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Tandon A, Santura A, Waldmann H, Pahl A, Czodrowski P. Identification of lysosomotropism using explainable machine learning and morphological profiling cell painting data. RSC Med Chem 2024; 15:2677-2691. [PMID: 39149097 PMCID: PMC11324048 DOI: 10.1039/d4md00107a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Lysosomotropism is a phenomenon of diverse pharmaceutical interests because it is a property of compounds with diverse chemical structures and primary targets. While it is primarily reported to be caused by compounds having suitable lipophilicity and basicity values, not all compounds that fulfill such criteria are in fact lysosomotropic. Here, we use morphological profiling by means of the cell painting assay (CPA) as a reliable surrogate to identify lysosomotropism. We noticed that only 35% of the compound subset with matching physicochemical properties show the lysosomotropic phenotype. Based on a matched molecular pair analysis (MMPA), no key substructures driving lysosomotropism could be identified. However, using explainable machine learning (XML), we were able to highlight that higher lipophilicity, basicity, molecular weight, and lower topological polar surface area are among the important properties that induce lysosomotropism in the compounds of this subset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishvarya Tandon
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Physiology Otto-Hahn-Str. 11 Dortmund Germany
| | - Anna Santura
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Mainz Germany
| | - Herbert Waldmann
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Physiology Otto-Hahn-Str. 11 Dortmund Germany
| | - Axel Pahl
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Physiology Otto-Hahn-Str. 11 Dortmund Germany
| | - Paul Czodrowski
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Mainz Germany
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2
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Tang J, Fang D, Zhong J, Li M. Missing WD40 Repeats in ATG16L1 Delays Canonical Autophagy and Inhibits Noncanonical Autophagy. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4493. [PMID: 38674078 PMCID: PMC11050548 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Canonical autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved process that forms double-membrane structures and mediates the degradation of long-lived proteins (LLPs). Noncanonical autophagy (NCA) is an important alternative pathway involving the formation of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3)-positive structures that are independent of partial core autophagy proteins. NCA has been defined by the conjugation of ATG8s to single membranes (CASM). During canonical autophagy and NCA/CASM, LC3 undergoes a lipidation modification, and ATG16L1 is a crucial protein in this process. Previous studies have reported that the WDR domain of ATG16L1 is not necessary for canonical autophagy. However, our study found that WDR domain deficiency significantly impaired LLP degradation in basal conditions and slowed down LC3-II accumulation in canonical autophagy. We further demonstrated that the observed effect was due to a reduced interaction between ATG16L1 and FIP200/WIPI2, without affecting lysosome function or fusion. Furthermore, we also found that the WDR domain of ATG16L1 is crucial for chemical-induced NCA/CASM. The results showed that removing the WDR domain or introducing the K490A mutation in ATG16L1 significantly inhibited the NCA/CASM, which interrupted the V-ATPase-ATG16L1 axis. In conclusion, this study highlights the significance of the WDR domain of ATG16L1 for both canonical autophagy and NCA functions, improving our understanding of its role in autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiuge Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Anti-Infective Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Dongmei Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Anti-Infective Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jialing Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Anti-Infective Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Min Li
- State Key Laboratory of Anti-Infective Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Duran J, Poolsup S, Allers L, Lemus MR, Cheng Q, Pu J, Salemi M, Phinney B, Jia J. A mechanism that transduces lysosomal damage signals to stress granule formation for cell survival. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.29.587368. [PMID: 38617306 PMCID: PMC11014484 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.29.587368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Lysosomal damage poses a significant threat to cell survival. Our previous work has reported that lysosomal damage induces stress granule (SG) formation. However, the importance of SG formation in determining cell fate and the precise mechanisms through which lysosomal damage triggers SG formation remains unclear. Here, we show that SG formation is initiated via a novel calcium-dependent pathway and plays a protective role in promoting cell survival in response to lysosomal damage. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that during lysosomal damage, ALIX, a calcium-activated protein, transduces lysosomal damage signals by sensing calcium leakage to induce SG formation by controlling the phosphorylation of eIF2α. ALIX modulates eIF2α phosphorylation by regulating the association between PKR and its activator PACT, with galectin-3 exerting a negative effect on this process. We also found this regulatory event of SG formation occur on damaged lysosomes. Collectively, these investigations reveal novel insights into the precise regulation of SG formation triggered by lysosomal damage, and shed light on the interaction between damaged lysosomes and SGs. Importantly, SG formation is significant for promoting cell survival in the physiological context of lysosomal damage inflicted by SARS-CoV-2 ORF3a, adenovirus infection, Malaria hemozoin, proteopathic tau as well as environmental hazard silica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Duran
- Center for Global Health, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biochemical Research Excellence, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
| | - Suttinee Poolsup
- Center for Global Health, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biochemical Research Excellence, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
| | - Lee Allers
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biochemical Research Excellence, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
| | - Monica Rosas Lemus
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biochemical Research Excellence, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
| | - Qiuying Cheng
- Center for Global Health, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
| | - Jing Pu
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
| | - Michelle Salemi
- Proteomics Core Facility, University of California Davis Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Brett Phinney
- Proteomics Core Facility, University of California Davis Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jingyue Jia
- Center for Global Health, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biochemical Research Excellence, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
- Lead Contact
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4
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Solhaug A, Olsvik PA, Siriyappagouder P, Faller R, Kristensen T. Gill epithelial cell line ASG-10 from Atlantic salmon as a new research tool for solving water quality challenges in aquaculture. Toxicol In Vitro 2024; 96:105790. [PMID: 38355023 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2024.105790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Here we evaluated the gill epithelial cell line ASG-10 from Atlantic salmon, as an in vitro model for research on known water quality challenges in aquaculture. Ammonia/ammonium (NH3/NH4+), a recognized challenge in water-intensive recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS), induced lysosomal vacuolization, reduced protein degradation and cell migration of the ASG-10 cells. Aluminium (Aln+), another challenge in freshwater aquaculture facilities had only minor effects. Next, we investigated the tolerance for direct water exposure of ASG-10. The cells tolerated water with osmolarity between 169 and 419 mOsmol/kg for 24 h. However, cells exposed for 3 h to water at 863 mOsmol/kg changed cellular morphology and induced gene expression related to stress (gpx1, casp3, hsp70), and after 24 h exposure cellular viability was severely reduced. Nevertheless, when the cells were grown in transwell inserts, they tolerated 863 mOsmol/kg for 3 h and induction of stress response associated genes was considerably reduced. Lastly, the ASG-10 cells were exposed to water samples, with no known quality issues, from different aquaculture facilities. The cells showed no differences in viability or morphology compared to their representative control. In conclusion, the ASG-10 cell line is a promising in vitro model to study water quality challenges and whole water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Solhaug
- Chemistry and Toxinology Research Group, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, 1431 Ås, Norway.
| | - Pål A Olsvik
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
| | | | - Randi Faller
- Chemistry and Toxinology Research Group, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, 1431 Ås, Norway
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5
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Wong BS, Dunnington EL, Wu R, Kim JI, Hu K, Ro TH, Fu D. Facilitated Transport of EGFR Inhibitors Plays an Important Role in Their Cellular Uptake. Anal Chem 2024; 96:1547-1555. [PMID: 38214696 PMCID: PMC11012238 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c04242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a transmembrane protein commonly targeted by tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) as a front-line therapy for patients with many cancers including nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Effective treatment requires efficient intracellular drug uptake and target binding. However, despite the recent success in the development of new TKI drugs, the mechanisms of uptake for many TKIs are still poorly understood due to the difficulty in imaging and measuring nonfluorescent drug molecules at a subcellular resolution. It has previously been shown that weakly basic TKI drugs are sequestered in lysosomes. Leveraging this property, we apply hyperspectral stimulated Raman scattering imaging to directly visualize and quantify two Food and Drug Administration-approved EGFR inhibitor drugs (lapatinib and afatinib) inside living cells and the changes in their cellular uptake upon the addition of organic cation transporter inhibitors. These single-cell quantitative measurements provide new insight into the role of membrane transporters in the uptake of TKI drugs in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian S Wong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Erin L Dunnington
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Ruibing Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Jonathan I Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Kailun Hu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Thomas H Ro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Dan Fu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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6
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Vraila M, Asp E, Melo FR, Grujic M, Rollman O, Pejler G, Lampinen M. Monensin induces secretory granule-mediated cell death in eosinophils. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2023; 152:1312-1320.e3. [PMID: 37536509 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eosinophils contribute to the pathology of several types of disorders, in particular of allergic nature, and strategies to limit their actions are therefore warranted. OBJECTIVE We sought to evaluate the possibility of targeting the acidic, lysosome-like eosinophil granules as a potential means of inducing eosinophil cell death. METHODS To this end, we used monensin, an ionophoric drug that has previously been shown to permeabilize the secretory granules of mast cells, thereby inducing cell death. RESULTS Our findings reveal that monensin induces cell death in human eosinophils, whereas neutrophils were less affected. Blockade of granule acidification reduced the effect of monensin on the eosinophils, demonstrating that granule acidity is an important factor in the mechanism of cell death. Furthermore, monensin caused an elevation of the granule pH, which was accompanied by a decrease of the cytosolic pH, hence indicating that monensin caused leakage of acidic contents from the granules into the cytosol. In agreement with a granule-targeting mechanism, transmission electron microscopy analysis revealed that monensin caused extensive morphological alterations of the eosinophil granules, as manifested by a marked loss of electron density. Eosinophil cell death in response to monensin was caspase-independent, but dependent on granzyme B, a pro-apoptotic serine protease known to be expressed by eosinophils. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that monensin causes cell death of human eosinophils through a granule-mediated mechanism dependent on granzyme B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianthi Vraila
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Elin Asp
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fabio Rabelo Melo
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mirjana Grujic
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ola Rollman
- Department of Medical Sciences, Dermatology and Venereology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Pejler
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria Lampinen
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Medical Sciences, Dermatology and Venereology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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7
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Zheng Y, Xiao J, Wang J, Dong B, Guo D, Ji H, Sun H, Peng L, Jiang S, Gao X. V-ATPase V0 subunit activation mediates maduramicin-induced methuosis through blocking endolysosomal trafficking in vitro and in vivo. Food Chem Toxicol 2023:113922. [PMID: 37394175 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Methuosis, a novel cell death phenotype, is characterized by accumulation of cytoplasmic vacuolization upon external stimulus. Methuosis plays a critical role in maduramicin-induced cardiotoxicity despite the underlying mechanism is largely unknown. Herein, we aimed to investigate the origin and intracellular trafficking of cytoplasmic vacuoles, as well as the molecular mechanism of methuosis caused by maduramicin (1 μg/mL) in myocardial cells. H9c2 cells and broiler chicken were used and were exposed to maduramicin at doses of 1 μg/mL in vitro and 5 ppm-30 ppm in vivo. Morphological observation and dextran-Alexa Fluor 488 tracer experiment showed that endosomal compartments swelling and excessive macropinocytosis contributed to madurdamcin-induced methuosis. Cell counting kit-8 assay and morphology indicated pharmacological inhibition of macropinocytosis largely prevent H9c2 cells from maduramicin-triggered methuosis. In addition, late endosomal marker Rab7 and lysosomal associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP1) increased in a time-dependent manner after maduramicin treatment, and the recycling endosome marker Rab11 and ADP-ribosylation factor 6 (Arf6) were decreased by maduramicin. Vacuolar-H+-ATPase (V-ATPase) was activated by maduramicin, and pharmacological inhibition and genetic knockdown V0 subunit of V-ATPase restore endosomal-lysosomal trafficking and prevent H9c2 cells methuosis. Animal experiment showed that severe cardiac injury included the increase of creatine kinase (CK) and creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), and vacuolar degeneration resembled methuosis in vivo after maduramicin treatment. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that targeting the inhibition of V-ATPase V0 subunit will prevent myocardial cells methuosis by restoring endosomal-lysosomal trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuling Zheng
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, PR China; Center for Veterinary Drug Research and Evaluation, Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Jing Xiao
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, PR China; Center for Veterinary Drug Research and Evaluation, Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Junqi Wang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, PR China; Center for Veterinary Drug Research and Evaluation, Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Bin Dong
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, PR China; Center for Veterinary Drug Research and Evaluation, Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Dawei Guo
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, PR China; Center for Veterinary Drug Research and Evaluation, Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Hui Ji
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, PR China; Center for Veterinary Drug Research and Evaluation, Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Haifeng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Diagnostics and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Lin Peng
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, PR China; Center for Veterinary Drug Research and Evaluation, Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Shanxiang Jiang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, PR China; Center for Veterinary Drug Research and Evaluation, Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Xiuge Gao
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, PR China; Center for Veterinary Drug Research and Evaluation, Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, PR China.
