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Herbein G. Cellular Transformation by Human Cytomegalovirus. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1970. [PMID: 38893091 PMCID: PMC11171319 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16111970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Kaposi sarcoma human virus (KSHV), human papillomavirus (HPV), hepatitis B and C viruses (HBV, HCV), human T-lymphotropic virus-1 (HTLV-1), and Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) are the seven human oncoviruses reported so far. While traditionally viewed as a benign virus causing mild symptoms in healthy individuals, human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) has been recently implicated in the pathogenesis of various cancers, spanning a wide range of tissue types and malignancies. This perspective article defines the biological criteria that characterize the oncogenic role of HCMV and based on new findings underlines a critical role for HCMV in cellular transformation and modeling the tumor microenvironment as already reported for the other human oncoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georges Herbein
- Department Pathogens & Inflammation-EPILAB EA4266, University of Franche-Comté (UFC), 25000 Besançon, France;
- Department of Virology, CHU Besançon, 25000 Besançon, France
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2
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Işıksaçan N, Adaş G, Kasapoğlu P, Çukurova Z, Yılmaz R, Kurt Yaşar K, Irmak Koyuncu D, Tuncel FC, Şahingöz Erdal G, Gedikbaşı A, Pehlivan S, Karaoz E. The effect of mesenchymal stem cells administration on DNA repair gene expressions in critically ill COVID-19 patients: prospective controlled study. NUCLEOSIDES, NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2024:1-16. [PMID: 38459810 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2024.2327478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
When the studies are evaluated, immunomodulatory effect of MSCs, administration in critically ill patients, obstacle situations in use and side effects, pulmonary fibrosis prevention, which stem cells and their products, regeneration effect, administration route, and dosage are listed under the main heading like. The effect of MSC administration on DNA repair genes in COVID-19 infection is unknown. Our aim is to determine the effect of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) therapy applied in critically ill patients with coronavirus infection on DNA repair pathways and genes associated with those pathways. Patients (n = 30) divided into two equal groups. Group-1: Patients in a critically ill condition, Group-2: Patients in critically ill condition and transplanted MSCs. The mechanism was investigated in eleven genes of five different pathways; Base excision repair: PARP1, Nucleotide excision repair (NER): RAD23B and ERCC1, Homologous recombinational repair (HR): ATM, RAD51, RAD52 and WRN, Mismatch repair (MMR): MLH1, MSH2, and MSH6, Direct reversal repair pathway: MGMT. It was found that MSCs application had a significant effect on 6 genes located in 3 different DNA damage response pathways. These are NER pathway genes; RAD23 and ERCC1, HR pathway genes; ATM and RAD51, MMR pathway genes; MSH2 and MSH6 (p < 0.05). Two main points were shown. First, as a result of cellular damage in critical patients with COVID-19, DNA damage occurs and then DNA repair pathways and genes are activated in reaction to this situation. Second, administration of MSC to patients with COVID-19 infection plays a positive role by increasing the expression of DNA repair genes located in DNA damage pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilgün Işıksaçan
- Department of Biochemistry, Bakırköy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gökhan Adaş
- Stem Cell And Gene Therapies Application And Research Center, Department Of Surgery, Bakırköy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training And Research Hospital, University Of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Pınar Kasapoğlu
- Department of Biochemistry, Bakırköy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zafer Çukurova
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Bakırköy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Rabia Yılmaz
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Bakırköy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kadriye Kurt Yaşar
- Department of Infectious Disease, Istanbul Bakırköy Dr.Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Duygu Irmak Koyuncu
- Center of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering Research & Practice, Istinye University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fatima Ceren Tuncel
- Department of Medical Biology Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gülçin Şahingöz Erdal
- Department of Oncology, Bakırköy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Asuman Gedikbaşı
- Department of Pediatric Basic Science, Division of Medical Genetics, Institute of Child Health, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sacide Pehlivan
- Department of Medical Biology Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Erdal Karaoz
- Department of Histology & Embrology, Faculty of Medicine, Istinye University, LIV Hospital, Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Manufacturing, Istanbul, Turkey
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3
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Petroni M, La Monica V, Fabretti F, Augusto M, Battaglini D, Polonara F, Di Giulio S, Giannini G. The Multiple Faces of the MRN Complex: Roles in Medulloblastoma and Beyond. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3599. [PMID: 37509263 PMCID: PMC10377613 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15143599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypomorphic mutations in MRN complex genes are frequently found in cancer, supporting their role as oncosuppressors. However, unlike canonical oncosuppressors, MRN proteins are often overexpressed in tumor tissues, where they actively work to counteract DSBs induced by both oncogene-dependent RS and radio-chemotherapy. Moreover, at the same time, MRN genes are also essential genes, since the constitutive KO of each component leads to embryonic lethality. Therefore, even though it is paradoxical, MRN genes may work as oncosuppressive, oncopromoting, and essential genes. In this review, we discussed how alterations in the MRN complex impact the physiopathology of cancer, in light of our recent discoveries on the gene-dosage-dependent effect of NBS1 in Medulloblastoma. These updates aim to understand whether MRN complex can be realistically used as a prognostic/predictive marker and/or as a therapeutic target for the treatment of cancer patients in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marialaura Petroni
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University La Sapienza, 00161 Rome, Italy
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Veronica La Monica
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University La Sapienza, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Fabretti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University La Sapienza, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Mariaconcetta Augusto
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University La Sapienza, 00161 Rome, Italy
- Center for Life Nano- & Neuro-Science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Damiana Battaglini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University La Sapienza, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Polonara
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University La Sapienza, 00161 Rome, Italy
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Di Giulio
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University La Sapienza, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Giannini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University La Sapienza, 00161 Rome, Italy
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, 00161 Rome, Italy
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4
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Haubold MK, Aquino JNP, Rubin SR, Jones IK, Larsen CIS, Pham E, Majumder K. Genomes of the autonomous parvovirus minute virus of mice induce replication stress through RPA exhaustion. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011203. [PMID: 37253065 PMCID: PMC10256180 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The oncolytic autonomous parvovirus Minute Virus of Mice (MVM) establishes infection in the nuclear environment by usurping host DNA damage signaling proteins in the vicinity of cellular DNA break sites. MVM replication induces a global cellular DNA Damage Response (DDR) that is dependent on signaling by the ATM kinase and inactivates the cellular ATR-kinase pathway. However, the mechanism of how MVM generates cellular DNA breaks remains unknown. Using single molecule DNA Fiber Analysis, we have discovered that MVM infection leads to a shortening of host replication forks as infection progresses, as well as induction of replication stress prior to the initiation of virus replication. Ectopically expressed viral non-structural proteins NS1 and NS2 are sufficient to cause host-cell replication stress, as is the presence of UV-inactivated non-replicative MVM genomes. The host single-stranded DNA binding protein Replication Protein A (RPA) associates with the UV-inactivated MVM genomes, suggesting MVM genomes might serve as a sink for cellular stores of RPA. Overexpressing RPA in host cells prior to UV-MVM infection rescues DNA fiber lengths and increases MVM replication, confirming that MVM genomes deplete RPA stores to cause replication stress. Together, these results indicate that parvovirus genomes induce replication stress through RPA exhaustion, rendering the host genome vulnerable to additional DNA breaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- MegAnn K. Haubold
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Cancer Biology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jessica N. Pita Aquino
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Sarah R. Rubin
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Isabella K. Jones
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Clairine I. S. Larsen
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Edward Pham
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Kinjal Majumder
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Cancer Biology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
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5
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Gioia U, Tavella S, Martínez-Orellana P, Cicio G, Colliva A, Ceccon M, Cabrini M, Henriques AC, Fumagalli V, Paldino A, Presot E, Rajasekharan S, Iacomino N, Pisati F, Matti V, Sepe S, Conte MI, Barozzi S, Lavagnino Z, Carletti T, Volpe MC, Cavalcante P, Iannacone M, Rampazzo C, Bussani R, Tripodo C, Zacchigna S, Marcello A, d'Adda di Fagagna F. SARS-CoV-2 infection induces DNA damage, through CHK1 degradation and impaired 53BP1 recruitment, and cellular senescence. Nat Cell Biol 2023; 25:550-564. [PMID: 36894671 PMCID: PMC10104783 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-023-01096-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the RNA virus responsible for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Although SARS-CoV-2 was reported to alter several cellular pathways, its impact on DNA integrity and the mechanisms involved remain unknown. Here we show that SARS-CoV-2 causes DNA damage and elicits an altered DNA damage response. Mechanistically, SARS-CoV-2 proteins ORF6 and NSP13 cause degradation of the DNA damage response kinase CHK1 through proteasome and autophagy, respectively. CHK1 loss leads to deoxynucleoside triphosphate (dNTP) shortage, causing impaired S-phase progression, DNA damage, pro-inflammatory pathways activation and cellular senescence. Supplementation of deoxynucleosides reduces that. Furthermore, SARS-CoV-2 N-protein impairs 53BP1 focal recruitment by interfering with damage-induced long non-coding RNAs, thus reducing DNA repair. Key observations are recapitulated in SARS-CoV-2-infected mice and patients with COVID-19. We propose that SARS-CoV-2, by boosting ribonucleoside triphosphate levels to promote its replication at the expense of dNTPs and by hijacking damage-induced long non-coding RNAs' biology, threatens genome integrity and causes altered DNA damage response activation, induction of inflammation and cellular senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ubaldo Gioia
- IFOM ETS - The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Tavella
- IFOM ETS - The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Giada Cicio
- IFOM ETS - The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
- University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Andrea Colliva
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
| | - Marta Ceccon
- IFOM ETS - The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Cabrini
- IFOM ETS - The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Ana C Henriques
- IFOM ETS - The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Alessia Paldino
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
- University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Sreejith Rajasekharan
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
- Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (HPI), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nicola Iacomino
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Valentina Matti
- IFOM ETS - The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Sepe
- IFOM ETS - The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Matilde I Conte
- IFOM ETS - The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Barozzi
- IFOM ETS - The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Zeno Lavagnino
- IFOM ETS - The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Tea Carletti
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
| | | | | | - Matteo Iannacone
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute & University, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Claudio Tripodo
- IFOM ETS - The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
- University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Serena Zacchigna
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
- University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Alessandro Marcello
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
| | - Fabrizio d'Adda di Fagagna
- IFOM ETS - The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy.
- Institute of Molecular Genetics (IGM), National Research Institute (CNR), Pavia, Italy.
