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Esteves JV, Stanford KI. Exercise as a tool to mitigate metabolic disease. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2024; 327:C587-C598. [PMID: 38981607 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00144.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Metabolic diseases, notably obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D), have reached alarming proportions and constitute a significant global health challenge, emphasizing the urgent need for effective preventive and therapeutic strategies. In contrast, exercise training emerges as a potent intervention, exerting numerous positive effects on metabolic health through adaptations to the metabolic tissues. Here, we reviewed the major features of our current understanding with respect to the intricate interplay between metabolic diseases and key metabolic tissues, including adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, and liver, describing some of the main underlying mechanisms driving pathogenesis, as well as the role of exercise to combat and treat obesity and metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joao Victor Esteves
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States
- Division of General and Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Kristin I Stanford
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States
- Division of General and Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States
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2
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Heindel JJ, Lustig RH, Howard S, Corkey BE. Obesogens: a unifying theory for the global rise in obesity. Int J Obes (Lond) 2024; 48:449-460. [PMID: 38212644 PMCID: PMC10978495 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-024-01460-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Despite varied treatment, mitigation, and prevention efforts, the global prevalence and severity of obesity continue to worsen. Here we propose a combined model of obesity, a unifying paradigm that links four general models: the energy balance model (EBM), based on calories as the driver of weight gain; the carbohydrate-insulin model (CIM), based on insulin as a driver of energy storage; the oxidation-reduction model (REDOX), based on reactive oxygen species (ROS) as a driver of altered metabolic signaling; and the obesogens model (OBS), which proposes that environmental chemicals interfere with hormonal signaling leading to adiposity. We propose a combined OBS/REDOX model in which environmental chemicals (in air, food, food packaging, and household products) generate false autocrine and endocrine metabolic signals, including ROS, that subvert standard regulatory energy mechanisms, increase basal and stimulated insulin secretion, disrupt energy efficiency, and influence appetite and energy expenditure leading to weight gain. This combined model incorporates the data supporting the EBM and CIM models, thus creating one integrated model that covers significant aspects of all the mechanisms potentially contributing to the obesity pandemic. Importantly, the OBS/REDOX model provides a rationale and approach for future preventative efforts based on environmental chemical exposure reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerrold J Heindel
- Healthy Environment and Endocrine Disruptor Strategies (HEEDS), Bozeman, MT, 59715, USA.
| | - Robert H Lustig
- Department of Pediatrics and Institute for Health Policy Studies, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Sarah Howard
- Healthy Environment and Endocrine Disruptor Strategies (HEEDS), Bozeman, MT, 59715, USA
| | - Barbara E Corkey
- Department of Medicine, Boston University, Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
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3
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Kamińska D, Skrzycki M. Lipid droplets, autophagy, and ER stress as key (survival) pathways during ischemia-reperfusion of transplanted grafts. Cell Biol Int 2024; 48:253-279. [PMID: 38178581 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.12114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion injury is an event concerning any organ under a procedure of transplantation. The early result of ischemia is hypoxia, which causes malfunction of mitochondria and decrease in cellular ATP. This leads to disruption of cellular metabolism. Reperfusion also results in cell damage due to reoxygenation and increased production of reactive oxygen species, and later by induced inflammation. In damaged and hypoxic cells, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathway is activated by increased amount of damaged or misfolded proteins, accumulation of free fatty acids and other lipids due to inability of their oxidation (lipotoxicity). ER stress is an adaptive response and a survival pathway, however, its prolonged activity eventually lead to induction of apoptosis. Sustaining cell functionality in stress conditions is a great challenge for transplant surgeons as it is crucial for maintaining a desired level of graft vitality. Pathways counteracting negative consequences of ischemia-reperfusion are autophagy and lipid droplets (LD) metabolism. Autophagy remove damaged organelles and molecules driving them to lysosomes, digested simpler compounds are energy source for the cell. Mitophagy and ER-phagy results in improvement of cell energetic balance and alleviation of ER stress. This is important in sustaining metabolic homeostasis and thus cell survival. LD metabolism is connected with autophagy as LD are degraded by lipophagy, a source of free fatty acids and glycerol-thus autophagy and LD can readily remove lipotoxic compounds in the cell. In conclusion, monitoring and pharmaceutic regulation of those pathways during transplantation procedure might result in increased/improved vitality of transplanted organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Kamińska
- Department of Radiotherapy, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Michał Skrzycki
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland
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4
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Gnaiger E. Complex II ambiguities-FADH 2 in the electron transfer system. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105470. [PMID: 38118236 PMCID: PMC10772739 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevailing notion that reduced cofactors NADH and FADH2 transfer electrons from the tricarboxylic acid cycle to the mitochondrial electron transfer system creates ambiguities regarding respiratory Complex II (CII). CII is the only membrane-bound enzyme in the tricarboxylic acid cycle and is part of the electron transfer system of the mitochondrial inner membrane feeding electrons into the coenzyme Q-junction. The succinate dehydrogenase subunit SDHA of CII oxidizes succinate and reduces the covalently bound prosthetic group FAD to FADH2 in the canonical forward tricarboxylic acid cycle. However, several graphical representations of the electron transfer system depict FADH2 in the mitochondrial matrix as a substrate to be oxidized by CII. This leads to the false conclusion that FADH2 from the β-oxidation cycle in fatty acid oxidation feeds electrons into CII. In reality, dehydrogenases of fatty acid oxidation channel electrons to the Q-junction but not through CII. The ambiguities surrounding Complex II in the literature and educational resources call for quality control, to secure scientific standards in current communications of bioenergetics, and ultimately support adequate clinical applications. This review aims to raise awareness of the inherent ambiguity crisis, complementing efforts to address the well-acknowledged issues of credibility and reproducibility.
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Greatorex S, Kaur S, Xirouchaki CE, Goh PK, Wiede F, Genders AJ, Tran M, Jia Y, Raajendiran A, Brown WA, McLean CA, Sadoshima J, Watt MJ, Tiganis T. Mitochondria- and NOX4-dependent antioxidant defense mitigates progression to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in obesity. J Clin Invest 2023; 134:e162533. [PMID: 38060313 PMCID: PMC10849767 DOI: 10.1172/jci162533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is prevalent in the majority of individuals with obesity, but in a subset of these individuals, it progresses to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (0NASH) and fibrosis. The mechanisms that prevent NASH and fibrosis in the majority of patients with NAFLD remain unclear. Here, we report that NAD(P)H oxidase 4 (NOX4) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NFE2L2) were elevated in hepatocytes early in disease progression to prevent NASH and fibrosis. Mitochondria-derived ROS activated NFE2L2 to induce the expression of NOX4, which in turn generated H2O2 to exacerbate the NFE2L2 antioxidant defense response. The deletion or inhibition of NOX4 in hepatocytes decreased ROS and attenuated antioxidant defense to promote mitochondrial oxidative stress, damage proteins and lipids, diminish insulin signaling, and promote cell death upon oxidant challenge. Hepatocyte NOX4 deletion in high-fat diet-fed obese mice, which otherwise develop steatosis, but not NASH, resulted in hepatic oxidative damage, inflammation, and T cell recruitment to drive NASH and fibrosis, whereas NOX4 overexpression tempered the development of NASH and fibrosis in mice fed a NASH-promoting diet. Thus, mitochondria- and NOX4-derived ROS function in concert to drive a NFE2L2 antioxidant defense response to attenuate oxidative liver damage and progression to NASH and fibrosis in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer Greatorex
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
| | - Supreet Kaur
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
| | | | - Pei K. Goh
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
| | - Florian Wiede
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
| | - Amanda J. Genders
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
| | - Melanie Tran
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
| | - YaoYao Jia
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
| | - Arthe Raajendiran
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
| | - Wendy A. Brown
- Department of Surgery, Alfred Hospital, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Junichi Sadoshima
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Matthew J. Watt
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tony Tiganis
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
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Greyslak KT, Hetrick B, Bergman BC, Dean TA, Wesolowski SR, Gannon M, Schenk S, Sullivan EL, Aagaard KM, Kievit P, Chicco AJ, Friedman JE, McCurdy CE. A Maternal Western-Style Diet Impairs Skeletal Muscle Lipid Metabolism in Adolescent Japanese Macaques. Diabetes 2023; 72:1766-1780. [PMID: 37725952 PMCID: PMC10658061 DOI: 10.2337/db23-0289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Maternal consumption of a Western-style diet (mWD) during pregnancy alters fatty acid metabolism and reduces insulin sensitivity in fetal skeletal muscle. The long-term impact of these fetal adaptations and the pathways underlying disordered lipid metabolism are incompletely understood. Therefore, we tested whether a mWD chronically fed to lean, insulin-sensitive adult Japanese macaques throughout pregnancy and lactation would impact skeletal muscle oxidative capacity and lipid metabolism in adolescent offspring fed a postweaning (pw) Western-style diet (WD) or control diet (CD). Although body weight was not different, retroperitoneal fat mass and subscapular skinfold thickness were significantly higher in pwWD offspring consistent with elevated fasting insulin and glucose. Maximal complex I (CI)-dependent respiration in muscle was lower in mWD offspring in the presence of fatty acids, suggesting that mWD impacts muscle integration of lipid with nonlipid oxidation. Abundance of all five oxidative phosphorylation complexes and VDAC, but not ETF/ETFDH, were reduced with mWD, partially explaining the lower respiratory capacity with lipids. Muscle triglycerides increased with pwWD; however, the fold increase in lipid saturation, 1,2-diacylglycerides, and C18 ceramide compared between pwCD and pwWD was greatest in mWD offspring. Reductions in CI abundance and VDAC correlated with reduced markers of oxidative stress, suggesting that these reductions may be an early-life adaptation to mWD to mitigate excess reactive oxygen species. Altogether, mWD, independent of maternal obesity or insulin resistance, results in sustained metabolic reprogramming in offspring muscle despite a healthy diet intervention. ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS In lean, active adolescent offspring, a postweaning Western-style diet (pwWD) leads to shifts in body fat distribution that are associated with poorer insulin sensitivity. Fatty acid-linked oxidative metabolism was reduced in skeletal muscles from offspring exposed to maternal Western-style diet (mWD) even when weaned to a healthy control diet for years. Reduced oxidative phosphorylation complex I-V and VDAC1 abundance partially explain decreased skeletal muscle respiration in mWD offspring. Prior exposure to mWD results in greater fold increase with pwWD in saturated lipids and bioactive lipid molecules (i.e. ceramide and sphingomyelin) associated with insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Byron Hetrick
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR
| | - Bryan C. Bergman
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Tyler A. Dean
- Division of Cardiometabolic Health, Oregon Health & Science University, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR
| | | | - Maureen Gannon
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Simon Schenk
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Elinor L. Sullivan
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Kjersti M. Aagaard
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX
| | - Paul Kievit
- Division of Cardiometabolic Health, Oregon Health & Science University, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR
| | - Adam J. Chicco
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Jacob E. Friedman
- Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
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Ding K, Xu Q, Zhang X, Liu S. Metabolomic insights into neurological effects of BDE-47 exposure in the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 266:115558. [PMID: 37820477 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
The persistent organic pollutant 2,2',4,4'-Tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47), a prevalent congener among polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), exhibits potent bioaccumulation and toxicity. Despite extensive research into the adverse effects of BDE-47, its neurotoxicity in sea cucumbers remains unexplored. Given the crucial role of the sea cucumber's nervous system in survival and adaptation, evaluating the impacts of BDE-47 is vital for sustainable aquaculture and consumption. In this study, we employed ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Triple-TOF-MS) to analyze metabolomic changes in neuro-related tissues of Apostichopus japonicus exposed to low (0.1 µg/L), medium (1.0 µg/L), and high (10.0 µg/L) BDE-47 concentrations. We identified significantly changed metabolites in each exposure group (87 in low, 79 in medium, and 102 in high), affecting a variety of physiological processes such as steroid hormone balance, nucleotide metabolism, energy metabolism, neurotransmitter levels, and neuroprotection. In addition, we identified concentration-dependent, common, and some other metabolic responses in the neuro-related tissues. Our findings reveal critical insights into the neurotoxic effects of BDE-47 in sea cucumbers and contribute to risk assessment related to BDE-47 exposure in the sea cucumber industry, paving the way for future neurotoxicological research in invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Ding
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Qinzeng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Xuelei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Shilin Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
