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Dong W, Li Y, Xue S, Wen F, Meng D, Zhang Y, Yang R. Yeast polysaccharides: The environmentally friendly polysaccharides with broad application potentials. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2024; 23:e70003. [PMID: 39223755 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.70003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Yeast cell wall (YCW) polysaccharides, including β-glucans, mannans, chitins, and glycogens, can be extracted from the waste of beer industry. They are environmentally friendly, abundant, inexpensive raw materials, and have shown broad biological activities and application potentials. The exploitation of yeast polysaccharides is of great importance for environmental protection and resource utilization. This paper reviews the structural features and preparation of YCW polysaccharides. The solubility and emulsification of yeast polysaccharides and the properties of binding metal ions are presented. In addition, biological activities such as blood glucose and lipid lowering, immune regulation, antioxidant, promotion of intestinal health, and promotion of wound healing are proposed, highlighting the beneficial effects of yeast polysaccharides on human health. Through modification, the physical and chemical properties of yeast polysaccharides are changed, which emphasizes the promotion of their biological activities and properties. In addition, the food applications of yeast polysaccharides, including the food packaging film, emulsifier, thickening agent, and fat alternatives, are focused and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Yichen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Shurong Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Fengge Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Demei Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Geriatric Nutrition and Health (Beijing Technology and Business University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
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Chen H, Zhao L, You C, Liu J, Chen L, Gu Z, Shi G, Li J, Ding Z. Roles of α-1,3-glucosyltransferase in growth and polysaccharides biosynthesis of Ganoderma lucidum. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 276:134031. [PMID: 39033891 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides are valuable natural compounds possessing significant biological activity, with glycosyltransferases playing a crucial role in their biosynthesis. Although the function of β-1,3-glucosyltransferase in polysaccharides production is well understood, the role of α-1,3-glucosyltransferase in edible fungi remains unclear. In this study, over-expression of the α-1,3-glucosyltransferase gene in G. lucidum (glagt) was found to suppress the growth, with the maximum biomass and mycelial growth rate decreasing by 21.78 % and 79.61 %, respectively, a behavior distinct from β-1,3-glucosyltransferase. The fungal pellet diameter decreased by 38 % and the cell-wall thickness by 32.44 %, whereas intracellular and extracellular polysaccharides production increased by 27.58 % and 66.08 %, respectively. In the transcription level, overexpressing the glagt gene i) downregulated the citrate synthase and isocitrate dehydrogenase gene in the TCA cycle, disrupting energy metabolism and fungal growth; ii) upregulated key enzymes involved in UDP-glucose synthesis and glycosyltransferases (gl24465, gl24971, and gl22535); and iii) universally increased the transcriptional level of glucosidases gl21451, gl30087, and gl24581 by 22 %-397 %, contributing to cell-wall thinning to facilitate polysaccharides export. Conversely, the glagt gene downregulation promoted G. lucidum growth and decreased polysaccharides production. The results elucidate the roles of GLAGT and are expected to inspire in-depth exploration of polysaccharides biosynthesis pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixiu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Liting Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Cuiping You
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jingyun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhenghua Gu
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Guiyang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Junxun Li
- Shandong Taishan Shengliyuan Group Co. Ltd., Shandong 271000, China.
| | - Zhongyang Ding
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
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Gu H, Qin J, Wen J, Lin Y, Jia X, Wang W, Yin H. Unveiling the structural properties and induced resistance activity in rice of Chitin/Chitosan-Glucan Complex of Rhizoctonia solani AG1 IA inner cell wall. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 337:122149. [PMID: 38710571 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Phytopathogen cell wall polysaccharides have important physiological functions. In this study, we isolated and characterized the alkali-insoluble residue on the inner layers of the Rhizoctonia solani AG1 IA cell wall (RsCW-AIR). Through chemical composition and structural analysis, RsCW-AIR was mainly identified as a complex of chitin/chitosan and glucan (ChCsGC), with glucose and glucosamine were present in a molar ratio of 2.7:1.0. The predominant glycosidic bond linkage of glucan in ChCsGC was β-1,3-linked Glcp, both the α and β-polymorphic forms of chitin were presented in it by IR, XRD, and solid-state NMR, and the ChCsGC exhibited a degree of deacetylation measuring 67.08 %. RsCW-AIR pretreatment effectively reduced the incidence of rice sheath blight, and its induced resistance activity in rice was evaluated, such as inducing a reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst, leading to the accumulation of salicylic acid (SA) and the up-regulation of SA-related gene expression. The recognition of RsCW-AIR in rice is partially dependent on CERK1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Gu
- Dalian Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Agricultural Preparations, Dalian Technology Innovation Center for Green Agriculture, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jie Qin
- Dalian Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Agricultural Preparations, Dalian Technology Innovation Center for Green Agriculture, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jinxuan Wen
- Dalian Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Agricultural Preparations, Dalian Technology Innovation Center for Green Agriculture, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yudie Lin
- Dalian Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Agricultural Preparations, Dalian Technology Innovation Center for Green Agriculture, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; College of Food Science and Engineering, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xiaochen Jia
- Dalian Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Agricultural Preparations, Dalian Technology Innovation Center for Green Agriculture, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Wenxia Wang
- Dalian Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Agricultural Preparations, Dalian Technology Innovation Center for Green Agriculture, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Heng Yin
- Dalian Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Agricultural Preparations, Dalian Technology Innovation Center for Green Agriculture, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.