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8
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Smith M, Zhang L, Jin Y, Yang M, Bade A, Gillis KD, Jana S, Bypaneni RN, Glass TE, Lin H. A Turn-On Fluorescent Amino Acid Sensor Reveals Chloroquine's Effect on Cellular Amino Acids via Inhibiting Cathepsin L. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2023; 9:980-991. [PMID: 37252359 PMCID: PMC10214525 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.2c01325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Maintaining homeostasis of metabolites such as amino acids is critical for cell survival. Dysfunction of nutrient balance can result in human diseases such as diabetes. Much remains to be discovered about how cells transport, store, and utilize amino acids due to limited research tools. Here we developed a novel, pan-amino acid fluorescent turn-on sensor, NS560. It detects 18 of the 20 proteogenic amino acids and can be visualized in mammalian cells. Using NS560, we identified amino acids pools in lysosomes, late endosomes, and surrounding the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Interestingly, we observed amino acid accumulation in large cellular foci after treatment with chloroquine, but not with other autophagy inhibitors. Using a biotinylated photo-cross-linking chloroquine analog and chemical proteomics, we identified Cathepsin L (CTSL) as the chloroquine target leading to the amino acid accumulation phenotype. This study establishes NS560 as a useful tool to study amino acid regulation, identifies new mechanisms of action of chloroquine, and demonstrates the importance of CTSL regulation of lysosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael
R. Smith
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Le Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Yizhen Jin
- Graduate
Program of Biochemistry, Molecular and Cell Biology, Department of
Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United
States
| | - Min Yang
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Anusha Bade
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Kevin D. Gillis
- Dalton
Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Bioengineering and Department
of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Sadhan Jana
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Ramesh Naidu Bypaneni
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Timothy E. Glass
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Hening Lin
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Howard
Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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9
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Takahashi K, Morita Y, Udagawa S, Higashi E, Nakajima M, Miyamoto Y, Oshida K. Lysosomal trapping of 4-dimethylamino-1-{3-(1-methyl-1H-imidazole-2-yl)propanoyl}piperidine, a hydrophilic and weakly basic amine, in human aortic vascular smooth muscle cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2023; 91:105614. [PMID: 37187212 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2023.105614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Some weakly basic compounds lead to cell death accompanied by cellular vacuolation. The novel analgesic agent, 4-dimethylamino-1-{3-(1-methyl-1H-imidazole-2-yl)propanoyl}piperidine (DMIP), is a hydrophilic and weakly basic compound that induces vacuolation in the vascular smooth muscle cells in dogs. Here, we investigated the vacuolation mechanism and the potential cytotoxicity of DMIP using human aortic vascular smooth muscle cells. When cells were treated with DMIP (0.1, 0.3, and 1 mM) for 6, 24, and 48 h, clear cytoplasmic vacuolation was observed at 1 mM after 24 and 48 h, along with an increase in the intracellular DMIP concentration. The vacuolation and intracellular DMIP were markedly reduced by bafilomycin A1, a vacuolar H+-ATPase inhibitor. The late endosome marker Rab7 and lysosome marker LAMP-2 were highly expressed but the early endosome marker Rab5 and autophagosome marker LC3 were not expressed specifically on the vacuolar membranes. These results suggested that the most vacuoles were enlarged late endosomes/lysosomes, resulting from the accumulation of DMIP by ion trapping. Moreover, DMIP did not affect lysosomal membrane integrity and was less cytotoxic than chloroquine, an inducer of phospholipidosis. The current study provides further insight into the mechanisms of vacuolation and lysosomal trapping induced by the hydrophilic and weakly basic amine DMIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Takahashi
- Pharmaceutical Research Laboratories, Toray Industries, Inc., 6-10-1 Tebiro Kamakura Kanagawa 248-8555, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Morita
- Pharmaceutical Research Laboratories, Toray Industries, Inc., 6-10-1 Tebiro Kamakura Kanagawa 248-8555, Japan
| | - Shuji Udagawa
- Pharmaceutical Research Laboratories, Toray Industries, Inc., 6-10-1 Tebiro Kamakura Kanagawa 248-8555, Japan
| | - Eriko Higashi
- Pharmaceutical Research Laboratories, Toray Industries, Inc., 6-10-1 Tebiro Kamakura Kanagawa 248-8555, Japan
| | - Mayumi Nakajima
- Pharmaceutical Research Laboratories, Toray Industries, Inc., 6-10-1 Tebiro Kamakura Kanagawa 248-8555, Japan
| | - Yohei Miyamoto
- Pharmaceutical Clinical Research Department, Toray Industries, Inc, 1-1, Nihonbashi muromachi 2-chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-8666, Japan
| | - Keiyu Oshida
- Pharmaceutical Research Laboratories, Toray Industries, Inc., 6-10-1 Tebiro Kamakura Kanagawa 248-8555, Japan.
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10
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von Hofsten S, Langer MK, Korelin K, Magnussen S, Ausbacher D, Anderssen T, Salo T, Strøm MB, Bayer A, Al-Samadi A, Berge G. Amphipathic barbiturates as marine product mimics with cytolytic and immunogenic effects on head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell lines. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1141669. [PMID: 37063262 PMCID: PMC10098121 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1141669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is increasing and the conventional treatments for this form of cancer can be tough. Despite the success of existing immunotherapies in some HNSCC patients, many do not respond to this type of treatment. Thus, the development of novel anti-cancer therapies should be prioritized. In the current study, the anticancer activity of a panel of novel compounds, herein termed marine product mimics (MPMs), against HNSCC cell lines is explored. The previously reported compound MPM-1, which is structurally related to the novel MPMs, was shown to have promising effects on the HNSCC cell line HSC-3. The results from the current study indicate that the novel MPMs are more potent than MPM-1 but cause a similar type of cell death. The results indicated that the MPMs must cross through the cell membrane to exert their action and that they are lysosomotropic. Further experiments showed that some of the MPMs could induce phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) in HSC-3 and UT-SCC-24A cells, which indicates that they can activate the integrated stress response that is strongly associated with immunogenic cell death. Cell surface expression of calreticulin and release of HMGB1 and ATP, which are all hallmarks of immunogenic cell death, was also demonstrated in HSC-3 and UT-SCC-24A cells treated with MPMs. This suggests that the MPMs are interesting candidates for future HNSCC cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susannah von Hofsten
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT—The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Manuel K. Langer
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, UiT—The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Katja Korelin
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Translational Immunology Research Program (TRIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Synnøve Magnussen
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT—The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Dominik Ausbacher
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT—The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Trude Anderssen
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT—The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Tuula Salo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Translational Immunology Research Program (TRIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Morten B. Strøm
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT—The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Annette Bayer
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, UiT—The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- *Correspondence: Annette Bayer, ; Gerd Berge,
| | - Ahmed Al-Samadi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Translational Immunology Research Program (TRIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Gerd Berge
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT—The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- *Correspondence: Annette Bayer, ; Gerd Berge,
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11
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Yousef M, Le TS, Zuo J, Park C, Chacra NB, Davies NM, Löbenberg R. Sub-cellular sequestration of alkaline drugs in lysosomes: new insights for pharmaceutical development of lysosomal fluid. Res Pharm Sci 2022; 18:1-15. [PMID: 36846734 PMCID: PMC9951787 DOI: 10.4103/1735-5362.363591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose Lysosomal-targeted drug delivery can open a new strategy for drug therapy. However, there is currently no universally accepted simulated or artificial lysosomal fluid utilized in the pharmaceutical industry or recognized by the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Experimental procedure We prepared a simulated lysosomal fluid (SLYF) and compared its composition to a commercial artificial counterpart. The developed fluid was used to test the dissolution of a commercial product (Robitussin®) of a lysosomotropic drug (dextromethorphan) and to investigate in-vitro lysosomal trapping of two model drugs (dextromethorphan and (+/-) chloroquine). Findings/Results The laboratory-prepared fluid or SLYF contained the essential components for the lysosomal function in concentrations reflective of the physiological values, unlike the commercial product. Robitussin® passed the acceptance criteria for the dissolution of dextromethorphan in 0.1 N HCl medium (97.7% in less than 45 min) but not in the SLYF or the phosphate buffer media (72.6% and 32.2% within 45 min, respectively). Racemic chloroquine showed higher lysosomal trapping (51.9%) in the in-vitro model than dextromethorphan (28.3%) in a behavior supporting in-vivo findings and based on the molecular descriptors and the lysosomal sequestration potential of both. Conclusion and implication A standardized lysosomal fluid was reported and developed for in-vitro investigations of lysosomotropic drugs and formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malaz Yousef
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Tyson S. Le
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jieyu Zuo
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Chulhun Park
- College of Pharmacy, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, South Korea
| | - Nadia Bou Chacra
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Neal M. Davies
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada,Corresponding authors: N.M. Davies, Tel: +1-7802210828, Fax: +1-7804921217
R. Löbenberg, Tel: +1-7804921255, Fax: +1-7804921217
| | - Raimar Löbenberg
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada,Corresponding authors: N.M. Davies, Tel: +1-7802210828, Fax: +1-7804921217
R. Löbenberg, Tel: +1-7804921255, Fax: +1-7804921217
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12
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Durgan J, Florey O. Many roads lead to CASM: Diverse stimuli of noncanonical autophagy share a unifying molecular mechanism. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabo1274. [PMID: 36288315 PMCID: PMC9604613 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo1274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a fundamental catabolic process coordinated by a network of autophagy-related (ATG) proteins. These ATG proteins also perform an important parallel role in "noncanonical" autophagy, a lysosome-associated signaling pathway with key functions in immunity, inflammation, cancer, and neurodegeneration. While the noncanonical autophagy pathway shares the common ATG machinery, it bears key mechanistic and functional distinctions, and is characterized by conjugation of ATG8 to single membranes (CASM). Here, we review the diverse, and still expanding, collection of stimuli and processes now known to harness the noncanonical autophagy pathway, including engulfment processes, drug treatments, TRPML1 and STING signaling, viral infection, and other pathogenic factors. We discuss the multiple associated routes to CASM and assess their shared and distinctive molecular features. By integrating these findings, we propose an updated and unifying mechanism for noncanonical autophagy, centered on ATG16L1 and V-ATPase.