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6
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DNA Damage Response Signaling Is Crucial for Effective Chikungunya Virus Replication. J Virol 2022; 96:e0133422. [PMID: 36377875 PMCID: PMC9749466 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01334-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses utilize a plethora of strategies to manipulate the host pathways and hijack host machineries for efficient replication. Several DNA and few RNA viruses are reported to interact with proteins involved in DNA damage responses (DDRs). As the DDR pathways have never been explored in alphaviruses, this investigation intended to understand the importance of the DDR pathways in chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo models. The study revealed that CHIKV infection activated the Chk2 and Chk1 proteins associated with the DDR signaling pathways in Vero, RAW264.7, and C2C12 cells. The comet assay revealed an increase in DNA damage by 95%. Inhibition of both ATM-ATR kinases by the ATM/ATR kinase inhibitor (AAKi) showed a drastic reduction in the viral particle formation in vitro. Next, the treatment of CHIKV-infected C57BL/6 mice with this drug reduced the disease score substantially with a 93% decrease in the viral load. The same was observed in human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (hPBMC)-derived monocyte-macrophage populations. Additionally, silencing of Chk2 and Chk1 reduced viral progeny formation by 91.2% and 85.5%, respectively. Moreover, CHIKV-nsP2 was found to interact with Chk2 and Chk1 during CHIKV infection. Furthermore, CHIKV infection induced cell cycle arrest in G1 and G2 phases. In conclusion, this work demonstrated for the first time the mechanistic insights regarding the induction of the DDR pathways by CHIKV that might contribute to the designing of effective therapeutics for the control of this virus infection in the future. IMPORTANCE Being intracellular parasites, viruses require several host cell machineries for effectively replicating their genome, along with virus-encoded enzymes. One of the strategies involves hijacking of the DDR pathways. Several DNA and few RNA viruses interact with the cellular proteins involved in the DDR pathways; however, reports regarding the involvement of Chk2 and Chk1 in alphavirus infection are limited. This is the first study to report that modulation of DDR pathways is crucial for effective CHIKV infection. It also reveals an interaction of CHIKV-nsP2 with two crucial host factors, namely, Chk2 and Chk1, for efficient viral infection. Interestingly, CHIKV infection was found to cause DNA damage and arrest the cell cycle in G1 and G2 phases for efficient viral infection. This information might facilitate the development of effective therapeutics for controlling CHIKV infection in the future.
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High-Risk Oncogenic Human Cytomegalovirus. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112462. [PMID: 36366560 PMCID: PMC9695668 DOI: 10.3390/v14112462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a herpesvirus that infects between 40% and 95% of the population worldwide, usually without symptoms. The host immune response keeps the virus in a latent stage, although HCMV can reactivate in an inflammatory context, which could result in sequential lytic/latent viral cycles during the lifetime and thereby participate in HCMV genomic diversity in humans. The high level of HCMV intra-host genomic variability could participate in the oncomodulatory role of HCMV where the virus will favor the development and spread of cancerous cells. Recently, an oncogenic role of HCMV has been highlighted in which the virus will directly transform primary cells; such HCMV strains are named high-risk (HR) HCMV strains. In light of these new findings, this review defines the criteria that characterize HR-HCMV strains and their molecular as well as the phenotypic impact on the infected cell and its tumor microenvironment.
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Onoja A, Picchiotti N, Fallerini C, Baldassarri M, Fava F, Colombo F, Chiaromonte F, Renieri A, Furini S, Raimondi F. An explainable model of host genetic interactions linked to COVID-19 severity. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1133. [PMID: 36289370 PMCID: PMC9606365 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04073-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We employed a multifaceted computational strategy to identify the genetic factors contributing to increased risk of severe COVID-19 infection from a Whole Exome Sequencing (WES) dataset of a cohort of 2000 Italian patients. We coupled a stratified k-fold screening, to rank variants more associated with severity, with the training of multiple supervised classifiers, to predict severity based on screened features. Feature importance analysis from tree-based models allowed us to identify 16 variants with the highest support which, together with age and gender covariates, were found to be most predictive of COVID-19 severity. When tested on a follow-up cohort, our ensemble of models predicted severity with high accuracy (ACC = 81.88%; AUCROC = 96%; MCC = 61.55%). Our model recapitulated a vast literature of emerging molecular mechanisms and genetic factors linked to COVID-19 response and extends previous landmark Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS). It revealed a network of interplaying genetic signatures converging on established immune system and inflammatory processes linked to viral infection response. It also identified additional processes cross-talking with immune pathways, such as GPCR signaling, which might offer additional opportunities for therapeutic intervention and patient stratification. Publicly available PheWAS datasets revealed that several variants were significantly associated with phenotypic traits such as "Respiratory or thoracic disease", supporting their link with COVID-19 severity outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Onoja
- Laboratorio di Biologia Bio@SNS, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy
| | - Nicola Picchiotti
- University of Siena, DIISM-SAILAB, Siena, Italy
- Department of Mathematics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Chiara Fallerini
- Med Biotech Hub and Competence Center, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- Medical Genetics, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Margherita Baldassarri
- Med Biotech Hub and Competence Center, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- Medical Genetics, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Francesca Fava
- Med Biotech Hub and Competence Center, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- Medical Genetics, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- Genetica Medica, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
| | - Francesca Colombo
- Istituto di Tecnologie Biomediche-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Segrate, MI, Italy
| | - Francesca Chiaromonte
- Dept. of Statistics and Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Institute of Economics and EMbeDS, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, 56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandra Renieri
- Med Biotech Hub and Competence Center, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
- Medical Genetics, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
- Genetica Medica, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy.
| | - Simone Furini
- Med Biotech Hub and Competence Center, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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9
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Gulyas L, Glaunsinger BA. RNA polymerase II subunit modulation during viral infection and cellular stress. Curr Opin Virol 2022; 56:101259. [PMID: 36162260 PMCID: PMC10150648 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2022.101259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Control of gene expression, including transcription, is central in dictating the outcome of viral infection. One of the profound alterations induced by viruses is modification to the integrity and function of eukaryotic RNA polymerase II (Pol II). Here, we discuss how infection perturbs the Pol II complex by altering subunit phosphorylation and turnover, as well as how cellular genotoxic stress (e.g. DNA damage) elicits similar outcomes. By highlighting emerging parallels and differences in Pol II control during viral infection and abiotic stress, we hope to bolster identification of pathways that target Pol II and regulate the transcriptome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Gulyas
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Britt A Glaunsinger
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94709, USA.
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10
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Tayal S, Bhatia V, Mehrotra T, Bhatnagar S. ImitateDB: A database for domain and motif mimicry incorporating host and pathogen protein interactions. Amino Acids 2022; 54:923-934. [PMID: 35487995 PMCID: PMC9054641 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-022-03163-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Molecular mimicry of host proteins by pathogens constitutes a strategy to hijack the host pathways. At present, there is no dedicated resource for mimicked domains and motifs in the host-pathogen interactome. In this work, the experimental host-pathogen (HP) and host-host (HH) protein-protein interactions (PPIs) were collated. The domains and motifs of these proteins were annotated using CD Search and ScanProsite, respectively. Host and pathogen proteins with a shared host interactor and similar domain/motif constitute a mimicry pair exhibiting global structural similarity (domain mimicry pair; DMP) or local sequence motif similarity (motif mimicry pair; MMP). Mimicry pairs are likely to be co-expressed and co-localized. 1,97,607 DMPs and 32,67,568 MMPs were identified in 49,265 experimental HP-PPIs and organized in a web-based resource, ImitateDB ( http://imitatedb.sblab-nsit.net ) that can be easily queried. The results are externally integrated using hyperlinked domain PSSM ID, motif ID, protein ID and PubMed ID. Kinase, UL36, Smc and DEXDc were frequent DMP domains whereas protein kinase C phosphorylation, casein kinase 2 phosphorylation, glycosylation and myristoylation sites were frequent MMP motifs. Novel DMP domains SANT, Tudor, PhoX and MMP motif microbody C-terminal targeting signal, cornichon signature and lipocalin signature were proposed. ImitateDB is a novel resource for identifying mimicry in interacting host and pathogen proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali Tayal
- Computational and Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Netaji Subhas University of Technology, Dwarka, New Delhi, 110078, India
| | - Venugopal Bhatia
- Computational and Structural Biology Laboratory, Division of Biotechnology, Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology, Dwarka, New Delhi, 110078, India
| | - Tanya Mehrotra
- Computational and Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Netaji Subhas University of Technology, Dwarka, New Delhi, 110078, India
| | - Sonika Bhatnagar
- Computational and Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Netaji Subhas University of Technology, Dwarka, New Delhi, 110078, India.
- Computational and Structural Biology Laboratory, Division of Biotechnology, Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology, Dwarka, New Delhi, 110078, India.
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11
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Tumors and Cytomegalovirus: An Intimate Interplay. Viruses 2022; 14:v14040812. [PMID: 35458542 PMCID: PMC9028007 DOI: 10.3390/v14040812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a herpesvirus that alternates lytic and latent infection, infecting between 40 and 95% of the population worldwide, usually without symptoms. During its lytic cycle, HCMV can result in fever, asthenia, and, in some cases, can lead to severe symptoms such as hepatitis, pneumonitis, meningitis, retinitis, and severe cytomegalovirus disease, especially in immunocompromised individuals. Usually, the host immune response keeps the virus in a latent stage, although HCMV can reactivate in an inflammatory context, which could result in sequential lytic/latent viral cycles during the lifetime and thereby participate in the HCMV genomic diversity in humans and the high level of HCMV intrahost genomic variability. The oncomodulatory role of HCMV has been reported, where the virus will favor the development and spread of cancerous cells. Recently, an oncogenic role of HCMV has been highlighted in which the virus will directly transform primary cells and might therefore be defined as the eighth human oncovirus. In light of these new findings, it is critical to understand the role of the immune landscape, including the tumor microenvironment present in HCMV-harboring tumors. Finally, the oncomodulatory/oncogenic potential of HCMV could lead to the development of novel adapted therapeutic approaches against HCMV, especially since immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer therapeutic strategies and new therapeutic approaches are actively needed, particularly to fight tumors of poor prognosis.