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Kugler BA, Lourie J, Berger N, Lin N, Nguyen P, DosSantos E, Ali A, Sesay A, Rosen HG, Kalemba B, Hendricks GM, Houmard JA, Sesaki H, Gona P, You T, Yan Z, Zou K. Partial skeletal muscle-specific Drp1 knockout enhances insulin sensitivity in diet-induced obese mice, but not in lean mice. Mol Metab 2023; 77:101802. [PMID: 37690520 PMCID: PMC10511484 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) is the key regulator of mitochondrial fission. We and others have reported a strong correlation between enhanced Drp1 activity and impaired skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity. This study aimed to determine whether Drp1 directly regulates skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity and whole-body glucose homeostasis. METHODS We employed tamoxifen-inducible skeletal muscle-specific heterozygous Drp1 knockout mice (mDrp1+/-). Male mDrp1+/- and wildtype (WT) mice were fed with either a high-fat diet (HFD) or low-fat diet (LFD) for four weeks, followed by tamoxifen injections for five consecutive days, and remained on their respective diet for another four weeks. In addition, we used primary human skeletal muscle cells (HSkMC) from lean, insulin-sensitive, and severely obese, insulin-resistant humans and transfected the cells with either a Drp1 shRNA (shDrp1) or scramble shRNA construct. Skeletal muscle and whole-body insulin sensitivity, skeletal muscle insulin signaling, mitochondrial network morphology, respiration, and H2O2 production were measured. RESULTS Partial deletion of the Drp1 gene in skeletal muscle led to improved whole-body glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity (P < 0.05) in diet-induced obese, insulin-resistant mice but not in lean mice. Analyses of mitochondrial structure and function revealed that the partial deletion of the Drp1 gene restored mitochondrial dynamics, improved mitochondrial morphology, and reduced mitochondrial Complex I- and II-derived H2O2 (P < 0.05) under the condition of diet-induced obesity. In addition, partial deletion of Drp1 in skeletal muscle resulted in elevated circulating FGF21 (P < 0.05) and in a trend towards increase of FGF21 expression in skeletal muscle tissue (P = 0.095). In primary myotubes derived from severely obese, insulin-resistant humans, ShRNA-induced-knockdown of Drp1 resulted in enhanced insulin signaling, insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and reduced cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) content compared to the shScramble-treated myotubes from the same donors (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION These data demonstrate that partial loss of skeletal muscle-specific Drp1 expression is sufficient to improve whole-body glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity under obese, insulin-resistant conditions, which may be, at least in part, due to reduced mitochondrial H2O2 production. In addition, our findings revealed divergent effects of Drp1 on whole-body metabolism under lean healthy or obese insulin-resistant conditions in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Kugler
- Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, Robert and Donna Manning College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jared Lourie
- Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, Robert and Donna Manning College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicolas Berger
- Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, Robert and Donna Manning College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nana Lin
- Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, Robert and Donna Manning College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paul Nguyen
- Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, Robert and Donna Manning College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Edzana DosSantos
- Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, Robert and Donna Manning College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Abir Ali
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amira Sesay
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - H Grace Rosen
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Baby Kalemba
- Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, Robert and Donna Manning College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gregory M Hendricks
- Department of Radiology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Joseph A Houmard
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA; Human Performance Laboratory, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Hiromi Sesaki
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Philimon Gona
- Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, Robert and Donna Manning College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tongjian You
- Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, Robert and Donna Manning College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zhen Yan
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute Center for Exercise Medicine Research, Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, USA; Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Kai Zou
- Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, Robert and Donna Manning College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA.
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Sadeghi A, Niknam M, Momeni-Moghaddam MA, Shabani M, Aria H, Bastin A, Teimouri M, Meshkani R, Akbari H. Crosstalk between autophagy and insulin resistance: evidence from different tissues. Eur J Med Res 2023; 28:456. [PMID: 37876013 PMCID: PMC10599071 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-023-01424-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin is a critical hormone that promotes energy storage in various tissues, as well as anabolic functions. Insulin resistance significantly reduces these responses, resulting in pathological conditions, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The management of insulin resistance requires better knowledge of its pathophysiological mechanisms to prevent secondary complications, such as cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Recent evidence regarding the etiological mechanisms behind insulin resistance emphasizes the role of energy imbalance and neurohormonal dysregulation, both of which are closely regulated by autophagy. Autophagy is a conserved process that maintains homeostasis in cells. Accordingly, autophagy abnormalities have been linked to a variety of metabolic disorders, including insulin resistance, T2DM, obesity, and CVDs. Thus, there may be a link between autophagy and insulin resistance. Therefore, the interaction between autophagy and insulin function will be examined in this review, particularly in insulin-responsive tissues, such as adipose tissue, liver, and skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asie Sadeghi
- Student Research Committee, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Maryam Niknam
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Maryam Shabani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Aria
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Alireza Bastin
- Clinical Research Development Center "The Persian Gulf Martyrs" Hospital, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Maryam Teimouri
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Reza Meshkani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Akbari
- Student Research Committee, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
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10
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Fletcher E, Miserlis D, Sorokolet K, Wilburn D, Bradley C, Papoutsi E, Wilkinson T, Ring A, Ferrer L, Haynatzki G, Smith RS, Bohannon WT, Koutakis P. Diet-induced obesity augments ischemic myopathy and functional decline in a murine model of peripheral artery disease. Transl Res 2023; 260:17-31. [PMID: 37220835 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2023.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral artery disease (PAD) causes an ischemic myopathy contributing to patient disability and mortality. Most preclinical models to date use young, healthy rodents with limited translatability to human disease. Although PAD incidence increases with age, and obesity is a common comorbidity, the pathophysiologic association between these risk factors and PAD myopathy is unknown. Using our murine model of PAD, we sought to elucidate the combined effect of age, diet-induced obesity and chronic hindlimb ischemia (HLI) on (1) mobility, (2) muscle contractility, and markers of muscle (3) mitochondrial content and function, (4) oxidative stress and inflammation, (5) proteolysis, and (6) cytoskeletal damage and fibrosis. Following 16-weeks of high-fat, high-sucrose, or low-fat, low-sucrose feeding, HLI was induced in 18-month-old C57BL/6J mice via the surgical ligation of the left femoral artery at 2 locations. Animals were euthanized 4-weeks post-ligation. Results indicate mice with and without obesity shared certain myopathic changes in response to chronic HLI, including impaired muscle contractility, altered mitochondrial electron transport chain complex content and function, and compromised antioxidant defense mechanisms. However, the extent of mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress was significantly greater in obese ischemic muscle compared to non-obese ischemic muscle. Moreover, functional impediments, such as delayed post-surgical recovery of limb function and reduced 6-minute walking distance, as well as accelerated intramuscular protein breakdown, inflammation, cytoskeletal damage, and fibrosis were only evident in mice with obesity. As these features are consistent with human PAD myopathy, our model could be a valuable tool to test new therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Fletcher
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas
| | - Dimitrios Miserlis
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School, Austin, Texas
| | | | - Dylan Wilburn
- Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, Texas
| | | | | | | | - Andrew Ring
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas
| | - Lucas Ferrer
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School, Austin, Texas
| | - Gleb Haynatzki
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Robert S Smith
- Department of Surgery, Baylor Scott & White Medical Center, Temple, Texas
| | - William T Bohannon
- Department of Surgery, Baylor Scott & White Medical Center, Temple, Texas
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Jevtovic F, Zheng D, Houmard JA, Kern K, Claiborne A, Lopez CA, Broskey NT, Isler C, DeVente J, Newton E, May LE. Myogenically differentiated mesenchymal stem cell insulin sensitivity is associated with infant adiposity at 1 and 6 months of age. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2023; 31:2349-2358. [PMID: 37551412 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In adults, skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity (SI ) and fatty acid oxidation (FAO) are linked with a predisposition to obesity. The current study aimed to determine the effects of maternal exercise on a model of infant skeletal muscle tissue (differentiated umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells [MSCs]) SI and FAO and analyzed for associations with infant body composition. METHODS Females <16 weeks' gestation were randomized to either 150 min/wk of moderate-intensity aerobic, resistance, or combination exercise or a nonexercising control. At delivery, MSCs were isolated from umbilical cords and myogenically differentiated, and SI and FAO were measured using radiolabeled substrates. Infant body fat percentage (BF%) and fat-free mass were calculated using standard equations at 1 and 6 months of age. RESULTS MSCs from infants of all exercisers had significantly (p < 0.05) higher SI . MSC SI was inversely associated with infant BF% at 1 (r = -0.38, p < 0.05) and 6 (r = -0.65, p < 0.01) months of age. Infants with high SI had lower BF% at 1 (p = 0.06) and 6 (p < 0.01) months of age. MSCs in the high SI group had higher (p < 0.05) FAO. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to any type of exercise in utero improves offspring SI and could reduce adiposity in early infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Jevtovic
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
- Human Performance Laboratory, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Donghai Zheng
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
- Human Performance Laboratory, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Joseph A Houmard
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
- Human Performance Laboratory, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kara Kern
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
- Human Performance Laboratory, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Alex Claiborne
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
- Human Performance Laboratory, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Christian A Lopez
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
- Human Performance Laboratory, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nicholas T Broskey
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
- Human Performance Laboratory, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Christy Isler
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jim DeVente
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Edward Newton
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Linda E May
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
- Human Performance Laboratory, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
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Yu J, Qiu J, Zhang Z, Cui X, Guo W, Sheng M, Gao M, Wang D, Xu L, Ma X. Redox Biology in Adipose Tissue Physiology and Obesity. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2023; 7:e2200234. [PMID: 36658733 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202200234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS), a by-product of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and cellular metabolism, is vital for cellular survival, proliferation, damage, and senescence. In recent years, studies have shown that ROS levels and redox status in adipose tissue are strongly associated with obesity and metabolic diseases. Although it was previously considered that excessive production of ROS and impairment of antioxidant capability leads to oxidative stress and potentially contributes to increased adiposity, it has become increasingly evident that an adequate amount of ROS is vital for adipocyte differentiation and thermogenesis. In this review, by providing a systematic overview of the recent understanding of the key factors of redox systems, endogenous mechanisms for redox homeostasis, advanced techniques for dynamic redox monitoring, as well as exogenous stimuli for redox production in adipose tissues and obesity, the importance of redox biology in metabolic health is emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Yu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fengxian Central Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Shanghai, 201499, P. R. China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, P. R. China
| | - Jin Qiu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, P. R. China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, P. R. China
| | - Xiangdi Cui
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, P. R. China
| | - Wenxiu Guo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, P. R. China
| | - Maozheng Sheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, P. R. China
| | - Mingyuan Gao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, P. R. China
| | - Dongmei Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, P. R. China
| | - Lingyan Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, P. R. China
| | - Xinran Ma
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fengxian Central Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Shanghai, 201499, P. R. China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, P. R. China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Optics, Chongqing Institute of East China Normal University, Chongqing, 401120, P. R. China
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Henriquez-Olguin C, Meneses-Valdes R, Raun SH, Gallero S, Knudsen JR, Li Z, Li J, Sylow L, Jaimovich E, Jensen TE. NOX2 deficiency exacerbates diet-induced obesity and impairs molecular training adaptations in skeletal muscle. Redox Biol 2023; 65:102842. [PMID: 37572454 PMCID: PMC10440567 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by NADPH oxidase (NOX) 2 has been linked to both insulin resistance and exercise training adaptations in skeletal muscle. This study explores the previously unexamined role of NOX2 in the interplay between diet-induced insulin resistance and exercise training (ET). Using a mouse model that harbors a point mutation in the essential NOX2 regulatory subunit, p47phox (Ncf1*), we investigated the impact of this mutation on various metabolic adaptations. Wild-type (WT) and Ncf1* mice were assigned to three groups: chow diet, 60% energy fat diet (HFD), and HFD with access to running wheels (HFD + E). After a 16-week intervention, a comprehensive phenotypic assessment was performed, including body composition, glucose tolerance, energy intake, muscle insulin signaling, redox-related proteins, and mitochondrial adaptations. The results revealed that NOX2 deficiency exacerbated the impact of HFD on body weight, body composition, and glucose intolerance. Moreover, in Ncf1* mice, ET did not improve glucose tolerance or increase muscle cross-sectional area. ET normalized body fat independently of genotype. The lack of NOX2 activity during ET reduced several metabolic adaptations in skeletal muscle, including insulin signaling and expression of Hexokinase II and oxidative phosphorylation complexes. In conclusion, these findings suggest that NOX2 mediates key beneficial effects of exercise training in the context of diet-induced obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Henriquez-Olguin