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Pejenaute-Ochoa MD, Tomás-Gallardo L, Ibeas JI, Barrales RR. Row1, a member of a new family of conserved fungal proteins involved in infection, is required for appressoria functionality in Ustilago maydis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 243:1101-1122. [PMID: 38742361 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
The appressorium of phytopathogenic fungi is a specific structure with a crucial role in plant cuticle penetration. Pathogens with melanized appressoria break the cuticle through cell wall melanization and intracellular turgor pressure. However, in fungi with nonmelanized appressorium, the mechanisms governing cuticle penetration are poorly understood. Here we characterize Row1, a previously uncharacterized appressoria-specific protein of Ustilago maydis that localizes to membrane and secretory vesicles. Deletion of row1 decreases appressoria formation and plant penetration, thereby reducing virulence. Specifically, the Δrow1 mutant has a thicker cell wall that is more resistant to glucanase degradation. We also observed that the Δrow1 mutant has secretion defects. We show that Row1 is functionally conserved at least among Ustilaginaceae and belongs to the Row family, which consists of five other proteins that are highly conserved among Basidiomycota fungi and are involved in U. maydis virulence. We observed similarities in localization between Row1 and Row2, which is also involved in cell wall remodelling and secretion, suggesting similar molecular functions for members of this protein family. Our data suggest that Row1 could modify the chitin-glucan matrix of the fungal cell wall and may be involved in unconventional protein secretion, thereby promoting both appressoria maturation and penetration.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Dolores Pejenaute-Ochoa
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD), Universidad Pablo de Olavide-CSIC-Junta de Andalucía, Ctra. Utrera km.1, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - Laura Tomás-Gallardo
- Proteomics and Biochemistry Platform, Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD), Universidad Pablo de Olavide-CSIC-Junta de Andalucía, Ctra. Utrera km. 1, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - José I Ibeas
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD), Universidad Pablo de Olavide-CSIC-Junta de Andalucía, Ctra. Utrera km.1, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - Ramón R Barrales
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD), Universidad Pablo de Olavide-CSIC-Junta de Andalucía, Ctra. Utrera km.1, 41013, Seville, Spain
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5
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Yugueros SI, Peláez J, Stajich JE, Fuertes-Rabanal M, Sánchez-Vallet A, Largo-Gosens A, Mélida H. Study of fungal cell wall evolution through its monosaccharide composition: An insight into fungal species interacting with plants. Cell Surf 2024; 11:100127. [PMID: 38873189 PMCID: PMC11170279 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcsw.2024.100127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Every fungal cell is encapsulated in a cell wall, essential for cell viability, morphogenesis, and pathogenesis. Most knowledge of the cell wall composition in fungi has focused on ascomycetes, especially human pathogens, but considerably less is known about early divergent fungal groups, such as species in the Zoopagomycota and Mucoromycota phyla. To shed light on evolutionary changes in the fungal cell wall, we studied the monosaccharide composition of the cell wall of 18 species including early diverging fungi and species in the Basidiomycota and Ascomycota phyla with a focus on those with pathogenic lifestyles and interactions with plants. Our data revealed that chitin is the most characteristic component of the fungal cell wall, and was found to be in a higher proportion in the early divergent groups. The Mucoromycota species possess few glucans, but instead have other monosaccharides such as fucose and glucuronic acid that are almost exclusively found in their cell walls. Additionally, we observed that hexoses (glucose, mannose and galactose) accumulate in much higher proportions in species belonging to Dikarya. Our data demonstrate a clear relationship between phylogenetic position and fungal cell wall carbohydrate composition and lay the foundation for a better understanding of their evolution and their role in plant interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara I. Yugueros
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ingeniería y Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de León, León, Spain
- Instituto de Biología Molecular, Genómica y Proteómica (INBIOMIC), Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Jorge Peláez
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ingeniería y Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de León, León, Spain
- Instituto de Biología Molecular, Genómica y Proteómica (INBIOMIC), Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Jason E. Stajich
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology and Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - María Fuertes-Rabanal
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ingeniería y Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de León, León, Spain
- Instituto de Biología Molecular, Genómica y Proteómica (INBIOMIC), Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Andrea Sánchez-Vallet
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
| | - Asier Largo-Gosens
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ingeniería y Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de León, León, Spain