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12
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Ming X, Bo Z, Miao Y, Chen H, Bao C, Sun L, Xi R, Zhong Q, Zhao P, Jung YS, Qian Y. Pseudorabies virus kinase UL13 phosphorylates H2AX to foster viral replication. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22221. [PMID: 35199383 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101360rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The DNA damage response (DDR) pathway is critical for maintaining genomic integrity and sustaining organismal development. Viruses can either utilize or circumvent the DDR to facilitate their replication. Pseudorabies virus (PRV) infection was shown to induce apoptosis via stimulating DDR. However, the underlying mechanisms have not been fully explored to date. This study showed that PRV infection robustly activates the ATM and DNA-PK signaling pathways shortly after infection. However, inhibition of ATM, but not DNA-PK, could dampen PRV replication in cells. Importantly, we found that PRV-encoded serine/threonine kinase UL13 interacts with and subsequently phosphorylates H2AX. Furthermore, we found that UL13 deletion largely attenuates PRV neuroinvasiveness and virulence in vivo. In addtion, we showed that UL13 contributes to H2AX phosphorylation upon PRV infection both in vitro and in vivo, but does not affect ATM phosphorylation. Finally, we showed that knockdown of H2AX reduces PRV replication, while this reduction can be further enhanced by deletion of UL13. Taken together, we conclude that PRV-encoded kinase UL13 regulates DNA damage marker γH2AX and UL13-mediated H2AX phosphorylation plays a pivotal role in efficient PRV replication and progeny production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Ming
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zongyi Bo
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yurun Miao
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huan Chen
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chenyi Bao
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liumei Sun
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rui Xi
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiuping Zhong
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pu Zhao
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong-Sam Jung
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yingjuan Qian
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High-Tech Research and Development of Veterinary Biopharmaceuticals, Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou, China
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13
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Abstract
The global coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) has affected more than 140 million and killed more than 3 million people worldwide as of April 20, 2021. The novel human severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been identified as an etiological agent for COVID-19. Several kinases have been proposed as possible mediators of multiple viral infections, including life-threatening coronaviruses like SARS-CoV-1, Middle East syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and SARS-CoV-2. Viral infections hijack abundant cell signaling pathways, resulting in drastic phosphorylation rewiring in the host and viral proteins. Some kinases play a significant role throughout the viral infection cycle (entry, replication, assembly, and egress), and several of them are involved in the virus-induced hyperinflammatory response that leads to cytokine storm, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), organ injury, and death. Here, we highlight kinases that are associated with coronavirus infections and their inhibitors with antiviral and potentially anti-inflammatory, cytokine-suppressive, or antifibrotic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanigaimalai Pillaiyar
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry
and Tuebingen Center for Academic Drug Discovery, Eberhard Karls University
Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen,
Germany
| | - Stefan Laufer
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry
and Tuebingen Center for Academic Drug Discovery, Eberhard Karls University
Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen,
Germany
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14
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Fumasoni M, Murray AW. Ploidy and recombination proficiency shape the evolutionary adaptation to constitutive DNA replication stress. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009875. [PMID: 34752451 PMCID: PMC8604288 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In haploid budding yeast, evolutionary adaptation to constitutive DNA replication stress alters three genome maintenance modules: DNA replication, the DNA damage checkpoint, and sister chromatid cohesion. We asked how these trajectories depend on genomic features by comparing the adaptation in three strains: haploids, diploids, and recombination deficient haploids. In all three, adaptation happens within 1000 generations at rates that are correlated with the initial fitness defect of the ancestors. Mutations in individual genes are selected at different frequencies in populations with different genomic features, but the benefits these mutations confer are similar in the three strains, and combinations of these mutations reproduce the fitness gains of evolved populations. Despite the differences in the selected mutations, adaptation targets the same three functional modules in strains with different genomic features, revealing a common evolutionary response to constitutive DNA replication stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Fumasoni
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Andrew W. Murray
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
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15
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Gil-Ranedo J, Gallego-García C, Almendral JM. Viral targeting of glioblastoma stem cells with patient-specific genetic and post-translational p53 deregulations. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109673. [PMID: 34496248 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer therapy urges targeting of malignant subsets within self-renewing heterogeneous stem cell populations. We dissect the genetic and functional heterogeneity of human glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) within patients by their innate responses to non-pathogenic mouse parvoviruses that are tightly restrained by cellular physiology. GSC neurospheres accumulate assembled capsids but restrict viral NS1 cytotoxic protein expression by an innate PKR/eIF2α-P response counteractable by electric pulses. NS1 triggers a comprehensive DNA damage response involving cell-cycle arrest, neurosphere disorganization, and bystander disruption of GSC-derived brain tumor architecture in rodent models. GSCs and cancer cell lines permissive to parvovirus genome replication require p53-Ser15 phosphorylation (Pp53S15). NS1 expression is enhanced by exogeneous Pp53S15 induction but repressed by wtp53. Consistently, patient-specific GSC subpopulations harboring p53 gain-of-function mutants and/or Pp53S15 are selective viral targets. This study provides a molecular foundation for personalized biosafe viral therapies against devastating glioblastoma and other cancers with deregulated p53 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Gil-Ranedo
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Gallego-García
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M Almendral
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain.
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16
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Wei L, Ploss A. Mechanism of Hepatitis B Virus cccDNA Formation. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081463. [PMID: 34452329 PMCID: PMC8402782 DOI: 10.3390/v13081463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) remains a major medical problem affecting at least 257 million chronically infected patients who are at risk of developing serious, frequently fatal liver diseases. HBV is a small, partially double-stranded DNA virus that goes through an intricate replication cycle in its native cellular environment: human hepatocytes. A critical step in the viral life-cycle is the conversion of relaxed circular DNA (rcDNA) into covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA), the latter being the major template for HBV gene transcription. For this conversion, HBV relies on multiple host factors, as enzymes capable of catalyzing the relevant reactions are not encoded in the viral genome. Combinations of genetic and biochemical approaches have produced findings that provide a more holistic picture of the complex mechanism of HBV cccDNA formation. Here, we review some of these studies that have helped to provide a comprehensive picture of rcDNA to cccDNA conversion. Mechanistic insights into this critical step for HBV persistence hold the key for devising new therapies that will lead not only to viral suppression but to a cure.
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17
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Mattola S, Hakanen S, Salminen S, Aho V, Mäntylä E, Ihalainen TO, Kann M, Vihinen-Ranta M. Concepts to Reveal Parvovirus-Nucleus Interactions. Viruses 2021; 13:1306. [PMID: 34372512 PMCID: PMC8310053 DOI: 10.3390/v13071306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Parvoviruses are small single-stranded (ss) DNA viruses, which replicate in the nucleoplasm and affect both the structure and function of the nucleus. The nuclear stage of the parvovirus life cycle starts at the nuclear entry of incoming capsids and culminates in the successful passage of progeny capsids out of the nucleus. In this review, we will present past, current, and future microscopy and biochemical techniques and demonstrate their potential in revealing the dynamics and molecular interactions in the intranuclear processes of parvovirus infection. In particular, a number of advanced techniques will be presented for the detection of infection-induced changes, such as DNA modification and damage, as well as protein-chromatin interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salla Mattola
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyvaskyla, 40500 Jyvaskyla, Finland; (S.M.); (S.H.); (S.S.); (V.A.)
| | - Satu Hakanen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyvaskyla, 40500 Jyvaskyla, Finland; (S.M.); (S.H.); (S.S.); (V.A.)
| | - Sami Salminen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyvaskyla, 40500 Jyvaskyla, Finland; (S.M.); (S.H.); (S.S.); (V.A.)
| | - Vesa Aho
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyvaskyla, 40500 Jyvaskyla, Finland; (S.M.); (S.H.); (S.S.); (V.A.)
| | - Elina Mäntylä
- BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33520 Tampere, Finland; (E.M.); (T.O.I.)
| | - Teemu O. Ihalainen
- BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33520 Tampere, Finland; (E.M.); (T.O.I.)
| | - Michael Kann
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 41390 Gothenburg, Sweden;
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maija Vihinen-Ranta
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyvaskyla, 40500 Jyvaskyla, Finland; (S.M.); (S.H.); (S.S.); (V.A.)
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18
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Garcia G, Sharma A, Ramaiah A, Sen C, Purkayastha A, Kohn DB, Parcells MS, Beck S, Kim H, Bakowski MA, Kirkpatrick MG, Riva L, Wolff KC, Han B, Yuen C, Ulmert D, Purbey PK, Scumpia P, Beutler N, Rogers TF, Chatterjee AK, Gabriel G, Bartenschlager R, Gomperts B, Svendsen CN, Betz UAK, Damoiseaux RD, Arumugaswami V. Antiviral drug screen identifies DNA-damage response inhibitor as potent blocker of SARS-CoV-2 replication. Cell Rep 2021; 35:108940. [PMID: 33784499 PMCID: PMC7969873 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 has currently precipitated the COVID-19 global health crisis. We developed a medium-throughput drug-screening system and identified a small-molecule library of 34 of 430 protein kinase inhibitors that were capable of inhibiting the SARS-CoV-2 cytopathic effect in human epithelial cells. These drug inhibitors are in various stages of clinical trials. We detected key proteins involved in cellular signaling pathways mTOR-PI3K-AKT, ABL-BCR/MAPK, and DNA-damage response that are critical for SARS-CoV-2 infection. A drug-protein interaction-based secondary screen confirmed compounds, such as the ATR kinase inhibitor berzosertib and torin2 with anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity. Berzosertib exhibited potent antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 in multiple cell types and blocked replication at the post-entry step. Berzosertib inhibited replication of SARS-CoV-1 and the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) as well. Our study highlights key promising kinase inhibitors to constrain coronavirus replication as a host-directed therapy in the treatment of COVID-19 and beyond as well as provides an important mechanism of host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Garcia
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Arun Sharma
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Arunachalam Ramaiah
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Chandani Sen
- UCLA Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Arunima Purkayastha
- UCLA Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Donald B Kohn
- UCLA Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Mark S Parcells
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Sebastian Beck
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Heeyoung Kim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Malina A Bakowski
- Calibr, a division of Scripps Research Institute, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Melanie G Kirkpatrick
- Calibr, a division of Scripps Research Institute, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Laura Riva
- Calibr, a division of Scripps Research Institute, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Karen C Wolff
- Calibr, a division of Scripps Research Institute, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Brandon Han
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Constance Yuen
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - David Ulmert
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Prabhat K Purbey
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Philip Scumpia
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Nathan Beutler
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Thomas F Rogers
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; UC San Diego Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, UC San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Arnab K Chatterjee
- Calibr, a division of Scripps Research Institute, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Gülsah Gabriel
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Bartenschlager
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research, Heidelberg partner site, Heidelberg, Germany; Division Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Brigitte Gomperts
- UCLA Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Clive N Svendsen
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | | | - Robert D Damoiseaux
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Vaithilingaraja Arumugaswami
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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19
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Verrier ER, Langevin C. Cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate-Adenosine Monophosphate Synthase (cGAS), a Multifaceted Platform of Intracellular DNA Sensing. Front Immunol 2021; 12:637399. [PMID: 33708225 PMCID: PMC7940176 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.637399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immune pathways are the first line of cellular defense against pathogen infections ranging from bacteria to Metazoa. These pathways are activated following the recognition of pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by membrane and cytosolic pattern recognition receptors. In addition, some of these cellular sensors can also recognize endogenous danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) arising from damaged or dying cells and triggering innate immune responses. Among the cytosolic nucleic acid sensors, the cyclic guanosine monophosphate–adenosine monophosphate (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS) plays an essential role in the activation of the type I interferon (IFNs) response and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Indeed, upon nucleic acid binding, cGAS synthesizes cGAMP, a second messenger mediating the activation of the STING signaling pathway. The functional conservation of the cGAS-STING pathway during evolution highlights its importance in host cellular surveillance against pathogen infections. Apart from their functions in immunity, cGAS and STING also play major roles in nuclear functions and tumor development. Therefore, cGAS-STING is now considered as an attractive target to identify novel biomarkers and design therapeutics for auto-inflammatory and autoimmune disorders as well as infectious diseases and cancer. Here, we review the current knowledge about the structure of cGAS and the evolution from bacteria to Metazoa and present its main functions in defense against pathogens and cancer, in connection with STING. The advantages and limitations of in vivo models relevant for studying the cGAS-STING pathway will be discussed for the notion of species specificity and in the context of their integration into therapeutic screening assays targeting cGAG and/or STING.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloi R Verrier
- Université de Strasbourg, Inserm, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques UMR_S1110, Strasbourg, France
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20
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Alekseev O, Donegan WE, Donovan KR, Limonnik V, Azizkhan-Clifford J. HSV-1 Hijacks the Host DNA Damage Response in Corneal Epithelial Cells through ICP4-Mediated Activation of ATM. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 61:39. [PMID: 32543665 PMCID: PMC7415316 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.6.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Herpes simplex virus type I (HSV-1) infection of corneal epithelial cells activates ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), an apical kinase in the host DNA damage response pathway, whose activity is necessary for the progression of lytic HSV-1 infection. The purpose of this study is to investigate the mechanism of ATM activation by HSV-1 in the corneal epithelium, as well as its functional significance. Methods Mechanistic studies were performed in cultured human corneal epithelial cell lines (hTCEpi, HCE), as well as in esophageal (EPC2) and oral (OKF6) cell lines. Transfection-based experiments were performed in HEK293 cells. HSV-1 infection was carried out using the wild-type KOS strain, various mutant strains (tsB7, d120, 7134, i13, n208), and bacterial artificial chromosomes (fHSVΔpac, pM24). Inhibitors of ATM (KU-55933), protein synthesis (cycloheximide), and viral DNA replication (phosphonoacetic acid) were used. Outcomes of infection were assayed using Western blotting, qRT-PCR, immunofluorescence, and comet assay. Results This study demonstrates that HSV-1-mediated ATM activation in corneal epithelial cells relies on the viral immediate early gene product ICP4 and requires the presence of the viral genome in the host nucleus. We show that ATM activation is independent of viral genome replication, the ICP0 protein, and the presence of DNA lesions. Interestingly, ATM activity appears to be necessary at the onset of infection, but dispensable at the later stages. Conclusions This study expands our understanding of HSV-1 virus-host interactions in the corneal epithelium and identifies potential areas of future investigation and therapeutic intervention in herpes keratitis.
