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Habibey R, Striebel J, Meinert M, Latiftikhereshki R, Schmieder F, Nasiri R, Latifi S. Engineered modular neuronal networks-on-chip represent structure-function relationship. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 261:116518. [PMID: 38924816 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Brain function is substantially linked to the highly organized modular structure of neuronal networks. However, the structure of in vitro assembled neuronal circuits often exhibits variability, complicating the consistent recording of network functional output and its correlation to network structure. Therefore, engineering neuronal structures with predefined geometry and reproducible functional features is essential to precisely model in vivo neuronal circuits. Here, we engineered microchannel devices to assemble 2D and 3D modular networks. The microchannel devices were coupled with a multi-electrode array (MEA) electrophysiology system to enable recordings from circuits. Each network consisted of 64 modules connected to their adjacent modules by micron-sized channels. Modular circuits within microchannel devices showed enhanced activity and functional connectivity traits. This includes metrics such as connection weights, clustering coefficient, global efficiency, and the number of hub neurons with higher betweenness centrality. In addition, modular networks demonstrated an increased functional modularity score compared to the randomly formed circuits. Neurons within individual modules displayed uniform network characteristics and predominantly participated in their respective functional communities within the same or neighboring physical modules. These observations highlight that the modular network structure promotes the development of segregated functional connectivity traits while simultaneously enhancing the efficiency of overall network connectivity. Our findings emphasize the significant impact of physical constraints on the activity patterns and functional organization within engineered modular networks. These circuits, characterized by stable modular architecture and intricate functional dynamics-key features of the brain networks-offer a robust in vitro model for advancing neuroscience research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rouhollah Habibey
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; CRTD - Center for Regenerative Therapies TU Dresden, 01307, Dresden, Germany; Dept. Neuroscience, Italian Institute of Technology. Genova, Italy.
| | - Johannes Striebel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Melissa Meinert
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Roshanak Latiftikhereshki
- Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kermanshah Branch, Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Felix Schmieder
- Laboratory of Measurement and Sensor System Technique, Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, TU Dresden, Helmholtzstraße 18, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Rohollah Nasiri
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Protein Science, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Sweden; AIMES, Center for the Advancement of Integrated Medical and Engineering Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
| | - Shahrzad Latifi
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
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2
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van der Geest AT, Jakobs CE, Ljubikj T, Huffels CFM, Cañizares Luna M, Vieira de Sá R, Adolfs Y, de Wit M, Rutten DH, Kaal M, Zwartkruis MM, Carcolé M, Groen EJN, Hol EM, Basak O, Isaacs AM, Westeneng HJ, van den Berg LH, Veldink JH, Schlegel DK, Pasterkamp RJ. Molecular pathology, developmental changes and synaptic dysfunction in (pre-) symptomatic human C9ORF72-ALS/FTD cerebral organoids. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2024; 12:152. [PMID: 39289761 PMCID: PMC11409520 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-024-01857-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024] Open
Abstract
A hexanucleotide repeat expansion (HRE) in C9ORF72 is the most common genetic cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Human brain imaging and experimental studies indicate early changes in brain structure and connectivity in C9-ALS/FTD, even before symptom onset. Because these early disease phenotypes remain incompletely understood, we generated iPSC-derived cerebral organoid models from C9-ALS/FTD patients, presymptomatic C9ORF72-HRE (C9-HRE) carriers, and controls. Our work revealed the presence of all three C9-HRE-related molecular pathologies and developmental stage-dependent size phenotypes in cerebral organoids from C9-ALS/FTD patients. In addition, single-cell RNA sequencing identified changes in cell type abundance and distribution in C9-ALS/FTD organoids, including a reduction in the number of deep layer cortical neurons and the distribution of neural progenitors. Further, molecular and cellular analyses and patch-clamp electrophysiology detected various changes in synapse structure and function. Intriguingly, organoids from all presymptomatic C9-HRE carriers displayed C9-HRE molecular pathology, whereas the extent to which more downstream cellular defects, as found in C9-ALS/FTD models, were detected varied for the different presymptomatic C9-HRE cases. Together, these results unveil early changes in 3D human brain tissue organization and synaptic connectivity in C9-ALS/FTD that likely constitute initial pathologies crucial for understanding disease onset and the design of therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid T van der Geest
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Channa E Jakobs
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tijana Ljubikj
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Christiaan F M Huffels
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marta Cañizares Luna
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Renata Vieira de Sá
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Youri Adolfs
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marina de Wit
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Daan H Rutten
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marthe Kaal
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maria M Zwartkruis
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mireia Carcolé
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL and Dept. of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Ewout J N Groen
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Elly M Hol
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Onur Basak
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Adrian M Isaacs
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL and Dept. of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Henk-Jan Westeneng
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Leonard H van den Berg
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan H Veldink
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Domino K Schlegel
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - R Jeroen Pasterkamp
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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3
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Rizzuti M, Melzi V, Brambilla L, Quetti L, Sali L, Ottoboni L, Meneri M, Ratti A, Verde F, Ticozzi N, Comi GP, Corti S, Abati E. Shaping the Neurovascular Unit Exploiting Human Brain Organoids. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:6642-6657. [PMID: 38334812 PMCID: PMC11338975 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-03998-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Brain organoids, three-dimensional cell structures derived from pluripotent stem cells, closely mimic key aspects of the human brain in vitro, providing a powerful tool for studying neurodevelopment and disease. The neuroectodermal induction protocol employed for brain organoid generation primarily gives rise to the neural cellular component but lacks the vital vascular system, which is crucial for the brain functions by regulating differentiation, migration, and circuit formation, as well as delivering oxygen and nutrients. Many neurological diseases are caused by dysfunctions of cerebral microcirculation, making vascularization of human brain organoids an important tool for pathogenetic and translational research. Experimentally, the creation of vascularized brain organoids has primarily focused on the fusion of vascular and brain organoids, on organoid transplantation in vivo, and on the use of microfluidic devices to replicate the intricate microenvironment of the human brain in vitro. This review summarizes these efforts and highlights the importance of studying the neurovascular unit in a forward-looking perspective of leveraging their use for understanding and treating neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mafalda Rizzuti
- Neurology Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Melzi
- Neurology Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Brambilla
- Neurology Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Quetti
- Neurology Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Sali
- Neurology Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Linda Ottoboni
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Megi Meneri
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonia Ratti
- Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
- Department Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Federico Verde
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Ticozzi
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giacomo Pietro Comi
- Neurology Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Corti
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Abati
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
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4
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Xu Y, Lu R, Li H, Feng W, Zhao R. A spectrum of AKT3 activating mutations cause focal malformations of cortical development (FMCDs) in cortical organoids. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:167232. [PMID: 38759814 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Focal malformations of cortical development (FMCDs) are brain disorders mainly caused by hyperactive mTOR signaling due to both inactivating and activating mutations of genes in the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway. Among them, mosaic and somatic activating mutations of the mTOR pathway activators are more frequently linked to severe form of FMCDs. A human stem cell-based FMCDs model to study these activating mutations is still lacking. Herein, we genetically engineer human embryonic stem cell lines carrying these activating mutations to generate cortical organoids. Mosaic and somatic expression of AKT3 activating mutations in cortical organoids mimicking the disease presentation with overproliferation and the formation of dysmorphic neurons. In parallel comparison of various AKT3 activating mutations reveals that stronger mutation is associated with more severe neuronal migratory and overgrowth defects. Together, we have established a feasible human stem cell-based model for FMCDs that could help to better understand pathogenic mechanism and develop novel therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xu
- Institute of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Rongrong Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Fudan University, Shanghai 201102, China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Fudan University, Shanghai 201102, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Xiamen Children's Hospital, Children's Hospital of Fudan University at Xiamen, Xiamen 361006, China
| | - Weijun Feng
- Institute of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Neonatal Diseases, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Neonatal Diseases, Xiamen Children's Hospital, Children's Hospital of Fudan University at Xiamen, Xiamen 361006, China.
| | - Rui Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai 200333, China.
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5
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Kang R, Park S, Shin S, Bak G, Park JC. Electrophysiological insights with brain organoid models: a brief review. BMB Rep 2024; 57:311-317. [PMID: 38919012 PMCID: PMC11289503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Brain organoid is a three-dimensional (3D) tissue derived from stem cells such as induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) embryonic stem cells (ESCs) that reflect real human brain structure. It replicates the complexity and development of the human brain, enabling studies of the human brain in vitro. With emerging technologies, its application is various, including disease modeling and drug screening. A variety of experimental methods have been used to study structural and molecular characteristics of brain organoids. However, electrophysiological analysis is necessary to understand their functional characteristics and complexity. Although electrophysiological approaches have rapidly advanced for monolayered cells, there are some limitations in studying electrophysiological and neural network characteristics due to the lack of 3D characteristics. Herein, electrophysiological measurement and analytical methods related to neural complexity and 3D characteristics of brain organoids are reviewed. Overall, electrophysiological understanding of brain organoids allows us to overcome limitations of monolayer in vitro cell culture models, providing deep insights into the neural network complex of the real human brain and new ways of disease modeling. [BMB Reports 2024; 57(7): 311-317].