- The August Krogh Section for Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, University of Copenhagen, August Krogh Building, Universitetsparken 13, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark; Exercise Science Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Finis Terrae, Av. Pedro de Valdivia 1509, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Roberto Meneses-Valdes
- The August Krogh Section for Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, University of Copenhagen, August Krogh Building, Universitetsparken 13, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark; Center for Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer, ICBM, Universidad de Chile, 8380453, Santiago, Chile
| | - Steffen H Raun
- The August Krogh Section for Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, University of Copenhagen, August Krogh Building, Universitetsparken 13, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 3 Blegdamsvej, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Samantha Gallero
- The August Krogh Section for Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, University of Copenhagen, August Krogh Building, Universitetsparken 13, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonas R Knudsen
- The August Krogh Section for Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, University of Copenhagen, August Krogh Building, Universitetsparken 13, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Zhencheng Li
- College of Physical Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, CN, China
| | - Jingwen Li
- School of Medicine and Nursing, Huzhou University, Huzhou, 313000, CN, China
| | - Lykke Sylow
- The August Krogh Section for Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, University of Copenhagen, August Krogh Building, Universitetsparken 13, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 3 Blegdamsvej, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Enrique Jaimovich
- Center for Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer, ICBM, Universidad de Chile, 8380453, Santiago, Chile
| | - Thomas E Jensen
- The August Krogh Section for Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, University of Copenhagen, August Krogh Building, Universitetsparken 13, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Phoswa WN, Mokgalaboni K. Comprehensive Overview of the Effects of Amaranthus and Abelmoschus esculentus on Markers of Oxidative Stress in Diabetes Mellitus. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1830. [PMID: 37763234 PMCID: PMC10532493 DOI: 10.3390/life13091830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of medicinal plants in the management of diabetes mellitus (DM) is extensively reported. However, there is still very limited information on the role of these plants as markers of oxidative stress in DM. This current review evaluated the effect of Amaranthus spinosus, Amaranthus hybridus, and Abelmoschus esculentus on markers of oxidative stress in rodent models of DM. Current findings indicate that these plants have the potential to reduce prominent markers of oxidative stress, such as serum malondialdehyde and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, while increasing enzymes that act as antioxidants, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione, and glutathione peroxidase. This may reduce reactive oxygen species and further ameliorate oxidative stress in DM. Although the potential benefits of these plants are acknowledged in rodent models, there is still a lack of evidence showing their efficacy against oxidative stress in diabetic patients. Therefore, we recommend future clinical studies in DM populations, particularly in Africa, to evaluate the potential effects of these plants. Such studies would contribute to enhancing our understanding of the significance of incorporating these plants into dietary practices for the prevention and management of DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy N. Phoswa
- Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, University of South Africa (UNISA), Science Campus, Private Bag X6, Florida, Roodepoort 1710, South Africa;
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15
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Pei Z, Zhou R, Yao W, Dong S, Liu Y, Gao Z. Different exercise training intensities prevent type 2 diabetes mellitus-induced myocardial injury in male mice. iScience 2023; 26:107080. [PMID: 37416463 PMCID: PMC10320508 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) usually develop myocardial injury and that exercise may have a positive effect on cardiac function. However, the effect of exercise intensity on cardiac function has not yet been fully examined. This study aimed to explore different exercise intensities on T2DM-induced myocardial injury. 18-week-old male mice were randomly divided into four groups: a control group, the T2DM, T2DM + medium-intensity continuous training (T2DM + MICT), and T2DM + high-intensity interval training (T2DM + HIIT) groups. In the experimental group, mice were given high-fat foods and streptozotocin for six weeks and then divided into two exercise training groups, in which mice were subjected to exercise five days per week for 24 consecutive weeks. Finally, metabolic characteristics, cardiac function, myocardial remodeling, myocardial fibrosis, oxidative stress, and apoptosis were analyzed. HIIT treatment improved cardiac function and improved myocardial injury. In conclusion, HIIT may be an effective means to guard against T2DM-induced myocardial injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuowei Pei
- Department of Cardiology, Central Hospital of Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
- Department of Central Laboratory, Central Hospital of Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Rui Zhou
- Department of Internal Medicine, Affiliated Zhong Shan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, China
| | - Wei Yao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Affiliated Zhong Shan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, China
| | - Shuang Dong
- Department of Cardiology, Central Hospital of Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Yingshu Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Central Hospital of Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Zhengnan Gao
- Department of Endocrinology, Central Hospital of Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
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16
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Bellavite P, Fazio S, Affuso F. A Descriptive Review of the Action Mechanisms of Berberine, Quercetin and Silymarin on Insulin Resistance/Hyperinsulinemia and Cardiovascular Prevention. Molecules 2023; 28:4491. [PMID: 37298967 PMCID: PMC10254920 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28114491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance (IR) and the associated hyperinsulinemia are early pathophysiological changes which, if not well treated, can lead to type 2 diabetes, endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular disease. While diabetes care is fairly well standardized, the prevention and treatment of IR lacks a single pharmaceutical approach and many lifestyle and dietary interventions have been proposed, including a wide range of food supplements. Among the most interesting and well-known natural remedies, alkaloid berberine and the flavonol quercetin have particular relevance in the literature, while silymarin-the active principle of the Silybum marianum thistle-was traditionally used for lipid metabolism disorders and to sustain liver function. This review describes the major defects of insulin signaling leading to IR and the main properties of the three mentioned natural substances, their molecular targets and synergistic action mechanisms. The actions of berberine, quercetin and silymarin are partially superimposable as remedies against reactive oxygen intermediates generated by a high-lipid diet and by NADPH oxidase, which is triggered by phagocyte activation. Furthermore, these compounds inhibit the secretion of a battery of pro-inflammatory cytokines, modulate intestinal microbiota and are especially able to control the various disorders of the insulin receptor and post-receptor signaling systems. Although most of the evidence on the effects of berberine, quercetin and silymarin in modulating insulin resistance and preventing cardiovascular disease derive from experimental studies on animals, the amount of pre-clinical knowledge strongly suggests the need to investigate the therapeutic potential of these substances in human pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Bellavite
- Pathophysiology Chair, Homeopathic Medical School of Verona, 37121 Verona, Italy
| | - Serafino Fazio
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy;
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17
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Pinho SA, Anjo SI, Cunha-Oliveira T. Metabolic Priming as a Tool in Redox and Mitochondrial Theragnostics. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12051072. [PMID: 37237939 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12051072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Theragnostics is a promising approach that integrates diagnostics and therapeutics into a single personalized strategy. To conduct effective theragnostic studies, it is essential to create an in vitro environment that accurately reflects the in vivo conditions. In this review, we discuss the importance of redox homeostasis and mitochondrial function in the context of personalized theragnostic approaches. Cells have several ways to respond to metabolic stress, including changes in protein localization, density, and degradation, which can promote cell survival. However, disruption of redox homeostasis can lead to oxidative stress and cellular damage, which are implicated in various diseases. Models of oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction should be developed in metabolically conditioned cells to explore the underlying mechanisms of diseases and develop new therapies. By choosing an appropriate cellular model, adjusting cell culture conditions and validating the cellular model, it is possible to identify the most promising therapeutic options and tailor treatments to individual patients. Overall, we highlight the importance of precise and individualized approaches in theragnostics and the need to develop accurate in vitro models that reflect the in vivo conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sónia A Pinho
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB-Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal
- PDBEB-PhD Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine, Institute of Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- IIIUC, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sandra I Anjo
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB-Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal
- IIIUC, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Teresa Cunha-Oliveira
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB-Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal
- IIIUC, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
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18
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Thomas HJ, Ang T, Morrison DJ, Keske MA, Parker L. Acute exercise and high-glucose ingestion elicit dynamic and individualized responses in systemic markers of redox homeostasis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1127088. [PMID: 37063903 PMCID: PMC10102861 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1127088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundBiomarkers of oxidation-reduction (redox) homeostasis are commonly measured in human blood to assess whether certain stimuli (e.g., high-glucose ingestion or acute exercise) lead to a state of oxidative distress (detrimental to health) or oxidative eustress (beneficial to health). Emerging research indicates that redox responses are likely to be highly individualized, yet few studies report individual responses. Furthermore, the effects of complex redox stimuli (e.g., high-glucose-ingestion after exercise) on redox homeostasis remains unclear. We investigated the effect of acute exercise (oxidative eustress), high-glucose ingestion (oxidative distress), and high-glucose ingestion after exercise (both oxidative eu/distress), on commonly measured redox biomarkers in serum/plasma.MethodsIn a randomized crossover fashion, eight healthy men (age: 28 ± 4 years; BMI: 24.5 ± 1.5 kg/m2 [mean ± SD]) completed two separate testing conditions; 1) consumption of a high-glucose mixed-nutrient meal (45% carbohydrate [1.1 g glucose.kg-1], 20% protein, and 35% fat) at rest (control trial), and 2) consumption of the same meal 3 h and 24 h after 1 h of moderate-intensity cycling exercise (exercise trial). Plasma and serum were analyzed for an array of commonly studied redox biomarkers.ResultsOxidative stress and antioxidant defense markers (hydrogen peroxide, 8-isoprostanes, catalase, superoxide dismutase, and nitrate levels) increased immediately after exercise (p < 0.05), whereas nitric oxide activity and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) remained similar to baseline (p > 0.118). Nitric oxide activity and nitrate levels decreased at 3 h post-exercise compared to pre-exercise baseline levels. Depending on when the high-glucose mixed nutrient meal was ingested and the postprandial timepoint investigated, oxidative stress and antioxidant defense biomarkers either increased (hydrogen peroxide, TBARS, and superoxide dismutase), decreased (hydrogen peroxide, 8-isoprostanes, superoxide dismutase, nitric oxide activity, nitrate, and nitrite), or remained similar to pre-meal baseline levels (hydrogen peroxide, 8-isoprostanes, TBARS, catalase, superoxide dismutase and nitrite). Redox responses exhibited large inter-individual variability in the magnitude and/or direction of responses.ConclusionFindings highlight the necessity to interpret redox biomarkers in the context of the individual, biomarker measured, and stimuli observed. Individual redox responsiveness may be of physiological relevance and should be explored as a potential means to inform personalized redox intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah J. Thomas
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Teddy Ang
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Dale J. Morrison
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Michelle A. Keske
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Lewan Parker
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Lewan Parker,
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Świątkiewicz I, Wróblewski M, Nuszkiewicz J, Sutkowy P, Wróblewska J, Woźniak A. The Role of Oxidative Stress Enhanced by Adiposity in Cardiometabolic Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076382. [PMID: 37047352 PMCID: PMC10094567 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiometabolic diseases (CMDs), including cardiovascular disease (CVD), metabolic syndrome (MetS), and type 2 diabetes (T2D), are associated with increased morbidity and mortality. The growing prevalence of CVD is mostly attributed to the aging population and common occurrence of risk factors, such as high systolic blood pressure, elevated plasma glucose, and increased body mass index, which led to a global epidemic of obesity, MetS, and T2D. Oxidant–antioxidant balance disorders largely contribute to the pathogenesis and outcomes of CMDs, such as systemic essential hypertension, coronary artery disease, stroke, and MetS. Enhanced and disturbed generation of reactive oxygen species in excess adipose tissue during obesity may lead to increased oxidative stress. Understanding the interplay between adiposity, oxidative stress, and cardiometabolic risks can have translational impacts, leading to the identification of novel effective strategies for reducing the CMDs burden. The present review article is based on extant results from basic and clinical studies and specifically addresses the various aspects associated with oxidant–antioxidant balance disorders in the course of CMDs in subjects with excess adipose tissue accumulation. We aim at giving a comprehensive overview of existing knowledge, knowledge gaps, and future perspectives for further basic and clinical research. We provide insights into both the mechanisms and clinical implications of effects related to the interplay between adiposity and oxidative stress for treating and preventing CMDs. Future basic research and clinical trials are needed to further examine the mechanisms of adiposity-enhanced oxidative stress in CMDs and the efficacy of antioxidant therapies for reducing risk and improving outcome of patients with CMDs.