- Instituto de Biología Molecular, Genómica y Proteómica (INBIOMIC), Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Hugo Mélida
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ingeniería y Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de León, León, Spain
- Instituto de Biología Molecular, Genómica y Proteómica (INBIOMIC), Universidad de León, León, Spain
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Molina A, Jordá L, Torres MÁ, Martín-Dacal M, Berlanga DJ, Fernández-Calvo P, Gómez-Rubio E, Martín-Santamaría S. Plant cell wall-mediated disease resistance: Current understanding and future perspectives. MOLECULAR PLANT 2024; 17:699-724. [PMID: 38594902 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2024.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Beyond their function as structural barriers, plant cell walls are essential elements for the adaptation of plants to environmental conditions. Cell walls are dynamic structures whose composition and integrity can be altered in response to environmental challenges and developmental cues. These wall changes are perceived by plant sensors/receptors to trigger adaptative responses during development and upon stress perception. Plant cell wall damage caused by pathogen infection, wounding, or other stresses leads to the release of wall molecules, such as carbohydrates (glycans), that function as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). DAMPs are perceived by the extracellular ectodomains (ECDs) of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to activate pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) and disease resistance. Similarly, glycans released from the walls and extracellular layers of microorganisms interacting with plants are recognized as microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) by specific ECD-PRRs triggering PTI responses. The number of oligosaccharides DAMPs/MAMPs identified that are perceived by plants has increased in recent years. However, the structural mechanisms underlying glycan recognition by plant PRRs remain limited. Currently, this knowledge is mainly focused on receptors of the LysM-PRR family, which are involved in the perception of various molecules, such as chitooligosaccharides from fungi and lipo-chitooligosaccharides (i.e., Nod/MYC factors from bacteria and mycorrhiza, respectively) that trigger differential physiological responses. Nevertheless, additional families of plant PRRs have recently been implicated in oligosaccharide/polysaccharide recognition. These include receptor kinases (RKs) with leucine-rich repeat and Malectin domains in their ECDs (LRR-MAL RKs), Catharanthus roseus RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE 1-LIKE group (CrRLK1L) with Malectin-like domains in their ECDs, as well as wall-associated kinases, lectin-RKs, and LRR-extensins. The characterization of structural basis of glycans recognition by these new plant receptors will shed light on their similarities with those of mammalians involved in glycan perception. The gained knowledge holds the potential to facilitate the development of sustainable, glycan-based crop protection solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Molina
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain; Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, UPM, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Lucía Jordá
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain; Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, UPM, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Miguel Ángel Torres
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain; Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, UPM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina Martín-Dacal
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain; Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, UPM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego José Berlanga
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain; Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, UPM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Fernández-Calvo
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
| | - Elena Gómez-Rubio
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonsoles Martín-Santamaría
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Groß M, Dika B, Loos E, Aliyeva-Schnorr L, Deising HB. The galactose metabolism genes UGE1 and UGM1 are novel virulence factors of the maize anthracnose fungus Colletotrichum graminicola. Mol Microbiol 2024; 121:912-926. [PMID: 38400525 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.15242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Fungal cell walls represent the frontline contact with the host and play a prime role in pathogenesis. While the roles of the cell wall polymers like chitin and branched β-glucan are well understood in vegetative and pathogenic development, that of the most prominent galactose-containing polymers galactosaminogalactan and fungal-type galactomannan is unknown in plant pathogenic fungi. Mining the genome of the maize pathogen Colletotrichum graminicola identified the single-copy key galactose metabolism genes UGE1 and UGM1, encoding a UDP-glucose-4-epimerase and UDP-galactopyranose mutase, respectively. UGE1 is thought to be required for biosynthesis of both polymers, whereas UGM1 is specifically required for fungal-type galactomannan formation. Promoter:eGFP fusion strains revealed that both genes are expressed in vegetative and in pathogenic hyphae at all stages of pathogenesis. Targeted deletion of UGE1 and UGM1, and fluorescence-labeling of galactosaminogalactan and fungal-type galactomannan confirmed that Δuge1 mutants were unable to synthesize either of these polymers, and Δugm1 mutants did not exhibit fungal-type galactomannan. Appressoria of Δuge1, but not of Δugm1 mutants, were defective in adhesion, highlighting a function of galactosaminogalactan in the establishment of these infection cells on hydrophobic surfaces. Both Δuge1 and Δugm1 mutants showed cell wall defects in older vegetative hyphae and severely reduced appressorial penetration competence. On intact leaves of Zea mays, both mutants showed strongly reduced disease symptom severity, indicating that UGE1 and UGM1 represent novel virulence factors of C. graminicola.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Groß