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13
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Meanwell NA, Loiseleur O. Applications of Isosteres of Piperazine in the Design of Biologically Active Compounds: Part 1. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:10942-10971. [PMID: 35675050 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c00726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Piperazine and homopiperazine are well-studied heterocycles in drug design that have found gainful application as scaffolds and terminal elements and for enhancing the aqueous solubility of a molecule. The optimization of drug candidates that incorporate these heterocycles in an effort to refine potency, selectivity, and developability properties has stimulated the design and evaluation of a wide range of bioisosteres that can offer advantage. In this review, we summarize the design and application of bioisosteres of piperazine and homopiperazine that have almost exclusively been in the drug design arena. While there are ∼100 approved drugs that incorporate a piperazine ring, only a single marketed agricultural product is built on this heterocycle. As part of the review, we discuss some of the potential reasons underlying the relatively low level of importance of this heterocycle to the design of agrochemicals and highlight the potential opportunities for their use in contemporary research programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Meanwell
- Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, PO Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Olivier Loiseleur
- Syngenta Crop Protection Research, Schaffhauserstrasse, Stein CH-4332, Switzerland
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14
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Tao L, Qing Y, Cui Y, Shi D, Liu W, Chen L, Cao Y, Dai Z, Ge X, Zhang L. Lysosomal membrane permeabilization mediated apoptosis involve in perphenazine-induced hepatotoxicity in vitro and in vivo. Toxicol Lett 2022; 367:76-87. [PMID: 35914675 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2022.07.814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Antipsychotic drugs represent a class of lysosomotropic drugs widely used in clinical practice. However, the hepatotoxicity of these drugs has been reported in recent years. Therefore, understanding the changes in cellular homeostasis mediated by these drugs is of great significance for revealing the true mechanisms underlying hepatotoxicity. Perphenazine is a classical antipsychotic drug that can reportedly induce extrapyramidal and sympatholytic side effects. The present research focuses on the toxicity effect of perphenazine on normal human hepatocytes. To assess the hepatotoxicity of continuous administration of perphenazine and investigate potential mechanisms related to apoptosis, human normal L02 hepatocytes were exposed to 10-40μM perphenazine in vitro. The results showed that perphenazine inhibited cell viability in a concentration and time-dependent manner. Furthermore, 30μM perphenazine induced intense lysosome vacuolation, impaired lysosomal membrane, and induced lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP), ultimately triggering lysosomal cell death in L02 cells. Knockdown cathepsin D(CTSD) also ameliorated perphenazine-induced liver injury via the inhibition of LMP. In vivo, ICR mice received intragastric administration of 10-180mg/kg B.W. perphenazine every other day for 21 days. 180mg/kg perphenazine significantly increased histological injury and aminotransferases compared with control. Taken together, our findings suggest that perphenazine can trigger hepatotoxicity through lysosome disruption both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Tao
- Nanjing Institute for Food and Drug Control, Jiangsu, Nanjing 211198, China.
| | - Yingjie Qing
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Jiangsu, Nanjing 211198, China.
| | - Yingyue Cui
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Jiangsu, Nanjing 211198, China.
| | - Da Shi
- Nanjing Institute for Food and Drug Control, Jiangsu, Nanjing 211198, China.
| | - Wenting Liu
- Nanjing Institute for Food and Drug Control, Jiangsu, Nanjing 211198, China.
| | - Lei Chen
- Nanjing Institute for Food and Drug Control, Jiangsu, Nanjing 211198, China.
| | - Yu Cao
- Nanjing Institute for Food and Drug Control, Jiangsu, Nanjing 211198, China.
| | - Zhen Dai
- Nanjing Institute for Food and Drug Control, Jiangsu, Nanjing 211198, China.
| | - Xiaoming Ge
- Nanjing Institute for Food and Drug Control, Jiangsu, Nanjing 211198, China.
| | - Ling Zhang
- Nanjing Institute for Food and Drug Control, Jiangsu, Nanjing 211198, China.
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15
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Račková L, Csekes E. Redox aspects of cytotoxicity and anti-neuroinflammatory profile of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in serum-starved BV-2 microglia. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 447:116084. [PMID: 35618033 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.116084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) have long been used worldwide to treat and prevent human malarias. However, these 4-aminoquinolines have also shown promising potential in treating chronic illnesses with an inflammatory component, including neurological diseases. Given the current demand for serum avoidance during pharmacological testing and modeling of some pathologies, we compared cytotoxicities of CQ and HCQ in both serum-deprived and -fed murine BV-2 microglia. Furthermore, we assessed the anti-neuroinflammatory potential of both compounds in serum-deprived cells. Under both conditions, CQ showed higher cytotoxicity than HCQ. However, the comparable MTT-assay-derived data measured under different serum conditions were associated with disparate cytotoxic mechanisms of CQ and HCQ. In particular, under serum starvation, CQ mildly enhanced secondary ROS, mitochondrial hyperpolarization, and decreased phagocytosis. However, CQ promoted G1 phase cell cycle arrest and mitochondrial depolarization in serum-fed cells. Under both conditions, CQ fostered early apoptosis. Additionally, we confirmed that both compounds could exert anti-inflammatory effects in microglia through interference with MAPK signaling under nutrient-deprivation-related stress. Nevertheless, unlike HCQ, CQ is more likely to exaggerate intracellular prooxidant processes in activated starved microglia, which are inefficiently buffered by Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway activation. These outcomes also show HCQ as a promising anti-neuroinflammatory drug devoid of CQ-mediated cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Račková
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Dúbravská cesta 9, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
| | - Erika Csekes
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Dúbravská cesta 9, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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16
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Khan N, Halcrow PW, Afghah Z, Baral A, Geiger J, Chen X. HIV-1 Tat endocytosis and retention in endolysosomes affects HIV-1 Tat-induced LTR transactivation in astrocytes. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22184. [PMID: 35113458 PMCID: PMC9627655 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101722r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The presence of latent HIV-1 reservoirs in the periphery and brain represents a major obstacle to curing HIV-1 infection. As an essential protein for HIV-1 viral replication, HIV-1 Tat, mostly intracellular, has been implicated in latent HIV-1 infection. From HIV-1 infected cells, HIV-1 Tat is actively secreted and bystander cells uptake the released Tat whereupon it is endocytosed and internalized into endolysosomes. However, to activate the HIV-1 LTR promoter and increase HIV-1 replication, HIV-1 Tat must first escape from the endolysosomes and then enter the nucleus. Here, we tested the hypothesis that HIV-1 Tat can accumulate in endolysosomes and contribute to the activation of latent HIV-1 in astrocytes. Using U87MG astrocytoma cells expressing HIV-1 LTR-driven luciferase and primary human astrocytes we found that exogenous HIV-1 Tat enters endolysosomes, resides in endolysosomes for extended periods of time, and induces endolysosome de-acidification as well as enlargement. The weak base chloroquine promoted the release of HIV-1 Tat from endolysosomes and induced HIV-1 LTR transactivation. Similar results were observed by activating endolysosome Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) and TLR7/8. Conversely, pharmacological block of TLRs and knocking down expression levels of TLR3 and TLR7, but not TLR8, prevented endolysosome leakage and attenuated HIV-1 Tat-mediated HIV-1 LTR transactivation. Our findings suggest that HIV-1 Tat accumulation in endolysosomes may play an important role in controlling HIV-1 transactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabab Khan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences Grand Forks North Dakota USA
| | - Peter W. Halcrow
- Department of Biomedical Sciences University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences Grand Forks North Dakota USA
| | - Zahra Afghah
- Department of Biomedical Sciences University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences Grand Forks North Dakota USA
| | - Aparajita Baral
- Department of Biomedical Sciences University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences Grand Forks North Dakota USA
| | - Jonathan D. Geiger
- Department of Biomedical Sciences University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences Grand Forks North Dakota USA
| | - Xuesong Chen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences Grand Forks North Dakota USA
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17
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Lu JY, Huang WT, Zhou K, Zhao X, Yang S, Xia L, Ding X. Microbial Lipopeptide Supramolecular Self-Assemblies as a Methuosis-Like Cell Death Inducer with In Vivo Antitumor Activity. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2104034. [PMID: 34761865 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202104034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Discovering new drugs and improving action mechanisms is a promising strategy to overcome chemotherapy ineffectiveness caused by cancer cell apoptosis resistance. Natural products (like cyclic lipopeptides, CLPs) are potential sources of nonapoptotic cell death inducers and can form diverse supramolecular structures, closely relating to their bioactivities. Herein, it is found for the first time that fatty chain is the key to maintain self-assembled form and antitumor activity of microbial-derived amphiphilic CLP bacillomycin Lb (B-Lb). Compared with B-Lb analogues assemblies without antitumor activity, B-Lb supramolecular self-assemblies (including nanomicelles, nanofibers, giant micrometer rods) can be generated in a multilevel and cross-scale manner and served as a methuosis-like cell death inducer triggered by cytoplasmic vacuolation through macropinocytosis in MDA-MB-231-Luc and MCF-7 cells and in vivo tumor-bearing mice. This study will promote constructing of customized CLP micro-/nanostructures with multipurposes and functions, and boost designing of new antitumor drugs as nonapoptotic cell death modulators based on structure-activity relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Yang Lu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, P. R. China
- Academician Workstation, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, 410219, P. R. China
| | - Wei Tao Huang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, P. R. China
| | - Kexuan Zhou
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoli Zhao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, P. R. China
| | - Shuqing Yang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, P. R. China
| | - Liqiu Xia
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, P. R. China
| | - Xuezhi Ding
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, P. R. China
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18
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Zhang W, Du B, Gao M, Tung CH. A Hybrid Nanogel to Preserve Lysosome Integrity for Fluorescence Imaging. ACS NANO 2021; 15:16442-16451. [PMID: 34612039 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c05864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence imaging of lysosomes provides a powerful tool to probe the lysosome physiology in living cells, yet the continuous light exposure inevitably causes lysosome damage and phototoxicity, which remains a formidable challenge. Here the long-term lysosome tracking with minimized photodamage was realized using a multifunctional nanoprobe, a platinum nanoparticle, and a quinacrine co-loaded nanogel. To construct the hybrid nanogel, cisplatin first functioned as cross-linker to withhold all components and then was reduced to a platinum nanoparticle in situ by ethanol. The platinum nanoparticle enabled a long-term quinacrine fluorescence imaging of lysosome by scavenging the light induced reactive oxygen species which could damage lysosomal membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology & Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, People's Republic of China
- Molecular Imaging Innovations Institute, Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Baoji Du
- Molecular Imaging Innovations Institute, Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Menghan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology & Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, People's Republic of China
| | - Ching-Hsuan Tung
- Molecular Imaging Innovations Institute, Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10065, United States
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19
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Analysis of the intracellular localization of amiodarone using live single-cell mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 205:114318. [PMID: 34418674 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Amiodarone is a well-known antiarrhythmic drug with side effects including phospholipidosis. However, it is not clear how amiodarone and its metabolites are localized in the cell. In the present study, the localization of amiodarone in the cytosol, vacuoles, and lipid droplets of a single HepG2 human hepatocellular carcinoma cell was determined directly using live single-cell mass spectrometry. The cytosol, vacuoles, and lipid droplets of a single HepG2 cell treated with amiodarone were separately captured using a nano-spray tip under a fluorescence microscope after visualizing the lipid droplets using a fluorescent probe. This assay showed a linearity in the measurement of amiodarone levels with R2 values of 0.9996 and 0.9998 in the cell lysates and serum, respectively. The peak intensities of amiodarone and its metabolites in lipid droplets and vacuoles were significantly higher than those in the cytosol, while those in lipid droplets were higher than those in vacuoles. Amiodarone metabolites were detected in both lipid droplets and the cytosol. Live single-cell mass spectrometry combined with fluorescence imaging demonstrated clear localization of amiodarone and its metabolites in lipid droplets separately from the vacuole. This assay system combined with fluorescence imaging could be useful for investigating the intracellular localization of various drugs and their metabolites.