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Inhibition of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase in the Heart as an Initiating Event in the Development of Diabetic Cardiomyopathy. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12030756. [PMID: 36979003 PMCID: PMC10045649 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12030756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity affects a growing fraction of the population and is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Even in the absence of hypertension and coronary artery disease, type 2 diabetes can result in a heart disease termed diabetic cardiomyopathy. Diminished glucose oxidation, increased reliance on fatty acid oxidation for energy production, and oxidative stress are believed to play causal roles. However, the progression of metabolic changes and mechanisms by which these changes impact the heart have not been established. Cardiac pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), the central regulatory site for glucose oxidation, is rapidly inhibited in mice fed high dietary fat, a model of obesity and diabetes. Increased reliance on fatty acid oxidation for energy production, in turn, enhances mitochondrial pro-oxidant production. Inhibition of PDH may therefore initiate metabolic inflexibility and oxidative stress and precipitate diabetic cardiomyopathy. We discuss evidence from the literature that supports a role for PDH inhibition in loss in energy homeostasis and diastolic function in obese and diabetic humans and in rodent models. Finally, seemingly contradictory findings highlight the complexity of the disease and the need to delineate progressive changes in cardiac metabolism, the impact on myocardial structure and function, and the ability to intercede.
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A Perspective on the Link between Mitochondria-Associated Membranes (MAMs) and Lipid Droplets Metabolism in Neurodegenerative Diseases. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12030414. [PMID: 36979106 PMCID: PMC10045954 DOI: 10.3390/biology12030414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria interact with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) through contacts called mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs), which control several processes, such as the ER stress response, mitochondrial and ER dynamics, inflammation, apoptosis, and autophagy. MAMs represent an important platform for transport of non-vesicular phospholipids and cholesterol. Therefore, this region is highly enriched in proteins involved in lipid metabolism, including the enzymes that catalyze esterification of cholesterol into cholesteryl esters (CE) and synthesis of triacylglycerols (TAG) from fatty acids (FAs), which are then stored in lipid droplets (LDs). LDs, through contact with other organelles, prevent the toxic consequences of accumulation of unesterified (free) lipids, including lipotoxicity and oxidative stress, and serve as lipid reservoirs that can be used under multiple metabolic and physiological conditions. The LDs break down by autophagy releases of stored lipids for energy production and synthesis of membrane components and other macromolecules. Pathological lipid deposition and autophagy disruption have both been reported to occur in several neurodegenerative diseases, supporting that lipid metabolism alterations are major players in neurodegeneration. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of MAMs structure and function, focusing on their roles in lipid metabolism and the importance of autophagy in LDs metabolism, as well as the changes that occur in neurogenerative diseases.
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Goncalves RLS, Wang ZB, Inouye KE, Lee GY, Fu X, Saksi J, Rosique C, Parlakgul G, Arruda AP, Hui ST, Loperena MC, Burgess SC, Graupera I, Hotamisligil GS. Ubiquinone deficiency drives reverse electron transport to disrupt hepatic metabolic homeostasis in obesity. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.21.528863. [PMID: 36865319 PMCID: PMC9980148 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.21.528863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mROS) are central to physiology. While excess mROS production has been associated with several disease states, its precise sources, regulation, and mechanism of generation in vivo remain unknown, limiting translational efforts. Here we show that in obesity, hepatic ubiquinone (Q) synthesis is impaired, which raises the QH 2 /Q ratio, driving excessive mROS production via reverse electron transport (RET) from site I Q in complex I. Using multiple complementary genetic and pharmacological models in vivo we demonstrated that RET is critical for metabolic health. In patients with steatosis, the hepatic Q biosynthetic program is also suppressed, and the QH 2 /Q ratio positively correlates with disease severity. Our data identify a highly selective mechanism for pathological mROS production in obesity, which can be targeted to protect metabolic homeostasis.
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23
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Cardozo G, Mastrogiovanni M, Zeida A, Viera N, Radi R, Reyes AM, Trujillo M. Mitochondrial Peroxiredoxin 3 Is Rapidly Oxidized and Hyperoxidized by Fatty Acid Hydroperoxides. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020408. [PMID: 36829967 PMCID: PMC9952270 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Human peroxiredoxin 3 (HsPrx3) is a thiol-based peroxidase responsible for the reduction of most hydrogen peroxide and peroxynitrite formed in mitochondria. Mitochondrial disfunction can lead to membrane lipoperoxidation, resulting in the formation of lipid-bound fatty acid hydroperoxides (LFA-OOHs) which can be released to become free fatty acid hydroperoxides (fFA-OOHs). Herein, we report that HsPrx3 is oxidized and hyperoxidized by fFA-OOHs including those derived from arachidonic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid peroxidation at position 15 with remarkably high rate constants of oxidation (>3.5 × 107 M-1s-1) and hyperoxidation (~2 × 107 M-1s-1). The endoperoxide-hydroperoxide PGG2, an intermediate in prostanoid synthesis, oxidized HsPrx3 with a similar rate constant, but was less effective in causing hyperoxidation. Biophysical methodologies suggest that HsPrx3 can bind hydrophobic structures. Indeed, molecular dynamic simulations allowed the identification of a hydrophobic patch near the enzyme active site that can allocate the hydroperoxide group of fFA-OOHs in close proximity to the thiolate in the peroxidatic cysteine. Simulations performed using available and herein reported kinetic data indicate that HsPrx3 should be considered a main target for mitochondrial fFA-OOHs. Finally, kinetic simulation analysis support that mitochondrial fFA-OOHs formation fluxes in the range of nM/s are expected to contribute to HsPrx3 hyperoxidation, a modification that has been detected in vivo under physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliana Cardozo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - Mauricio Mastrogiovanni
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - Ari Zeida
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - Nicolás Viera
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - Rafael Radi
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - Aníbal M. Reyes
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
- Correspondence: (A.M.R.); (M.T.)
| | - Madia Trujillo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
- Correspondence: (A.M.R.); (M.T.)
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24
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Mason SA, Parker L, van der Pligt P, Wadley GD. Vitamin C supplementation for diabetes management: A comprehensive narrative review. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 194:255-283. [PMID: 36526243 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that vitamin C supplementation may be an effective adjunct therapy in the management of people with diabetes. This paper critically reviews the current evidence on effects of vitamin C supplementation and its potential mechanisms in diabetes management. Evidence from meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) show favourable effects of vitamin C on glycaemic control and blood pressure that may be clinically meaningful, and mixed effects on blood lipids and endothelial function. However, evidence is mostly of low evidence certainty. Emerging evidence is promising for effects of vitamin C supplementation on some diabetes complications, particularly diabetic foot ulcers. However, there is a notable lack of robust and well-designed studies exploring effects of vitamin C as a single compound supplement on diabetes prevention and patient-important outcomes (i.e. prevention and amelioration of diabetes complications). RCTs are also required to investigate potential preventative or ameliorative effects of vitamin C on gestational diabetes outcomes. Oral vitamin C doses of 500-1000 mg per day are potentially effective, safe, and affordable for many individuals with diabetes. However, personalisation of supplementation regimens that consider factors such as vitamin C status, disease status, current glycaemic control, vitamin C intake, redox status, and genotype is important to optimize vitamin C's therapeutic effects safely. Finally, given a high prevalence of vitamin C deficiency in patients with complications, it is recommended that plasma vitamin C concentration be measured and monitored in the clinic setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun A Mason
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.