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21
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Kleinberger T. En Guard! The Interactions between Adenoviruses and the DNA Damage Response. Viruses 2020; 12:v12090996. [PMID: 32906746 PMCID: PMC7552057 DOI: 10.3390/v12090996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Virus–host cell interactions include several skirmishes between the virus and its host, and the DNA damage response (DDR) network is one of their important battlegrounds. Although some aspects of the DDR are exploited by adenovirus (Ad) to improve virus replication, especially at the early phase of infection, a large body of evidence demonstrates that Ad devotes many of its proteins, including E1B-55K, E4orf3, E4orf4, E4orf6, and core protein VII, and utilizes varied mechanisms to inhibit the DDR. These findings indicate that the DDR would strongly restrict Ad replication if allowed to function efficiently. Various Ad serotypes inactivate DNA damage sensors, including the Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1 (MRN) complex, DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK), and Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1). As a result, these viruses inhibit signaling via DDR transducers, such as the ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and ATM- and Rad3-related (ATR) kinases, to downstream effectors. The different Ad serotypes utilize both shared and distinct mechanisms to inhibit various branches of the DDR. The aim of this review is to understand the interactions between Ad proteins and the DDR and to appreciate how these interactions contribute to viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Kleinberger
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 1 Efron St., Bat Galim, Haifa 31096, Israel
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22
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Bouhaddou M, Memon D, Meyer B, White KM, Rezelj VV, Correa Marrero M, Polacco BJ, Melnyk JE, Ulferts S, Kaake RM, Batra J, Richards AL, Stevenson E, Gordon DE, Rojc A, Obernier K, Fabius JM, Soucheray M, Miorin L, Moreno E, Koh C, Tran QD, Hardy A, Robinot R, Vallet T, Nilsson-Payant BE, Hernandez-Armenta C, Dunham A, Weigang S, Knerr J, Modak M, Quintero D, Zhou Y, Dugourd A, Valdeolivas A, Patil T, Li Q, Hüttenhain R, Cakir M, Muralidharan M, Kim M, Jang G, Tutuncuoglu B, Hiatt J, Guo JZ, Xu J, Bouhaddou S, Mathy CJP, Gaulton A, Manners EJ, Félix E, Shi Y, Goff M, Lim JK, McBride T, O'Neal MC, Cai Y, Chang JCJ, Broadhurst DJ, Klippsten S, De Wit E, Leach AR, Kortemme T, Shoichet B, Ott M, Saez-Rodriguez J, tenOever BR, Mullins RD, Fischer ER, Kochs G, Grosse R, García-Sastre A, Vignuzzi M, Johnson JR, Shokat KM, Swaney DL, Beltrao P, Krogan NJ. The Global Phosphorylation Landscape of SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Cell 2020; 182:685-712.e19. [PMID: 32645325 PMCID: PMC7321036 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 710] [Impact Index Per Article: 177.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The causative agent of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has infected millions and killed hundreds of thousands of people worldwide, highlighting an urgent need to develop antiviral therapies. Here we present a quantitative mass spectrometry-based phosphoproteomics survey of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Vero E6 cells, revealing dramatic rewiring of phosphorylation on host and viral proteins. SARS-CoV-2 infection promoted casein kinase II (CK2) and p38 MAPK activation, production of diverse cytokines, and shutdown of mitotic kinases, resulting in cell cycle arrest. Infection also stimulated a marked induction of CK2-containing filopodial protrusions possessing budding viral particles. Eighty-seven drugs and compounds were identified by mapping global phosphorylation profiles to dysregulated kinases and pathways. We found pharmacologic inhibition of the p38, CK2, CDK, AXL, and PIKFYVE kinases to possess antiviral efficacy, representing potential COVID-19 therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Bouhaddou
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Danish Memon
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Bjoern Meyer
- Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, CNRS UMR 3569, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, Cedex 15, France
| | - Kris M White
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Veronica V Rezelj
- Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, CNRS UMR 3569, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, Cedex 15, France
| | - Miguel Correa Marrero
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Benjamin J Polacco
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - James E Melnyk
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
| | - Svenja Ulferts
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Robyn M Kaake
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jyoti Batra
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Alicia L Richards
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Erica Stevenson
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - David E Gordon
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ajda Rojc
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Kirsten Obernier
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jacqueline M Fabius
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Margaret Soucheray
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Lisa Miorin
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Elena Moreno
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Cassandra Koh
- Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, CNRS UMR 3569, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, Cedex 15, France
| | - Quang Dinh Tran
- Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, CNRS UMR 3569, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, Cedex 15, France
| | - Alexandra Hardy
- Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, CNRS UMR 3569, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, Cedex 15, France
| | - Rémy Robinot
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, CNRS UMR 3569, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, Cedex 15, France; Vaccine Research Institute, 94000 Creteil, France
| | - Thomas Vallet
- Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, CNRS UMR 3569, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, Cedex 15, France
| | | | - Claudia Hernandez-Armenta
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alistair Dunham
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sebastian Weigang
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Julian Knerr
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Maya Modak
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Diego Quintero
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Yuan Zhou
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Aurelien Dugourd
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Bioquant, Heidelberg University, Faculty of Medicine, and Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Alberto Valdeolivas
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Bioquant, Heidelberg University, Faculty of Medicine, and Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Trupti Patil
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Qiongyu Li
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ruth Hüttenhain
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Merve Cakir
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Monita Muralidharan
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Minkyu Kim
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Gwendolyn Jang
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Beril Tutuncuoglu
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Joseph Hiatt
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jeffrey Z Guo
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jiewei Xu
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Sophia Bouhaddou
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Christopher J P Mathy
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Bioengineering & Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Anna Gaulton
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Emma J Manners
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Eloy Félix
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ying Shi
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
| | - Marisa Goff
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jean K Lim
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Emmie De Wit
- NIH/NIAID/Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Andrew R Leach
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tanja Kortemme
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Bioengineering & Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Brian Shoichet
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Melanie Ott
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Julio Saez-Rodriguez
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Bioquant, Heidelberg University, Faculty of Medicine, and Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Benjamin R tenOever
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - R Dyche Mullins
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
| | | | - Georg Kochs
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79008, Germany
| | - Robert Grosse
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79008, Germany; Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies (CIBSS), Freiburg 79104, Germany.
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA; The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
| | - Marco Vignuzzi
- Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, CNRS UMR 3569, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, Cedex 15, France.
| | - Jeffery R Johnson
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Kevan M Shokat
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
| | - Danielle L Swaney
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| | - Pedro Beltrao
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Nevan J Krogan
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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23
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Pokrovska TD, Jacobus EJ, Puliyadi R, Prevo R, Frost S, Dyer A, Baugh R, Rodriguez-Berriguete G, Fisher K, Granata G, Herbert K, Taverner WK, Champion BR, Higgins GS, Seymour LW, Lei-Rossmann J. External Beam Radiation Therapy and Enadenotucirev: Inhibition of the DDR and Mechanisms of Radiation-Mediated Virus Increase. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E798. [PMID: 32224979 PMCID: PMC7226394 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12040798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionising radiation causes cell death through the induction of DNA damage, particularly double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) breaks. Evidence suggests that adenoviruses inhibit proteins involved in the DNA damage response (DDR) to prevent recognition of double-stranded viral DNA genomes as cellular dsDNA breaks. We hypothesise that combining adenovirus treatment with radiotherapy has the potential for enhancing tumour-specific cytotoxicity through inhibition of the DDR and augmentation of virus production. We show that EnAd, an Ad3/Ad11p chimeric oncolytic adenovirus currently being trialled in colorectal and other cancers, targets the DDR pathway at a number of junctures. Infection is associated with a decrease in irradiation-induced 53BP1 and Rad51 foci formation, and in total DNA ligase IV levels. We also demonstrate a radiation-associated increase in EnAd production in vitro and in a pilot in vivo experiment. Given the current limitations of in vitro techniques in assessing for synergy between these treatments, we adapted the plaque assay to allow monitoring of viral plaque size and growth and utilised the xCELLigence cell adhesion assay to measure cytotoxicity. Our study provides further evidence on the interaction between adenovirus and radiation in vitro and in vivo and suggests these have at least an additive, and possibly a synergistic, impact on cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzveta D. Pokrovska
- Anticancer Viruses and Cancer Vaccines Research Group, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; (T.D.P.); (E.J.J.); (S.F.); (A.D.); (R.B.); (K.F.); (W.K.T.); (J.L.-R.)
| | - Egon J. Jacobus
- Anticancer Viruses and Cancer Vaccines Research Group, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; (T.D.P.); (E.J.J.); (S.F.); (A.D.); (R.B.); (K.F.); (W.K.T.); (J.L.-R.)
| | - Rathi Puliyadi
- Tumour Radiosensitivity Research Group, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; (R.P.); (R.P.); (G.R.-B.); (G.G.); (K.H.); (G.S.H.)
| | - Remko Prevo
- Tumour Radiosensitivity Research Group, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; (R.P.); (R.P.); (G.R.-B.); (G.G.); (K.H.); (G.S.H.)
| | - Sally Frost
- Anticancer Viruses and Cancer Vaccines Research Group, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; (T.D.P.); (E.J.J.); (S.F.); (A.D.); (R.B.); (K.F.); (W.K.T.); (J.L.-R.)
| | - Arthur Dyer
- Anticancer Viruses and Cancer Vaccines Research Group, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; (T.D.P.); (E.J.J.); (S.F.); (A.D.); (R.B.); (K.F.); (W.K.T.); (J.L.-R.)
| | - Richard Baugh
- Anticancer Viruses and Cancer Vaccines Research Group, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; (T.D.P.); (E.J.J.); (S.F.); (A.D.); (R.B.); (K.F.); (W.K.T.); (J.L.-R.)
| | - Gonzalo Rodriguez-Berriguete
- Tumour Radiosensitivity Research Group, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; (R.P.); (R.P.); (G.R.-B.); (G.G.); (K.H.); (G.S.H.)
| | - Kerry Fisher
- Anticancer Viruses and Cancer Vaccines Research Group, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; (T.D.P.); (E.J.J.); (S.F.); (A.D.); (R.B.); (K.F.); (W.K.T.); (J.L.-R.)