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Affiliation(s)
- Rian Kang
- Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
- Department of Metabiohealth, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Soomin Park
- Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
- Department of Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Saewoon Shin
- Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Gyusoo Bak
- Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
- Department of Metabiohealth, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Jong-Chan Park
- Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
- Department of Metabiohealth, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
- Department of Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
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6
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Sandoval SO, Cappuccio G, Kruth K, Osenberg S, Khalil SM, Méndez-Albelo NM, Padmanabhan K, Wang D, Niciu MJ, Bhattacharyya A, Stein JL, Sousa AMM, Waxman EA, Buttermore ED, Whye D, Sirois CL, Williams A, Maletic-Savatic M, Zhao X. Rigor and reproducibility in human brain organoid research: Where we are and where we need to go. Stem Cell Reports 2024; 19:796-816. [PMID: 38759644 PMCID: PMC11297560 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2024.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Human brain organoid models have emerged as a promising tool for studying human brain development and function. These models preserve human genetics and recapitulate some aspects of human brain development, while facilitating manipulation in an in vitro setting. Despite their potential to transform biology and medicine, concerns persist about their fidelity. To fully harness their potential, it is imperative to establish reliable analytic methods, ensuring rigor and reproducibility. Here, we review current analytical platforms used to characterize human forebrain cortical organoids, highlight challenges, and propose recommendations for future studies to achieve greater precision and uniformity across laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraya O Sandoval
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Gerarda Cappuccio
- Department of Pediatrics-Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Karina Kruth
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Health Care, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa Health Care, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Sivan Osenberg
- Department of Pediatrics-Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Saleh M Khalil
- Department of Pediatrics-Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Natasha M Méndez-Albelo
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Molecular Cellular Pharmacology Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Krishnan Padmanabhan
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Visual Science, Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester NY 14642, USA
| | - Daifeng Wang
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Departments of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Mark J Niciu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Health Care, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa Health Care, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Anita Bhattacharyya
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Jason L Stein
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - André M M Sousa
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Elisa A Waxman
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Center for Epilepsy and NeuroDevelopmental Disorders (ENDD), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Elizabeth D Buttermore
- Human Neuron Core, Rosamund Stone Zander Translational Neuroscience Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Department, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dosh Whye
- Human Neuron Core, Rosamund Stone Zander Translational Neuroscience Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Department, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Carissa L Sirois
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Aislinn Williams
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Health Care, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa Health Care, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Mirjana Maletic-Savatic
- Department of Pediatrics-Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA; Center for Drug Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Xinyu Zhao
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
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7
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Xue W, Li H, Xu J, Yu X, Liu L, Liu H, Zhao R, Shao Z. Effective cryopreservation of human brain tissue and neural organoids. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2024; 4:100777. [PMID: 38744289 PMCID: PMC11133841 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2024.100777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Human brain tissue models and organoids are vital for studying and modeling human neurological disease. However, the high cost of long-term cultured organoids inhibits their wide-ranging application. It is therefore urgent to develop methods for the cryopreservation of brain tissue and organoids. Here, we establish a method using methylcellulose, ethylene glycol, DMSO, and Y27632 (termed MEDY) for the cryopreservation of cortical organoids without disrupting the neural cytoarchitecture or functional activity. MEDY can be applied to multiple brain-region-specific organoids, including the dorsal/ventral forebrain, spinal cord, optic vesicle brain, and epilepsy patient-derived brain organoids. Additionally, MEDY enables the cryopreservation of human brain tissue samples, and pathological features are retained after thawing. Transcriptomic analysis shows that MEDY can protect synaptic function and inhibit the endoplasmic reticulum-mediated apoptosis pathway. MEDY will enable the large-scale and reliable storage of diverse neural organoids and living brain tissue and will facilitate wide-ranging research, medical applications, and drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Xue
- Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institute of Pediatrics, National Children's Medical Center, Children's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Huijuan Li
- Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institute of Pediatrics, National Children's Medical Center, Children's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinhong Xu
- Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institute of Pediatrics, National Children's Medical Center, Children's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Yu
- Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institute of Pediatrics, National Children's Medical Center, Children's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Linlin Liu
- Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institute of Pediatrics, National Children's Medical Center, Children's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huihui Liu
- Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institute of Pediatrics, National Children's Medical Center, Children's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhicheng Shao
- Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institute of Pediatrics, National Children's Medical Center, Children's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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8
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Li Y, Wang J, Song SR, Lv SQ, Qin JH, Yu SC. Models for evaluating glioblastoma invasion along white matter tracts. Trends Biotechnol 2024; 42:293-309. [PMID: 37806896 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2023.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
White matter tracts (WMs) are one of the main invasion paths of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). The lack of ideal research models hinders our understanding of the details and mechanisms of GBM invasion along WMs. To date, many potential in vitro models have been reported; nerve fiber culture models and nanomaterial models are biocompatible, and the former have electrically active neurons. Brain slice culture models, organoid models, and microfluidic chip models can simulate the real brain and tumor microenvironment (TME), which contains a variety of cell types. These models are closer to the real in vivo environment and are helpful for further studying not only invasion along WMs by GBM, but also perineural invasion and brain metastasis by solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Li
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Chongqing 400038, China; International Joint Research Center for Precision Biotherapy, Ministry of Science and Technology, Chongqing 400038, China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunopathology, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400038, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Chongqing 400038, China; International Joint Research Center for Precision Biotherapy, Ministry of Science and Technology, Chongqing 400038, China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunopathology, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400038, China; Jin-feng Laboratory, Chongqing 401329, China
| | - Si-Rong Song
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Chongqing 400038, China; International Joint Research Center for Precision Biotherapy, Ministry of Science and Technology, Chongqing 400038, China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunopathology, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Sheng-Qing Lv
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Jian-Hua Qin
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Niaoning 116023, China.
| | - Shi-Cang Yu
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Chongqing 400038, China; International Joint Research Center for Precision Biotherapy, Ministry of Science and Technology, Chongqing 400038, China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunopathology, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400038, China; Jin-feng Laboratory, Chongqing 401329, China.
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9
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Bellon A. Comparing stem cells, transdifferentiation and brain organoids as tools for psychiatric research. Transl Psychiatry 2024; 14:127. [PMID: 38418498 PMCID: PMC10901833 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-024-02780-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The inaccessibility of neurons coming directly from patients has hindered our understanding of mental illnesses at the cellular level. To overcome this obstacle, six different cellular approaches that carry the genetic vulnerability to psychiatric disorders are currently available: Olfactory Neuroepithelial Cells, Mesenchymal Stem Cells, Pluripotent Monocytes, Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells, Induced Neuronal cells and more recently Brain Organoids. Here we contrast advantages and disadvantages of each of these six cell-based methodologies. Neuronal-like cells derived from pluripotent monocytes are presented in more detail as this technique was recently used in psychiatry for the first time. Among the parameters used for comparison are; accessibility, need for reprograming, time to deliver differentiated cells, differentiation efficiency, reproducibility of results and cost. We provide a timeline on the discovery of these cell-based methodologies, but, our main goal is to assist researchers selecting which cellular approach is best suited for any given project. This manuscript also aims to help readers better interpret results from the published literature. With this goal in mind, we end our work with a discussion about the differences and similarities between cell-based techniques and postmortem research, the only currently available tools that allow the study of mental illness in neurons or neuronal-like cells coming directly from patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Bellon
- Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Hershey, PA, USA.
- Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Department of Pharmacology, Hershey, PA, USA.
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10
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Acharya P, Choi NY, Shrestha S, Jeong S, Lee MY. Brain organoids: A revolutionary tool for modeling neurological disorders and development of therapeutics. Biotechnol Bioeng 2024; 121:489-506. [PMID: 38013504 PMCID: PMC10842775 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Brain organoids are self-organized, three-dimensional (3D) aggregates derived from pluripotent stem cells that have cell types and cellular architectures resembling those of the developing human brain. The current understanding of human brain developmental processes and neurological disorders has advanced significantly with the introduction of this in vitro model. Brain organoids serve as a translational link between two-dimensional (2D) cultures and in vivo models which imitate the neural tube formation at the early and late stages and the differentiation of neuroepithelium with whole-brain regionalization. In addition, the generation of region-specific brain organoids made it possible to investigate the pathogenic and etiological aspects of acquired and inherited brain disease along with drug discovery and drug toxicity testing. In this review article, we first summarize an overview of the existing methods and platforms used for generating brain organoids and their limitations and then discuss the recent advancement in brain organoid technology. In addition, we discuss how brain organoids have been used to model aspects of neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD), Rett syndrome, Zika virus-related microcephaly, Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and Huntington's disease (HD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabha Acharya
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA
| | - Na Young Choi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA
- Department of Healthcare Information Technology, Inje University, Gimhae, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunil Shrestha
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA
| | - Sehoon Jeong
- Department of Healthcare Information Technology, Inje University, Gimhae, Republic of Korea
| | - Moo-Yeal Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA
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11
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Chen X, Shi Y. Generating Homogeneous Brain Organoids from Human iPSCs. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2794:157-167. [PMID: 38630227 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3810-1_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
There is a high demand for the development of in vitro models for human brain development and diseases due to the inaccessibility of human brain tissues. The human iPSC-derived brain organoids provide a promising in vitro model for studying human brain development and disorders. However, it is challenging to generate a large number of brain organoids with high consistency for modeling human neurological diseases. Here, we describe a method for generating high-yield brain organoids with high consistency by combining large-scale embryoid body (EB) generation and incorporating a quality control screening step during differentiation. The method described in this chapter provides a robust way to generate brain organoids for studying human brain development and modeling neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianwei Chen
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Yanhong Shi
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA.
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12
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Park SB, Lim B, Kim KY, Koh B. Long and Short-Term Effect of mTOR Regulation on Cerebral Organoid Growth and Differentiations. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2024; 21:159-169. [PMID: 38153672 PMCID: PMC10764682 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-023-00611-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling is critical for the maintenance and differentiation of neurogenesis, and conceivably for many other brain developmental processes. However, in vivo studies of mTOR functions in the brain are often hampered due to the essential role of the associated signaling in brain development. METHODS We monitored the long- and short-term effects of mTOR signaling regulation on cerebral organoids growth, differentiation and function using an mTOR inhibitor (everolimus) and an mTOR activator (MHY1485). RESULTS Short-term treatment with MHY1485 induced faster organoid growth and differentiation, while long-term treatment induced the maturation of cerebral organoids. CONCLUSION These data suggest that the optimal activity of mTOR is crucial in maintaining normal brain development, and its role is not confined to the early neurogenic phase of brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Bum Park
- Therapeutics and Biotechnology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Byungho Lim
- Therapeutics and Biotechnology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Young Kim
- Therapeutics and Biotechnology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea.
| | - Byumseok Koh
- Therapeutics and Biotechnology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Costa FV, Zabegalov KN, Kolesnikova TO, de Abreu MS, Kotova MM, Petersen EV, Kalueff AV. Experimental models of human cortical malformations: from mammals to 'acortical' zebrafish. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 155:105429. [PMID: 37863278 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Human neocortex controls and integrates cognition, emotions, perception and complex behaviors. Aberrant cortical development can be triggered by multiple genetic and environmental factors, causing cortical malformations. Animal models, especially rodents, are a valuable tool to probe molecular and physiological mechanisms of cortical malformations. Complementing rodent studies, the zebrafish (Danio rerio) is an important model organism in biomedicine. Although the zebrafish (like other fishes) lacks neocortex, here we argue that this species can still be used to model various aspects and brain phenomena related to human cortical malformations. We also discuss novel perspectives in this field, covering both advantages and limitations of using mammalian and zebrafish models in cortical malformation research. Summarizing mounting evidence, we also highlight the importance of translationally-relevant insights into the pathogenesis of cortical malformations from animal models, and discuss future strategies of research in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiano V Costa
- World-class Research Center "Center for Personalized Medicine", Almazov National Medical Research Center, Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Russia; Neurobiology Program, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sirius Federal Territory, Russia
| | - Konstantin N Zabegalov
- Neurobiology Program, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sirius Federal Territory, Russia
| | - Tatiana O Kolesnikova
- World-class Research Center "Center for Personalized Medicine", Almazov National Medical Research Center, Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Russia; Neurobiology Program, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sirius Federal Territory, Russia
| | | | - Maria M Kotova
- World-class Research Center "Center for Personalized Medicine", Almazov National Medical Research Center, Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Russia; Neurobiology Program, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sirius Federal Territory, Russia
| | | | - Allan V Kalueff
- World-class Research Center "Center for Personalized Medicine", Almazov National Medical Research Center, Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Russia; Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia; Institute of Experimental Medicine, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Russia; Laboratory of Preclinical Bioscreening, Granov Russian Research Center of Radiology and Surgical Technologies, Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Pesochny, Russia; Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg, Russia; Neurobiology Program, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sirius Federal Territory, Russia.