| | - Lewan Parker
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Paige van der Pligt
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia; Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Western Health, Footscray, Australia
| | - Glenn D Wadley
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
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25
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Du G, Zhang Q, Huang X, Wang Y. Molecular mechanism of ferroptosis and its role in the occurrence and treatment of diabetes. Front Genet 2022; 13:1018829. [PMID: 36160012 PMCID: PMC9500181 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1018829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent programmed cell death, which is different from apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy. Specifically, under the action of divalent iron or ester oxygenase, unsaturated fatty acids that are highly expressed on the cell membrane are catalyzed to produce lipid peroxidation, which induces cell death. In addition, the expression of the antioxidant system [glutathione (GSH) and glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4)] is decreased. Ferroptosis plays an important role in the development of diabetes mellitus and its complications. In this article, we review the molecular mechanism of ferroptosis in the development of diabetes mellitus and its complications. We also summarize the emerging questions in this particular area of research, some of which remain unanswered. Overall, this is a comprehensive review focusing on ferroptosis-mediated diabetes and providing novel insights in the treatment of diabetes from the perspective of ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghui Du
- Department of Outpatient, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- School of Medicine, University of Electronics and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaobo Huang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaobo Huang, ; Yi Wang,
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaobo Huang, ; Yi Wang,
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26
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Hughey CC, Puchalska P, Crawford PA. Integrating the contributions of mitochondrial oxidative metabolism to lipotoxicity and inflammation in NAFLD pathogenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2022; 1867:159209. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2022.159209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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27
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Hernández-Camacho JD, Fernández-Ayala DJM, Vicente-García C, Navas-Enamorado I, López-Lluch G, Oliva C, Artuch R, Garcia-Villoria J, Ribes A, de Cabo R, Carvajal JJ, Navas P. Calorie Restriction Rescues Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Adck2-Deficient Skeletal Muscle. Front Physiol 2022; 13:898792. [PMID: 35936917 PMCID: PMC9351392 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.898792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
ADCK2 haploinsufficiency-mediated mitochondrial coenzyme Q deficiency in skeletal muscle causes mitochondrial myopathy associated with defects in beta-oxidation of fatty acids, aged-matched metabolic reprogramming, and defective physical performance. Calorie restriction has proven to increase lifespan and delay the onset of chronic diseases associated to aging. To study the possible treatment by food deprivation, heterozygous Adck2 knockout mice were fed under 40% calorie restriction (CR) and the phenotype was followed for 7 months. The overall glucose and fatty acids metabolism in muscle was restored in mutant mice to WT levels after CR. CR modulated the skeletal muscle metabolic profile of mutant mice, partially rescuing the profile of WT animals. The analysis of mitochondria isolated from skeletal muscle demonstrated that CR increased both CoQ levels and oxygen consumption rate (OCR) based on both glucose and fatty acids substrates, along with mitochondrial mass. The elevated aerobic metabolism fits with an increase of type IIa fibers, and a reduction of type IIx in mutant muscles, reaching WT levels. To further explore the effect of CR over muscle stem cells, satellite cells were isolated and induced to differentiate in culture media containing serum from animals in either ad libitum or CR diets for 72 h. Mutant cells showed slower differentiation alongside with decreased oxygen consumption. In vitro differentiation of mutant cells was increased under CR serum reaching levels of WT isolated cells, recovering respiration measured by OCR and partially beta-oxidation of fatty acids. The overall increase of skeletal muscle bioenergetics following CR intervention is paralleled with a physical activity improvement, with some increases in two and four limbs strength tests, and weights strength test. Running wheel activity was also partially improved in mutant mice under CR. These results demonstrate that CR intervention, which has been shown to improve age-associated physical and metabolic decline in WT mice, also recovers the defective aerobic metabolism and differentiation of skeletal muscle in mice caused by ADCK2 haploinsufficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Diego Hernández-Camacho
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide-CSIC-JA, Sevilla, Spain
- CIBERER, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel J. M. Fernández-Ayala
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide-CSIC-JA, Sevilla, Spain
- CIBERER, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Vicente-García
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide-CSIC-JA, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ignacio Navas-Enamorado
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide-CSIC-JA, Sevilla, Spain
- Atsena Therapeutics, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Guillermo López-Lluch
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide-CSIC-JA, Sevilla, Spain
- CIBERER, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Clara Oliva
- CIBERER, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Clinical Biochemistry Department, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael Artuch
- CIBERER, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Clinical Biochemistry Department, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Judith Garcia-Villoria
- CIBERER, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Inborn Errors of Metabolism Section, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Department, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonia Ribes
- CIBERER, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Inborn Errors of Metabolism Section, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Department, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael de Cabo
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jaime J. Carvajal
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide-CSIC-JA, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Plácido Navas
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide-CSIC-JA, Sevilla, Spain
- CIBERER, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Plácido Navas,
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28
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Mitochondrial Phenotype as a Driver of the Racial Dichotomy in Obesity and Insulin Resistance. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10061456. [PMID: 35740478 PMCID: PMC9220271 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10061456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
African Americans (AA) are disproportionately burdened by metabolic diseases. While largely unexplored between Caucasian (C) and AA, differences in mitochondrial bioenergetics may provide crucial insight to mechanisms for increased susceptibility to metabolic diseases. AA display lower total energy expenditure and resting metabolic rate compared to C, but paradoxically have a higher amount of skeletal muscle mass, suggestive of inherent energetic efficiency differences between these races. Such adaptations would increase the chances of overnutrition in AA; however, these disparities would not explain the racial difference in insulin resistance (IR) in healthy subjects. Hallmarks associated with insulin resistance (IR), such as reduced mitochondrial oxidative capacity and metabolic inflexibility are present even in healthy AA without a metabolic disease. These adaptations might be influential of mitochondrial “substrate preference” and could play a role in disproportionate IR rates among races. A higher glycolytic flux and provision of shuttles transferring electrons from cytosol to mitochondrial matrix could be a contributing factor in development of IR via heightened reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. This review highlights the above concepts and provides suggestions for future studies that could help delineate molecular premises behind potential impairments in insulin signaling and metabolic disease susceptibility in AA.
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29
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Insulin and Its Key Role for Mitochondrial Function/Dysfunction and Quality Control: A Shared Link between Dysmetabolism and Neurodegeneration. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11060943. [PMID: 35741464 PMCID: PMC9220302 DOI: 10.3390/biology11060943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Insulin was discovered and isolated from the beta cells of pancreatic islets of dogs and is associated with the regulation of peripheral glucose homeostasis. Insulin produced in the brain is related to synaptic plasticity and memory. Defective insulin signaling plays a role in brain dysfunction, such as neurodegenerative disease. Growing evidence suggests a link between metabolic disorders, such as diabetes and obesity, and neurodegenerative diseases, especially Alzheimer's disease (AD). This association is due to a common state of insulin resistance (IR) and mitochondrial dysfunction. This review takes a journey into the past to summarize what was known about the physiological and pathological role of insulin in peripheral tissues and the brain. Then, it will land in the present to analyze the insulin role on mitochondrial health and the effects on insulin resistance and neurodegenerative diseases that are IR-dependent. Specifically, we will focus our attention on the quality control of mitochondria (MQC), such as mitochondrial dynamics, mitochondrial biogenesis, and selective autophagy (mitophagy), in healthy and altered cases. Finally, this review will be projected toward the future by examining the most promising treatments that target the mitochondria to cure neurodegenerative diseases associated with metabolic disorders.
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30
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Alberici LC, Oliveira HCF. Mitochondrial Adaptive Responses to Hypertriglyceridemia and Bioactive Lipids. Antioxid Redox Signal 2022; 36:953-968. [PMID: 34409856 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Altered plasma triglyceride metabolism and changes in dietary fatty acid types and levels are major contributors to the development of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases such as fatty liver disease, obesity, diabetes, and atherosclerosis. Lipid accumulation in visceral adipose tissue and ectopically in other organs, as well as lipid-induced redox imbalance, is connected to mitochondrial dysfunction in a range of oxidative stress-associated metabolic and degenerative disorders. Recent Advances: Successful mitochondrial adaptive responses in the context of hypertriglyceridemia and dietary bioactive polyunsaturated fatty acids contribute to increase body energy expenditure and reduce oxidative stress, thus allowing several cell types to cope with metabolic challenges and stresses. These responses include mitochondrial redox signaling, mild uncoupling, and changes in network dynamic behavior. Critical Issues: Mitochondrial bioenergetics and redox changes in a lipid overload context are relatively well characterized. However, the turning point between adaptive and maladaptive mitochondrial responses remains a critical issue to be elucidated. In addition, the relationship between changes in fusion/fission machinery and mitochondrial function is less well understood. Future Directions: The effective mitochondrial responses described here support the research for new drug design and diet or nutraceutical formulations targeting mitochondrial mild uncoupling and effective quality control as putative strategies for cardiometabolic diseases. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 36, 953-968.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciane C Alberici
- Departamento de Ciências BioMoleculares, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Helena C F Oliveira
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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31
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Prescription Drugs and Mitochondrial Metabolism. Biosci Rep 2022; 42:231068. [PMID: 35315490 PMCID: PMC9016406 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20211813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are central to the physiology and survival of nearly all eukaryotic cells and house diverse metabolic processes including oxidative phosphorylation, reactive oxygen species buffering, metabolite synthesis/exchange, and Ca2+ sequestration. Mitochondria are phenotypically heterogeneous and this variation is essential to the complexity of physiological function among cells, tissues, and organ systems. As a consequence of mitochondrial integration with so many physiological processes, small molecules that modulate mitochondrial metabolism induce complex systemic effects. In the case of many common prescribed drugs, these interactions may contribute to drug therapeutic mechanisms, induce adverse drug reactions, or both. The purpose of this article is to review historical and recent advances in the understanding of the effects of prescription drugs on mitochondrial metabolism. Specific 'modes' of xenobiotic-mitochondria interactions are discussed to provide a set of qualitative models that aid in conceptualizing how the mitochondrial energy transduction system may be affected. Findings of recent in vitro high-throughput screening studies are reviewed, and a few candidate drug classes are chosen for additional brief discussion (i.e. antihyperglycemics, antidepressants, antibiotics, and antihyperlipidemics). Finally, recent improvements in pharmacokinetic models that aid in quantifying systemic effects of drug-mitochondria interactions are briefly considered.