- PsiOxus Therapeutics Ltd., Abingdon OX14 3YS, UK;
| | - Giovanna Granata
- Tumour Radiosensitivity Research Group, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; (R.P.); (R.P.); (G.R.-B.); (G.G.); (K.H.); (G.S.H.)
| | - Katharine Herbert
- Tumour Radiosensitivity Research Group, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; (R.P.); (R.P.); (G.R.-B.); (G.G.); (K.H.); (G.S.H.)
| | - William K. Taverner
- Anticancer Viruses and Cancer Vaccines Research Group, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; (T.D.P.); (E.J.J.); (S.F.); (A.D.); (R.B.); (K.F.); (W.K.T.); (J.L.-R.)
| | | | - Geoff S. Higgins
- Tumour Radiosensitivity Research Group, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; (R.P.); (R.P.); (G.R.-B.); (G.G.); (K.H.); (G.S.H.)
| | - Len W. Seymour
- Anticancer Viruses and Cancer Vaccines Research Group, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; (T.D.P.); (E.J.J.); (S.F.); (A.D.); (R.B.); (K.F.); (W.K.T.); (J.L.-R.)
| | - Janet Lei-Rossmann
- Anticancer Viruses and Cancer Vaccines Research Group, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; (T.D.P.); (E.J.J.); (S.F.); (A.D.); (R.B.); (K.F.); (W.K.T.); (J.L.-R.)
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24
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Kleinberger T. Biology of the adenovirus E4orf4 protein: from virus infection to cancer cell death. FEBS Lett 2019; 594:1891-1917. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Kleinberger
- Department of Molecular Microbiology the Rappaport Faculty of Medicine Technion –Israel Institute of Technology Haifa Israel
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25
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Risso-Ballester J, Sanjuán R. High Fidelity Deep Sequencing Reveals No Effect of ATM, ATR, and DNA-PK Cellular DNA Damage Response Pathways on Adenovirus Mutation Rate. Viruses 2019; 11:v11100938. [PMID: 31614688 PMCID: PMC6832117 DOI: 10.3390/v11100938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Most DNA viruses exhibit relatively low rates of spontaneous mutation. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying DNA virus genetic stability remain unclear. In principle, mutation rates should not depend solely on polymerase fidelity, but also on factors such as DNA damage and repair efficiency. Most eukaryotic DNA viruses interact with the cellular DNA damage response (DDR), but the role of DDR pathways in preventing mutations in the virus has not been tested empirically. To address this goal, we serially transferred human adenovirus type 5 in cells in which the telangiectasia-mutated PI3K-related protein kinase (ATM), the ATM/Rad3-related (ATR) kinase, and the DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) were chemically inactivated, as well as in control cells displaying normal DDR pathway functioning. High-fidelity deep sequencing of these viral populations revealed mutation frequencies in the order of one-millionth, with no detectable effect of the inactivation of DDR mediators ATM, ATR, and DNA-PK on adenovirus sequence variability. This suggests that these DDR pathways do not play a major role in determining adenovirus genetic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Risso-Ballester
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), Universitat de València-CSIC, Paterna, 46980 València, Spain.
| | - Rafael Sanjuán
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), Universitat de València-CSIC, Paterna, 46980 València, Spain.
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Virotherapy as a Potential Therapeutic Approach for the Treatment of Aggressive Thyroid Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11101532. [PMID: 31636245 PMCID: PMC6826611 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11101532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Virotherapy is a novel cancer treatment based on oncolytic viruses (OVs), which selectively infect and lyse cancer cells, without harming normal cells or tissues. Several viruses, either naturally occurring or developed through genetic engineering, are currently under investigation in clinical studies. Emerging reports suggesting the immune-stimulatory property of OVs against tumor cells further support the clinical use of OVs for the treatment of lesions lacking effective therapies. Poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma (PDTC) and anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC), have a poor prognosis and limited treatment options. Therefore, several groups investigated the therapeutic potential of OVs in PDTC/ATC models producing experimental data sustaining the potential clinical efficacy of OVs in these cancer models. Moreover, the presence of an immunosuppressive microenvironment further supports the potential use of OVs in ATC. In this review, we present the results of the studies evaluating the efficacy of OVs alone or in combination with other treatment options. In particular, their potential therapeutic combination with multiple kinases inhibitors (MKIs) or immune checkpoint inhibitors are discussed.
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Pich D, Mrozek-Gorska P, Bouvet M, Sugimoto A, Akidil E, Grundhoff A, Hamperl S, Ling PD, Hammerschmidt W. First Days in the Life of Naive Human B Lymphocytes Infected with Epstein-Barr Virus. mBio 2019; 10:e01723-19. [PMID: 31530670 PMCID: PMC6751056 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01723-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infects and activates resting human B lymphocytes, reprograms them, induces their proliferation, and establishes a latent infection in them. In established EBV-infected cell lines, many viral latent genes are expressed. Their roles in supporting the continuous proliferation of EBV-infected B cells in vitro are known, but their functions in the early, prelatent phase of infection have not been investigated systematically. In studies during the first 8 days of infection using derivatives of EBV with mutations in single genes of EBVs, we found only Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen 2 (EBNA2) to be essential for activating naive human B lymphocytes, inducing their growth in cell volume, driving them into rapid cell divisions, and preventing cell death in a subset of infected cells. EBNA-LP, latent membrane protein 2A (LMP2A), and the viral microRNAs have supportive, auxiliary functions, but mutants of LMP1, EBNA3A, EBNA3C, and the noncoding Epstein-Barr virus with small RNA (EBERs) had no discernible phenotype compared with wild-type EBV. B cells infected with a double mutant of EBNA3A and 3C had an unexpected proliferative advantage and did not regulate the DNA damage response (DDR) of the infected host cell in the prelatent phase. Even EBNA1, which has very critical long-term functions in maintaining and replicating the viral genomic DNA in established cell lines, was dispensable for the early activation of infected cells. Our findings document that the virus dose is a decisive parameter and indicate that EBNA2 governs the infected cells initially and implements a strictly controlled temporal program independent of other viral latent genes. It thus appears that EBNA2 is sufficient to control all requirements for clonal cellular expansion and to reprogram human B lymphocytes from energetically quiescent to activated cells.IMPORTANCE The preferred target of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is human resting B lymphocytes. We found that their infection induces a well-coordinated, time-driven program that starts with a substantial increase in cell volume, followed by cellular DNA synthesis after 3 days and subsequent rapid rounds of cell divisions on the next day accompanied by some DNA replication stress (DRS). Two to 3 days later, the cells decelerate and turn into stably proliferating lymphoblast cell lines. With the aid of 16 different recombinant EBV strains, we investigated the individual contributions of EBV's multiple latent genes during early B-cell infection and found that many do not exert a detectable phenotype or contribute little to EBV's prelatent phase. The exception is EBNA2 that is essential in governing all aspects of B-cell reprogramming. EBV relies on EBNA2 to turn the infected B lymphocytes into proliferating lymphoblasts preparing the infected host cell for the ensuing stable, latent phase of viral infection. In the early steps of B-cell reprogramming, viral latent genes other than EBNA2 are dispensable, but some, EBNA-LP, for example, support the viral program and presumably stabilize the infected cells once viral latency is established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar Pich
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany
| | - Paulina Mrozek-Gorska
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany
| | - Mickaël Bouvet
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany
| | - Atsuko Sugimoto
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany
| | - Ezgi Akidil
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany
| | - Adam Grundhoff
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Hamperl
- Institute of Epigenetics and Stem Cells, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
| | - Paul D Ling
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Wolfgang Hammerschmidt
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany
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28
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Full F, Ensser A. Early Nuclear Events after Herpesviral Infection. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8091408. [PMID: 31500286 PMCID: PMC6780142 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8091408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpesviruses are important pathogens that can cause significant morbidity and mortality in the human population. Herpesviruses have a double-stranded DNA genome, and viral genome replication takes place inside the nucleus. Upon entering the nucleus, herpesviruses have to overcome the obstacle of cellular proteins in order to enable viral gene expression and genome replication. In this review, we want to highlight cellular proteins that sense incoming viral genomes of the DNA-damage repair (DDR) pathway and of PML-nuclear bodies (PML-NBs) that all can act as antiviral restriction factors within the first hours after the viral genome is released into the nucleus. We show the function and significance of both nuclear DNA sensors, the DDR and PML-NBs, and demonstrate for three human herpesviruses of the alpha-, beta- and gamma-subfamilies, HSV-1, HCMV and KSHV respectively, how viral tegument proteins antagonize these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Full
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Armin Ensser
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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Abstract
Viral infection is a major contributor to the global cancer burden. Recent advances have revealed that seven known oncogenic viruses promote tumorigenesis through shared host cell targets and pathways. A comprehensive understanding of the principles of viral oncogenesis may enable the identification of unknown infectious aetiologies of cancer and the development of therapeutic or preventive strategies for virus-associated cancers. In this Review, we discuss the molecular mechanisms of viral oncogenesis in humans. We highlight recent advances in understanding how viral manipulation of host cellular signalling, DNA damage responses, immunity and microRNA targets promotes the initiation and development of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A Krump
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jianxin You
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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30
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Simões M, Freitas FB, Leitão A, Martins C, Ferreira F. African swine fever virus replication events and cell nucleus: New insights and perspectives. Virus Res 2019; 270:197667. [PMID: 31319112 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.197667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is currently matter for major concerns in global swine industry as it is highly contagious and causes acute fatal haemorrhagic fever in domestic pigs and wild boar. The absence of effective vaccines and treatments pushes ASF control to relay on strict sanitary and stamping out measures with costly socio-economic impacts. The current epidemic scenario of fast spreading throughout Asiatic countries impels further studies on prevention and combat strategies against ASF. Herein we review knowledge on African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) interactions with the host cell nucleus and on the functional properties of different viral DNA-replication related proteins. This entails, the confirmation of an intranuclear viral DNA replication phase, the characterization of cellular DNA damage responses (DDR), the subnuclear compartments disruption due to viral modulation, and the unravelling of the biological role of several viral proteins (A104R, I215 L, P1192R, QP509 L and Q706 L), so to contribute to underpin rational strategies for vaccine candidates development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Simões
- CIISA - Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477, Lisboa, Portugal; Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (INIAV), Quinta do Marquês, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ferdinando B Freitas
- CIISA - Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Alexandre Leitão
- CIISA - Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Carlos Martins
- CIISA - Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Fernando Ferreira
- CIISA - Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477, Lisboa, Portugal.