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14
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Bu Q, Dai Y, Zhang H, Li M, Liu H, Huang Y, Zeng A, Qin F, Jiang L, Wang L, Chen Y, Li H, Wang X, Zhao Y, Qin M, Zhao Y, Zhang N, Kuang W, Zhao Y, Cen X. Neurodevelopmental defects in human cortical organoids with N-acetylneuraminic acid synthase mutation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadf2772. [PMID: 38000033 PMCID: PMC10672180 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf2772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Biallelic genetic variants in N-acetylneuraminic acid synthase (NANS), a critical enzyme in endogenous sialic acid biosynthesis, are clinically associated with neurodevelopmental disorders. However, the mechanism underlying the neuropathological consequences has remained elusive. Here, we found that NANS mutation resulted in the absence of both sialic acid and protein polysialylation in the cortical organoids and notably reduced the proliferation and expansion of neural progenitors. NANS mutation dysregulated neural migration and differentiation, disturbed synapse formation, and weakened neuronal activity. Single-cell RNA sequencing revealed that NANS loss of function markedly altered transcriptional programs involved in neuronal differentiation and ribosomal biogenesis in various neuronal cell types. Similarly, Nans heterozygous mice exhibited impaired cortical neurogenesis and neurobehavioral deficits. Collectively, our findings reveal a crucial role of NANS-mediated endogenous sialic acid biosynthesis in regulating multiple features of human cortical development, thus linking NANS mutation with its clinically relevant neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Bu
- Mental Health Center and National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
- Molecular Toxicology Laboratory of Sichuan Provincial Education office, Institute of Systems Epidemiology, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yanping Dai
- Mental Health Center and National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Huaqin Zhang
- Mental Health Center and National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Min Li
- Mental Health Center and National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Haxiaoyu Liu
- Mental Health Center and National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Molecular Toxicology Laboratory of Sichuan Provincial Education office, Institute of Systems Epidemiology, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ailing Zeng
- Mental Health Center and National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Feng Qin
- Mental Health Center and National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Linhong Jiang
- Mental Health Center and National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Mental Health Center and National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yaxing Chen
- Mental Health Center and National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Hongchun Li
- Mental Health Center and National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- Mental Health Center and National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Mental Health Center and National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Meng Qin
- Mental Health Center and National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- Mental Health Center and National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Ni Zhang
- Mental Health Center of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Weihong Kuang
- Mental Health Center of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yinglan Zhao
- Mental Health Center and National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Xiaobo Cen
- Mental Health Center and National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
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15
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Rudibaugh TT, Stuppy SR, Keung AJ. Reactive Oxygen Species Mediate Transcriptional Responses to Dopamine and Cocaine in Human Cerebral Organoids. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16474. [PMID: 38003664 PMCID: PMC10671319 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopamine signaling in the adult ventral forebrain regulates behavior, stress response, and memory formation and in neurodevelopment regulates neural differentiation and cell migration. Excessive dopamine levels, including those due to cocaine use in utero and in adults, could lead to long-term adverse consequences. The mechanisms underlying both homeostatic and pathological changes remain unclear, in part due to the diverse cellular responses elicited by dopamine and the reliance on animal models that exhibit species-specific differences in dopamine signaling. In this study, we use the human-derived ventral forebrain organoid model of Xiang-Tanaka and characterize their response to cocaine or dopamine. We explore dosing regimens of dopamine or cocaine to simulate acute or chronic exposure. We then use calcium imaging, cAMP imaging, and bulk RNA-sequencing to measure responses to cocaine or dopamine exposure. We observe an upregulation of inflammatory pathways in addition to indicators of oxidative stress following exposure. Using inhibitors of reactive oxygen species (ROS), we then show ROS to be necessary for multiple transcriptional responses of cocaine exposure. These results highlight novel response pathways and validate the potential of cerebral organoids as in vitro human models for studying complex biological processes in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Albert J. Keung
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA; (T.T.R.); (S.R.S.)
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16
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Pereira I, Lopez-Martinez MJ, Samitier J. Advances in current in vitro models on neurodegenerative diseases. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1260397. [PMID: 38026882 PMCID: PMC10658011 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1260397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Many neurodegenerative diseases are identified but their causes and cure are far from being well-known. The problem resides in the complexity of the neural tissue and its location which hinders its easy evaluation. Although necessary in the drug discovery process, in vivo animal models need to be reduced and show relevant differences with the human tissues that guide scientists to inquire about other possible options which lead to in vitro models being explored. From organoids to organ-on-a-chips, 3D models are considered the cutting-edge technology in cell culture. Cell choice is a big parameter to take into consideration when planning an in vitro model and cells capable of mimicking both healthy and diseased tissue, such as induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC), are recognized as good candidates. Hence, we present a critical review of the latest models used to study neurodegenerative disease, how these models have evolved introducing microfluidics platforms, 3D cell cultures, and the use of induced pluripotent cells to better mimic the neural tissue environment in pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Pereira
- Nanobioengineering Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria J. Lopez-Martinez
- Nanobioengineering Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red: Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Electronics and Biomedical Engineering, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Samitier
- Nanobioengineering Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red: Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Electronics and Biomedical Engineering, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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17
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Foreman AL, Liddell K, Franklin S, Jackson E, Rozeik C, Niakan KK. Human embryo models: the importance of national policy and governance review. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2023; 82:102103. [PMID: 37619506 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2023.102103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Integrated and non-integrated stem cell-based embryo models are becoming widely adopted tools in biomedical research with distinct advantages over animal models for studying human development. Although SCB-EMs have tremendous benefits for research, they raise a number of social, ethical and legal questions that affect future research and widespread adoption in industry and clinical settings. The 2021 International Society for Stem Cell Research Guidelines for Stem Cell Research and Clinical Translation provide helpful guidance on many of these issues but do not have force in domestic law. Careful appraisal and development of national legal and ethical frameworks is crucial. Paving the way to better regulation provides an ethical and social foundation to continue using human embryo models and to fully realise their potential benefits for reproductive medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Foreman
- Wellcome Trust, CRUK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK; Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Kathleen Liddell
- The Faculty of Law, The David Williams Building, 10 West Road, Cambridge CB3 9DZ, UK; Cambridge Reproduction, University of Cambridge, Physiology Building, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK.
| | - Sarah Franklin
- Cambridge Reproduction, University of Cambridge, Physiology Building, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK; Department of Sociology, University of Cambridge, 16 Mill Lane, Cambridge CB2 1SB, UK.
| | - Emily Jackson
- London School of Economics and Political Science, Houghton Street, London WC2A 2AE, UK.
| | - Christina Rozeik
- Cambridge Reproduction, University of Cambridge, Physiology Building, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Kathy K Niakan
- Cambridge Reproduction, University of Cambridge, Physiology Building, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK; The Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK; Human Embryo and Stem Cell Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK; Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Epigenetics Programme, Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK.
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18
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Yao X, Kang JH, Kim KP, Shin H, Jin ZL, Guo H, Xu YN, Li YH, Hali S, Kwon J, La H, Park C, Kim YJ, Wang L, Hong K, Cao Q, Cho IJ, Kim NH, Han DW. Production of Highly Uniform Midbrain Organoids from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. Stem Cells Int 2023; 2023:3320211. [PMID: 37810631 PMCID: PMC10558263 DOI: 10.1155/2023/3320211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain organoids have been considered as an advanced platform for in vitro disease modeling and drug screening, but numerous roadblocks exist, such as lack of large-scale production technology and lengthy protocols with multiple manipulation steps, impeding the industrial translation of brain organoid technology. Here, we describe the high-speed and large-scale production of midbrain organoids using a high-throughput screening-compatible platform within 30 days. Micro midbrain organoids (µMOs) exhibit a highly uniform morphology and gene expression pattern with minimal variability. Notably, µMOs show dramatically accelerated maturation, resulting in the generation of functional µMOs within only 30 days of differentiation. Furthermore, individual µMOs display highly consistent responsiveness to neurotoxin, suggesting their usefulness as an in vitro high-throughput drug toxicity screening platform. Collectively, our data indicate that µMO technology could represent an advanced and robust platform for in vitro disease modeling and drug screening for human neuronal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuerui Yao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China
- International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jianghai, Jiangmen, Guangdong Province, China
- Research and Development Department, Qingdao Haier Biotech Co. Ltd., Qingdao, China
| | - Ji Hyun Kang
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Organoids, OrganFactory Co. Ltd., Cheongju 28864, Republic of Korea
| | - Kee-Pyo Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyogeun Shin
- Center for BioMicrosystems, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhe-Long Jin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China
- International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jianghai, Jiangmen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hao Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China
- International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jianghai, Jiangmen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yong-Nan Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China
| | - Ying-Hua Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China
| | - Sai Hali
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jeongwoo Kwon
- Primate Resources Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonwoo La
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, The Institute of Advanced Regenerative Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Chanhyeok Park
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, The Institute of Advanced Regenerative Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-June Kim
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Lin Wang
- Research and Development Department, Qingdao Haier Biotech Co. Ltd., Qingdao, China
| | - Kwonho Hong
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, The Institute of Advanced Regenerative Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Qilong Cao
- Research and Development Department, Qingdao Haier Biotech Co. Ltd., Qingdao, China
| | - Il-Joo Cho
- Center for BioMicrosystems, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Hyung Kim
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China
- International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jianghai, Jiangmen, Guangdong Province, China
- Research and Development Department, Qingdao Haier Biotech Co. Ltd., Qingdao, China
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Organoids, OrganFactory Co. Ltd., Cheongju 28864, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Wook Han
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China
- International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jianghai, Jiangmen, Guangdong Province, China
- Research and Development Department, Qingdao Haier Biotech Co. Ltd., Qingdao, China
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Organoids, OrganFactory Co. Ltd., Cheongju 28864, Republic of Korea
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19
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Juste-Lanas Y, Hervas-Raluy S, García-Aznar JM, González-Loyola A. Fluid flow to mimic organ function in 3D in vitro models. APL Bioeng 2023; 7:031501. [PMID: 37547671 PMCID: PMC10404142 DOI: 10.1063/5.0146000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Many different strategies can be found in the literature to model organ physiology, tissue functionality, and disease in vitro; however, most of these models lack the physiological fluid dynamics present in vivo. Here, we highlight the importance of fluid flow for tissue homeostasis, specifically in vessels, other lumen structures, and interstitium, to point out the need of perfusion in current 3D in vitro models. Importantly, the advantages and limitations of the different current experimental fluid-flow setups are discussed. Finally, we shed light on current challenges and future focus of fluid flow models applied to the newest bioengineering state-of-the-art platforms, such as organoids and organ-on-a-chip, as the most sophisticated and physiological preclinical platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Silvia Hervas-Raluy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Engineering Research Institute of Aragón (I3A), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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20
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Toh HSY, Choo XY, Sun AX. Midbrain organoids-development and applications in Parkinson's disease. OXFORD OPEN NEUROSCIENCE 2023; 2:kvad009. [PMID: 38596240 PMCID: PMC10913847 DOI: 10.1093/oons/kvad009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Human brain development is spatially and temporally complex. Insufficient access to human brain tissue and inadequacy of animal models has limited the study of brain development and neurodegenerative diseases. Recent advancements of brain organoid technology have created novel opportunities to model human-specific neurodevelopment and brain diseases. In this review, we discuss the use of brain organoids to model the midbrain and Parkinson's disease. We critically evaluate the extent of recapitulation of PD pathology by organoids and discuss areas of future development that may lead to the model to become a next-generation, personalized therapeutic strategy for PD and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary S Y Toh
- Neuroscience & Behavioural Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore
| | - Xin Yi Choo
- Neuroscience & Behavioural Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore
| | - Alfred Xuyang Sun
- Neuroscience & Behavioural Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore
- National Neuroscience Institute, 11 Jln Tan Tock Seng, Singapore
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21
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Binó L, Čajánek L. Tau tubulin kinase 1 and 2 regulate ciliogenesis and human pluripotent stem cells-derived neural rosettes. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12884. [PMID: 37558899 PMCID: PMC10412607 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39887-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are key regulators of embryo development and tissue homeostasis. However, their mechanisms and functions, particularly in the context of human cells, are still unclear. Here, we analyzed the consequences of primary cilia modulation for human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) proliferation and differentiation. We report that neither activation of the cilia-associated Hedgehog signaling pathway nor ablation of primary cilia by CRISPR gene editing to knockout Tau Tubulin Kinase 2 (TTBK2), a crucial ciliogenesis regulator, affects the self-renewal of hPSCs. Further, we show that TTBK1, a related kinase without previous links to ciliogenesis, is upregulated during hPSCs-derived neural rosette differentiation. Importantly, we demonstrate that while TTBK1 fails to localize to the mother centriole, it regulates primary cilia formation in the differentiated, but not the undifferentiated hPSCs. Finally, we show that TTBK1/2 and primary cilia are implicated in the regulation of the size of hPSCs-derived neural rosettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Binó
- Laboratory of Cilia and Centrosome Biology, Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 3, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Čajánek
- Laboratory of Cilia and Centrosome Biology, Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 3, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic.