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32
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Trinity JD, Drummond MJ, Fermoyle CC, McKenzie AI, Supiano MA, Richardson RS. Cardiovasomobility: an integrative understanding of how disuse impacts cardiovascular and skeletal muscle health. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2022; 132:835-861. [PMID: 35112929 PMCID: PMC8934676 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00607.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovasomobility is a novel concept that encompasses the integration of cardiovascular and skeletal muscle function in health and disease with critical modification by physical activity, or lack thereof. Compelling evidence indicates that physical activity improves health while a sedentary, or inactive, lifestyle accelerates cardiovascular and skeletal muscle dysfunction and hastens disease progression. Identifying causative factors for vascular and skeletal muscle dysfunction, especially in humans, has proven difficult due to the limitations associated with cross-sectional investigations. Therefore, experimental models of physical inactivity and disuse, which mimic hospitalization, injury, and illness, provide important insight into the mechanisms and consequences of vascular and skeletal muscle dysfunction. This review provides an overview of the experimental models of disuse and inactivity and focuses on the integrated responses of the vasculature and skeletal muscle in response to disuse/inactivity. The time course and magnitude of dysfunction evoked by various models of disuse/inactivity are discussed in detail, and evidence in support of the critical roles of mitochondrial function and oxidative stress are presented. Lastly, strategies aimed at preserving vascular and skeletal muscle dysfunction during disuse/inactivity are reviewed. Within the context of cardiovasomobility, experimental manipulation of physical activity provides valuable insight into the mechanisms responsible for vascular and skeletal muscle dysfunction that limit mobility, degrade quality of life, and hasten the onset of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel D Trinity
- Salt Lake City Veteran Affairs Medical Center Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Micah J Drummond
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Physical Therapy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Caitlin C Fermoyle
- Salt Lake City Veteran Affairs Medical Center Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Alec I McKenzie
- Salt Lake City Veteran Affairs Medical Center Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Mark A Supiano
- Salt Lake City Veteran Affairs Medical Center Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Russell S Richardson
- Salt Lake City Veteran Affairs Medical Center Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
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33
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Ayer A, Fazakerley DJ, James DE, Stocker R. The role of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species in insulin resistance. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 179:339-362. [PMID: 34775001 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance is one of the earliest pathological features of a suite of diseases including type 2 diabetes collectively referred to as metabolic syndrome. There is a growing body of evidence from both pre-clinical studies and human cohorts indicating that reactive oxygen species, such as the superoxide radical anion and hydrogen peroxide are key players in the development of insulin resistance. Here we review the evidence linking mitochondrial reactive oxygen species generated within mitochondria with insulin resistance in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle, two major insulin sensitive tissues. We outline the relevant mitochondria-derived reactive species, how the mitochondrial redox state is regulated, and methodologies available to measure mitochondrial reactive oxygen species. Importantly, we highlight key experimental issues to be considered when studying the role of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species in insulin resistance. Evaluating the available literature on both mitochondrial reactive oxygen species/redox state and insulin resistance in a variety of biological systems, we conclude that the weight of evidence suggests a likely role for mitochondrial reactive oxygen species in the etiology of insulin resistance in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. However, major limitations in the methods used to study reactive oxygen species in insulin resistance as well as the lack of data linking mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and cytosolic insulin signaling pathways are significant obstacles in proving the mechanistic link between these two processes. We provide a framework to guide future studies to provide stronger mechanistic information on the link between mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and insulin resistance as understanding the source, localization, nature, and quantity of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, their targets and downstream signaling pathways may pave the way for important new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Ayer
- Heart Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Daniel J Fazakerley
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Wellcome-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David E James
- Charles Perkins Centre, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Roland Stocker
- Heart Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
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34
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Wang D, Jiang DM, Yu RR, Zhang LL, Liu YZ, Chen JX, Chen HC, Liu YP. The Effect of Aerobic Exercise on the Oxidative Capacity of Skeletal Muscle Mitochondria in Mice with Impaired Glucose Tolerance. J Diabetes Res 2022; 2022:3780156. [PMID: 35712028 PMCID: PMC9197611 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3780156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
METHODS Male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into six different experimental groups (8 animals/group): (1) normal group (NOR), (2) normal control group (NC), (3) normal + exercise group (NE), (4) IGT group (IGT), (5) IGT control group (IC), and (6) IGT+ exercise group (IE).The exercise group received aerobic exercise for 8 weeks. After the intervention, a blood glucose meter was used to detect the level of glucose tolerance in the mouse's abdominal cavity; a biochemical kit was used to detect serum lipid metabolism indicators, malondialdehyde, and superoxide dismutase levels; the ELISA method was used to detect serum insulin and mouse gastrocnemius homogenate LDH, PDH, SDH, and CCO levels. Western blot method was used to detect the protein expression levels of NOX4, PGC-1α, and Mfn2 in the gastrocnemius muscle of mice. RESULTS (1) Mice with high-fat diet for 30 weeks showed impaired glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, and lipid metabolism disorders. The level of LDH, PDH, SDH, and CCO in the gastrocnemius homogenate of mice was reduced. The expressions of NOX4 protein were significantly upregulated, while the expressions of PGC-1α and Mfn2 proteins were significantly downregulated. (2) 8-week aerobic exercise improved the disorders of glucose and lipid metabolism in IGT mice and increased homogenized LDH, PDH, SDH, and CCO levels, and the expressions of NOX4, PGC-1α, and Mfn2 proteins in the gastrocnemius muscle of mice were reversed. It is speculated that aerobic exercise can accelerate energy metabolism. CONCLUSION (1) C57BL/6 mice were fed high fat for 30 weeks and successfully constructed a mouse model of reduced diabetes; the mice with reduced diabetes have impaired glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, and lipid metabolism disorders; (2) 8 weeks of aerobic exercise improve glucose tolerance, reduce glucose tolerance in mice, reduce insulin resistance, improve lipid metabolism disorders, and reduce oxidative stress; (3) 8-week aerobic exercise reduces skeletal muscle NOX4 expression and increases glucose tolerance; reduces the expression of LDH, PDH, SDH, and CCO in mouse skeletal muscle; increases the expression level of mitochondrial fusion protein 2 and PGC-1α; improves glucose tolerance; reduces energy metabolism of mouse skeletal muscle; reduces oxidative stress; and reduces insulin resistance. It is speculated that aerobic exercise can accelerate energy metabolism. This process may involve two aspects: firstly, increase the expression level of oxidative metabolism enzymes and promote the tricarboxylic acid cycle; secondly, increase the expression of Mfn2 and accelerate mitochondria fission or fusion to regulate energy metabolism, thereby reducing oxidative stress and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- Provincial University Key Laboratory of Sport and Health Science, School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Kinesiological Evaluation General Administration of Sport of China, Fujian Province, China
| | - Dong-Mou Jiang
- Provincial University Key Laboratory of Sport and Health Science, School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Kinesiological Evaluation General Administration of Sport of China, Fujian Province, China
| | - Rong-Rong Yu
- Provincial University Key Laboratory of Sport and Health Science, School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Kinesiological Evaluation General Administration of Sport of China, Fujian Province, China
| | - Lin-Lin Zhang
- Provincial University Key Laboratory of Sport and Health Science, School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Kinesiological Evaluation General Administration of Sport of China, Fujian Province, China
| | - Yan-Zhong Liu
- Provincial University Key Laboratory of Sport and Health Science, School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Kinesiological Evaluation General Administration of Sport of China, Fujian Province, China
| | - Jia-Xin Chen
- Provincial University Key Laboratory of Sport and Health Science, School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Kinesiological Evaluation General Administration of Sport of China, Fujian Province, China
| | - Hai-Chun Chen
- Provincial University Key Laboratory of Sport and Health Science, School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Kinesiological Evaluation General Administration of Sport of China, Fujian Province, China
| | - Yi-Ping Liu
- Provincial University Key Laboratory of Sport and Health Science, School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Kinesiological Evaluation General Administration of Sport of China, Fujian Province, China
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Gilloteaux J, Nicaise C, Sprimont L, Bissler J, Finkelstein JA, Payne WR. Leptin receptor defect with diabetes causes skeletal muscle atrophy in female obese Zucker rats where peculiar depots networked with mitochondrial damages. Ultrastruct Pathol 2021; 45:346-375. [PMID: 34743665 DOI: 10.1080/01913123.2021.1983099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Tibialis anterior muscles of 45-week-old female obese Zucker rats with defective leptin receptor and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) showed a significative atrophy compared to lean muscles, based on histochemical-stained section's measurements in the sequence: oxidative slow twitch (SO, type I) < oxidative fast twitch (FOG, type IIa) < fast glycolytic (FG, type IIb). Both oxidative fiber's outskirts resembled 'ragged' fibers and, in these zones, ultrastructure revealed small clusters of endoplasm-like reticulum filled with unidentified electron contrasted compounds, contiguous and continuous with adjacent mitochondria envelope. The linings appeared crenated stabbed by circular patterns resembling those found of ceramides. The same fibers contained scattered degraded mitochondria that tethered electron contrasted droplets favoring larger depots while mitoptosis were widespread in FG fibers. Based on other interdisciplinary investigations on the lipid depots of diabetes 2 muscles made us to propose these accumulated contrasted contents to be made of peculiar lipids, including acyl-ceramides, as those were only found while diabetes 2 progresses in aging obese rats. These could interfere in NIDDM with mitochondrial oxidative energetic demands and muscle functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Gilloteaux
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, St George's University School of Medicine, K B Taylor Global Scholar's Program at the University of Northumbria, School of Health and Life Sciences, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Unité de Recherches de Physiologie Moleculaire (URPHyM) - Narilis, Département de Médecine, Université de Namur, Namur, Belgium.,Department of Anatomy, Northeast Ohio Medical University (Neomed), Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Charles Nicaise
- Unité de Recherches de Physiologie Moleculaire (URPHyM) - Narilis, Département de Médecine, Université de Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Lindsay Sprimont
- Unité de Recherches de Physiologie Moleculaire (URPHyM) - Narilis, Département de Médecine, Université de Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - John Bissler
- Department of Anatomy, Northeast Ohio Medical University (Neomed), Rootstown, OH, USA.,Division of Nephrology at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital and Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Judith A Finkelstein
- Department of Anatomy, Northeast Ohio Medical University (Neomed), Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Warren R Payne
- Institute for Sport and Health, Footscray Park Campus, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Keipert S, Ost M. Stress-induced FGF21 and GDF15 in obesity and obesity resistance. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2021; 32:904-915. [PMID: 34526227 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2021.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) and growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) are established as stress-responsive cytokines that can modulate energy balance by increasing energy expenditure or suppressing food intake, respectively. Despite their pharmacologically induced beneficial effects on obesity and comorbidities, circulating levels of both cytokines are elevated during obesity and related metabolic complications. On the other hand, endocrine crosstalk via FGF21 and GDF15 was also reported to play a crucial role in genetically modified mouse models of mitochondrial perturbations leading to diet-induced obesity (DIO) resistance. This review aims to dissect the complexities of endogenous FGF21 and GDF15 action in obesity versus DIO resistance for the regulation of energy balance in metabolic health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Keipert
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Mario Ost
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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37
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The aetiology and molecular landscape of insulin resistance. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2021; 22:751-771. [PMID: 34285405 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-021-00390-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Insulin resistance, defined as a defect in insulin-mediated control of glucose metabolism in tissues - prominently in muscle, fat and liver - is one of the earliest manifestations of a constellation of human diseases that includes type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. These diseases are typically associated with intertwined metabolic abnormalities, including obesity, hyperinsulinaemia, hyperglycaemia and hyperlipidaemia. Insulin resistance is caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Recent genetic and biochemical studies suggest a key role for adipose tissue in the development of insulin resistance, potentially by releasing lipids and other circulating factors that promote insulin resistance in other organs. These extracellular factors perturb the intracellular concentration of a range of intermediates, including ceramide and other lipids, leading to defects in responsiveness of cells to insulin. Such intermediates may cause insulin resistance by inhibiting one or more of the proximal components in the signalling cascade downstream of insulin (insulin receptor, insulin receptor substrate (IRS) proteins or AKT). However, there is now evidence to support the view that insulin resistance is a heterogeneous disorder that may variably arise in a range of metabolic tissues and that the mechanism for this effect likely involves a unified insulin resistance pathway that affects a distal step in the insulin action pathway that is more closely linked to the terminal biological response. Identifying these targets is of major importance, as it will reveal potential new targets for treatments of diseases associated with insulin resistance.
