of Oxford, Merton College, Merton Street, OX1 4JD, Oxford, UK
| | - Jacob Kang-Brown
- Vera Institute of Justice, 233 Broadway, 12th Floor, New York, NY, 10279, USA
| | - Michael Ash
- University of Massachusetts Amherst, Department of Economics, Crotty Hall, 412 North Pleasant Street, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01002, USA
| | - Martin McKee
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, WC1E 7HT, London, UK
| | - Michael Marmot
- Institute of Health Equity, Department for Epidemiology & Public Health, University College London, 1-19, Torrington Place, WC1E 7HB, London, UK
| | - Lawrence P. King
- University of Massachusetts Amherst, Department of Economics, Crotty Hall, 412 North Pleasant Street, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01002, USA
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Jodry D, Blemur D, Nguyen ML, Kuhn T, Easley K, Wang H, Ramaswamy M, Birdsong G, Kohut A, Manobianco B, Flowers L. Criminal Justice Involvement and Abnormal Cervical Cancer Screening Results Among Women in an Urban Safety Net Hospital. J Low Genit Tract Dis 2021; 25:81-85. [PMID: 33631779 DOI: 10.1097/lgt.0000000000000589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to elucidate the risk factors underlying abnormal cytology-based cervical cancer screening (Pap testing) in justice-involved women (JIW) compared with non-JIW in an urban safety net hospital. METHODS Retrospective chart review of women with a history of correctional involvement who received care at Grady Health System between 2010 and 2018 and had a Pap test was performed (n = 191). An age-matched cohort of women with no correctional involvement and had a Pap test at Grady served as the control (n = 394). Variables of interest were age, HIV, smoking, race, mental health history, and history of incarceration. Outcomes of interests were rate of abnormal Pap tests and follow-up. χ2 and logistic regression models evaluated associations between the variables of interest and outcomes. RESULTS Rates of abnormal Pap tests were significantly higher in JIW (35.6%) than controls (18.5%, p < .0001). Compared with controls, JIW were significantly more likely to have high-grade cervical cytology (odds ratio [OR] = 3.89, p < .0005) and be lost to gynecologic follow-up (OR = 8.75, p < .0001) and a history of severe mental illness (29.5% vs 4.3%, p < .0001). Those with abnormal Pap tests were likely to be HIV-positive (OR = 20.7, p < .001) and have a history of incarceration (OR = 2.33, p < .001). Predictors of high-grade Pap test were smoking history (OR = 0.16, p = .014), HIV-positive (OR = 3.66, p = .025), and history of incarceration (OR = 3.96, p < .0005). CONCLUSIONS Justice-involved women represent a high-risk subpopulation with significantly increased rates of high-grade cytology and lost to follow-up. This underscores the need for attention to screening programs and follow-up interventions for JIW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Jodry
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | | | - Minh Ly Nguyen
- Department of Infectious Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Theresa Kuhn
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Kirk Easley
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Heqiong Wang
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Megha Ramaswamy
- Department of Population Health, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS
| | - George Birdsong
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Adrian Kohut
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Brittany Manobianco
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL
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Testa A, Rennó Santos M, Weiss DB. Incarceration rates and hospital beds per capita: A cross-national study of 36 countries, 1971-2015. Soc Sci Med 2020; 263:113262. [PMID: 32784099 PMCID: PMC7398037 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Incarceration carries several negative ramifications for population health, while diverting scarce resources from other public goods. At a time when health care systems around the world are strained, the current study investigates the long-term relationship between incarceration and health care infrastructure. OBJECTIVE We investigated the longitudinal association between incarceration rates and hospital beds per capita for 36 countries between 1971 and 2015. METHOD Fixed effects regression analyses were employed to examine the effect of within-country changes in incarceration rates on hospital beds per capita. RESULTS Findings demonstrated that increases in national incarceration rates over time were associated with declines in hospital beds per capita, net of controls for socio-demographic and economic factors. CONCLUSIONS Increased incarceration negatively impacts hospital bed availability at the cross-national level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Testa
- Department of Criminology & Criminal Justice, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
| | | | - Douglas B Weiss
- Department of Criminal Justice, California State University, San Bernardino, San Bernardino, CA, USA
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