- Section of Animal Physiology and Immunology, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic.
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22
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Marinho LSR, Chiarantin GMD, Ikebara JM, Cardoso DS, de Lima-Vasconcellos TH, Higa GSV, Ferraz MSA, De Pasquale R, Takada SH, Papes F, Muotri AR, Kihara AH. The impact of antidepressants on human neurodevelopment: Brain organoids as experimental tools. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 144:67-76. [PMID: 36115764 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The use of antidepressants during pregnancy benefits the mother's well-being, but the effects of such substances on neurodevelopment remain poorly understood. Moreover, the consequences of early exposure to antidepressants may not be immediately apparent at birth. In utero exposure to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) has been related to developmental abnormalities, including a reduced white matter volume. Several reports have observed an increased incidence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) after prenatal exposure to SSRIs such as sertraline, the most widely prescribed SSRI. The advent of human-induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) methods and assays now offers appropriate tools to test the consequences of such compounds for neurodevelopment in vitro. In particular, hiPSCs can be used to generate cerebral organoids - self-organized structures that recapitulate the morphology and complex physiology of the developing human brain, overcoming the limitations found in 2D cell culture and experimental animal models for testing drug efficacy and side effects. For example, single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and electrophysiological measurements on organoids can be used to evaluate the impact of antidepressants on the transcriptome and neuronal activity signatures in developing neurons. While the analysis of large-scale transcriptomic data depends on dimensionality reduction methods, electrophysiological recordings rely on temporal data series to discriminate statistical characteristics of neuronal activity, allowing for the rigorous analysis of the effects of antidepressants and other molecules that affect the developing nervous system, especially when applied in combination with relevant human cellular models such as brain organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Juliane Midori Ikebara
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, SP 09606-045, Brazil
| | - Débora Sterzeck Cardoso
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, SP 09606-045, Brazil
| | | | - Guilherme Shigueto Vilar Higa
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, SP 09606-045, Brazil; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Biomedical Sciences Institute I, São Paulo University, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | | | - Roberto De Pasquale
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Biomedical Sciences Institute I, São Paulo University, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Silvia Honda Takada
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, SP 09606-045, Brazil
| | - Fabio Papes
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-862, Brazil; Center for Medicinal Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-875, Brazil; Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Alysson R Muotri
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny, Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, Archealization Center (ArchC), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Alexandre Hiroaki Kihara
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, SP 09606-045, Brazil.
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23
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Jeziorski J, Brandt R, Evans JH, Campana W, Kalichman M, Thompson E, Goldstein L, Koch C, Muotri AR. Brain organoids, consciousness, ethics and moral status. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 144:97-102. [PMID: 35339359 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Advances in the field of human stem cells are often a source of public and ethical controversy. Researchers must frequently balance diverse societal perspectives on questions of morality with the pursuit of medical therapeutics and innovation. Recent developments in brain organoids make this challenge even more acute. Brain organoids are a new class of brain surrogate generated from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). They have gained traction as a model for studying the intricacies of the human brain by using advancements in stem cell biology to recapitulate aspects of the developing human brain in vitro. However, recent observation of neural oscillations spontaneously emerging from these organoids raises the question of whether brain organoids are or could become conscious. At the same time, brain organoids offer a potentially unique opportunity to scientifically understand consciousness. To address these issues, experimental biologists, philosophers, and ethicists united to discuss the possibility of consciousness in human brain organoids and the consequent ethical and moral implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Jeziorski
- Departments of Pediatrics and Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA), Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, Archealization Center (ArchC), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Reuven Brandt
- Department of Philosophy, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - John H Evans
- Institute for Practical Ethics, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Wendy Campana
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Michael Kalichman
- Research Ethics Program, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Evan Thompson
- Department of Philosophy, University of British Columbia, Canada
| | - Lawrence Goldstein
- Departments of Medicine and Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92037, USA
| | | | - Alysson R Muotri
- Departments of Pediatrics and Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA), Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, Archealization Center (ArchC), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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24
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Santos AC, Nader G, El Soufi El Sabbagh D, Urban K, Attisano L, Carlen PL. Treating Hyperexcitability in Human Cerebral Organoids Resulting from Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation. Cells 2023; 12:1949. [PMID: 37566028 PMCID: PMC10416870 DOI: 10.3390/cells12151949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cerebral organoids resemble the 3D complexity of the human brain and have the potential to augment current drug development pipelines for neurological disease. Epilepsy is a complex neurological condition characterized by recurrent seizures. A third of people with epilepsy do not respond to currently available pharmaceutical drugs, and there is not one drug that treats all subtypes; thus, better models of epilepsy are needed for drug development. Cerebral organoids may be used to address this unmet need. In the present work, human cerebral organoids are used along with electrophysiological methods to explore oxygen-glucose deprivation as a hyperexcitability agent. This activity is investigated in its response to current antiseizure drugs. Furthermore, the mechanism of action of the drug candidates is probed with qPCR and immunofluorescence. The findings demonstrate OGD-induced hyperexcitable changes in the cerebral organoid tissue, which is treated with cannabidiol and bumetanide. There is evidence for NKCC1 and KCC2 gene expression, as well as other genes and proteins involved in the complex development of GABAergic signaling. This study supports the use of organoids as a platform for modelling cerebral cortical hyperexcitability that could be extended to modelling epilepsy and used for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra C. Santos
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5S 0T8, Canada (P.L.C.)
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - George Nader
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5S 0T8, Canada (P.L.C.)
| | - Dana El Soufi El Sabbagh
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5S 0T8, Canada (P.L.C.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
| | | | - Liliana Attisano
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Peter L. Carlen
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5S 0T8, Canada (P.L.C.)
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
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25
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Hurley EM, Mozolewski P, Dobrowolski R, Hsieh J. Familial Alzheimer's disease-associated PSEN1 mutations affect neurodevelopment through increased Notch signaling. Stem Cell Reports 2023; 18:1516-1533. [PMID: 37352850 PMCID: PMC10362499 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2023.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder, but its root cause may lie in neurodevelopment. PSEN1 mutations cause the majority of familial AD, potentially by disrupting proper Notch signaling, causing early unnoticed cellular changes that affect later AD progression. While rodent models are useful for modeling later stages of AD, human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cortical spheroids (hCSs) allow access to studying the human cortex at the cellular level over the course of development. Here, we show that the PSEN1 L435F heterozygous mutation affects hCS development, increasing size, increasing progenitors, and decreasing post-mitotic neurons as a result of increased Notch target gene expression during early hCS development. We also show altered Aβ expression and neuronal activity at later hCS stages. These results contrast previous findings, showing how individual PSEN1 mutations may differentially affect neurodevelopment and may give insight into fAD progression to provide earlier time points for more effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Hurley
- Department of Neuroscience, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, The University of Texas San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA; Brain Health Consortium, The University of Texas San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Pawel Mozolewski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Radek Dobrowolski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, USA; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Jenny Hsieh
- Department of Neuroscience, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, The University of Texas San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA; Brain Health Consortium, The University of Texas San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA.
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26
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Kim MS, Ra EA, Kweon SH, Seo BA, Ko HS, Oh Y, Lee G. Advanced human iPSC-based preclinical model for Parkinson's disease with optogenetic alpha-synuclein aggregation. Cell Stem Cell 2023; 30:973-986.e11. [PMID: 37339636 PMCID: PMC10829432 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2023.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) offer advantages for disease modeling and drug discovery. However, recreating innate cellular pathologies, particularly in late-onset neurodegenerative diseases with accumulated protein aggregates including Parkinson's disease (PD), has been challenging. To overcome this barrier, we developed an optogenetics-assisted α-synuclein (α-syn) aggregation induction system (OASIS) that rapidly induces α-syn aggregates and toxicity in PD hiPSC-midbrain dopaminergic neurons and midbrain organoids. Our OASIS-based primary compound screening with SH-SY5Y cells identified 5 candidates that were secondarily validated with OASIS PD hiPSC-midbrain dopaminergic neurons and midbrain organoids, leading us to finally select BAG956. Furthermore, BAG956 significantly reverses characteristic PD phenotypes in α-syn preformed fibril models in vitro and in vivo by promoting autophagic clearance of pathological α-syn aggregates. Following the FDA Modernization Act 2.0's emphasis on alternative non-animal testing methods, our OASIS can serve as an animal-free preclinical test model (newly termed "nonclinical test") for the synucleinopathy drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Seong Kim
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Eun A Ra
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sin Ho Kweon
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bo Am Seo
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Global Medical Science, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju-si, Gangwon-do, Korea; Department of Convergence Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju-si, Gangwon-do, Korea; Mitohormesis Research Center, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju-si, Gangwon-do, Korea
| | - Han Seok Ko
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Yohan Oh
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea; Hanyang Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Gabsang Lee
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Solomon Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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27
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Adlakha YK. Human 3D brain organoids: steering the demolecularization of brain and neurological diseases. Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:221. [PMID: 37400464 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01523-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding of human brain development, dysfunction and neurological diseases has remained limited and challenging due to inability to recapitulate human brain-specific features in animal models. Though the anatomy and physiology of the human brain has been understood in a remarkable way using post-mortem, pathological samples of human and animal models, however, modeling of human brain development and neurological diseases remains a challenge owing to distinct complexity of human brain. In this perspective, three-dimensional (3D) brain organoids have shown a beam of light. Tremendous growth in stem cell technologies has permitted the differentiation of pluripotent stem cells under 3D culture conditions into brain organoids, which recapitulate the unique features of human brain in many ways and also offer the detailed investigation of brain development, dysfunction and neurological diseases. Their translational value has also emerged and will benefit the society once the protocols for the upscaling of brain organoids are in place. Here, we summarize new advancements in methods for generation of more complex brain organoids including vascularized and mixed lineage tissue from PSCs. How synthetic biomaterials and microfluidic technology is boosting brain organoid development, has also been highlighted. We discuss the applications of brain organoids in studying preterm birth associated brain dysfunction; viral infections mediated neuroinflammation, neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases. We also highlight the translational value of brain organoids and current challenges that the field is experiencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogita K Adlakha
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India.