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20
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Metabolomic profiling of single enlarged lysosomes. Nat Methods 2021; 18:788-798. [PMID: 34127857 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-021-01182-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Lysosomes are critical for cellular metabolism and are heterogeneously involved in various cellular processes. The ability to measure lysosomal metabolic heterogeneity is essential for understanding their physiological roles. We therefore built a single-lysosome mass spectrometry (SLMS) platform integrating lysosomal patch-clamp recording and induced nano-electrospray ionization (nanoESI)/mass spectrometry (MS) that enables concurrent metabolic and electrophysiological profiling of individual enlarged lysosomes. The accuracy and reliability of this technique were validated by supporting previous findings, such as the transportability of lysosomal cationic amino acids transporters such as PQLC2 and the lysosomal trapping of lysosomotropic, hydrophobic weak base drugs such as lidocaine. We derived metabolites from single lysosomes in various cell types and classified lysosomes into five major subpopulations based on their chemical and biological divergence. Senescence and carcinoma altered metabolic profiles of lysosomes in a type-specific manner. Thus, SLMS can open more avenues for investigating heterogeneous lysosomal metabolic changes during physiological and pathological processes.
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21
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Schneidewind T, Brause A, Schölermann B, Sievers S, Pahl A, Sankar MG, Winzker M, Janning P, Kumar K, Ziegler S, Waldmann H. Combined morphological and proteome profiling reveals target-independent impairment of cholesterol homeostasis. Cell Chem Biol 2021; 28:1780-1794.e5. [PMID: 34214450 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2021.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Unbiased profiling approaches are powerful tools for small-molecule target or mode-of-action deconvolution as they generate a holistic view of the bioactivity space. This is particularly important for non-protein targets that are difficult to identify with commonly applied target identification methods. Thereby, unbiased profiling can enable identification of novel bioactivity even for annotated compounds. We report the identification of a large bioactivity cluster comprised of numerous well-characterized drugs with different primary targets using a combination of the morphological Cell Painting Assay and proteome profiling. Cluster members alter cholesterol homeostasis and localization due to their physicochemical properties that lead to protonation and accumulation in lysosomes, an increase in lysosomal pH, and a disturbed cholesterol homeostasis. The identified cluster enables identification of modulators of cholesterol homeostasis and links regulation of genes or proteins involved in cholesterol synthesis or trafficking to physicochemical properties rather than to nominal targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabea Schneidewind
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Department of Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, Dortmund 44227, Germany; Technical University Dortmund, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Alexandra Brause
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Department of Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Beate Schölermann
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Department of Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Sonja Sievers
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Department of Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Axel Pahl
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Department of Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Muthukumar G Sankar
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Department of Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Michael Winzker
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Department of Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Petra Janning
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Department of Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Kamal Kumar
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Department of Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Slava Ziegler
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Department of Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Herbert Waldmann
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Department of Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, Dortmund 44227, Germany; Technical University Dortmund, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, Dortmund 44227, Germany.
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22
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Wilke J, Kawamura T, Xu H, Brause A, Friese A, Metz M, Schepmann D, Wünsch B, Artacho-Cordón A, Nieto FR, Watanabe N, Osada H, Ziegler S, Waldmann H. Discovery of a σ 1 receptor antagonist by combination of unbiased cell painting and thermal proteome profiling. Cell Chem Biol 2021; 28:848-854.e5. [PMID: 33567254 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2021.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Phenotypic screening for bioactive small molecules is typically combined with affinity-based chemical proteomics to uncover the respective molecular targets. However, such assays and the explored bioactivity are biased toward the monitored phenotype, and target identification often requires chemical derivatization of the hit compound. In contrast, unbiased cellular profiling approaches record hundreds of parameters upon compound perturbation to map bioactivity in a broader biological context and may link a profile to the molecular target or mode of action. Herein we report the discovery of the diaminopyrimidine DP68 as a Sigma 1 (σ1) receptor antagonist by combining morphological profiling using the Cell Painting assay and thermal proteome profiling. Our results highlight that integration of complementary profiling approaches may enable both detection of bioactivity and target identification for small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Wilke
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Str. 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Str. 72, 44221 Dortmund, Germany; RIKEN-Max Planck Joint Research Division for Systems Chemical Biology, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Kawamura
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Str. 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; RIKEN-Max Planck Joint Research Division for Systems Chemical Biology, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticides & Chemical Biology Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430079, China
| | - Alexandra Brause
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Str. 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Alexandra Friese
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Str. 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Malte Metz
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Str. 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Dirk Schepmann
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie der Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 48, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Bernhard Wünsch
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie der Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 48, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Antonia Artacho-Cordón
- Department of Pharmacology and Institute of Neuroscience, University of Granada, Avenida de la Investigación, 11, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco R Nieto
- Department of Pharmacology and Institute of Neuroscience, University of Granada, Avenida de la Investigación, 11, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Nobumoto Watanabe
- RIKEN-Max Planck Joint Research Division for Systems Chemical Biology, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; Bio-Active Compounds Discovery Research Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Osada
- RIKEN-Max Planck Joint Research Division for Systems Chemical Biology, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; Chemical Biology Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Slava Ziegler
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Str. 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Herbert Waldmann
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Str. 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Str. 72, 44221 Dortmund, Germany.
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23
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Rackova L, Mach M, Brnoliakova Z. An update in toxicology of ageing. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 84:103611. [PMID: 33581363 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2021.103611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The field of ageing research has been rapidly advancing in recent decades and it had provided insight into the complexity of ageing phenomenon. However, as the organism-environment interaction appears to significantly affect the organismal pace of ageing, the systematic approach for gerontogenic risk assessment of environmental factors has yet to be established. This puts demand on development of effective biomarker of ageing, as a relevant tool to quantify effects of gerontogenic exposures, contingent on multidisciplinary research approach. Here we review the current knowledge regarding the main endogenous gerontogenic pathways involved in acceleration of ageing through environmental exposures. These include inflammatory and oxidative stress-triggered processes, dysregulation of maintenance of cellular anabolism and catabolism and loss of protein homeostasis. The most effective biomarkers showing specificity and relevancy to ageing phenotypes are summarized, as well. The crucial part of this review was dedicated to the comprehensive overview of environmental gerontogens including various types of radiation, certain types of pesticides, heavy metals, drugs and addictive substances, unhealthy dietary patterns, and sedentary life as well as psychosocial stress. The reported effects in vitro and in vivo of both recognized and potential gerontogens are described with respect to the up-to-date knowledge in geroscience. Finally, hormetic and ageing decelerating effects of environmental factors are briefly discussed, as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Rackova
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Mojmir Mach
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Brnoliakova
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia
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24
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Puhl AC, Fritch EJ, Lane TR, Tse LV, Yount BL, Sacramento CQ, Fintelman-Rodrigues N, Tavella TA, Maranhão Costa FT, Weston S, Logue J, Frieman M, Premkumar L, Pearce KH, Hurst BL, Andrade CH, Levi JA, Johnson NJ, Kisthardt SC, Scholle F, Souza TML, Moorman NJ, Baric RS, Madrid PB, Ekins S. Repurposing the Ebola and Marburg Virus Inhibitors Tilorone, Quinacrine, and Pyronaridine: In Vitro Activity against SARS-CoV-2 and Potential Mechanisms. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:7454-7468. [PMID: 33778258 PMCID: PMC7992063 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c05996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a newly identified virus that has resulted in over 2.5 million deaths globally and over 116 million cases globally in March, 2021. Small-molecule inhibitors that reverse disease severity have proven difficult to discover. One of the key approaches that has been widely applied in an effort to speed up the translation of drugs is drug repurposing. A few drugs have shown in vitro activity against Ebola viruses and demonstrated activity against SARS-CoV-2 in vivo. Most notably, the RNA polymerase targeting remdesivir demonstrated activity in vitro and efficacy in the early stage of the disease in humans. Testing other small-molecule drugs that are active against Ebola viruses (EBOVs) would appear a reasonable strategy to evaluate their potential for SARS-CoV-2. We have previously repurposed pyronaridine, tilorone, and quinacrine (from malaria, influenza, and antiprotozoal uses, respectively) as inhibitors of Ebola and Marburg viruses in vitro in HeLa cells and mouse-adapted EBOV in mice in vivo. We have now tested these three drugs in various cell lines (VeroE6, Vero76, Caco-2, Calu-3, A549-ACE2, HUH-7, and monocytes) infected with SARS-CoV-2 as well as other viruses (including MHV and HCoV 229E). The compilation of these results indicated considerable variability in antiviral activity observed across cell lines. We found that tilorone and pyronaridine inhibited the virus replication in A549-ACE2 cells with IC50 values of 180 nM and IC50 198 nM, respectively. We used microscale thermophoresis to test the binding of these molecules to the spike protein, and tilorone and pyronaridine bind to the spike receptor binding domain protein with K d values of 339 and 647 nM, respectively. Human Cmax for pyronaridine and quinacrine is greater than the IC50 observed in A549-ACE2 cells. We also provide novel insights into the mechanism of these compounds which is likely lysosomotropic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C. Puhl
- Collaborations
Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 840 Main Campus Drive, Lab 3510, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Ethan J. Fritch
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunology, University
of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Thomas R. Lane
- Collaborations
Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 840 Main Campus Drive, Lab 3510, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Longping V. Tse
- Department
of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina
School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Boyd L. Yount
- Department
of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina
School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Carolina Q. Sacramento
- Laboratório
de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-900, Brazil
- Centro
De Desenvolvimento Tecnológico Em Saúde (CDTS), Fiocruz, Rio de
Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Natalia Fintelman-Rodrigues
- Laboratório
de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-900, Brazil
- Centro
De Desenvolvimento Tecnológico Em Saúde (CDTS), Fiocruz, Rio de
Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Tatyana Almeida Tavella
- Laboratory
of Tropical Diseases—Prof. Dr. Luiz Jacinto da Silva, Department
of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Fabio Trindade Maranhão Costa
- Laboratory
of Tropical Diseases—Prof. Dr. Luiz Jacinto da Silva, Department
of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Stuart Weston
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunology, University
of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - James Logue
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunology, University
of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Matthew Frieman
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunology, University
of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Lakshmanane Premkumar
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunology, University
of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Kenneth H. Pearce
- Center
for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Chemical Biology
and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- UNC
Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Brett L. Hurst
- Institute
for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, United States
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, United States
| | - Carolina Horta Andrade
- Laboratory