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Anirudhan T, Mani A, Athira V. Molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensing platform for 2-Aminoadipic acid, a diabetes biomarker. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2021.105056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Tarpey MD, Amorese AJ, LaFave ER, Minchew EC, Fisher-Wellman KH, McClung JM, Hvastkovs EG, Spangenburg EE. Skeletal Muscle Function Is Dependent Upon BRCA1 to Maintain Genomic Stability. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2021; 49:267-273. [PMID: 34091499 PMCID: PMC8495729 DOI: 10.1249/jes.0000000000000265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Breast Cancer gene 1 (BRCA1) is a large, multifunctional protein that regulates a variety of mechanisms in multiple different tissues. Our work established that Brca1 is expressed in skeletal muscle and localizes to the mitochondria and nucleus. Here, we propose BRCA1 expression is critical for the maintenance of force production and mitochondrial respiration in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D. Tarpey
- East Carolina University, Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, Greenville, NC 27834
| | - Adam J. Amorese
- East Carolina University, Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, Greenville, NC 27834
| | - Elizabeth R. LaFave
- East Carolina University, Department of Chemistry, 300 Science and Technology Bldg., Greenville, NC 27858
| | - Everett C. Minchew
- East Carolina University, Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, Greenville, NC 27834
| | - Kelsey H. Fisher-Wellman
- East Carolina University, Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, Greenville, NC 27834
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, 115 Heart Dr, East Carolina University, Greenville NC, 27834
| | - Joseph M. McClung
- East Carolina University, Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, Greenville, NC 27834
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, 115 Heart Dr, East Carolina University, Greenville NC, 27834
| | - Eli G. Hvastkovs
- East Carolina University, Department of Chemistry, 300 Science and Technology Bldg., Greenville, NC 27858
| | - Espen E. Spangenburg
- East Carolina University, Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, Greenville, NC 27834
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, 115 Heart Dr, East Carolina University, Greenville NC, 27834
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40
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Miller SG, Hafen PS, Law AS, Springer CB, Logsdon DL, O'Connell TM, Witczak CA, Brault JJ. AMP deamination is sufficient to replicate an atrophy-like metabolic phenotype in skeletal muscle. Metabolism 2021; 123:154864. [PMID: 34400216 PMCID: PMC8453098 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2021.154864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skeletal muscle atrophy, whether caused by chronic disease, acute critical illness, disuse or aging, is characterized by tissue-specific decrease in oxidative capacity and broad alterations in metabolism that contribute to functional decline. However, the underlying mechanisms responsible for these metabolic changes are largely unknown. One of the most highly upregulated genes in atrophic muscle is AMP deaminase 3 (AMPD3: AMP → IMP + NH3), which controls the content of intracellular adenine nucleotides (AdN; ATP + ADP + AMP). Given the central role of AdN in signaling mitochondrial gene expression and directly regulating metabolism, we hypothesized that overexpressing AMPD3 in muscle cells would be sufficient to alter their metabolic phenotype similar to that of atrophic muscle. METHODS AMPD3 and GFP (control) were overexpressed in mouse tibialis anterior (TA) muscles via plasmid electroporation and in C2C12 myotubes using adenovirus vectors. TA muscles were excised one week later, and AdN were quantified by UPLC. In myotubes, targeted measures of AdN, AMPK/PGC-1α/mitochondrial protein synthesis rates, unbiased metabolomics, and transcriptomics by RNA sequencing were measured after 24 h of AMPD3 overexpression. Media metabolites were measured as an indicator of net metabolic flux. At 48 h, the AMPK/PGC-1α/mitochondrial protein synthesis rates, and myotube respiratory function/capacity were measured. RESULTS TA muscles overexpressing AMPD3 had significantly less ATP than contralateral controls (-25%). In myotubes, increasing AMPD3 expression for 24 h was sufficient to significantly decrease ATP concentrations (-16%), increase IMP, and increase efflux of IMP catabolites into the culture media, without decreasing the ATP/ADP or ATP/AMP ratios. When myotubes were treated with dinitrophenol (mitochondrial uncoupler), AMPD3 overexpression blunted decreases in ATP/ADP and ATP/AMP ratios but exacerbated AdN degradation. As such, pAMPK/AMPK, pACC/ACC, and phosphorylation of AMPK substrates, were unchanged by AMPD3 at this timepoint. AMPD3 significantly altered 191 out of 639 detected intracellular metabolites, but only 30 transcripts, none of which encoded metabolic enzymes. The most altered metabolites were those within purine nucleotide, BCAA, glycolysis, and ceramide metabolic pathways. After 48 h, AMPD3 overexpression significantly reduced pAMPK/AMPK (-24%), phosphorylation of AMPK substrates (-14%), and PGC-1α protein (-22%). Moreover, AMPD3 significantly reduced myotube mitochondrial protein synthesis rates (-55%), basal ATP synthase-dependent (-13%), and maximal uncoupled oxygen consumption (-15%). CONCLUSIONS Increased expression of AMPD3 significantly decreased mitochondrial protein synthesis rates and broadly altered cellular metabolites in a manner similar to that of atrophic muscle. Importantly, the changes in metabolites occurred prior to reductions in AMPK signaling, gene expression, and mitochondrial protein synthesis, suggesting metabolism is not dependent on reductions in oxidative capacity, but may be consequence of increased AMP deamination. Therefore, AMP deamination in skeletal muscle may be a mechanism that alters the metabolic phenotype of skeletal muscle during atrophy and could be a target to improve muscle function during muscle wasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer G Miller
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Paul S Hafen
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Andrew S Law
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - David L Logsdon
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Thomas M O'Connell
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Carol A Witczak
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Brault
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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Schmidt CA, Fisher-Wellman KH, Neufer PD. From OCR and ECAR to energy: Perspectives on the design and interpretation of bioenergetics studies. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101140. [PMID: 34461088 PMCID: PMC8479256 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological energy transduction underlies all physiological phenomena in cells. The metabolic systems that support energy transduction have been of great interest due to their association with numerous pathologies including diabetes, cancer, rare genetic diseases, and aberrant cell death. Commercially available bioenergetics technologies (e.g., extracellular flux analysis, high-resolution respirometry, fluorescent dye kits, etc.) have made practical assessment of metabolic parameters widely accessible. This has facilitated an explosion in the number of studies exploring, in particular, the biological implications of oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and substrate level phosphorylation via glycolysis (i.e., via extracellular acidification rate (ECAR)). Though these technologies have demonstrated substantial utility and broad applicability to cell biology research, they are also susceptible to historical assumptions, experimental limitations, and other caveats that have led to premature and/or erroneous interpretations. This review enumerates various important considerations for designing and interpreting cellular and mitochondrial bioenergetics experiments, some common challenges and pitfalls in data interpretation, and some potential "next steps" to be taken that can address these highlighted challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron A Schmidt
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA; Departments of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kelsey H Fisher-Wellman
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA; Departments of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA.
| | - P Darrell Neufer
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA; Departments of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA; Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA.
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Morris JK, McCoin CS, Fuller KN, John CS, Wilkins HM, Green ZD, Wang X, Sharma P, Burns JM, Vidoni ED, Mahnken JD, Shankar K, Swerdlow RH, Thyfault JP. Mild Cognitive Impairment and Donepezil Impact Mitochondrial Respiratory Capacity in Skeletal Muscle. FUNCTION (OXFORD, ENGLAND) 2021; 2:zqab045. [PMID: 34661111 PMCID: PMC8515006 DOI: 10.1093/function/zqab045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (ad) associates with insulin resistance and low aerobic capacity, suggestive of impaired skeletal muscle mitochondrial function. However, this has not been directly measured in AD. This study ( n = 50) compared muscle mitochondrial respiratory function and gene expression profiling in cognitively healthy older adults (CH; n = 24) to 26 individuals in the earliest phase of ad-related cognitive decline, mild cognitive impairment (MCI; n = 11) or MCI taking the ad medication donepezil (MCI + med; n = 15). Mitochondrial respiratory kinetics were measured in permeabilized muscle fibers from muscle biopsies of the vastus lateralis. Untreated MCI exhibited lower lipid-stimulated skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiration (State 3, ADP-stimulated) than both CH ( P = .043) and MCI + med (P = .007) groups. MCI also exhibited poorer mitochondrial coupling control compared to CH (P = .014). RNA sequencing of skeletal muscle revealed unique differences in mitochondrial function and metabolism genes based on both MCI status (CH vs MCI) and medication treatment (MCI vs MCI + med). MCI + med modified over 600 skeletal muscle genes compared to MCI suggesting donepezil powerfully impacts the transcriptional profile of muscle. Overall, skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiration is altered in untreated MCI but normalized in donepezil-treated MCI participants while leak control is impaired regardless of medication status. These results provide evidence that mitochondrial changes occur in the early stages of AD, but are influenced by a common ad medicine. Further study of mitochondrial bioenergetics and the influence of transcriptional regulation in early ad is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Colin S McCoin
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and Internal Medicine-Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Kelly N Fuller
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and Internal Medicine-Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Casey S John
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Heather M Wilkins
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Zachary D Green
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Xiaowan Wang
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Palash Sharma
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Burns
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Eric D Vidoni
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Jonathan D Mahnken
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Kartik Shankar
- Pediatrics, Section of Nutrition, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Russell H Swerdlow
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
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Su Z, Guo Y, Huang X, Feng B, Tang L, Zheng G, Zhu Y. Phytochemicals: Targeting Mitophagy to Treat Metabolic Disorders. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:686820. [PMID: 34414181 PMCID: PMC8369426 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.686820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic disorders include metabolic syndrome, obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and cardiovascular diseases. Due to unhealthy lifestyles such as high-calorie diet, sedentary and physical inactivity, the prevalence of metabolic disorders poses a huge challenge to global human health, which is the leading cause of global human death. Mitochondrion is the major site of adenosine triphosphate synthesis, fatty acid β-oxidation and ROS production. Accumulating evidence suggests that mitochondrial dysfunction-related oxidative stress and inflammation is involved in the development of metabolic disorders. Mitophagy, a catabolic process, selectively degrades damaged or superfluous mitochondria to reverse mitochondrial dysfunction and preserve mitochondrial function. It is considered to be one of the major mechanisms responsible for mitochondrial quality control. Growing evidence shows that mitophagy can prevent and treat metabolic disorders through suppressing mitochondrial dysfunction-induced oxidative stress and inflammation. In the past decade, in order to expand the range of pharmaceutical options, more and more phytochemicals have been proven to have therapeutic effects on metabolic disorders. Many of these phytochemicals have been proved to activate mitophagy to ameliorate metabolic disorders. Given the ongoing epidemic of metabolic disorders, it is of great significance to explore the contribution and underlying mechanisms of mitophagy in metabolic disorders, and to understand the effects and molecular mechanisms of phytochemicals on the treatment of metabolic disorders. Here, we investigate the mechanism of mitochondrial dysfunction in metabolic disorders and discuss the potential of targeting mitophagy with phytochemicals for the treatment of metabolic disorders, with a view to providing a direction for finding phytochemicals that target mitophagy to prevent or treat metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuqing Su
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanru Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Xiufang Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bing Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lipeng Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guangjuan Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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McKeegan K, Mason SA, Trewin AJ, Keske MA, Wadley GD, Della Gatta PA, Nikolaidis MG, Parker L. Reactive oxygen species in exercise and insulin resistance: Working towards personalized antioxidant treatment. Redox Biol 2021; 44:102005. [PMID: 34049222 PMCID: PMC8167146 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.102005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are well known for their role in insulin resistance and the development of cardiometabolic disease including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). Conversely, evidence supports the notion that ROS are a necessary component for glucose cell transport and adaptation to physiological stress including exercise and muscle contraction. Although genetic rodent models and cell culture studies indicate antioxidant treatment to be an effective strategy for targeting ROS to promote health, human findings are largely inconsistent. In this review we discuss human research that has investigated antioxidant treatment and glycemic control in the context of health (healthy individuals and during exercise) and disease (insulin resistance and T2D). We have identified key factors that are likely to influence the effectiveness of antioxidant treatment: 1) the context of treatment including whether oxidative distress or eustress is present (e.g., hyperglycemia/lipidaemia or during exercise and muscle contraction); 2) whether specific endogenous antioxidant deficiencies are identified (redox screening); 3) whether antioxidant treatment is specifically designed to target and restore identified deficiencies (antioxidant specificity); 4) and the bioavailability and bioactivity of the antioxidant which are influenced by treatment dose, duration, and method of administration. The majority of human research has failed to account for these factors, limiting their ability to robustly test the effectiveness of antioxidants for health promotion and disease prevention. We propose that a modern "redox screening" and "personalized antioxidant treatment" approach is required to robustly explore redox regulation of human physiology and to elicit more effective antioxidant treatment in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn McKeegan
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Shaun A Mason
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Adam J Trewin
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Michelle A Keske
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Glenn D Wadley
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Paul A Della Gatta
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Michalis G Nikolaidis
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece
| | - Lewan Parker
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.