- Faculty of Natural Sciences III, Institute for Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Phytopathology and Plant Protection, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Beate Dika
- Faculty of Natural Sciences III, Institute for Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Phytopathology and Plant Protection, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Elisabeth Loos
- Faculty of Natural Sciences III, Institute for Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Phytopathology and Plant Protection, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Lala Aliyeva-Schnorr
- Faculty of Natural Sciences III, Institute for Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Phytopathology and Plant Protection, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Holger B Deising
- Faculty of Natural Sciences III, Institute for Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Phytopathology and Plant Protection, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
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8
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Shree A, Pal S, Verma PK. Structural diversification of fungal cell wall in response to the stress signaling and remodeling during fungal pathogenesis. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 30:733-747. [PMID: 38846457 PMCID: PMC11150350 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-024-01453-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Fungi are one of the most diverse organisms found in our surroundings. The heterotrophic lifestyle of fungi and the ever-changing external environmental factors pose numerous challenges for their survival. Despite all adversities, fungi continuously develop new survival strategies to secure nutrition and space from their host. During host-pathogen interaction, filamentous phytopathogens in particular, effectively infect their hosts by maintaining polarised growth at the tips of hyphae. The fungal cell wall, being the prime component of host contact, plays a crucial role in fortifying the intracellular environment against the harsh external environment. Structurally, the fungal cell wall is a highly dynamic yet rigid component, responsible for maintaining cellular morphology. Filamentous pathogens actively maintain their dynamic cell wall to compensate rapid growth on the host. Additionally, they secrete effectors to dampen the sophisticated mechanisms of plant defense and initiate various downstream signaling cascades to repair the damage inflicted by the host. Thus, the fungal cell wall serves as a key modulator of fungal pathogenicity. The fungal cell wall with their associated signaling mechanisms emerge as intriguing targets for host immunity. This review comprehensively examines and summarizes the multifaceted findings of various research groups regarding the dynamics of the cell wall in filamentous fungal pathogens during host invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Shree
- Plant Immunity Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067 India
| | - Surabhi Pal
- Plant Immunity Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067 India
| | - Praveen Kumar Verma
- Plant Immunity Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067 India
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9
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Sivaramakrishnan M, Veeraganti Naveen Prakash C, Chandrasekar B. Multifaceted roles of plant glycosyl hydrolases during pathogen infections: more to discover. PLANTA 2024; 259:113. [PMID: 38581452 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-024-04391-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Carbohydrates are hydrolyzed by a family of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) called glycosidases or glycosyl hydrolases. Here, we have summarized the roles of various plant defense glycosidases that possess different substrate specificities. We have also highlighted the open questions in this research field. Glycosidases or glycosyl hydrolases (GHs) are a family of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) that hydrolyze glycosidic bonds in carbohydrates and glycoconjugates. Compared to those of all other sequenced organisms, plant genomes contain a remarkable diversity of glycosidases. Plant glycosidases exhibit activities on various substrates and have been shown to play important roles during pathogen infections. Plant glycosidases from different GH families have been shown to act upon pathogen components, host cell walls, host apoplastic sugars, host secondary metabolites, and host N-glycans to mediate immunity against invading pathogens. We could classify the activities of these plant defense GHs under eleven different mechanisms through which they operate during pathogen infections. Here, we have provided comprehensive information on the catalytic activities, GH family classification, subcellular localization, domain structure, functional roles, and microbial strategies to regulate the activities of defense-related plant GHs. We have also emphasized the research gaps and potential investigations needed to advance this topic of research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Balakumaran Chandrasekar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani (BITS Pilani), Pilani, 333031, India.