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31
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Guo H, Shen S, Li Y, Bi R, Zhang N, Zheng W, Deng Y, Yang Y, Yu XF, Wang C, Wei W. Adenovirus oncoprotein E4orf6 triggers Cullin5 neddylation to activate the CLR5 E3 ligase for p53 degradation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 516:1242-1247. [PMID: 31301771 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The human adenovirus oncoprotein E4orf6 hijacks intracellular Cullin 5-based E3 ubiquitin ligases (CRL5s) to induce the degradation of host proteins, including p53, that impede efficient viral replication. The complex also relies on another viral protein, E1B55K, to recruit substrates for ubiquitination. However, the determinants of adenoviral E4orf6-CRL5 E3 ligase-mediated p53 degradation in the scaffolding protein Cullin5 remain rarely investigated. Here, we demonstrated that the viral protein E4orf6 triggered relocalization of the Cullin5 protein from the cytoplasm to the nucleus and induced activation of the CRL5 E3 ligase via facilitating neddylation. The expression of the deneddylase SENP8/Den1 was significantly downregulated by E4orf6. We then identified SENP8 as a natural restriction factor for E4orf6-induced p53 degradation. Furthermore, our results indicated that the NEDD8-conjugating E2 enzyme UBE2M was essential for E4orf6-mediated p53 degradation and that its dominant negative mutant UBE2M C111S dramatically blocked E4orf6 functions. The Nedd8-activating enzyme inhibitor MLN4924 decreased E4orf6-induced neddylation of the cullin5 protein and subsequently suppressed p53 degradation. Collectively, our findings illuminate the strategy by which this viral oncoprotein specifically utilizes the neddylation pathway to activate host CRL E3 ligases to degrade host restriction factors. Disrupting this post-translational modification is an attractive pharmacological intervention against human adenoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Guo
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, Institute of Translational Medicine, Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130021, China
| | - Siyu Shen
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, Institute of Translational Medicine, Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130021, China
| | - Yan Li
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, Institute of Translational Medicine, Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130021, China
| | - Ran Bi
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, Institute of Translational Medicine, Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130021, China
| | - Nannan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, Institute of Translational Medicine, Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130021, China
| | - Wenwen Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, Institute of Translational Medicine, Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130021, China
| | - Yuyou Deng
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, Institute of Translational Medicine, Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130021, China
| | - Ying Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiao-Fang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, Institute of Translational Medicine, Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130021, China; Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Chunxi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, Institute of Translational Medicine, Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130021, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, Institute of Translational Medicine, Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130021, China.
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32
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Flynn PJ, Moreau CS. Assessing the Diversity of Endogenous Viruses Throughout Ant Genomes. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1139. [PMID: 31191479 PMCID: PMC6540820 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenous viral elements (EVEs) can play a significant role in the evolution of their hosts and have been identified in animals, plants, and fungi. Additionally, EVEs potentially provide an important snapshot of the evolutionary frequency of viral infection. The purpose of this study is to take a comparative host-centered approach to EVE discovery in ant genomes to better understand the relationship of EVEs to their ant hosts. Using a comprehensive bioinformatic pipeline, we screened all nineteen published ant genomes for EVEs. Once the EVEs were identified, we assessed their phylogenetic relationships to other closely related exogenous viruses. A diverse group of EVEs were discovered in all screened ant host genomes and in many cases are similar to previously identified exogenous viruses. EVEs similar to ssRNA viral proteins are the most common viral lineage throughout the ant hosts, which is potentially due to more chronic infection or more effective endogenization of certain ssRNA viruses in ants. In addition, both EVEs similar to viral glycoproteins and retrovirus-derived proteins are also abundant throughout ant genomes, suggesting their tendency to endogenize. Several of these newly discovered EVEs are found to be potentially functional within the genome. The discovery and analysis of EVEs is essential in beginning to understand viral–ant interactions over evolutionary time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Flynn
- Committee on Evolutionary Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.,Department of Science and Education, Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Corrie S Moreau
- Department of Science and Education, Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL, United States.,Departments of Entomology and Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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Biphasic Functional Interaction between the Adenovirus E4orf4 Protein and DNA-PK. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01365-18. [PMID: 30842317 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01365-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The adenovirus (Ad) E4orf4 protein contributes to virus-induced inhibition of the DNA damage response (DDR) by reducing ATM and ATR signaling. Consequently, E4orf4 inhibits DNA repair and sensitizes transformed cells to killing by DNA-damaging drugs. Inhibition of ATM and ATR signaling contributes to the efficiency of virus replication and may provide one explanation for the cancer selectivity of cell death induced by the expression of E4orf4 alone. In this report, we investigate a direct interaction of E4orf4 with the DDR. We show that E4orf4 physically associates with the DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK), and we demonstrate a biphasic functional interaction between these proteins, wherein DNA-PK is required for ATM and ATR inhibition by E4orf4 earlier during infection but is inhibited by E4orf4 as infection progresses. This biphasic process is accompanied by initial augmentation and a later inhibition of DNA-PK autophosphorylation as well as by colocalization of DNA-PK with early Ad replication centers and distancing of DNA-PK from late replication centers. Moreover, inhibition of DNA-PK improves Ad replication more effectively when a DNA-PK inhibitor is added later rather than earlier during infection. When expressed alone, E4orf4 is recruited to DNA damage sites in a DNA-PK-dependent manner. DNA-PK inhibition reduces the ability of E4orf4 to induce cancer cell death, likely because E4orf4 is prevented from arriving at the damage sites and from inhibiting the DDR. Our results support an important role for the E4orf4-DNA-PK interaction in Ad replication and in facilitation of E4orf4-induced cancer-selective cell death.IMPORTANCE Several DNA viruses evolved mechanisms to inhibit the cellular DNA damage response (DDR), which acts as an antiviral defense system. We present a novel mechanism by which the adenovirus (Ad) E4orf4 protein inhibits the DDR. E4orf4 interacts with the DNA damage sensor DNA-PK in a biphasic manner. Early during infection, E4orf4 requires DNA-PK activity to inhibit various branches of the DDR, whereas it later inhibits DNA-PK itself. Furthermore, although both E4orf4 and DNA-PK are recruited to virus replication centers (RCs), DNA-PK is later distanced from late-phase RCs. Delayed DNA-PK inhibition greatly contributes to Ad replication efficiency. When E4orf4 is expressed alone, it is recruited to DNA damage sites. Inhibition of DNA-PK prevents both recruitment and the previously reported ability of E4orf4 to kill cancer cells. Our results support an important role for the E4orf4-DNA-PK interaction in Ad replication and in facilitation of E4orf4-induced cancer-selective cell death.
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Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerases in Host-Pathogen Interactions, Inflammation, and Immunity. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2018; 83:83/1/e00038-18. [PMID: 30567936 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00038-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The literature review presented here details recent research involving members of the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) family of proteins. Among the 17 recognized members of the family, the human enzyme PARP1 is the most extensively studied, resulting in a number of known biological and metabolic roles. This review is focused on the roles played by PARP enzymes in host-pathogen interactions and in diseases with an associated inflammatory response. In mammalian cells, several PARPs have specific roles in the antiviral response; this is perhaps best illustrated by PARP13, also termed the zinc finger antiviral protein (ZAP). Plant stress responses and immunity are also regulated by poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation. PARPs promote inflammatory responses by stimulating proinflammatory signal transduction pathways that lead to the expression of cytokines and cell adhesion molecules. Hence, PARP inhibitors show promise in the treatment of inflammatory disorders and conditions with an inflammatory component, such as diabetes, arthritis, and stroke. These functions are correlated with the biophysical characteristics of PARP family enzymes. This work is important in providing a comprehensive understanding of the molecular basis of pathogenesis and host responses, as well as in the identification of inhibitors. This is important because the identification of inhibitors has been shown to be effective in arresting the progression of disease.
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Passaro C, Somma SD, Malfitano AM, Portella G. Oncolytic virotherapy for anaplastic and poorly differentiated thyroid cancer: a promise or a clinical reality? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINE ONCOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.2217/ije-2017-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) selectively infect and lyse cancer cells. A direct lytic effect of OVs has been theorized in the initial studies; however, the antineoplastic effect of OVs is also due to the induction of an immune response against cancer cells. Anaplastic thyroid cancer is one of the most aggressive human malignancies with a short survival time of about 6–12 months from the diagnosis. The lack of effective therapies has prompted to investigate the efficacy of OVs in anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. Different OVs have been tested in preclinical studies, either as single agents or in combinatorial treatments. In this review, the results of these studies are summarized and future perspective discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Passaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sarah Di Somma
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italia
| | - Anna Maria Malfitano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italia
| | - Giuseppe Portella
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italia
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36
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Xiao X, Liang J, Huang C, Li K, Xing F, Zhu W, Lin Z, Xu W, Wu G, Zhang J, Lin X, Tan Y, Cai J, Hu J, Chen X, Huang Y, Qin Z, Qiu P, Su X, Chen L, Lin Y, Zhang H, Yan G. DNA-PK inhibition synergizes with oncolytic virus M1 by inhibiting antiviral response and potentiating DNA damage. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4342. [PMID: 30337542 PMCID: PMC6194050 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06771-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy is a promising therapeutic strategy that uses replication-competent viruses to selectively destroy malignancies. However, the therapeutic effect of certain oncolytic viruses (OVs) varies among cancer patients. Thus, it is necessary to overcome resistance to OVs through rationally designed combination strategies. Here, through an anticancer drug screening, we show that DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) inhibition sensitizes cancer cells to OV M1 and improves therapeutic effects in refractory cancer models in vivo and in patient tumour samples. Infection of M1 virus triggers the transcription of interferons (IFNs) and the activation of the antiviral response, which can be abolished by pretreatment of DNA-PK inhibitor (DNA-PKI), resulting in selectively enhanced replication of OV M1 within malignancies. Furthermore, DNA-PK inhibition promotes the DNA damage response induced by M1 virus, leading to increased tumour cell apoptosis. Together, our study identifies the combination of DNA-PKI and OV M1 as a potential treatment for cancers. Oncolytic virotherapy is a promising strategy for cancer treatment. In this study, the authors demonstrate that DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) inhibition sensitizes cancer cells to M1 virus and improves therapeutic effects in refractory cancer models in vivo and in patient tumour samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xiao
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China.,Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jiankai Liang
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Chunlong Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510700, China
| | - Kai Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Disease, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Fan Xing
- School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Wenbo Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Ziqing Lin
- Guangzhou Virotech Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, 510663, China
| | - Wencang Xu
- Guangzhou Virotech Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, 510663, China
| | - Guangen Wu
- Guangzhou Virotech Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, 510663, China
| | - Jifu Zhang
- Guangzhou Virotech Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, 510663, China
| | - Xi Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.,Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Yaqian Tan
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jing Cai
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jun Hu
- Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xueqin Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Youwei Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Zixi Qin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Pengxin Qiu
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xingwen Su
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Lijun Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yuan Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China. .,Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - Haipeng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China. .,Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Guangmei Yan
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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Ubiquitination at the interface of tumor viruses and DNA damage responses. Curr Opin Virol 2018; 32:40-47. [PMID: 30261451 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2018.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Viruses exploit cellular ubiquitination machinery to shape the host proteome and promote productive infection. Among the cellular processes influenced by viral manipulation of ubiquitination is the DNA damage response (DDR), a network of cellular signaling pathways that sense and respond to genomic damage. This host-pathogen interaction is particularly important during virus replication and transformation by DNA tumor viruses. Manipulating DDR pathways can promote virus replication but also impacts host genomic instability, potentially leading to cellular transformation and tumor formation. We review ways in which viruses are known to hijack the cellular ubiquitin system to reshape host DDR pathways.