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45
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Abstract
The immune and endocrine systems collectively control homeostasis in the body. The endocrine system ensures that values of essential factors and nutrients such as glucose, electrolytes and vitamins are maintained within threshold values. The immune system resolves local disruptions in tissue homeostasis, caused by pathogens or malfunctioning cells. The immediate goals of these two systems do not always align. The immune system benefits from optimal access to nutrients for itself and restriction of nutrient availability to all other organs to limit pathogen replication. The endocrine system aims to ensure optimal nutrient access for all organs, limited only by the nutrients stores that the body has available. The actual state of homeostatic parameters such as blood glucose levels represents a careful balance based on regulatory signals from the immune and endocrine systems. This state is not static but continuously adjusted in response to changes in the current metabolic needs of the body, the amount of resources it has available and the level of threats it encounters. This balance is maintained by the ability of the immune and endocrine systems to interact and co-regulate systemic metabolism. In context of metabolic disease, this system is disrupted, which impairs functionality of both systems. The failure of the endocrine system to retain levels of nutrients such as glucose within threshold values impairs functionality of the immune system. In addition, metabolic stress of organs in context of obesity is perceived by the immune system as a disruption in local homeostasis, which it tries to resolve by the excretion of factors which further disrupt normal metabolic control. In this chapter, we will discuss how the immune and endocrine systems interact under homeostatic conditions and during infection with a focus on blood glucose regulation. In addition, we will discuss how this system fails in the context of metabolic disease.
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46
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Mitochondria and Antibiotics: For Good or for Evil? Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11071050. [PMID: 34356674 PMCID: PMC8301944 DOI: 10.3390/biom11071050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery and application of antibiotics in the common clinical practice has undeniably been one of the major medical advances in our times. Their use meant a drastic drop in infectious diseases-related mortality and contributed to prolonging human life expectancy worldwide. Nevertheless, antibiotics are considered by many a double-edged sword. Their extensive use in the past few years has given rise to a global problem: antibiotic resistance. This factor and the increasing evidence that a wide range of antibiotics can damage mammalian mitochondria, have driven a significant sector of the medical and scientific communities to advise against the use of antibiotics for purposes other to treating severe infections. Notwithstanding, a notorious number of recent studies support the use of these drugs to treat very diverse conditions, ranging from cancer to neurodegenerative or mitochondrial diseases. In this context, there is great controversy on whether the risks associated to antibiotics outweigh their promising beneficial features. The aim of this review is to provide insight in the topic, purpose for which the most relevant findings regarding antibiotic therapies have been discussed.
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Hansen C, Olsen K, Pilegaard H, Bangsbo J, Gliemann L, Hellsten Y. High metabolic substrate load induces mitochondrial dysfunction in rat skeletal muscle microvascular endothelial cells. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e14855. [PMID: 34288561 PMCID: PMC8290479 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of glucose and palmitic acid (PA) on mitochondrial respiration and emission of hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) was determined in skeletal muscle-derived microvascular endothelial cells. Measurements were assessed in intact and permeabilized (cells treated with 0.025% saponin) low passage endothelial cells with acute-or prolonged (3 days) incubation with regular (1.7 mM) or elevated (2.2 mM) PA concentrations and regular (5 mM) or elevated (11 mM) glucose concentrations. In intact cells, acute incubation with 1.7 mM PA alone or with 1.7 mM PA + 5 mM glucose (p < .001) led to a lower mitochondrial respiration (p < 0.01) and markedly higher H2 O2 /O2 emission (p < 0.05) than with 5 mM glucose alone. Prolonged incubation of intact cells with 1.7 mM PA +5 mM glucose led to 34% (p < 0.05) lower respiration and 2.5-fold higher H2 O2 /O2 emission (p < 0.01) than incubation with 5 mM glucose alone. Prolonged incubation of intact cells with elevated glucose led to 60% lower (p < 0.05) mitochondrial respiration and 4.6-fold higher H2 O2 /O2 production than incubation with 5 mM glucose in intact cells (p < 0.001). All effects observed in intact cells were present also in permeabilized cells (State 2). In conclusion, our results show that acute and prolonged lipid availability, as well as prolonged hyperglycemia, induces mitochondrial dysfunction as evidenced by lower mitochondrial respiration and enhanced H2 O2/ O2 emission. Elevated plasma substrate availability may lead to microvascular dysfunction in skeletal muscle by impairing endothelial mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Hansen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and SportsCardiovascular Physiology GroupSection of Integrative PhysiologyUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Karina Olsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and SportsCardiovascular Physiology GroupSection of Integrative PhysiologyUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Henriette Pilegaard
- Department of BiologySection of Cell Biology and PhysiologyUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Jens Bangsbo
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and SportsSection of Integrative PhysiologyUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Lasse Gliemann
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and SportsCardiovascular Physiology GroupSection of Integrative PhysiologyUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Ylva Hellsten
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and SportsCardiovascular Physiology GroupSection of Integrative PhysiologyUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
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48
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Smith CD, Lin CT, McMillin SL, Weyrauch LA, Schmidt CA, Smith CA, Kurland IJ, Witczak CA, Neufer PD. Genetically increasing flux through β-oxidation in skeletal muscle increases mitochondrial reductive stress and glucose intolerance. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2021; 320:E938-E950. [PMID: 33813880 PMCID: PMC8238127 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00010.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Elevated mitochondrial hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) emission and an oxidative shift in cytosolic redox environment have been linked to high-fat-diet-induced insulin resistance in skeletal muscle. To test specifically whether increased flux through mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation, in the absence of elevated energy demand, directly alters mitochondrial function and redox state in muscle, two genetic models characterized by increased muscle β-oxidation flux were studied. In mice overexpressing peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α in muscle (MCK-PPARα), lipid-supported mitochondrial respiration, membrane potential (ΔΨm), and H2O2 production rate (JH2O2) were increased, which coincided with a more oxidized cytosolic redox environment, reduced muscle glucose uptake, and whole body glucose intolerance despite an increased rate of energy expenditure. Similar results were observed in lipin-1-deficient, fatty-liver dystrophic mice, another model characterized by increased β-oxidation flux and glucose intolerance. Crossing MCAT (mitochondria-targeted catalase) with MCK-PPARα mice normalized JH2O2 production, redox environment, and glucose tolerance, but surprisingly, both basal and absolute insulin-stimulated rates of glucose uptake in muscle remained depressed. Also surprising, when placed on a high-fat diet, MCK-PPARα mice were characterized by much lower whole body, fat, and lean mass as well as improved glucose tolerance relative to wild-type mice, providing additional evidence that overexpression of PPARα in muscle imposes more extensive metabolic stress than experienced by wild-type mice on a high-fat diet. Overall, the findings suggest that driving an increase in skeletal muscle fatty acid oxidation in the absence of metabolic demand imposes mitochondrial reductive stress and elicits multiple counterbalance metabolic responses in an attempt to restore bioenergetic homeostasis.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Prior work has suggested that mitochondrial dysfunction is an underlying cause of insulin resistance in muscle because it limits fatty acid oxidation and therefore leads to the accumulation of cytotoxic lipid intermediates. The implication has been that therapeutic strategies to accelerate β-oxidation will be protective. The current study provides evidence that genetically increasing flux through β-oxidation in muscle imposes reductive stress that is not beneficial but rather detrimental to metabolic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody D Smith
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - Chien-Te Lin
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - Shawna L McMillin
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - Luke A Weyrauch
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - Cameron A Schmidt
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - Cheryl A Smith
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - Irwin J Kurland
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Carol A Witczak
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - P Darrell Neufer
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
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Fel S, Rochette E, Walther G, Echaubard S, Pereira B, Merlin E, Terral D, Duché P. Maximal Fat Oxidation During Exercise Is Already Impaired in Pre-pubescent Children With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. Front Physiol 2021; 12:664211. [PMID: 33897473 PMCID: PMC8062964 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.664211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: We evaluated substrate utilization during submaximal exercise, together with glycemic responses and hormonal counter-regulation to exercise, in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Methods: Twelve pre-pubescent children with T1DM and 12 healthy children were matched by sex and age. Participants completed a submaximal incremental exercise test to determine their fat and carbohydrate oxidation rates by indirect calorimetry. Levels of glycemia, glucagon, cortisol, growth hormone, noradrenaline, adrenaline, and insulin were monitored until 120 min post-exercise. Results: Absolute peak oxygen uptake (VO2 peak) was significantly lower in the children with T1DM than in the healthy controls (1131.4 ± 102.5 vs. 1383.0 ± 316.6 ml.min−1, p = 0.03). Overall carbohydrate and lipid oxidation rates were the same in the two groups, but for exercise intensities, higher than 50% of VO2 peak, fat oxidation rate was significantly lower in the children with T1DM. The absolute maximal lipid oxidation rate was significantly lower in the T1DM children (158.1 ± 31.6 vs. 205.4 ± 42.1 mg.min−1, p = 0.005), and they reached a significantly lower exercise power than the healthy controls (26.4 ± 1.2 vs. 35.4 ± 3.3 W, p = 0.03). Blood glucose responses to exercise were negatively correlated with pre-exercise blood glucose concentrations (r = −0.67; p = 0.03). Conclusion: Metabolic and hormonal responses during sub-maximal exercise are impaired in young children with T1DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solenne Fel
- Pédiatrie Générale et Multidisciplinaire, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Emmanuelle Rochette
- Pédiatrie Générale et Multidisciplinaire, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,INSERM, CIC 1405, Unité CRECHE, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Laboratoire IAPS, Université de Toulon, Toulon, France
| | | | - Stéphane Echaubard
- Pédiatrie Générale et Multidisciplinaire, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Bruno Pereira
- Délégation de la Recherche Clinique et Innovations, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Etienne Merlin
- Pédiatrie Générale et Multidisciplinaire, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,INSERM, CIC 1405, Unité CRECHE, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,INRA, UMR 1019 UNH, ECREIN, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Daniel Terral
- Pédiatrie Générale et Multidisciplinaire, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Pascale Duché
- Laboratoire IAPS, Université de Toulon, Toulon, France
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50
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Søndergård SD, Cintin I, Kuhlman AB, Morville TH, Bergmann ML, Kjær LK, Poulsen HE, Giustarini D, Rossi R, Dela F, Helge JW, Larsen S. The effects of 3 weeks of oral glutathione supplementation on whole body insulin sensitivity in obese males with and without type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2021; 46:1133-1142. [PMID: 33740389 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2020-1099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The effect of oral glutathione (GSH) supplementation was studied in obese subjects with and without type 2 diabetes (T2DM) on measures of glucose homeostasis and markers of oxidative stress. Twenty subjects (10 patients with T2DM and 10 obese subjects) were recruited for the study, and randomized in a double-blinded placebo-controlled manner to consume either 1000 mg GSH per day or placebo for 3 weeks. Before and after the 3 weeks insulin sensitivity was measured with the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp and a muscle biopsy was obtained to measure GSH and skeletal muscle mitochondrial hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) emission rate. Whole body insulin sensitivity increased significantly in the GSH group. Skeletal muscle GSH was numerically increased (∼19%) in the GSH group; no change was seen in GSH to glutathione disulfide ratio. Skeletal muscle mitochondrial H2O2 emission rate did not change in response to the intervention and neither did the urinary excretion of the RNA oxidation product 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanosine or the DNA oxidation product 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG), although 8-oxodG decreased as a main effect of time. Oral GSH supplementation improves insulin sensitivity in obese subjects with and without T2DM, although it does not alter markers of oxidative stress. The study has been registered in clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02948673). Novelty: Reduced glutathione supplementation increases insulin sensitivity in obese subjects with and without T2DM. H2O2 emission rate from skeletal muscle mitochondria was not affected by GSH supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine D Søndergård
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ida Cintin
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anja B Kuhlman
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas H Morville
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marie Louise Bergmann
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Laura K Kjær
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik E Poulsen
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniela Giustarini
- Department of Biotechnology Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Ranieri Rossi
- Department of Biotechnology Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Flemming Dela
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Geriatrics, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jørn W Helge
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steen Larsen
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
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