- Maternal and Child Health Domain, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), Faridabad, Haryana, India.
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28
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Landry CR, Yip MC, Zhou Y, Niu W, Wang Y, Yang B, Wen Z, Forest CR. Electrophysiological and morphological characterization of single neurons in intact human brain organoids. J Neurosci Methods 2023; 394:109898. [PMID: 37236404 PMCID: PMC10483933 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2023.109898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Brain organoids represent a new model system for studying developmental human neurophysiology. Methods for studying the electrophysiology and morphology of single neurons in organoids require acute slices or dissociated cultures. While these methods have advantages (e.g., visual access, ease of experimentation), they risk damaging cells and circuits present in the intact organoid. To access single cells within intact organoid circuits, we have demonstrated a method for fixturing and performing whole cell patch clamp recording from intact brain organoids using both manual and automated tools. We demonstrate applied electrophysiology methods development followed by an integration of electrophysiology with reconstructing the morphology of the neurons within the brain organoid using dye filling and tissue clearing. We found that whole cell patch clamp recordings could be achieved both on the surface and within the interior of intact human brain organoids using both manual and automated methods. Manual experiments were higher yield (53 % whole cell success rate manual, 9 % whole cell success rate automated), but automated experiments were more efficient (30 patch attempts per day automated, 10 patch attempts per day manual). Using these methods, we performed an unbiased survey of cells within human brain organoids between 90 and 120 days in vitro (DIV) and present preliminary data on morphological and electrical diversity in human brain organoids. The further development of intact brain organoid patch clamp methods could be broadly applicable to studies of cellular, synaptic, and circuit-level function in the developing human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey R Landry
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, United States.
| | - Mighten C Yip
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, United States
| | - Ying Zhou
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, United States
| | - Weibo Niu
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, United States
| | - Yunmiao Wang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, United States; Department of Biology, Emory University, United States
| | - Bo Yang
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, United States
| | - Zhexing Wen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, United States; Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, United States
| | - Craig R Forest
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, United States; George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, United States
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29
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Molloy CJ, Cooke J, Gatford NJF, Rivera-Olvera A, Avazzadeh S, Homberg JR, Grandjean J, Fernandes C, Shen S, Loth E, Srivastava DP, Gallagher L. Bridging the translational gap: what can synaptopathies tell us about autism? Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1191323. [PMID: 37441676 PMCID: PMC10333541 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1191323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple molecular pathways and cellular processes have been implicated in the neurobiology of autism and other neurodevelopmental conditions. There is a current focus on synaptic gene conditions, or synaptopathies, which refer to clinical conditions associated with rare genetic variants disrupting genes involved in synaptic biology. Synaptopathies are commonly associated with autism and developmental delay and may be associated with a range of other neuropsychiatric outcomes. Altered synaptic biology is suggested by both preclinical and clinical studies in autism based on evidence of differences in early brain structural development and altered glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmission potentially perturbing excitatory and inhibitory balance. This review focusses on the NRXN-NLGN-SHANK pathway, which is implicated in the synaptic assembly, trans-synaptic signalling, and synaptic functioning. We provide an overview of the insights from preclinical molecular studies of the pathway. Concentrating on NRXN1 deletion and SHANK3 mutations, we discuss emerging understanding of cellular processes and electrophysiology from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) models derived from individuals with synaptopathies, neuroimaging and behavioural findings in animal models of Nrxn1 and Shank3 synaptic gene conditions, and key findings regarding autism features, brain and behavioural phenotypes from human clinical studies of synaptopathies. The identification of molecular-based biomarkers from preclinical models aims to advance the development of targeted therapeutic treatments. However, it remains challenging to translate preclinical animal models and iPSC studies to interpret human brain development and autism features. We discuss the existing challenges in preclinical and clinical synaptopathy research, and potential solutions to align methodologies across preclinical and clinical research. Bridging the translational gap between preclinical and clinical studies will be necessary to understand biological mechanisms, to identify targeted therapies, and ultimately to progress towards personalised approaches for complex neurodevelopmental conditions such as autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciara J. Molloy
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jennifer Cooke
- Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J. F. Gatford
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Medical Sciences Division, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alejandro Rivera-Olvera
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Sahar Avazzadeh
- Physiology and Cellular Physiology Research Laboratory, CÚRAM SFI Centre for Research in Medical Devices, School of Medicine, Human Biology Building, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Judith R. Homberg
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Joanes Grandjean
- Physiology and Cellular Physiology Research Laboratory, CÚRAM SFI Centre for Research in Medical Devices, School of Medicine, Human Biology Building, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Cathy Fernandes
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sanbing Shen
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, School of Medicine, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
- FutureNeuro, The SFI Research Centre for Chronic and Rare Neurological Diseases, Royal College of Surgeons, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eva Loth
- Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Deepak P. Srivastava
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Louise Gallagher
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- The Hospital for SickKids, Toronto, ON, Canada
- The Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- The Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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30
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Rudibaugh TT, Keung AJ. Reactive Oxygen Species Mediate Transcriptional Responses to Dopamine and Cocaine in Human Cerebral Organoids. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.13.544782. [PMID: 37398046 PMCID: PMC10312668 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.13.544782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine signaling in the adult ventral forebrain regulates behavior, stress response, and memory formation and in neurodevelopment regulates neural differentiation and cell migration. Excessive dopamine levels including due to cocaine use both in utero and in adults could lead to long-term adverse consequences. The mechanisms underlying both homeostatic and pathological changes remain unclear, partly due to the diverse cellular responses elicited by dopamine and the reliance on animal models that exhibit species-specific differences in dopamine signaling. To address these limitations, 3-D cerebral organoids have emerged as human-derived models, recapitulating salient features of human cell signaling and neurodevelopment. Organoids have demonstrated responsiveness to external stimuli, including substances of abuse, making them valuable investigative models. In this study we utilize the Xiang-Tanaka ventral forebrain organoid model and characterize their response to acute and chronic dopamine or cocaine exposure. The findings revealed a robust immune response, novel response pathways, and a potential critical role for reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the developing ventral forebrain. These results highlight the potential of cerebral organoids as in vitro human models for studying complex biological processes in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas T. Rudibaugh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606
| | - Albert J. Keung
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606
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31
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Williams J, Hurling C, Munir S, Harley P, Machado CB, Cujba AM, Alvarez-Fallas M, Danovi D, Lieberam I, Sancho R, Beales P, Watt FM. Modelling renal defects in Bardet-Biedl syndrome patients using human iPS cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1163825. [PMID: 37333983 PMCID: PMC10272764 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1163825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) is a ciliopathy with pleiotropic effects on multiple tissues, including the kidney. Here we have compared renal differentiation of iPS cells from healthy and BBS donors. High content image analysis of WT1-expressing kidney progenitors showed that cell proliferation, differentiation and cell shape were similar in healthy, BBS1, BBS2, and BBS10 mutant lines. We then examined three patient lines with BBS10 mutations in a 3D kidney organoid system. The line with the most deleterious mutation, with low BBS10 expression, expressed kidney marker genes but failed to generate 3D organoids. The other two patient lines expressed near normal levels of BBS10 mRNA and generated multiple kidney lineages within organoids when examined at day 20 of organoid differentiation. However, on prolonged culture (day 27) the proximal tubule compartment degenerated. Introducing wild type BBS10 into the most severely affected patient line restored organoid formation, whereas CRISPR-mediated generation of a truncating BBS10 mutation in a healthy line resulted in failure to generate organoids. Our findings provide a basis for further mechanistic studies of the role of BBS10 in the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Williams
- Centre for Gene Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chloe Hurling
- Centre for Gene Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sabrina Munir
- Centre for Gene Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Harley
- Centre for Gene Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carolina Barcellos Machado
- Centre for Gene Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ana-Maria Cujba
- Centre for Gene Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mario Alvarez-Fallas
- Centre for Gene Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Davide Danovi
- Centre for Gene Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- Bit.bio, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ivo Lieberam
- Centre for Gene Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology and MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rocio Sancho
- Centre for Gene Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Beales
- Institute of Child Health, Genetic and Genomic Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona M. Watt
- Centre for Gene Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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32
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Mir A, Lee E, Shih W, Koljaka S, Wang A, Jorgensen C, Hurr R, Dave A, Sudheendra K, Hibino N. 3D Bioprinting for Vascularization. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:bioengineering10050606. [PMID: 37237676 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10050606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In the world of clinic treatments, 3D-printed tissue constructs have emerged as a less invasive treatment method for various ailments. Printing processes, scaffold and scaffold free materials, cells used, and imaging for analysis are all factors that must be observed in order to develop successful 3D tissue constructs for clinical applications. However, current research in 3D bioprinting model development lacks diverse methods of successful vascularization as a result of issues with scaling, size, and variations in printing method. This study analyzes the methods of printing, bioinks used, and analysis techniques in 3D bioprinting for vascularization. These methods are discussed and evaluated to determine the most optimal strategies of 3D bioprinting for successful vascularization. Integrating stem and endothelial cells in prints, selecting the type of bioink according to its physical properties, and choosing a printing method according to physical properties of the desired printed tissue are steps that will aid in the successful development of a bioprinted tissue and its vascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amatullah Mir
- Section of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave., Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Eugenia Lee
- Section of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave., Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Wesley Shih
- Section of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave., Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Sarah Koljaka
- Section of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave., Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Anya Wang
- Section of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave., Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Caitlin Jorgensen
- Section of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave., Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Riley Hurr
- Section of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave., Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Amartya Dave
- Section of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave., Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Krupa Sudheendra
- Section of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave., Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Narutoshi Hibino
- Section of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave., Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, Advocate Children's Hospital, 4440 W 95th St. Oak Lawn, IL 60453, USA
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33
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Akcay G, Luttge R. Microenvironments Matter: Advances in Brain-on-Chip. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:551. [PMID: 37232912 PMCID: PMC10216565 DOI: 10.3390/bios13050551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
To highlight the particular needs with respect to modeling the unique and complex organization of the human brain structure, we reviewed the state-of-the-art in devising brain models with engineered instructive microenvironments. To acquire a better perspective on the brain's working mechanisms, we first summarize the importance of regional stiffness gradients in brain tissue, varying per layer and the cellular diversities of the layers. Through this, one can acquire an understanding of the essential parameters in emulating the brain in vitro. In addition to the brain's organizational architecture, we addressed also how the mechanical properties have an impact on neuronal cell responses. In this respect, advanced in vitro platforms emerged and profoundly changed the methods of brain modeling efforts from the past, mainly focusing on animal or cell line research. The main challenges in imitating features of the brain in a dish are with regard to composition and functionality. In neurobiological research, there are now methods that aim to cope with such challenges by the self-assembly of human-derived pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), i.e., brainoids. Alternatively, these brainoids can be used stand-alone or in conjunction with Brain-on-Chip (BoC) platform technology, 3D-printed gels, and other types of engineered guidance features. Currently, advanced in vitro methods have made a giant leap forward regarding cost-effectiveness, ease-of-use, and availability. We bring these recent developments together into one review. We believe our conclusions will give a novel perspective towards advancing instructive microenvironments for BoCs and the understanding of the brain's cellular functions either in modeling healthy or diseased states of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulden Akcay
- Neuro-Nanoscale Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering/Microsystems, Institute of Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands;
| | - Regina Luttge
- Neuro-Nanoscale Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering/Microsystems, Institute of Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands;
- Eindhoven Artificial Intelligence Systems Institute, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Eindhoven Hendrik Casimir Institute, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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34
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Schafer ST, Mansour AA, Schlachetzki JCM, Pena M, Ghassemzadeh S, Mitchell L, Mar A, Quang D, Stumpf S, Ortiz IS, Lana AJ, Baek C, Zaghal R, Glass CK, Nimmerjahn A, Gage FH. An in vivo neuroimmune organoid model to study human microglia phenotypes. Cell 2023; 186:2111-2126.e20. [PMID: 37172564 PMCID: PMC10284271 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are specialized brain-resident macrophages that play crucial roles in brain development, homeostasis, and disease. However, until now, the ability to model interactions between the human brain environment and microglia has been severely limited. To overcome these limitations, we developed an in vivo xenotransplantation approach that allows us to study functionally mature human microglia (hMGs) that operate within a physiologically relevant, vascularized immunocompetent human brain organoid (iHBO) model. Our data show that organoid-resident hMGs gain human-specific transcriptomic signatures that closely resemble their in vivo counterparts. In vivo two-photon imaging reveals that hMGs actively engage in surveilling the human brain environment, react to local injuries, and respond to systemic inflammatory cues. Finally, we demonstrate that the transplanted iHBOs developed here offer the unprecedented opportunity to study functional human microglia phenotypes in health and disease and provide experimental evidence for a brain-environment-induced immune response in a patient-specific model of autism with macrocephaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon T Schafer
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; Center for Organoid Systems, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany; TranslaTUM - Organoid Hub, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany.