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10
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Moon H, Min K, Winarto J, Shin S, Jeon H, Song DG, Son H. Proteomic Analysis of Cell Wall Proteins with Various Linkages in Fusarium graminearum. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:6028-6039. [PMID: 38457781 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c07746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
The fungal cell wall, primarily comprising a glucan-chitin matrix and cell wall proteins (CWPs), serves as a key mediator for fungal interactions with the environment and plays a pivotal role in virulence. In this study, we employed a comprehensive proteomics approach to analyze the CWPs in the plant pathogenic fungus Fusarium graminearum. Our methodology successfully extracted and identified 1373 CWPs, highlighting their complex linkages, including noncovalent bonds, disulfide bridges, alkali-sensitive linkages, and glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors. A significant subset of these proteins, enriched in Gene Ontology terms, suggest multifunctional roles of CWPs. Through the integration of transcriptomic and proteomic data, we observed differential expression patterns of CWPs across developmental stages. Specifically, we focused on two genes, Fca7 and Cpd1, which were upregulated in planta, and confirmed their localization predominantly outside the plasma membrane, primarily in the cell wall and periplasmic space. The disruption of FCA7 reduced virulence on wheat, aligning with previous findings and underscoring its significance. Overall, our findings offer a comprehensive proteomic profile of CWPs in F. graminearum, laying the groundwork for a deeper understanding of their roles in the development and interactions with host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heeji Moon
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyunghun Min
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Plant Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, Republic of Korea
| | - Jessica Winarto
- Natural Product Informatics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) Gangneung Institute of Natural Products, Gangneung 25451, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Soobin Shin
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hosung Jeon
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Geun Song
- Natural Product Informatics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) Gangneung Institute of Natural Products, Gangneung 25451, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Hokyoung Son
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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11
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John E, Chau MQ, Hoang CV, Chandrasekharan N, Bhaskar C, Ma LS. Fungal Cell Wall-Associated Effectors: Sensing, Integration, Suppression, and Protection. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2024; 37:196-210. [PMID: 37955547 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-23-0142-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
The cell wall (CW) of plant-interacting fungi, as the direct interface with host plants, plays a crucial role in fungal development. A number of secreted proteins are directly associated with the fungal CW, either through covalent or non-covalent interactions, and serve a range of important functions. In the context of plant-fungal interactions many are important for fungal development in the host environment and may therefore be considered fungal CW-associated effectors (CWAEs). Key CWAE functions include integrating chemical/physical signals to direct hyphal growth, interfering with plant immunity, and providing protection against plant defenses. In recent years, a diverse range of mechanisms have been reported that underpin their roles, with some CWAEs harboring conserved motifs or functional domains, while others are reported to have novel features. As such, the current understanding regarding fungal CWAEs is systematically presented here from the perspective of their biological functions in plant-fungal interactions. An overview of the fungal CW architecture and the mechanisms by which proteins are secreted, modified, and incorporated into the CW is first presented to provide context for their biological roles. Some CWAE functions are reported across a broad range of pathosystems or symbiotic/mutualistic associations. Prominent are the chitin interacting-effectors that facilitate fungal CW modification, protection, or suppression of host immune responses. However, several alternative functions are now reported and are presented and discussed. CWAEs can play diverse roles, some possibly unique to fungal lineages and others conserved across a broad range of plant-interacting fungi. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan John
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Minh-Quang Chau
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Cuong V Hoang
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
| | | | - Chibbhi Bhaskar
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Lay-Sun Ma
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
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12