of Tropical Diseases—Prof. Dr. Luiz Jacinto da Silva, Department
of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
- LabMol—Laboratory of Molecular Modeling
and Drug Design, Faculdade
de Farmácia, Universidade Federal
de Goiás, Goiânia,
GO 74605-170, Brazil
| | - James A. Levi
- Department of Biological Sciences, North
Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Nicole J. Johnson
- Department of Biological Sciences, North
Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Samantha C. Kisthardt
- Department of Biological Sciences, North
Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Frank Scholle
- Department of Biological Sciences, North
Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Thiago Moreno L. Souza
- Laboratório
de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-900, Brazil
- Centro
De Desenvolvimento Tecnológico Em Saúde (CDTS), Fiocruz, Rio de
Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Nathaniel John Moorman
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunology, University
of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Center
for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Chemical Biology
and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Rapidly Emerging Antiviral Drug Discovery
Initiative, University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Ralph S. Baric
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunology, University
of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Department
of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina
School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Rapidly Emerging Antiviral Drug Discovery
Initiative, University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Peter B. Madrid
- SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Sean Ekins
- Collaborations
Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 840 Main Campus Drive, Lab 3510, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
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25
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Abstract
Lysosomes offer a unique arrangement of degradative, exocytic, and signaling capabilities that make their continued function critical to cellular homeostasis. Lysosomes owe their function to the activity of lysosomal ion channels and transporters, which maintain concentration gradients of H+, K+, Ca2+, Na+, and Cl- across the lysosomal membrane. This review examines the contributions of lysosomal ion channels to lysosome function, showing how ion channel function is integral to degradation and autophagy, maintaining lysosomal membrane potential, controlling Ca2+ signaling, and facilitating exocytosis. Evidence of lysosome dysfunction in a variety of disease pathologies creates a need to understand how lysosomal ion channels contribute to lysosome dysfunction. For example, the loss of function of the TRPML1 Ca2+ lysosome channel in multiple lysosome storage diseases leads to lysosome dysfunction and disease pathogenesis while neurodegenerative diseases are marked by lysosome dysfunction caused by changes in ion channel activity through the TRPML1, TPC, and TMEM175 ion channels. Autoimmune disease is marked by dysregulated autophagy, which is dependent on the function of multiple lysosomal ion channels. Understanding the role of lysosomal ion channel activity in lysosome membrane permeability and NLRP3 inflammasome activation could provide valuable mechanistic insight into NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated diseases. Finally, this review seeks to show that understanding the role of lysosomal ion channels in lysosome dysfunction could give mechanistic insight into the efficacy of certain drug classes, specifically those that target the lysosome, such as cationic amphiphilic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah L Kendall
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Environmental Health Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Andrij Holian
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Environmental Health Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
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26
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Halcrow PW, Geiger JD, Chen X. Overcoming Chemoresistance: Altering pH of Cellular Compartments by Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:627639. [PMID: 33634129 PMCID: PMC7900406 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.627639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to the anti-cancer effects of chemotherapeutic agents (chemoresistance) is a major issue for people living with cancer and their providers. A diverse set of cellular and inter-organellar signaling changes have been implicated in chemoresistance, but it is still unclear what processes lead to chemoresistance and effective strategies to overcome chemoresistance are lacking. The anti-malaria drugs, chloroquine (CQ) and its derivative hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) are being used for the treatment of various cancers and CQ and HCQ are used in combination with chemotherapeutic drugs to enhance their anti-cancer effects. The widely accepted anti-cancer effect of CQ and HCQ is their ability to inhibit autophagic flux. As diprotic weak bases, CQ and HCQ preferentially accumulate in acidic organelles and neutralize their luminal pH. In addition, CQ and HCQ acidify the cytosolic and extracellular environments; processes implicated in tumorigenesis and cancer. Thus, the anti-cancer effects of CQ and HCQ extend beyond autophagy inhibition. The present review summarizes effects of CQ, HCQ and proton pump inhibitors on pH of various cellular compartments and discuss potential mechanisms underlying their pH-dependent anti-cancer effects. The mechanisms considered here include their ability to de-acidify lysosomes and inhibit autophagosome lysosome fusion, to de-acidify Golgi apparatus and secretory vesicles thus affecting secretion, and to acidify cytoplasm thus disturbing aerobic metabolism. Further, we review the ability of these agents to prevent chemotherapeutic drugs from accumulating in acidic organelles and altering their cytosolic concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xuesong Chen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, United States
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27
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Edefell E, Falås P, Kharel S, Hagman M, Christensson M, Cimbritz M, Bester K. MBBRs as post-treatment to ozonation: Degradation of transformation products and ozone-resistant micropollutants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 754:142103. [PMID: 32920394 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The degradation potential of micropollutants and transformation products in biological post-treatment after ozonation is partly unknown. A pilot plant with ozonation and subsequent biological treatment in a moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) was thus operated over 16 months to investigate the removal of micropollutants and the formation and removal of N-oxide transformation products. Lab-scale kinetic experiments were performed in parallel. At a moderate ozone dose of 0.5 g O3 g-1 DOC, further degradation of gabapentin and 3 iodinated contrast media (iomeprol, iopamidol, and iohexol) could be induced by the biofilm at prolonged exposure times. To facilitate comparison of feeding regimens in biofilm systems a new surface-related degradation rate constant was introduced. The availability of substrates in the pilot MBBR influenced the micropollutant degradation kinetics with increasing and decreasing degradation rates. N-oxides from erythromycin, clarithromycin, tramadol, and venlafaxine were formed during ozonation and could not be degraded by the biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Edefell
- Sweden Water Research AB, Ideon Science Park, Scheelevägen 15, 223 70 Lund, Sweden; Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, PO Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Per Falås
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, PO Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Suman Kharel
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgsvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Marinette Hagman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, PO Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Magnus Christensson
- Veolia Water Technologies AB, AnoxKaldnes, Klosterängsvägen 11A, 226 47 Lund, Sweden
| | - Michael Cimbritz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, PO Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Kai Bester
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgsvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
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28
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Puhl AC, Fritch EJ, Lane TR, Tse LV, Yount BL, Sacramento CQ, Tavella TA, Costa FTM, Weston S, Logue J, Frieman M, Premkumar L, Pearce KH, Hurst BL, Andrade CH, Levi JA, Johnson NJ, Kisthardt SC, Scholle F, Souza TML, Moorman NJ, Baric RS, Madrid P, Ekins S. Repurposing the Ebola and Marburg Virus Inhibitors Tilorone, Quinacrine and Pyronaridine: In vitro Activity Against SARS-CoV-2 and Potential Mechanisms. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020:2020.12.01.407361. [PMID: 33299990 PMCID: PMC7724658 DOI: 10.1101/2020.12.01.407361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is a newly identified virus that has resulted in over 1.3 M deaths globally and over 59 M cases globally to date. Small molecule inhibitors that reverse disease severity have proven difficult to discover. One of the key approaches that has been widely applied in an effort to speed up the translation of drugs is drug repurposing. A few drugs have shown in vitro activity against Ebola virus and demonstrated activity against SARS-CoV-2 in vivo . Most notably the RNA polymerase targeting remdesivir demonstrated activity in vitro and efficacy in the early stage of the disease in humans. Testing other small molecule drugs that are active against Ebola virus would seem a reasonable strategy to evaluate their potential for SARS-CoV-2. We have previously repurposed pyronaridine, tilorone and quinacrine (from malaria, influenza, and antiprotozoal uses, respectively) as inhibitors of Ebola and Marburg virus in vitro in HeLa cells and of mouse adapted Ebola virus in mouse in vivo . We have now tested these three drugs in various cell lines (VeroE6, Vero76, Caco-2, Calu-3, A549-ACE2, HUH-7 and monocytes) infected with SARS-CoV-2 as well as other viruses (including MHV and HCoV 229E). The compilation of these results indicated considerable variability in antiviral activity observed across cell lines. We found that tilorone and pyronaridine inhibited the virus replication in A549-ACE2 cells with IC 50 values of 180 nM and IC 50 198 nM, respectively. We have also tested them in a pseudovirus assay and used microscale thermophoresis to test the binding of these molecules to the spike protein. They bind to spike RBD protein with K d values of 339 nM and 647 nM, respectively. Human C max for pyronaridine and quinacrine is greater than the IC 50 hence justifying in vivo evaluation. We also provide novel insights into their mechanism which is likely lysosomotropic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C. Puhl
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 840 Main Campus Drive, Lab 3510, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Ethan James Fritch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill NC 27599, USA
| | - Thomas R. Lane
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 840 Main Campus Drive, Lab 3510, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Longping V. Tse
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill NC 27599, USA
| | - Boyd L. Yount
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill NC 27599, USA
| | - Carol Queiroz Sacramento
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Centro De Desenvolvimento Tecnológico Em Saúde (CDTS), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Tatyana Almeida Tavella
- Laboratory of Tropical Diseases - Prof. Dr. Luiz Jacinto da Silva, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabio Trindade Maranhão Costa
- Laboratory of Tropical Diseases - Prof. Dr. Luiz Jacinto da Silva, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Stuart Weston
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - James Logue
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Matthew Frieman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Lakshmanane Premkumar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill NC 27599, USA
| | - Kenneth H. Pearce
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
- UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Brett L. Hurst
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Carolina Horta Andrade
- Laboratory of Tropical Diseases - Prof. Dr. Luiz Jacinto da Silva, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
- LabMol - Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Drug Design, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, 74605-170, Brazil
| | - James A. Levi
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Nicole J. Johnson
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Samantha C. Kisthardt
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Frank Scholle
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Thiago Moreno L. Souza
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Centro De Desenvolvimento Tecnológico Em Saúde (CDTS), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Nathaniel John Moorman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill NC 27599, USA
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
- Rapidly Emerging Antiviral Drug Discovery Initiative, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ralph S. Baric
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill NC 27599, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill NC 27599, USA
- Rapidly Emerging Antiviral Drug Discovery Initiative, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Peter Madrid
- SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Sean Ekins
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 840 Main Campus Drive, Lab 3510, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
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29
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LZ-106, a potent lysosomotropic agent, causing TFEB-dependent cytoplasmic vacuolization. Gene 2020; 760:145017. [PMID: 32755655 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.145017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic vacuolization usually occurs in cells treated with different agents and substances. We found that LZ-106, an analog of enoxacin, is a potent lysosomotropic agent, contributing to the formation of cytoplasmic vacuoles in cells. Studies of LZ-106-induced vacuolization in H460 cells showed acid environment inside these vacuoles. Further study demonstrated that markers in the late endosomes and lysosomes, like LAMP1 and RAB7, on the surface of the vacuoles, implying that these vacuoles might derive from endosomes and/or lysosomes. By studying the fluorescence intensity of LZ-106, we discovered that LZ-106 tended to locate in acid organelles, and Bafilomycin A1, a V-ATPase inhibitor, was able to suppress its acid organelles localization. Also, we noticed that LZ-106 could induce lysosome stress, involving pH increment and lysosomal membrane damage. Moreover, the expression levels of some lysosome-related proteins, like LAMP1, EEA1, and Cathepsin B, were also altered upon LZ-106 treatment. At last, we confirmed LZ-106 can activate TFEB, a key regulator of lysosomes. Knockdown of TFEB could also reverse LZ-106's effect on vacuolization in H460 cells. Taken together, due to LZ-106's lysosomotropic properties, it is able to accumulate in the acid organelles and induce lysosomal dysfunction in H460 cells, leading to TFEB activation and the following cytoplasmic vacuolization.