| | - Abed AlFatah Mansour
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel.
| | - Johannes C M Schlachetzki
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Monique Pena
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; Center for Organoid Systems, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany; TranslaTUM - Organoid Hub, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Saeed Ghassemzadeh
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Lisa Mitchell
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Amanda Mar
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Daphne Quang
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sarah Stumpf
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Irene Santisteban Ortiz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; Center for Organoid Systems, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany; TranslaTUM - Organoid Hub, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Addison J Lana
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Clara Baek
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Raghad Zaghal
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
| | - Christopher K Glass
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Axel Nimmerjahn
- Waitt Advanced Biophotonics Center, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Fred H Gage
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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35
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Costa I, Barbosa DJ, Silva V, Benfeito S, Borges F, Remião F, Silva R. Research Models to Study Ferroptosis's Impact in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15051369. [PMID: 37242612 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a type of regulated cell death promoted by the appearance of oxidative perturbations in the intracellular microenvironment constitutively controlled by glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4). It is characterized by increased production of reactive oxygen species, intracellular iron accumulation, lipid peroxidation, inhibition of system Xc-, glutathione depletion, and decreased GPX4 activity. Several pieces of evidence support the involvement of ferroptosis in distinct neurodegenerative diseases. In vitro and in vivo models allow a reliable transition to clinical studies. Several in vitro models, including differentiated SH-SY5Y and PC12 cells, among others, have been used to investigate the pathophysiological mechanisms of distinct neurodegenerative diseases, including ferroptosis. In addition, they can be useful in the development of potential ferroptosis inhibitors that can be used as disease-modifying drugs for the treatment of such diseases. On the other hand, in vivo models based on the manipulation of rodents and invertebrate animals, such as Drosophila melanogaster, Caenorhabditis elegans, and zebrafish, have been increasingly used for research in neurodegeneration. This work provides an up-to-date review of the main in vitro and in vivo models that can be used to evaluate ferroptosis in the most prevalent neurodegenerative diseases, and to explore potential new drug targets and novel drug candidates for effective disease-modifying therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Costa
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Daniel José Barbosa
- TOXRUN-Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences, CESPU, CRL, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Vera Silva
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- CIQUP-IMS-Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sofia Benfeito
- CIQUP-IMS-Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Borges
- CIQUP-IMS-Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernando Remião
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Renata Silva
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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36
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Muok L, Liu C, Chen X, Esmonde C, Arthur P, Wang X, Singh M, Driscoll T, Li Y. Inflammatory Response and Exosome Biogenesis of Choroid Plexus Organoids Derived from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:7660. [PMID: 37108817 PMCID: PMC10146825 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The choroid plexus (ChP) is a complex structure in the human brain that is responsible for the secretion of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and forming the blood-CSF barrier (B-CSF-B). Human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have shown promising results in the formation of brain organoids in vitro; however, very few studies to date have generated ChP organoids. In particular, no study has assessed the inflammatory response and the extracellular vesicle (EV) biogenesis of hiPSC-derived ChP organoids. In this study, the impacts of Wnt signaling on the inflammatory response and EV biogenesis of ChP organoids derived from hiPSCs was investigated. During days 10-15, bone morphogenetic protein 4 was added along with (+/-) CHIR99021 (CHIR, a small molecule GSK-3β inhibitor that acts as a Wnt agonist). At day 30, the ChP organoids were characterized by immunocytochemistry and flow cytometry for TTR (~72%) and CLIC6 (~20%) expression. Compared to the -CHIR group, the +CHIR group showed an upregulation of 6 out of 10 tested ChP genes, including CLIC6 (2-fold), PLEC (4-fold), PLTP (2-4-fold), DCN (~7-fold), DLK1 (2-4-fold), and AQP1 (1.4-fold), and a downregulation of TTR (0.1-fold), IGFBP7 (0.8-fold), MSX1 (0.4-fold), and LUM (0.2-0.4-fold). When exposed to amyloid beta 42 oligomers, the +CHIR group had a more sensitive response as evidenced by the upregulation of inflammation-related genes such as TNFα, IL-6, and MMP2/9 when compared to the -CHIR group. Developmentally, the EV biogenesis markers of ChP organoids showed an increase over time from day 19 to day 38. This study is significant in that it provides a model of the human B-CSF-B and ChP tissue for the purpose of drug screening and designing drug delivery systems to treat neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laureana Muok
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
| | - Xingchi Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
| | - Colin Esmonde
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
| | - Peggy Arthur
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA
| | - Xueju Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06268, USA
| | - Mandip Singh
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA
| | - Tristan Driscoll
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
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37
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Wells MF, Nemesh J, Ghosh S, Mitchell JM, Salick MR, Mello CJ, Meyer D, Pietilainen O, Piccioni F, Guss EJ, Raghunathan K, Tegtmeyer M, Hawes D, Neumann A, Worringer KA, Ho D, Kommineni S, Chan K, Peterson BK, Raymond JJ, Gold JT, Siekmann MT, Zuccaro E, Nehme R, Kaykas A, Eggan K, McCarroll SA. Natural variation in gene expression and viral susceptibility revealed by neural progenitor cell villages. Cell Stem Cell 2023; 30:312-332.e13. [PMID: 36796362 PMCID: PMC10581885 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2023.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Human genome variation contributes to diversity in neurodevelopmental outcomes and vulnerabilities; recognizing the underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms will require scalable approaches. Here, we describe a "cell village" experimental platform we used to analyze genetic, molecular, and phenotypic heterogeneity across neural progenitor cells from 44 human donors cultured in a shared in vitro environment using algorithms (Dropulation and Census-seq) to assign cells and phenotypes to individual donors. Through rapid induction of human stem cell-derived neural progenitor cells, measurements of natural genetic variation, and CRISPR-Cas9 genetic perturbations, we identified a common variant that regulates antiviral IFITM3 expression and explains most inter-individual variation in susceptibility to the Zika virus. We also detected expression QTLs corresponding to GWAS loci for brain traits and discovered novel disease-relevant regulators of progenitor proliferation and differentiation such as CACHD1. This approach provides scalable ways to elucidate the effects of genes and genetic variation on cellular phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Wells
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - James Nemesh
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sulagna Ghosh
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jana M Mitchell
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Insitro, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | - Curtis J Mello
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Daniel Meyer
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Olli Pietilainen
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Federica Piccioni
- Genetic Perturbation Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Ellen J Guss
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Kavya Raghunathan
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Matthew Tegtmeyer
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Derek Hawes
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Anna Neumann
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Kathleen A Worringer
- Department of Neuroscience, Novartis Institute for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Daniel Ho
- Department of Neuroscience, Novartis Institute for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sravya Kommineni
- Department of Neuroscience, Novartis Institute for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Karrie Chan
- Department of Neuroscience, Novartis Institute for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Brant K Peterson
- Department of Neuroscience, Novartis Institute for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Joseph J Raymond
- Department of Neuroscience, Novartis Institute for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - John T Gold
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Biology, Davidson College, Davidson, NC 28035, USA
| | - Marco T Siekmann
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Emanuela Zuccaro
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Ralda Nehme
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | | | - Kevin Eggan
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| | - Steven A McCarroll
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Giandomenico SL, Schuman EM. Genetic manipulation and targeted protein degradation in mammalian systems: practical considerations, tips and tricks for discovery research. FEBS Open Bio 2023. [PMID: 36815235 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Gaining a mechanistic understanding of the molecular pathways underpinning cellular and organismal physiology invariably relies on the perturbation of an experimental system to infer causality. This can be achieved either by genetic manipulation or by pharmacological treatment. Generally, the former approach is applicable to a wider range of targets, is more precise, and can address more nuanced functional aspects. Despite such apparent advantages, genetic manipulation (i.e., knock-down, knock-out, mutation, and tagging) in mammalian systems can be challenging due to problems with delivery, low rates of homologous recombination, and epigenetic silencing. The advent of CRISPR-Cas9 in combination with the development of robust differentiation protocols that can efficiently generate a variety of different cell types in vitro has accelerated our ability to probe gene function in a more physiological setting. Often, the main obstacle in this path of enquiry is to achieve the desired genetic modification. In this short review, we will focus on gene perturbation in mammalian cells and how editing and differentiation of pluripotent stem cells can complement more traditional approaches. Additionally, we introduce novel targeted protein degradation approaches as an alternative to DNA/RNA-based manipulation. Our aim is to present a broad overview of recent approaches and in vitro systems to study mammalian cell biology. Due to space limitations, we limit ourselves to providing the inexperienced reader with a conceptual framework on how to use these tools, and for more in-depth information, we will provide specific references throughout.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erin M Schuman
- Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Nezvedová M, Jha D, Váňová T, Gadara D, Klímová H, Raška J, Opálka L, Bohačiaková D, Spáčil Z. Single Cerebral Organoid Mass Spectrometry of Cell-Specific Protein and Glycosphingolipid Traits. Anal Chem 2023; 95:3160-3167. [PMID: 36724094 PMCID: PMC10016744 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c00981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral organoids are a prolific research topic and an emerging model system for neurological diseases in human neurobiology. However, the batch-to-batch reproducibility of current cultivation protocols is challenging and thus requires a high-throughput methodology to comprehensively characterize cerebral organoid cytoarchitecture and neural development. We report a mass spectrometry-based protocol to quantify neural tissue cell markers, cell surface lipids, and housekeeping proteins in a single organoid. Profiled traits probe the development of neural stem cells, radial glial cells, neurons, and astrocytes. We assessed the cell population heterogeneity in individually profiled organoids in the early and late neurogenesis stages. Here, we present a unifying view of cell-type specificity of profiled protein and lipid traits in neural tissue. Our workflow characterizes the cytoarchitecture, differentiation stage, and batch cultivation variation on an individual cerebral organoid level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markéta Nezvedová
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Durga Jha
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Váňová
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic.,International Clinical Research Center (ICRC), St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno 656 91, Czech Republic
| | - Darshak Gadara
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Klímová
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Raška
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Opálka
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Hradec Králové 500 05, Czech Republic
| | - Dáša Bohačiaková
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic.,International Clinical Research Center (ICRC), St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno 656 91, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Spáčil
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
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Zhang R, Lu J, Pei G, Huang S. Galangin Rescues Alzheimer's Amyloid-β Induced Mitophagy and Brain Organoid Growth Impairment. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043398. [PMID: 36834819 PMCID: PMC9960784 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysfunctional mitochondria and mitophagy are hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD). It is widely accepted that restoration of mitophagy helps to maintain cellular homeostasis and ameliorates the pathogenesis of AD. It is imperative to create appropriate preclinical models to study the role of mitophagy in AD and to assess potential mitophagy-targeting therapies. Here, by using a novel 3D human brain organoid culturing system, we found that amyloid-β (Aβ1-42,10 μM) decreased the growth level of organoids, indicating that the neurogenesis of organoids may be impaired. Moreover, Aβ treatment inhibited neural progenitor cell (NPC) growth and induced mitochondrial dysfunction. Further analysis revealed that mitophagy levels were reduced in the brain organoids and NPCs. Notably, galangin (10 μM) treatment restored mitophagy and organoid growth, which was inhibited by Aβ. The effect of galangin was blocked by the mitophagy inhibitor, suggesting that galangin possibly acted as a mitophagy enhancer to ameliorate Aβ-induced pathology. Together, these results supported the important role of mitophagy in AD pathogenesis and suggested that galangin may be used as a novel mitophagy enhancer to treat AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Juan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Gang Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Laboratory of Receptor-Based Biomedicine, The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200070, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Shichao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- Correspondence:
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41
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Habibey R. Incubator-independent perfusion system integrated with microfluidic device for continuous electrophysiology and microscopy readouts. Biofabrication 2023; 15. [PMID: 36652708 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/acb466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Advances in primary and stem cell derived neuronal cell culture techniques and abundance of available neuronal cell types have enabledin vitroneuroscience as a substantial approach to modelin vivoneuronal networks. Survival of the cultured neurons is inevitably dependent on the cell culture incubators to provide stable temperature and humidity and to supply required CO2levels for controlling the pH of culture medium. Therefore, imaging and electrophysiology recordings outside of the incubator are often limited to the short-term experimental sessions. This restricts our understanding of physiological events to the short snapshots of recorded data while the major part of temporal data is neglected. Multiple custom-made and commercially available platforms like integrated on-stage incubators have been designed to enable long-term microscopy. Nevertheless, long-term high-spatiotemporal electrophysiology recordings from developing neuronal networks needs to be addressed. In the present work an incubator-independent polydimethylsiloxane-based double-wall perfusion chamber was designed and integrated with multi-electrode arrays (MEAs) electrophysiology and compartmentalized microfluidic device to continuously record from engineered neuronal networks at sub-cellular resolution. Cell culture media underwent iterations of conditioning to the ambient CO2and adjusting its pH to physiological ranges to retain a stable pH for weeks outside of the incubator. Double-wall perfusion chamber and an integrated air bubble trapper reduced media evaporation and osmolality drifts of the conditioned media for two weeks. Aligned microchannel-microfluidic device on MEA electrodes allowed neurite growth on top of the planar electrodes and amplified their extracellular activity. This enabled continuous sub-cellular resolution imaging and electrophysiology recordings from developing networks and their growing neurites. The on-chip versatile and self-contained system provides long-term, continuous and high spatiotemporal access to the network data and offers a robustin vitroplatform with many potentials to be applied on advanced cell culture systems including organ-on-chip and organoid models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rouhollah Habibey
- Department of Ophthalmology, Universitäts-Augenklinik Bonn, University of Bonn, Ernst-Abbe-Straße 2, D-53127 Bonn, Germany.,CRTD-Center for Regenerative Therapies TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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42
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Ng JH, Sun A, Je HS, Tan EK. Unravelling Pathophysiology of Neurological and Psychiatric Complications of COVID-19 Using Brain Organoids. Neuroscientist 2023; 29:30-40. [PMID: 34036855 PMCID: PMC9902967 DOI: 10.1177/10738584211015136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric manifestations of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have been increasingly recognized. However, the pathophysiology of COVID-19 in the central nervous system remains unclear. Brain organoid models derived from human pluripotent stem cells are potentially useful for the study of complex physiological and pathological processes associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) as they recapitulate cellular heterogeneity and function of individual tissues. We identified brain organoid studies that provided insight into the neurotropic properties of SARS-CoV-2. While SARS-CoV-2 was able to infect neurons, the extent of neurotropism was relatively limited. Conversely, choroidal epithelial cells consistently showed a high susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Brain organoid studies also elucidated potential mechanism for cellular entry, demonstrated viral replication, and highlighted downstream cellular effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Collectively, they suggest that the neuropsychiatric manifestations of COVID-19 may be contributed by both direct neuronal invasion and indirect consequences of neuroinflammation. The use of high throughput evaluation, patient-derived organoids, and advent of "assembloids" will provide a better understanding and functional characterization of the neuropsychiatric symptoms seen in post-acute COVID-19 syndrome. With advancement of organoid technology, brain organoids offer a promising tool for unravelling pathophysiologic clues and potential therapeutic options for neuropsychiatric complications of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alfred Sun
- National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | | | - Eng-King Tan
- National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore,Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore,Eng-King Tan, National Neuroscience Institute, Duke NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore.
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43
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Modeling Autism Spectrum Disorders with Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Brain Organoids. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13020260. [PMID: 36830629 PMCID: PMC9953447 DOI: 10.3390/biom13020260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are a group of complex neurodevelopmental disorders that affect communication and social interactions and present with restricted interests and repetitive behavior patterns. The susceptibility to ASD is strongly influenced by genetic/heritable factors; however, there is still a large gap in understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the neurobiology of ASD. Significant progress has been made in identifying ASD risk genes and the possible convergent pathways regulated by these gene networks during development. The breakthrough of cellular reprogramming technology has allowed the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from individuals with syndromic and idiopathic ASD, providing patient-specific cell models for mechanistic studies. In the past decade, protocols for developing brain organoids from these cells have been established, leading to significant advances in the in vitro reproducibility of the early steps of human brain development. Here, we reviewed the most relevant literature regarding the application of brain organoids to the study of ASD, providing the current state of the art, and discussing the impact of such models on the field, limitations, and opportunities for future development.
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44
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In Vitro 3D Modeling of Neurodegenerative Diseases. BIOENGINEERING (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:bioengineering10010093. [PMID: 36671665 PMCID: PMC9855033 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10010093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The study of neurodegenerative diseases (such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) is very complex due to the difficulty in investigating the cellular dynamics within nervous tissue. Despite numerous advances in the in vivo study of these diseases, the use of in vitro analyses is proving to be a valuable tool to better understand the mechanisms implicated in these diseases. Although neural cells remain difficult to obtain from patient tissues, access to induced multipotent stem cell production now makes it possible to generate virtually all neural cells involved in these diseases (from neurons to glial cells). Many original 3D culture model approaches are currently being developed (using these different cell types together) to closely mimic degenerative nervous tissue environments. The aim of these approaches is to allow an interaction between glial cells and neurons, which reproduces pathophysiological reality by co-culturing them in structures that recapitulate embryonic development or facilitate axonal migration, local molecule exchange, and myelination (to name a few). This review details the advantages and disadvantages of techniques using scaffolds, spheroids, organoids, 3D bioprinting, microfluidic systems, and organ-on-a-chip strategies to model neurodegenerative diseases.