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Abstract
Viral DNA genomes have limited coding capacity and therefore harness cellular factors to facilitate replication of their genomes and generate progeny virions. Studies of viruses and how they interact with cellular processes have historically provided seminal insights into basic biology and disease mechanisms. The replicative life cycles of many DNA viruses have been shown to engage components of the host DNA damage and repair machinery. Viruses have evolved numerous strategies to navigate the cellular DNA damage response. By hijacking and manipulating cellular replication and repair processes, DNA viruses can selectively harness or abrogate distinct components of the cellular machinery to complete their life cycles. Here, we highlight consequences for viral replication and host genome integrity during the dynamic interactions between virus and host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Weitzman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104.,Division of Protective Immunity and Division of Cancer Pathobiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104;
| | - Amélie Fradet-Turcotte
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry, and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada; .,CHU de Québec Research Center-Université Laval (L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec), Cancer Research Center, Québec G1R 2J6, Canada
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Syed A, Tainer JA. The MRE11-RAD50-NBS1 Complex Conducts the Orchestration of Damage Signaling and Outcomes to Stress in DNA Replication and Repair. Annu Rev Biochem 2018; 87:263-294. [PMID: 29709199 PMCID: PMC6076887 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biochem-062917-012415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Genomic instability in disease and its fidelity in health depend on the DNA damage response (DDR), regulated in part from the complex of meiotic recombination 11 homolog 1 (MRE11), ATP-binding cassette-ATPase (RAD50), and phosphopeptide-binding Nijmegen breakage syndrome protein 1 (NBS1). The MRE11-RAD50-NBS1 (MRN) complex forms a multifunctional DDR machine. Within its network assemblies, MRN is the core conductor for the initial and sustained responses to DNA double-strand breaks, stalled replication forks, dysfunctional telomeres, and viral DNA infection. MRN can interfere with cancer therapy and is an attractive target for precision medicine. Its conformations change the paradigm whereby kinases initiate damage sensing. Delineated results reveal kinase activation, posttranslational targeting, functional scaffolding, conformations storing binding energy and enabling access, interactions with hub proteins such as replication protein A (RPA), and distinct networks at DNA breaks and forks. MRN biochemistry provides prototypic insights into how it initiates, implements, and regulates multifunctional responses to genomic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleem Syed
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA; ,
| | - John A Tainer
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA; ,
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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Chan YL, Liao CL, Lin YL. Human Kinase/Phosphatase-Wide RNAi Screening Identified Checkpoint Kinase 2 as a Cellular Factor Facilitating Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:142. [PMID: 29868498 PMCID: PMC5966567 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a mosquito-borne flavivirus, causes acute encephalitis in humans with high mortality. Not much is known about the interactions between viral and cellular factors that regulate JEV infection. By using a kinase/phosphatase-wide RNAi screening approach, we identified a cell cycle-regulating molecule, checkpoint kinase 2 (CHK2), that plays a role in regulating JEV replication. JEV infection induced G1 arrest and activated CHK2. Inactivation of CHK2 and its upstream ataxia-telangiectasia mutated kinase in JEV-infected cells by using inhibitors reduced virus replication. Likewise, JEV replication was significantly decreased by knockdown of CHK2 expression with shRNA-producing lentiviral transduction. We identified CHK2 as a cellular factor participating in JEV replication, for a new strategy in addressing JEV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Lin Chan
- Department of Life Science, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Len Liao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ling Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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Pancholi NJ, Weitzman MD. Serotype-specific restriction of wild-type adenoviruses by the cellular Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1 complex. Virology 2018; 518:221-231. [PMID: 29547809 PMCID: PMC5911183 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
During viral replication in the nucleus, the DNA genomes of adenoviruses are accessible to cellular DNA-binding proteins. Human adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) targets the cellular Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1 complex (MRN) to evade detection by the DNA damage response (DDR). Ad5 mutants that cannot target MRN have reduced viral propagation. Previous studies showed that diverse adenovirus serotypes interact differently with MRN. While these studies revealed diverse MRN interactions among serotypes, it remains unclear how these differences influence viral replication. Here, we examined effects of the DDR on several adenovirus serotypes. We demonstrate that wild-type Ad9 and Ad12 do not overcome MRN impairment. We also examined viral proteins involved in targeting MRN and found that unlike Ad5-E4orf3, expression of Ad9-E4orf3 is not sufficient for MRN mislocalization observed during infection. We conclude that adenovirus serotypes target MRN in distinct ways, and the MRN complex can impair DNA replication of wild-type viruses across the adenovirus family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha J Pancholi
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Division of Cancer Pathobiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Division of Protective Immunity, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Matthew D Weitzman
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Division of Protective Immunity, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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42
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Pancholi NJ, Price AM, Weitzman MD. Take your PIKK: tumour viruses and DNA damage response pathways. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 372:rstb.2016.0269. [PMID: 28893936 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses regulate cellular processes to facilitate viral replication. Manipulation of nuclear proteins and pathways by nuclear replicating viruses often causes cellular genome instability that contributes to transformation. The cellular DNA damage response (DDR) safeguards the host to maintain genome integrity, but DNA tumour viruses can manipulate the DDR to promote viral propagation. In this review, we describe the interactions of DNA tumour viruses with the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-like protein kinase (PIKK) pathways, which are central regulatory arms of the DDR. We review how signalling through the ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3 related (ATR), and DNA-dependent protein kinases (DNA-PK) influences viral life cycles, and how their manipulation by viral proteins may contribute to tumour formation.This article is part of the themed issue 'Human oncogenic viruses'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha J Pancholi
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology and Division of Protective Immunity, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Alexander M Price
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology and Division of Protective Immunity, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Matthew D Weitzman
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology and Division of Protective Immunity, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA .,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Histone deacetylase inhibitor chidamide induces growth inhibition and apoptosis in NK/T lymphoma cells through ATM-Chk2-p53-p21 signalling pathway. Invest New Drugs 2018; 36:571-580. [PMID: 29504068 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-017-0552-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the anti-tumour effects and the underlying molecular mechanisms of a new oral histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi), chidamide, in NK/T cell lymphoma (NKTCL), a rare and highly aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma with poor outcomes. SNT-8 and SNK-10 NKTCL cell lines were exposed to different concentrations of chidamide for the indicated time. The treated cells were analysed for cell proliferation, cell cycle progression, and cell apoptosis. Proteins in the AKT/mTOR and MAPK signalling pathways and the DNA damage response (DDR) cell cycle checkpoint pathway were measured by Western blotting. Chidamide inhibited cell proliferation in a dose- and time-dependent manner, arrested cell cycle progression at the G0/G1 phase, and induced apoptosis in the NKTCL cell lines. In addition, we found that chidamide suppressed the phosphorylation levels of proteins in the AKT/mTOR and MAPK signalling pathways and activated the DDR cell cycle checkpoint pathway, that is, the ATM-Chk2-p53-p21 pathway. Expression of EBV genes was also assessed by Real-Time PCR. Chidamide induced EBV lytic-phase gene expression in EBV-positive NKTCL. Our results provide evidence that chidamide shows antitumour effects by inhibiting the AKT/mTOR and MAPK signalling pathways and activating the ATM-Chk2-p53-p21 signalling pathway in vitro.
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44
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Drayman N, Ben-Nun-Shaul O, Butin-Israeli V, Srivastava R, Rubinstein AM, Mock CS, Elyada E, Ben-Neriah Y, Lahav G, Oppenheim A. p53 elevation in human cells halt SV40 infection by inhibiting T-ag expression. Oncotarget 2018; 7:52643-52660. [PMID: 27462916 PMCID: PMC5288138 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
SV40 large T-antigen (T-ag) has been known for decades to inactivate the tumor suppressor p53 by sequestration and additional mechanisms. Our present study revealed that the struggle between p53 and T-ag begins very early in the infection cycle. We found that p53 is activated early after SV40 infection and defends the host against the infection. Using live cell imaging and single cell analyses we found that p53 dynamics are variable among individual cells, with only a subset of cells activating p53 immediately after SV40 infection. This cell-to-cell variabilty had clear consequences on the outcome of the infection. None of the cells with elevated p53 at the beginning of the infection proceeded to express T-ag, suggesting a p53-dependent decision between abortive and productive infection. In addition, we show that artificial elevation of p53 levels prior to the infection reduces infection efficiency, supporting a role for p53 in defending against SV40. We further found that the p53-mediated host defense mechanism against SV40 is not facilitated by apoptosis nor via interferon-stimulated genes. Instead p53 binds to the viral DNA at the T-ag promoter region, prevents its transcriptional activation by Sp1, and halts the progress of the infection. These findings shed new light on the long studied struggle between SV40 T-ag and p53, as developed during virus-host coevolution. Our studies indicate that the fate of SV40 infection is determined as soon as the viral DNA enters the nucleus, before the onset of viral gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nir Drayman
- Department of Hematology, Hebrew University Faculty of Medicine and Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel.,Department of Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Orly Ben-Nun-Shaul
- Department of Hematology, Hebrew University Faculty of Medicine and Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Veronika Butin-Israeli
- Department of Hematology, Hebrew University Faculty of Medicine and Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Rohit Srivastava
- Department of Hematology, Hebrew University Faculty of Medicine and Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ariel M Rubinstein
- Department of Hematology, Hebrew University Faculty of Medicine and Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Caroline S Mock
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ela Elyada
- The Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Hebrew University Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yinon Ben-Neriah
- The Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Hebrew University Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Galit Lahav
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ariella Oppenheim
- Department of Hematology, Hebrew University Faculty of Medicine and Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
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45
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Ji M, Hu K. Recent advances in the study of hepatitis B virus covalently closed circular DNA. Virol Sin 2017; 32:454-464. [PMID: 29280054 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-017-4009-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B infection is caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV) and a total cure is yet to be achieved. The viral covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) is the key to establish a persistent infection within hepatocytes. Current antiviral strategies have no effect on the pre-existing cccDNA reservoir. Therefore, the study of the molecular mechanism of cccDNA formation is becoming a major focus of HBV research. This review summarizes the current advances in cccDNA molecular biology and the latest studies on the elimination or inactivation of cccDNA, including three major areas: (1) epigenetic regulation of cccDNA by HBV X protein, (2) immune-mediated degradation, and (3) genome-editing nucleases. All these aspects provide clues on how to finally attain a cure for chronic hepatitis B infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengying Ji
- Sino-German Biomedical Center, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068, China
| | - Kanghong Hu
- Sino-German Biomedical Center, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068, China.