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30
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Vela JM. Repurposing Sigma-1 Receptor Ligands for COVID-19 Therapy? Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:582310. [PMID: 33364957 PMCID: PMC7751758 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.582310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Outbreaks of emerging infections, such as COVID-19 pandemic especially, confront health professionals with the unique challenge of treating patients. With no time to discover new drugs, repurposing of approved drugs or in clinical development is likely the only solution. Replication of coronaviruses (CoVs) occurs in a modified membranous compartment derived from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), causes host cell ER stress and activates pathways to facilitate adaptation of the host cell machinery to viral needs. Accordingly, modulation of ER remodeling and ER stress response might be pivotal in elucidating CoV-host interactions and provide a rationale for new therapeutic, host-based antiviral approaches. The sigma-1 receptor (Sig-1R) is a ligand-operated, ER membrane-bound chaperone that acts as an upstream modulator of ER stress and thus a candidate host protein for host-based repurposing approaches to treat COVID-19 patients. Sig-1R ligands are frequently identified in in vitro drug repurposing screens aiming to identify antiviral compounds against CoVs, including severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Sig-1R regulates key mechanisms of the adaptive host cell stress response and takes part in early steps of viral replication. It is enriched in lipid rafts and detergent-resistant ER membranes, where it colocalizes with viral replicase proteins. Indeed, the non-structural SARS-CoV-2 protein Nsp6 interacts with Sig-1R. The activity of Sig-1R ligands against COVID-19 remains to be specifically assessed in clinical trials. This review provides a rationale for targeting Sig-1R as a host-based drug repurposing approach to treat COVID-19 patients. Evidence gained using Sig-1R ligands in unbiased in vitro antiviral drug screens and the potential mechanisms underlying the modulatory effect of Sig-1R on the host cell response are discussed. Targeting Sig-1R is not expected to reduce dramatically established viral replication, but it might interfere with early steps of virus-induced host cell reprogramming, aid to slow down the course of infection, prevent the aggravation of the disease and/or allow a time window to mature a protective immune response. Sig-1R-based medicines could provide benefit not only as early intervention, preventive but also as adjuvant therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Miguel Vela
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Development, ESTEVE Pharmaceuticals, Barcelona, Spain
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Varalda M, Antona A, Bettio V, Roy K, Vachamaram A, Yellenki V, Massarotti A, Baldanzi G, Capello D. Psychotropic Drugs Show Anticancer Activity by Disrupting Mitochondrial and Lysosomal Function. Front Oncol 2020; 10:562196. [PMID: 33194631 PMCID: PMC7604408 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.562196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose: Drug repositioning is a promising strategy for discovering new therapeutic strategies for cancer therapy. We investigated psychotropic drugs for their antitumor activity because of several epidemiological studies reporting lower cancer incidence in individuals receiving long term drug treatment. Experimental Approach: We investigated 27 psychotropic drugs for their cytotoxic activity in colorectal carcinoma, glioblastoma and breast cancer cell lines. Consistent with the cationic amphiphilic structure of the most cytotoxic compounds, we investigated their effect on mitochondrial and lysosomal compartments. Results: Penfluridol, ebastine, pimozide and fluoxetine, fluspirilene and nefazodone showed significant cytotoxicity, in the low micromolar range, in all cell lines tested. In MCF7 cells these drugs caused mitochondrial membrane depolarization, increased the acidic vesicular compartments and induced phospholipidosis. Both penfluridol and spiperone induced AMPK activation and autophagy. Neither caspase nor autophagy inhibitors rescued cells from death induced by ebastine, fluoxetine, fluspirilene and nefazodone. Treatment with 3-methyladenine partially rescued cell death induced by pimozide and spiperone, whereas enhanced the cytotoxic activity of penfluridol. Conversely, inhibition of lysosomal cathepsins significantly reduced cell death induced by ebastin, penfluridol, pimozide, spiperone and mildly in fluoxetine treated cells. Lastly, Spiperone cytotoxicity was restricted to colorectal cancer and breast cancer and caused apoptotic cell death in MCF7 cells. Conclusions: The cytotoxicity of psychotropic drugs with cationic amphiphilic structures relied on simultaneous mitochondrial and lysosomal disruption and induction of cell death that not necessarily requires apoptosis. Since dual targeting of lysosomes and mitochondria constitutes a new promising therapeutic approach for cancer, particularly those in which the apoptotic machinery is defective, these data further support their clinical development for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Varalda
- Department of Translational Medicine, Centre of Excellence in Aging Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.,UPO Biobank, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Annamaria Antona
- Department of Translational Medicine, Centre of Excellence in Aging Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Valentina Bettio
- Department of Translational Medicine, Centre of Excellence in Aging Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.,UPO Biobank, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Konkonika Roy
- Center for Translational Research on Allergic and Autoimmune Diseases (CAAD), University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Ajay Vachamaram
- Department of Translational Medicine, Centre of Excellence in Aging Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.,Center for Translational Research on Allergic and Autoimmune Diseases (CAAD), University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Vaibhav Yellenki
- Department of Translational Medicine, Centre of Excellence in Aging Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Alberto Massarotti
- Department Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Gianluca Baldanzi
- Department of Translational Medicine, Centre of Excellence in Aging Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.,Center for Translational Research on Allergic and Autoimmune Diseases (CAAD), University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Daniela Capello
- Department of Translational Medicine, Centre of Excellence in Aging Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.,UPO Biobank, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
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Kuwahara T, Funakawa K, Komori T, Sakurai M, Yoshii G, Eguchi T, Fukuda M, Iwatsubo T. Roles of lysosomotropic agents on LRRK2 activation and Rab10 phosphorylation. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 145:105081. [PMID: 32919031 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.105081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), the major causative gene product of autosomal-dominant Parkinson's disease, is a protein kinase that phosphorylates a subset of Rab GTPases. Since pathogenic LRRK2 mutations increase its ability to phosphorylate Rab GTPases, elucidating the mechanisms of how Rab phosphorylation is regulated by LRRK2 is of great importance. We have previously reported that chloroquine-induced lysosomal stress facilitates LRRK2 phosphorylation of Rab10 to maintain lysosomal homeostasis. Here we reveal that Rab10 phosphorylation by LRRK2 is potently stimulated by treatment of cells with a set of lysosome stressors and clinically used lysosomotropic drugs. These agents commonly promoted the formation of LRRK2-coated enlarged lysosomes and extracellular release of lysosomal enzyme cathepsin B, the latter being dependent on LRRK2 kinase activity. In contrast to the increase in Rab10 phosphorylation, treatment with lysosomotropic drugs did not increase the enzymatic activity of LRRK2, as monitored by its autophosphorylation at Ser1292 residue, but rather enhanced the molecular proximity between LRRK2 and its substrate Rab GTPases on the cytosolic surface of lysosomes. Lysosomotropic drug-induced upregulation of Rab10 phosphorylation was likely a downstream event of Rab29 (Rab7L1)-mediated enzymatic activation of LRRK2. These results suggest a regulated process of Rab10 phosphorylation by LRRK2 that is associated with lysosomal overload stress, and provide insights into the novel strategies to halt the aberrant upregulation of LRRK2 kinase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Kuwahara
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Kai Funakawa
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tadayuki Komori
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Maria Sakurai
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Gen Yoshii
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tomoya Eguchi
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Mitsunori Fukuda
- Laboratory of Membrane Trafficking Mechanisms, Department of Integrative Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Takeshi Iwatsubo
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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Chen X, Geiger JD. Janus sword actions of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine against COVID-19. Cell Signal 2020; 73:109706. [PMID: 32629149 PMCID: PMC7333634 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chloroquine (CQ) and its analogue hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) have been thrust into our everyday vernacular because some believe, based on very limited basic and clinical data, that they might be helpful in preventing and/or lessening the severity of the pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, lacking is a temperance in enthusiasm for their possible use as well as sufficient perspective on their effects and side-effects. CQ and HCQ have well-known properties of being diprotic weak bases that preferentially accumulate in acidic organelles (endolysosomes and Golgi apparatus) and neutralize luminal pH of acidic organelles. These primary actions of CQ and HCQ are responsible for their anti-malarial effects; malaria parasites rely on acidic digestive vacuoles for survival. Similarly, de-acidification of endolysosomes and Golgi by CQ and HCQ may block severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) integration into host cells because SARS-CoV-2 may require an acidic environment for its entry and for its ability to bud and infect bystander cells. Further, de-acidification of endolysosomes and Golgi may underly the immunosuppressive effects of these two drugs. However, modern cell biology studies have shown clearly that de-acidification results in profound changes in the structure, function and cellular positioning of endolysosomes and Golgi, in signaling between these organelles and other subcellular organelles, and in fundamental cellular functions. Thus, studying the possible therapeutic effects of CQ and HCQ against COVID-19 must occur concurrent with studies of the extent to which these drugs affect organellar and cell biology. When comprehensively examined, a better understanding of the Janus sword actions of these and other drugs might yield better decisions and better outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuesong Chen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America.
| | - Jonathan D Geiger
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
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Repurposing Quinacrine for Treatment of Malignant Mesothelioma: In-Vitro Therapeutic and Mechanistic Evaluation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176306. [PMID: 32878257 PMCID: PMC7503636 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant mesothelioma (MM) is a rare type of cancer primarily affecting mesothelial cells lining the pleural cavity. In this study, we propose to repurpose quinacrine (QA), a widely approved anti-malarial drug, for Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma (MPM) treatment. QA demonstrates high degree of cytotoxicity against both immortalized and primary patient-derived cell lines with sub-micromolar 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) values ranging from 1.2 µM (H2452) to 5.03 µM (H28). Further, QA also inhibited cellular migration and colony formation in MPM cells, demonstrated using scratch and clonogenic assays, respectively. A 3D-spheroid cell culture experiment was performed to mimic in-vivo tumor conditions, and QA was reported to be highly effective in this simulated cellular model. Anti-angiogenic properties were also discovered for QA. Autophagy inhibition assay was performed, and results revealed that QA successfully inhibited autophagy process in MPM cells, which has been cited to be one of the survival pathways for MPM. Annexin V real-time apoptosis study revealed significant apoptotic induction in MPM cells following QA treatment. Western blots confirmed inhibition of autophagy and induction of apoptosis. These studies highlight anti-mesothelioma efficacy of QA at low doses, which can be instrumental in developing it as a stand-alone treatment strategy for MPM.
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35
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Upregulation of DR5 and Downregulation of Survivin by IITZ-01, Lysosomotropic Autophagy Inhibitor, Potentiates TRAIL-Mediated Apoptosis in Renal Cancer Cells via Ubiquitin-Proteasome Pathway. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12092363. [PMID: 32825566 PMCID: PMC7564912 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) selectively is able to increase apoptosis in cancer cells as agent with minimum toxicity to noncancerous cells. However, all cancer cells are not sensitive to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. In this study, we showed the sub-lethal concentrations of a lysosomotropic autophagy inhibitor, IITZ-01, sensitizes cancer cells (renal, lung, and breast carcinoma) to TRAIL-induced apoptosis through DR5 upregulation and survivin downregulation through ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Knockdown of DR5 or overexpression of survivin inhibited combined treatment with IITZ-01 and TRAIL-induced apoptosis. IITZ-01 downregulated protein expression of Cbl, ubiquitin E3 ligase, and decreased expression level of Cbl markedly led to increase DR5 protein expression and TRAIL sensitivity. Moreover, IITZ-01 decreased expression level of survivin protein via downregulation of deubiquitinase ubiquitin-specific protease 9X (USP9X) expression. Taken together, these results provide the first evidence that IITZ-01 enhances TRAIL-mediated apoptosis through DR5 stabilization by downregulation of Cbl and USP9X-dependent survivin ubiquitination and degradation in renal carcinoma cells.
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36
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Monti E, Marras E, Prini P, Gariboldi MB. Luteolin impairs hypoxia adaptation and progression in human breast and colon cancer cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 881:173210. [PMID: 32526242 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) are the force which drives hypoxic cancer cells to a more aggressive and resistant phenotype in a number of solid tumors, including colorectal and breast cancer. Results from recent studies suggest a role for HIF-1 in immune evasion and cancer stem cell phenotype promotion, establishing HIF-1 as a potential therapeutic target. Thus, identifying new compounds that might inhibit HIF1 activity, or at least exert antiproliferative effects that are unaffected by HIF1-dependent adaptations, is an attractive goal for the management of hypoxic tumors. Here we show that the flavonoid luteolin exerts a significant cytotoxic effect on the colon cancer cell line HCT116 and the breast adenocarcinoma cell line MDA-MB231, by inducing both apoptotic and necrotic cell death, and that this effect is not impaired by HIF-1 activation. In these cells, luteolin also stimulates autophagy; however this seems to be part of a protective response, rather than contribute to the cytotoxic effect. Interestingly, luteolin induces a decrease in HIF-1 transcriptional activity. This is accompanied by a decrease in the levels of protein markers of stemness and invasion, and by a reduction of migratory capacity of the cells. Taken together, our results suggest that luteolin could be developed into a useful therapeutic agent aimed at hypoxic tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Monti
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100, Varese, VA, Italy
| | - Emanuela Marras
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100, Varese, VA, Italy
| | - Pamela Prini
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100, Varese, VA, Italy
| | - Marzia Bruna Gariboldi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100, Varese, VA, Italy.