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45
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Louit A, Beaudet MJ, Blais M, Gros-Louis F, Dupré N, Berthod F. In Vitro Characterization of Motor Neurons and Purkinje Cells Differentiated from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Generated from Patients with Autosomal Recessive Spastic Ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay. Stem Cells Int 2023; 2023:1496597. [PMID: 37096129 PMCID: PMC10122584 DOI: 10.1155/2023/1496597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Autosomal recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay (ARSACS) is an early-onset neurodegenerative disease mainly characterized by spasticity in the lower limbs and poor muscle control. The disease is caused by mutations in the SACS gene leading in most cases to a loss of function of the sacsin protein, which is highly expressed in motor neurons and Purkinje cells. To investigate the impact of the mutated sacsin protein in these cells in vitro, induced pluripotent stem cell- (iPSC-) derived motor neurons and iPSC-derived Purkinje cells were generated from three ARSACS patients. Both types of iPSC-derived neurons expressed the characteristic neuronal markers β3-tubulin, neurofilaments M and H, as well as specific markers like Islet-1 for motor neurons, and parvalbumin or calbindin for Purkinje cells. Compared to controls, iPSC-derived mutated SACS neurons expressed lower amounts of sacsin. In addition, characteristic neurofilament aggregates were detected along the neurites of both iPSC-derived neurons. These results indicate that it is possible to recapitulate in vitro, at least in part, the ARSACS pathological signature in vitro using patient-derived motor neurons and Purkinje cells differentiated from iPSCs. Such an in vitro personalized model of the disease could be useful for the screening of new drugs for the treatment of ARSACS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Louit
- LOEX, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marie-Josée Beaudet
- LOEX, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mathieu Blais
- LOEX, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - François Gros-Louis
- LOEX, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nicolas Dupré
- LOEX, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - François Berthod
- LOEX, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
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46
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Li M, Gao L, Zhao L, Zou T, Xu H. Toward the next generation of vascularized human neural organoids. Med Res Rev 2023; 43:31-54. [PMID: 35993813 DOI: 10.1002/med.21922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Thanks to progress in the development of three-dimensional (3D) culture technologies, human central nervous system (CNS) development and diseases have been gradually deciphered by using organoids derived from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) or human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). Selforganized neural organoids (NOs) have been used to mimic morphogenesis and functions of specific organs in vitro. Many NOs have been reproduced in vitro, such as those mimicking the human brain, retina, and spinal cord. However, NOs fail to capitulate to the maturation and complexity of in vivo neural tissues. The persistent issues with current NO cultivation protocols are inadequate oxygen supply and nutrient diffusion due to the absence of vascular networks. In vivo, the developing CNS is interpenetrated by vasculature that not only supplies oxygen and nutrients but also provides a structural template for neuronal growth. To address these deficiencies, recent studies have begun to couple NO culture with bioengineering techniques and methodologies, including genetic engineering, coculture, multidifferentiation, microfluidics and 3D bioprinting, and transplantation, which might promote NO maturation and create more functional NOs. These cutting-edge methods could generate an ever more reliable NO model in vitro for deciphering the codes of human CNS development, disease progression, and translational application. In this review, we will summarize recent technological advances in culture strategies to generate vascularized NOs (vNOs), with a special focus on cerebral- and retinal-organoid models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Li
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Lixiong Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Third Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ting Zou
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Haiwei Xu
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
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47
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Nainu F, Mamada SS, Harapan H, Emran TB. Inflammation-Mediated Responses in the Development of Neurodegenerative Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1411:39-70. [PMID: 36949305 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-7376-5_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Since its first description over a century ago, neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) have impaired the lives of millions of people worldwide. As one of the major threats to human health, NDDs are characterized by progressive loss of neuronal structure and function, leading to the impaired function of the CNS. While the precise mechanisms underlying the emergence of NDDs remains elusive, association of neuroinflammation with the emergence of NDDs has been suggested. The immune system is tightly controlled to maintain homeostatic milieu and failure in doing so has been shown catastrophic. Here, we review current concepts on the cellular and molecular drivers responsible in the induction of neuroinflammation and how such event further promotes neuronal damage leading to neurodegeneration. Experimental data generated from cell culture and animal studies, gross and molecular pathologies of human CNS samples, and genome-wide association study are discussed to provide deeper insights into the mechanistic details of neuroinflammation and its roles in the emergence of NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firzan Nainu
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Sukamto S Mamada
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Harapan Harapan
- School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong, Bangladesh
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Zou H, Wang JY, Ma GM, Xu MM, Luo F, Zhang L, Wang WY. The function of FUS in neurodevelopment revealed by the brain and spinal cord organoids. Mol Cell Neurosci 2022; 123:103771. [PMID: 36064132 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2022.103771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The precise control of proliferation and differentiation of neural progenitors is crucial for the development of the central nervous system. Fused in sarcoma (FUS) is an RNA-binding protein pathogenetically linked to Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) and Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration (FTLD) disease, yet the function of FUS on neurodevelopment is remained to be defined. Here we report a pivotal role of FUS in regulating the human cortical brain and spinal cord development via the human iPSCs-derived organoids. We found that depletion of FUS via CRISPR/CAS9 leads to an enhancement of neural proliferation and differentiation in cortical brain-organoids, but intriguingly an impairment of these phenotypes in spinal cord-organoids. In addition, FUS binds to the mRNA of a Trk tyrosine kinase receptor of neurotrophin-3 (Ntrk3) and regulates the expression of the different isoforms of Ntrk3 in a tissue-specific manner. Finally, alleviated Ntrk3 level via shRNA rescued the effects of FUS-knockout on the development of the brain- and spinal cord-organoids, suggesting that Ntrk3 is involved in FUS-regulated organoids developmental changes. Our findings uncovered the role of FUS in the neurodevelopment of the human CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Zou
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 200032, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jun-Ying Wang
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 200032, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guo-Ming Ma
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 200032, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mei-Mei Xu
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 200032, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fang Luo
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Obstetrics Department, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital of China, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Yuan Wang
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Hua-Shan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China; Animal Center of Zoology, Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming medical University, Kunming, China.
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49
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Nascimento JM, Saia-Cereda VM, Zuccoli GS, Reis-de-Oliveira G, Carregari VC, Smith BJ, Rehen SK, Martins-de-Souza D. Proteomic signatures of schizophrenia-sourced iPSC-derived neural cells and brain organoids are similar to patients' postmortem brains. Cell Biosci 2022; 12:189. [PMID: 36451159 PMCID: PMC9714120 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-022-00928-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia is a complex and severe neuropsychiatric disorder, with a wide range of debilitating symptoms. Several aspects of its multifactorial complexity are still unknown, and some are accepted to be an early developmental deficiency with a more specifically neurodevelopmental origin. Understanding the timepoints of disturbances during neural cell differentiation processes could lead to an insight into the development of the disorder. In this context, human brain organoids and neural cells differentiated from patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells are of great interest as a model to study the developmental origins of the disease. RESULTS Here we evaluated the differential expression of proteins of schizophrenia patient-derived neural progenitors (NPCs), early neurons, and brain organoids in comparison to healthy individuals. Using bottom-up shotgun proteomics with a label-free approach for quantitative analysis, we found multiple dysregulated proteins since NPCs, modified, and disrupted the 21DIV neuronal differentiation, and cerebral organoids. Our experimental methods have shown impairments in pathways never before found in patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells studies, such as spliceosomes and amino acid metabolism; but also, those such as axonal guidance and synaptogenesis, in line with postmortem tissue studies of schizophrenia patients. CONCLUSION In conclusion, here we provide comprehensive, large-scale, protein-level data of different neural cell models that may uncover early events in brain development, underlying several of the mechanisms within the origins of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Minardi Nascimento
- grid.411087.b0000 0001 0723 2494Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Monteiro Lobato, Campinas, SP 255, 13083-862 Brazil ,grid.472984.4D’Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rua Diniz Cordeiro, 30, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 22281-100 Brazil ,grid.411249.b0000 0001 0514 7202Department of Biosciences, Institute Science and Society, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, SP Brazil
| | - Verônica M. Saia-Cereda
- grid.411087.b0000 0001 0723 2494Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Monteiro Lobato, Campinas, SP 255, 13083-862 Brazil
| | - Giuliana S. Zuccoli
- grid.411087.b0000 0001 0723 2494Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Monteiro Lobato, Campinas, SP 255, 13083-862 Brazil
| | - Guilherme Reis-de-Oliveira
- grid.411087.b0000 0001 0723 2494Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Monteiro Lobato, Campinas, SP 255, 13083-862 Brazil
| | - Victor Corasolla Carregari
- grid.411087.b0000 0001 0723 2494Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Monteiro Lobato, Campinas, SP 255, 13083-862 Brazil
| | - Bradley J. Smith
- grid.411087.b0000 0001 0723 2494Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Monteiro Lobato, Campinas, SP 255, 13083-862 Brazil
| | - Stevens K. Rehen
- grid.472984.4D’Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rua Diniz Cordeiro, 30, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 22281-100 Brazil ,grid.8536.80000 0001 2294 473XInstitute of Biology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil
| | - Daniel Martins-de-Souza
- grid.411087.b0000 0001 0723 2494Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Monteiro Lobato, Campinas, SP 255, 13083-862 Brazil ,grid.472984.4D’Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rua Diniz Cordeiro, 30, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 22281-100 Brazil ,grid.450640.30000 0001 2189 2026Instituto Nacional de Biomarcadores Em Neuropsiquiatria (INBION), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico E Tecnológico (CNPq), São Paulo, Brazil ,grid.411087.b0000 0001 0723 2494Experimental Medicine Research Cluster (EMRC), University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-970 Brazil
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Fischer J, Fernández Ortuño E, Marsoner F, Artioli A, Peters J, Namba T, Eugster Oegema C, Huttner WB, Ladewig J, Heide M. Human-specific ARHGAP11B ensures human-like basal progenitor levels in hominid cerebral organoids. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e54728. [PMID: 36098218 PMCID: PMC9646322 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202254728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The human-specific gene ARHGAP11B has been implicated in human neocortex expansion. However, the extent of ARHGAP11B's contribution to this expansion during hominid evolution is unknown. Here we address this issue by genetic manipulation of ARHGAP11B levels and function in chimpanzee and human cerebral organoids. ARHGAP11B expression in chimpanzee cerebral organoids doubles basal progenitor levels, the class of cortical progenitors with a key role in neocortex expansion. Conversely, interference with ARHGAP11B's function in human cerebral organoids decreases basal progenitors down to the chimpanzee level. Moreover, ARHGAP11A or ARHGAP11B rescue experiments in ARHGAP11A plus ARHGAP11B double-knockout human forebrain organoids indicate that lack of ARHGAP11B, but not of ARHGAP11A, decreases the abundance of basal radial glia-the basal progenitor type thought to be of particular relevance for neocortex expansion. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that ARHGAP11B is necessary and sufficient to ensure the elevated basal progenitor levels that characterize the fetal human neocortex, suggesting that this human-specific gene was a major contributor to neocortex expansion during human evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Fischer
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsPfotenhauerstrasse 108DresdenGermany
- Present address:
Institute for Clinical GeneticsUniversity Hospital Carl Gustav CarusDresdenGermany
| | | | - Fabio Marsoner
- Central Institute of Mental HealthUniversity of Heidelberg/Medical Faculty MannheimMannheimGermany
- Hector Institute for Translational Brain Research (HITBR gGmbH)MannheimGermany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
| | - Annasara Artioli
- Central Institute of Mental HealthUniversity of Heidelberg/Medical Faculty MannheimMannheimGermany
- Hector Institute for Translational Brain Research (HITBR gGmbH)MannheimGermany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
| | - Jula Peters
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsPfotenhauerstrasse 108DresdenGermany
| | - Takashi Namba
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsPfotenhauerstrasse 108DresdenGermany
- Present address:
Neuroscience Center, HiLIFE ‐ Helsinki Institute of Life ScienceUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | | | - Wieland B. Huttner
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsPfotenhauerstrasse 108DresdenGermany
| | - Julia Ladewig
- Central Institute of Mental HealthUniversity of Heidelberg/Medical Faculty MannheimMannheimGermany
- Hector Institute for Translational Brain Research (HITBR gGmbH)MannheimGermany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
| | - Michael Heide
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsPfotenhauerstrasse 108DresdenGermany
- German Primate CenterLeibniz Institute for Primate ResearchGöttingenGermany
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