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46
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Induction of DNA Damages upon Marek's Disease Virus Infection: Implication in Viral Replication and Pathogenesis. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.01658-17. [PMID: 28978699 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01658-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Marek's disease virus (MDV) is a highly contagious alphaherpesvirus that infects chickens and causes a deadly neoplastic disease. We previously demonstrated that MDV infection arrests cells in S phase and that the tegument protein VP22 plays a major role in this process. In addition, expression of VP22 induces double-strand breaks (DSBs) in the cellular DNA, suggesting that DNA damage and the associated cellular response might be favorable for the MDV life cycle. Here, we addressed the role of DNA damage in MDV replication and pathogenesis. We demonstrated that MDV induces DSBs during lytic infection in vitro and in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of infected animals. Intriguingly, we did not observe DNA damage in latently infected MDV-induced lymphoblastoid cells, while MDV reactivation resulted in the onset of DNA lesions, suggesting that DNA damage and/or the resulting DNA damage response might be required for efficient MDV replication and reactivation. In addition, reactivation was significantly enhanced by the induction of DNA damage using a number of chemicals. Finally, we used recombinant viruses to show that VP22 is required for the induction of DNA damage in vivo and that this likely contributes to viral oncogenesis.IMPORTANCE Marek's disease virus is an oncogenic alphaherpesvirus that causes fatal T-cell lymphomas in chickens. MDV causes substantial losses in the poultry industry and is also used in small-animal models for virus-induced tumor formation. DNA damage not only is implicated in tumor development but also aids in the life cycle of several viruses; however, its role in MDV replication, latency, and reactivation remains elusive. Here, we demonstrate that MDV induces DNA lesions during lytic replication in vitro and in vivo DNA damage was not observed in latently infected cells; however, it was reinitiated during reactivation. Reactivation was significantly enhanced by the induction of DNA damage. Recombinant viruses that lacked the ability to induce DNA damage were defective in their ability to induce tumors, suggesting that DNA damage might also contribute to cellular transformation processes leading to MDV lymphomagenesis.
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Sui X, Zhang C, Zhou J, Cao S, Xu C, Tang F, Zhi X, Chen B, Wang S, Yin L. Resveratrol inhibits Extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma through activation of DNA damage response pathway. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2017; 36:133. [PMID: 28950914 PMCID: PMC5615630 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-017-0601-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma (NKTCL) is a highly aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma with poor prognosis. Resveratrol (RSV, 3,5,4′-trihydroxystilbene), a natural nontoxic phenolic compound found in the skin of grapes and some other spermatophytes, performs multiple bioactivities, such as antioxidant activity, anti-aging activity, reduction of cardiovascular disease risk and anticarcinogenic effect. Here we report the anti-tumor effect of RSV in NKTCL cell lines SNT-8, SNK-10 and SNT-16. Results RSV inhibited NKTCL cell proliferation in a dose- and time-dependent manner and arrested cell cycle at S phase. It induced NKTCL cells apoptosis through mitochondrial pathway, shown as down-regulation of MCl-1 and survivin, up-regulation of Bax and Bad, and activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3. In addition, we found that RSV suppressed the phosphorylation level of AKT and Stat3, and activated DNA damage response (DDR) pathway directly or through up-regulation of Zta of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Furthermore, using KU55933 as the inhibitor of pATM, we verified that DDR played an important role in RSV inducing NKTCL apoptosis. RSV also showed synergistic effect on activating DDR pathway in combination with etoposide or ionizing radiation, which resulted in cell proliferation inhibition and apoptosis. Conclusions Our results provide in vitro evidence that RSV produces anti-tumor effect by activating DDR pathway in an ATM/Chk2/p53 dependent manner. So we suggest that RSV may be worthy for further study as an anti-tumor drug for NKTCL treatment. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13046-017-0601-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianxian Sui
- Department of Physiology & Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Canjing Zhang
- The Institution of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianan Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengxuan Cao
- Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Xu
- Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Tang
- Department of Pathology, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiuling Zhi
- Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Experimental Teaching Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, 131 Dongan Rd, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Bobin Chen
- Department of Hematology, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Songmei Wang
- Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Experimental Teaching Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, 131 Dongan Rd, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Lianhua Yin
- Department of Physiology & Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. .,Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Experimental Teaching Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, 131 Dongan Rd, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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48
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O’Cathail SM, Pokrovska TD, Maughan TS, Fisher KD, Seymour LW, Hawkins MA. Combining Oncolytic Adenovirus with Radiation-A Paradigm for the Future of Radiosensitization. Front Oncol 2017; 7:153. [PMID: 28791251 PMCID: PMC5523729 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses and radiotherapy represent two diverse areas of cancer therapy, utilizing quite different treatment modalities and with non-overlapping cytotoxicity profiles. It is, therefore, an intriguing possibility to consider that oncolytic ("cancer-killing") viruses may act as cancer-selective radiosensitizers, enhancing the therapeutic consequences of radiation treatment on tumors while exerting minimal effects on normal tissue. There is a solid mechanistic basis for this potential synergy, with many viruses having developed strategies to inhibit cellular DNA repair pathways in order to protect themselves, during genome replication, from unwanted interference by cell processes that are normally triggered by DNA damage. Exploiting these abilities to inhibit cellular DNA repair following damage by therapeutic irradiation may well augment the anticancer potency of the approach. In this review, we focus on oncolytic adenovirus, the most widely developed and best understood oncolytic virus, and explore its various mechanisms for modulating cellular DNA repair pathways. The most obvious effects of the various adenovirus serotypes are to interfere with activity of the MRE11-Rad50-Nbs1 complex, temporally one of the first sensors of double-stranded DNA damage, and inhibition of DNA ligase IV, a central repair enzyme for healing double-stranded breaks by non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). There have been several preclinical and clinical studies of this approach and we assess the current state of progress. In addition, oncolytic viruses provide the option to promote a localized proinflammatory response, both by mediating immunogenic death of cancer cells by oncosis and also by encoding and expressing proinflammatory biologics within the tumor microenvironment. Both of these approaches provide exciting potential to augment the known immunological consequences of radiotherapy, aiming to develop systems capable of creating a systemic anticancer immune response following localized tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M. O’Cathail
- Cancer Research UK/Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Timothy S. Maughan
- Cancer Research UK/Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kerry D. Fisher
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Maria A. Hawkins
- Cancer Research UK/Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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49
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Morales AJ, Carrero JA, Hung PJ, Tubbs AT, Andrews JM, Edelson BT, Calderon B, Innes CL, Paules RS, Payton JE, Sleckman BP. A type I IFN-dependent DNA damage response regulates the genetic program and inflammasome activation in macrophages. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28362262 PMCID: PMC5409825 DOI: 10.7554/elife.24655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages produce genotoxic agents, such as reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, that kill invading pathogens. Here we show that these agents activate the DNA damage response (DDR) kinases ATM and DNA-PKcs through the generation of double stranded breaks (DSBs) in murine macrophage genomic DNA. In contrast to other cell types, initiation of this DDR depends on signaling from the type I interferon receptor. Once activated, ATM and DNA-PKcs regulate a genetic program with diverse immune functions and promote inflammasome activation and the production of IL-1β and IL-18. Indeed, following infection with Listeria monocytogenes, DNA-PKcs-deficient murine macrophages produce reduced levels of IL-18 and are unable to optimally stimulate IFN-γ production by NK cells. Thus, genomic DNA DSBs act as signaling intermediates in murine macrophages, regulating innate immune responses through the initiation of a type I IFN-dependent DDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail J Morales
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York City, United States
| | - Javier A Carrero
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Putzer J Hung
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Anthony T Tubbs
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Jared M Andrews
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Brian T Edelson
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Boris Calderon
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Cynthia L Innes
- Environmental Stress and Cancer Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, United States.,NIEHS Microarray Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, United States
| | - Richard S Paules
- Environmental Stress and Cancer Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, United States.,NIEHS Microarray Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, United States
| | - Jacqueline E Payton
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Barry P Sleckman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York City, United States
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50
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Arslan A, van Noort V. Evolutionary conservation of Ebola virus proteins predicts important functions at residue level. Bioinformatics 2017; 33:151-154. [PMID: 27659453 PMCID: PMC5942362 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btw610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION The recent outbreak of Ebola virus disease (EVD) resulted in a large number of human deaths. Due to this devastation, the Ebola virus has attracted renewed interest as model for virus evolution. Recent literature on Ebola virus (EBOV) has contributed substantially to our understanding of the underlying genetics and its scope with reference to the 2014 outbreak. But no study yet, has focused on the conservation patterns of EBOV proteins. RESULTS We analyzed the evolution of functional regions of EBOV and highlight the function of conserved residues in protein activities. We apply an array of computational tools to dissect the functions of EBOV proteins in detail: (i) protein sequence conservation, (ii) protein-protein interactome analysis, (iii) structural modeling and (iv) kinase prediction. Our results suggest the presence of novel post-translational modifications in EBOV proteins and their role in the modulation of protein functions and protein interactions. Moreover, on the basis of the presence of ATM recognition motifs in all EBOV proteins we postulate a role of DNA damage response pathways and ATM kinase in EVD. The ATM kinase is put forward, for further evaluation, as novel potential therapeutic target. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION http://www.biw.kuleuven.be/CSB/EBOV-PTMs CONTACT: vera.vannoort@biw.kuleuven.beSupplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Arslan
- KU Leuven, Center of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Vera van Noort
- KU Leuven, Center of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Leuven, Belgium
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