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Homolak J, Kodvanj I. Widely available lysosome targeting agents should be considered as potential therapy for COVID-19. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2020; 56:106044. [PMID: 32522674 PMCID: PMC7275137 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lysosome targeting agents can disrupt endolysosomal maturation and inhibit viral replication Lysosome targeting agents and lysosomotropic drugs should be explored as antiviral drugs for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 Some lysosomotropic drugs are commonly used pharmacological agents Particular attention should be directed towards macrolides (e.g. azithromycin), non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (e.g. indomethacin) and other lysosomotoropic agents
While the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic advances, the scientific community continues to struggle in the search for treatments. Several improvements have been made, including discovery of the clinical efficacy of chloroquine (CQ) in patients with COVID-19, but effective treatment protocols remain elusive. In the search for novel treatment options, many scientists have used the in-silico approach to identify compounds that could interfere with the key molecules involved in entrance, replication or dissemination of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2. However, most of the identified molecules are not available as pharmacological agents at present, and assessment of their safety and efficacy could take many months. This review took a different approach based on the proposed pharmacodynamic model of CQ in COVID-19. The main mechanism of action responsible for the favourable outcome of patients with COVID-19 treated with CQ seems to be related to a pH-modulation-mediated effect on endolysosomal trafficking, a characteristic of chemical compounds often called ‘lysosomotropic agents’ because of the physico-chemical properties that enable them to diffuse passively through the endosomal membrane and undergo protonation-based trapping in the lumen of the acidic vesicles. This review discusses lysosomotropic and lysosome targeting drugs that are already in clinical use and are characterized by good safety profiles, low cost and wide availability. Some of these drugs –particularly azithromycin and other macrolides, indomethacin and some other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, proton pump inhibitors and fluoxetine – could provide additional therapeutic benefits in addition to the potential antiviral effect that is still to be confirmed by well-controlled clinical trials. As some of these drugs have probably been used empirically in the treatment of COVID-19, it is hoped that colleagues worldwide will publish patient data to enable evaluation of the potential efficacy of these agents in the clinical context, and rapid implementation in therapeutic protocols if they are shown to have a beneficial effect on clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Homolak
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Salata 11, Zagreb 10000, Croatia.
| | - I Kodvanj
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Salata 11, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
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Fujiwara K, Yamamoto Y, Saita T, Matsufuji S. Metabolism and disposition of oseltamivir (OS) in rats, determined by immunohistochemistry with monospecific antibody for OS or its active metabolite oseltamivir carboxylate (OC): A possibility of transporters dividing the drugs' excretion into the bile and kidney. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2020; 8:e00597. [PMID: 32489006 PMCID: PMC7266928 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Among any drugs, no comparative pharmacological study on how prodrug and its active metabolite behave in animal bodies is available. Immunohistochemistry (IHCs) using newly prepared two monoclonal antibodies, AOS‐96 and AOC‐160, monospecific for oseltamivir (OS) and its metabolite oseltamivir carboxylate (OC) were developed, simultaneously detecting the uptake or excretion of OS and OC in the intestine, liver, and kidney of rats to which OS was orally administered. In the intestine, IHC for OS revealed OS highly distributed to the absorptive epithelia with heavily stained cytoplasmic small granules (CSGs). IHC for OC showed that OC also distributed highly in the epithelia, but without CSGs, suggesting that OS was partly converted to OC in the cells. In the liver, OS distributed in the hepatocytes and on their bile capillaries, as well as on the lumina from the bile capillaries to the interlobular bile ducts. OC distributed in the whole cell of the hepatocytes, but without CSGs nor on any lumina through the interlobular bile ducts. In the kidney, a few levels of OS distributed in the cytoplasm of almost all the renal tubule cells, but they contained numerous CSGs. In contrast, OC distributed highly in the proximal tubules, but very slightly in the lower renal tubules of the nephrons. Thus, it was concluded that the two drugs behave in completely different ways in rat bodies. This paper also discusses a possibility of the correlation of OS or OC levels in tissue cells with their known transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunio Fujiwara
- Department of Applied Life Science, Faculty of Biotechnology and Life Science, Sojo University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yutaro Yamamoto
- Department of Applied Life Science, Faculty of Biotechnology and Life Science, Sojo University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Saita
- Department of Applied Life Science, Faculty of Biotechnology and Life Science, Sojo University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Senya Matsufuji
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Khan N, Halcrow PW, Lakpa KL, Afghah Z, Miller NM, Dowdy SF, Geiger JD, Chen X. Two-pore channels regulate Tat endolysosome escape and Tat-mediated HIV-1 LTR transactivation. FASEB J 2020; 34:4147-4162. [PMID: 31950548 PMCID: PMC7079041 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902534r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 Tat is essential for HIV-1 replication and appears to play an important role in the pathogenesis of HIV-associated neurological complications. Secreted from infected or transfected cells, Tat has the extraordinary ability to cross the plasma membrane. In the brain, Tat can be taken up by CNS cells via receptor-mediated endocytosis. Following endocytosis and its internalization into endolysosomes, Tat must be released in order for it to activate the HIV-1 LTR promoter and facilitate HIV-1 viral replication in the nucleus. However, the underlying mechanisms whereby Tat escapes endolysosomes remain unclear. Because Tat disrupts intracellular calcium homeostasis, we investigated the involvement of calcium in Tat endolysosome escape and subsequent LTR transactivation. We demonstrated that chelating endolysosome calcium with high-affinity rhodamine-dextran or chelating cytosolic calcium with BAPTA-AM attenuated Tat endolysosome escape and LTR transactivation. Significantly, we demonstrated that pharmacologically blocking and knocking down the endolysosome-resident two-pore channels (TPCs) attenuated Tat endolysosome escape and LTR transactivation. This calcium-mediated effect appears to be selective for TPCs because knocking down TRPML1 calcium channels was without effect. Our findings suggest that calcium released from TPCs is involved in Tat endolysosome escape and subsequent LTR transactivation. TPCs might represent a novel therapeutic target against HIV-1 infection and HIV-associated neurological complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabab Khan
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health SciencesGrand ForksNDUSA
| | - Peter W. Halcrow
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health SciencesGrand ForksNDUSA
| | - Koffi L. Lakpa
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health SciencesGrand ForksNDUSA
| | - Zahra Afghah
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health SciencesGrand ForksNDUSA
| | - Nicole M. Miller
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health SciencesGrand ForksNDUSA
| | - Steven F. Dowdy
- Department of Cellular and Molecular MedicineUniversity of California San Diego (UCSD) School of MedicineLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Jonathan D. Geiger
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health SciencesGrand ForksNDUSA
| | - Xuesong Chen
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health SciencesGrand ForksNDUSA
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The Fusarium mycotoxin, 2-Amino-14,16-dimethyloctadecan-3-ol (AOD) induces vacuolization in HepG2 cells. Toxicology 2020; 433-434:152405. [PMID: 32044396 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2020.152405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The mycotoxin 2-Amino-14,16-dimethyloctadecan-3-ol (AOD) has been isolated from cultures of the fungus Fusarium avenaceum, one of the most prevalent Fusarium species. AOD is an analogue of sphinganine and 1-deoxysphinganine, important intermediates in the de novo biosynthesis of cellular sphingolipids. Here we studied cellular effects of AOD using the human liver cell line HepG2 as a model system. AOD (10 μM) induced a transient accumulation of vacuoles in the cells. The effect was observed at non-cytotoxic concentrations and was not linked to cell death processes. Proteomic analyses indicated that protein degradation and/or vesicular transport may be a target for AOD. Further studies revealed that AOD had only minor effects on the initiation rate of macropinocytosis and autophagy. However, the AOD-induced vacuoles were lysosomal-associated membrane protein-1 (LAMP-1) positive, suggesting that they most likely originate from lysosomes or late endosomes. Accordingly, both endosomal and autophagic protein degradation were inhibited. Further studies revealed that treatment with concanamycin A or chloroquine completely blocked the AOD-induced vacuolization, suggesting that the vacuolization is dependent of acidic lysosomes. Overall, the results strongly suggest that the increased vacuolization is due to an accumulation of AOD in lysosomes or late endosomes thereby disturbing the later stages of the endolysosomal process.
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Laraia L, Garivet G, Foley DJ, Kaiser N, Müller S, Zinken S, Pinkert T, Wilke J, Corkery D, Pahl A, Sievers S, Janning P, Arenz C, Wu Y, Rodriguez R, Waldmann H. Image‐Based Morphological Profiling Identifies a Lysosomotropic, Iron‐Sequestering Autophagy Inhibitor. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201913712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Laraia
- Department of Chemical Biology Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Physiology Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11 44227 Dortmund Germany
- current address: Technical University of Denmark Department of Chemistry Kemitorvet 207 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Guillaume Garivet
- Department of Chemical Biology Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Physiology Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11 44227 Dortmund Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology TU Dortmund Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Daniel J. Foley
- Department of Chemical Biology Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Physiology Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11 44227 Dortmund Germany
- current address: School of Physical and Chemical Sciences University of Canterbury Christchurch New Zealand
| | - Nadine Kaiser
- Department of Chemical Biology Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Physiology Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11 44227 Dortmund Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology TU Dortmund Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Sebastian Müller
- Institut Curie CNRS UMR 3666 INSERM U1143 PSL University Paris Chemical Cell Biology Group 26 Rue d'Ulm 75248 Paris Cedex 05 France
| | - Sarah Zinken
- Department of Chemical Biology Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Physiology Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11 44227 Dortmund Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology TU Dortmund Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Thomas Pinkert
- Institut für Chemie der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Brook-Taylor-Str. 2 (R 1'102) 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Julian Wilke
- Department of Chemical Biology Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Physiology Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11 44227 Dortmund Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology TU Dortmund Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Dale Corkery
- Department of Chemistry Umeå Universitet KB.A4, Linnaeus väg 10 (rum: A4.35.07) 90187 Umeå Sweden
| | - Axel Pahl
- Compound Management and Screening Center, Dortmund Otto-Hahn-Str. 11 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Sonja Sievers
- Compound Management and Screening Center, Dortmund Otto-Hahn-Str. 11 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Petra Janning
- Department of Chemical Biology Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Physiology Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11 44227 Dortmund Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology TU Dortmund Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Christoph Arenz
- Institut für Chemie der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Brook-Taylor-Str. 2 (R 1'102) 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Yaowen Wu
- Department of Chemistry Umeå Universitet KB.A4, Linnaeus väg 10 (rum: A4.35.07) 90187 Umeå Sweden
| | - Raphaël Rodriguez
- Institut Curie CNRS UMR 3666 INSERM U1143 PSL University Paris Chemical Cell Biology Group 26 Rue d'Ulm 75248 Paris Cedex 05 France
| | - Herbert Waldmann
- Department of Chemical Biology Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Physiology Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11 44227 Dortmund Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology TU Dortmund Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6 44227 Dortmund Germany
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Laraia L, Garivet G, Foley DJ, Kaiser N, Müller S, Zinken S, Pinkert T, Wilke J, Corkery D, Pahl A, Sievers S, Janning P, Arenz C, Wu Y, Rodriguez R, Waldmann H. Image-Based Morphological Profiling Identifies a Lysosomotropic, Iron-Sequestering Autophagy Inhibitor. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:5721-5729. [PMID: 31769920 PMCID: PMC7154763 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201913712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Chemical proteomics is widely applied in small-molecule target identification. However, in general it does not identify non-protein small-molecule targets, and thus, alternative methods for target identification are in high demand. We report the discovery of the autophagy inhibitor autoquin and the identification of its molecular mode of action using image-based morphological profiling in the cell painting assay. A compound-induced fingerprint representing changes in 579 cellular parameters revealed that autoquin accumulates in lysosomes and inhibits their fusion with autophagosomes. In addition, autoquin sequesters Fe2+ in lysosomes, resulting in an increase of lysosomal reactive oxygen species and ultimately cell death. Such a mechanism of action would have been challenging to unravel by current methods. This work demonstrates the potential of the cell painting assay to deconvolute modes of action of small molecules, warranting wider application in chemical biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Laraia
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227, Dortmund, Germany.,current address: Technical University of Denmark, Department of Chemistry, Kemitorvet 207, 2800 Kgs., Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Guillaume Garivet
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227, Dortmund, Germany.,Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Daniel J Foley
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227, Dortmund, Germany.,current address: School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Nadine Kaiser
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227, Dortmund, Germany.,Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Sebastian Müller
- Institut Curie, CNRS UMR 3666, INSERM U1143, PSL University Paris, Chemical Cell Biology Group, 26 Rue d'Ulm, 75248, Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Sarah Zinken
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227, Dortmund, Germany.,Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Thomas Pinkert
- Institut für Chemie der, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2 (R 1'102), 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julian Wilke
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227, Dortmund, Germany.,Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Dale Corkery
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå Universitet, KB.A4, Linnaeus väg 10 (rum: A4.35.07), 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Axel Pahl
- Compound Management and Screening Center, Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 11, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Sonja Sievers
- Compound Management and Screening Center, Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 11, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Petra Janning
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227, Dortmund, Germany.,Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Christoph Arenz
- Institut für Chemie der, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2 (R 1'102), 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yaowen Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå Universitet, KB.A4, Linnaeus väg 10 (rum: A4.35.07), 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Raphaël Rodriguez
- Institut Curie, CNRS UMR 3666, INSERM U1143, PSL University Paris, Chemical Cell Biology Group, 26 Rue d'Ulm, 75248, Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Herbert Waldmann
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227, Dortmund, Germany.,Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
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Chamoun-Emanuelli AM, Bryan LK, Cohen ND, Tetrault TL, Szule JA, Barhoumi R, Whitfield-Cargile CM. NSAIDs disrupt intestinal homeostasis by suppressing macroautophagy in intestinal epithelial cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14534. [PMID: 31601922 PMCID: PMC6787209 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51067-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Small intestinal damage induced by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) remains an under-recognized clinical disorder. The incomplete understanding of the pathophysiology has hampered the development of prevention and treatment strategies leading to the high morbidity and mortality rates. NSAIDs are known to modulate macroautophagy, a process indispensable for intestinal homeostasis. Whether NSAIDs stimulate or repress macroautophagy and how this correlates with the clinical manifestations of NSAID enteropathy, however, remains unknown. The objectives of this study were to determine whether NSAIDs impaired macroautophagy and how this affects macroautophagy-regulated intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) processes essential for intestinal homeostasis (i.e., clearance of invading pathogens, secretion and composition of mucus building blocks, and inflammatory response). We show that NSAID treatment of IECs inhibits macroautophagy in vitro and in vivo. This inhibition was likely attributed to a reduction in the area and/or distribution of lysosomes available for degradation of macroautophagy-targeted cargo. Importantly, IEC regulatory processes necessary for intestinal homeostasis and dependent on macroautophagy were dysfunctional in the presence of NSAIDs. Since macroautophagy is essential for gastrointestinal health, NSAID-induced inhibition of macroautophagy might contribute to the severity of intestinal injury by compromising the integrity of the mucosal barrier, preventing the clearance of invading microbes, and exacerbating the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Chamoun-Emanuelli
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Laura K Bryan
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Noah D Cohen
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Taylor L Tetrault
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Joseph A Szule
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Rola Barhoumi
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Canaan M Whitfield-Cargile
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America.
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44
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Yang L, Song L, Zhao S, Ma C, Wu D, Wu YL. Isobavachalcone reveals novel characteristics of methuosis-like cell death in leukemia cells. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 304:131-138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Abstract
Granulocytes are the major type of phagocytes constituting the front line of innate immune defense against bacterial infection. In adults, granulocytes are derived from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow. Alcohol is the most frequently abused substance in human society. Excessive alcohol consumption injures hematopoietic tissue, impairing bone marrow production of granulocytes through disrupting homeostasis of granulopoiesis and the granulopoietic response. Because of the compromised immune defense function, alcohol abusers are susceptible to infectious diseases, particularly septic infection. Alcoholic patients with septic infection and granulocytopenia have an exceedingly high mortality rate. Treatment of serious infection in alcoholic patients with bone marrow inhibition continues to be a major challenge. Excessive alcohol consumption also causes diseases in other organ systems, particularly severe alcoholic hepatitis which is life threatening. Corticosteroids are the only therapeutic option for improving short-term survival in patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis. The existence of advanced alcoholic liver diseases and administration of corticosteroids make it more difficult to treat serious infection in alcoholic patients with the disorder of granulopoieis. This article reviews the recent development in understanding alcohol-induced disruption of marrow granulopoiesis and the granulopoietic response with the focus on progress in delineating cell signaling mechanisms underlying the alcohol-induced injury to hematopoietic tissue. Efforts in exploring effective therapy to improve patient care in this field will also be discussed.
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Ray P, Alhalhooly L, Ghosh A, Choi Y, Banerjee S, Mallik S, Banerjee S, Quadir M. Size-Transformable, Multifunctional Nanoparticles from Hyperbranched Polymers for Environment-Specific Therapeutic Delivery. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:1354-1365. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.8b01608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Arnab Ghosh
- Cancer Research Unit, VA Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri 64128, United States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, United States
| | | | - Sushanta Banerjee
- Cancer Research Unit, VA Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri 64128, United States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, United States
| | | | - Snigdha Banerjee
- Cancer Research Unit, VA Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri 64128, United States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, United States
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PIKfyve inhibitor cytotoxicity requires AKT suppression and excessive cytoplasmic vacuolation. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 356:151-158. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Gonzalez-Gil L, Mauricio-Iglesias M, Carballa M, Lema JM. Why are organic micropollutants not fully biotransformed? A mechanistic modelling approach to anaerobic systems. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 142:115-128. [PMID: 29864647 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Biotransformation of most organic micropollutants (OMPs) during wastewater treatment is not complete and an unexplained steady decrease of the biotransformation rate with time is reported for many OMPs in different biological processes. To minimize and accurately predict the emission of OMPs into the environment, the mechanisms and limitations behind their biotransformations should be clarified. Aiming to achieve this objective, the present study follows a mechanistic modelling approach, based on the formulation of four models according to different biotransformation hypotheses: Michaelis-Menten kinetics, chemical equilibrium between the parent compound and the transformation product (TP), enzymatic inhibition by the TP, and a limited compound bioavailability due to its sequestration in the solid phase. These models were calibrated and validated with kinetic experiments performed in two different anaerobic systems: continuous reactors enriched with methanogenic biomass and batch assays with anaerobic sludge. Model selection was conducted according to model suitability criteria (goodness of fitting the experimental data, confidence of the estimated parameters, and model parsimony) but also considering mechanistic evidences. The findings suggest that reversibility of the biological reactions and/or sequestration of compounds are likely the causes preventing the complete biotransformation of OMPs, and biotransformation is probably limited by thermodynamics rather than by kinetics. Taking into account its simplicity and broader applicability spectrum, the reversible biotransformation is the proposed model to explain the incomplete biotransformation of OMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Gonzalez-Gil
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Rúa Lope Gómez de Marzoa, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Miguel Mauricio-Iglesias
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Rúa Lope Gómez de Marzoa, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Marta Carballa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Rúa Lope Gómez de Marzoa, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Juan M Lema
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Rúa Lope Gómez de Marzoa, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Sbrissa D, Naisan G, Ikonomov OC, Shisheva A. Apilimod, a candidate anticancer therapeutic, arrests not only PtdIns(3,5)P2 but also PtdIns5P synthesis by PIKfyve and induces bafilomycin A1-reversible aberrant endomembrane dilation. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204532. [PMID: 30240452 PMCID: PMC6150535 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
PIKfyve, an evolutionarily conserved kinase synthesizing PtdIns5P and PtdIns(3,5)P2, is crucial for mammalian cell proliferation and viability. Accordingly, PIKfyve inhibitors are now in clinical trials as anti-cancer drugs. Among those, apilimod is the most promising, yet its potency to inhibit PIKfyve and affect endomembrane homeostasis is only partially characterized. We demonstrate here for the first time that apilimod powerfully inhibited in vitro synthesis of PtdIns5P along with that of PtdIns(3,5)P2. HPLC-based resolution of intracellular phosphoinositides (PIs) revealed that apilimod triggered a marked reduction of both lipids in the context of intact cells. Notably, there was also a profound rise in PtdIns3P resulting from arrested PtdIns3P consumption for PtdIns(3,5)P2 synthesis. As typical for PIKfyve inhibition and the concomitant PtdIns(3,5)P2 reduction, apilimod induced the appearance of dilated endomembrane structures in the form of large translucent cytoplasmic vacuoles. Remarkably, bafilomycin A1 (BafA1) fully reversed the aberrant cell phenotype back to normal and completely precluded the appearance of cytoplasmic vacuoles when added prior to apilimod. Inspection of the PI profiles ruled out restoration of the reduced PtdIns(3,5)P2 pool as a molecular mechanism underlying BafA1 rescue. Rather, we found that BafA1 markedly attenuated the PtdIns3P elevation under PIKfyve inhibition. This was accompanied by profoundly decreased endosomal recruitment of fusogenic EEA1. Together, our data demonstrate that apilimod inhibits not only PtdIns(3,5)P2 but also PtdIns5P synthesis and that the cytoplasmic vacuolization triggered by the inhibitor is precluded or reversed by BafA1 through a mechanism associated, in part, with reduction in both PtdIns3P levels and EEA1 membrane recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Sbrissa
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Ghassan Naisan
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Ognian C. Ikonomov
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Assia Shisheva
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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50
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Mauthe M, Orhon I, Rocchi C, Zhou X, Luhr M, Hijlkema KJ, Coppes RP, Engedal N, Mari M, Reggiori F. Chloroquine inhibits autophagic flux by decreasing autophagosome-lysosome fusion. Autophagy 2018; 14:1435-1455. [PMID: 29940786 PMCID: PMC6103682 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2018.1474314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1236] [Impact Index Per Article: 206.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy is a conserved transport pathway where targeted structures are sequestered by phagophores, which mature into autophagosomes, and then delivered into lysosomes for degradation. Autophagy is involved in the pathophysiology of numerous diseases and its modulation is beneficial for the outcome of numerous specific diseases. Several lysosomal inhibitors such as bafilomycin A1 (BafA1), protease inhibitors and chloroquine (CQ), have been used interchangeably to block autophagy in in vitro experiments assuming that they all primarily block lysosomal degradation. Among them, only CQ and its derivate hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) are FDA-approved drugs and are thus currently the principal compounds used in clinical trials aimed to treat tumors through autophagy inhibition. However, the precise mechanism of how CQ blocks autophagy remains to be firmly demonstrated. In this study, we focus on how CQ inhibits autophagy and directly compare its effects to those of BafA1. We show that CQ mainly inhibits autophagy by impairing autophagosome fusion with lysosomes rather than by affecting the acidity and/or degradative activity of this organelle. Furthermore, CQ induces an autophagy-independent severe disorganization of the Golgi and endo-lysosomal systems, which might contribute to the fusion impairment. Strikingly, HCQ-treated mice also show a Golgi disorganization in kidney and intestinal tissues. Altogether, our data reveal that CQ and HCQ are not bona fide surrogates for other types of late stage lysosomal inhibitors for in vivo experiments. Moreover, the multiple cellular alterations caused by CQ and HCQ call for caution when interpreting results obtained by blocking autophagy with this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Mauthe
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Center for Molecular Medicine, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Idil Orhon
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Cecilia Rocchi
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Xingdong Zhou
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Morten Luhr
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway (NCMM), Nordic EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kerst-Jan Hijlkema
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert P. Coppes
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nikolai Engedal
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway (NCMM), Nordic EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Muriel Mari
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Center for Molecular Medicine, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Fulvio Reggiori
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Center for Molecular Medicine, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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