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Wang B, Yang J, Zhao X, Feng X, Xu S, Li P, Li L, Chen Y. Antifungal activity of the botanical compound rhein against Phytophthora capsici and the underlying mechanisms. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024; 80:1228-1239. [PMID: 37897133 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phytophthora capsici is an extremely destructive phytopathogenic oomycete that causes huge economic losses. However, due to the drug resistance risk and environmental threat of chemical fungicides, it is necessary to develop environmentally friendly biocontrol alternatives. Rhein is a major medicinal ingredient of traditional Chinese herbs, and it is widely used in the medical field. However, its inhibitory effect against phytopathogens is unknown. Herein, the antifungal spectrum of rhein and its possible action mechanism against P. capsici were investigated. RESULTS Rhein possessed broad-spectrum antifungal activity against phytopathogens, particularly P. capsici, Phytophthora infestans, Helminthosporium maydis, and Rhizoctonia solani. Rhein inhibited the mycelial growth as well as the spore germination of P. capsici with mean 50% effective concentration (EC50 ) values of 4.68 μg mL-1 and 6.57 μg mL-1 against 117 P. capsici isolates, respectively. Rhein effectively suppressed the occurrence and spread of Phytophthora blight and significantly destroyed the cell membrane permeability and integrity of P. capsici, corroded its cell wall integrity, and damaged its morphology and ultrastructure. Moreover, rhein caused a considerable reduction in the phospholipid and cellulose contents. Genome-wide transcriptional profiling of P. capsici in response to rhein indicated significant reduction in the expression levels of genes participating in glycerolipid metabolism and starch and sucrose metabolism. Additionally, rhein strengthened the disease defense system of pepper by enhancing related enzyme activities. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that rhein could effectively inhibit P. capsici using multiple mechanisms of action. Rhein has the potential to be an efficient alternative to control diseases caused by P. capsici. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bi Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Eco-Cultivation and High-Value Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, China
| | - Jingjing Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Eco-Cultivation and High-Value Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, China
| | - Xingzeng Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Eco-Cultivation and High-Value Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, China
| | - Xu Feng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Eco-Cultivation and High-Value Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, China
| | - Shu Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Eco-Cultivation and High-Value Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, China
| | - Pirui Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Eco-Cultivation and High-Value Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, China
| | - Linwei Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Eco-Cultivation and High-Value Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Eco-Cultivation and High-Value Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, China
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13
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Chen R, Lu K, Yang L, Jiang J, Li L. Peroxin MoPex22 Regulates the Import of Peroxisomal Matrix Proteins and Appressorium-Mediated Plant Infection in Magnaporthe oryzae. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:143. [PMID: 38392815 PMCID: PMC10890347 DOI: 10.3390/jof10020143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Magnaporthe oryzae, the pathogen responsible for rice blast disease, utilizes specialized infection structures known as appressoria to breach the leaf cuticle and establish intracellular, infectious hyphae. Our study demonstrates that the peroxin MoPex22 is crucial for appressorium function, specifically for the development of primary penetration hyphae. The ∆Mopex22 mutant exhibited slow growth, reduced aerial hyphae, and almost complete loss of virulence. Specifically, despite the mutant's capability to form appressoria, it showed abnormalities during appressorium development, including reduced turgor, increased permeability of the appressorium wall, failure to form septin rings, and significantly decreased ability to penetrate host cells. Additionally, there was a delay in the degradation of lipid droplets during conidial germination and appressorium development. Consistent with these findings, the ΔMopex22 mutant showed an inefficient utilization of long-chain fatty acids and defects in cell wall integrity. Moreover, our findings indicate that MoPex22 acts as an anchor for MoPex4, facilitating the localization of MoPex4 to peroxisomes. Together with MoPex4, it affects the function of MoPex5, thus regulating the import of peroxisomal matrix proteins. Overall, these results highlight the essential role of MoPex22 in regulating the transport of peroxisomal matrix proteins, which affect fatty acid metabolism, glycerol accumulation, cell wall integrity, growth, appressorium development, and the pathogenicity of M. oryzae. This study provides valuable insights into the significance of peroxin functions in fungal biology and appressorium-mediated plant infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rangrang Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plant of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Kailun Lu
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plant of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Lina Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jihong Jiang
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plant of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Lianwei Li
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plant of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
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14
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Wang Y, Li Q, Wu Y, Han S, Xiao Y, Kong L. The Effects of Mycovirus BmPV36 on the Cell Structure and Transcription of Bipolaris maydis. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:133. [PMID: 38392805 PMCID: PMC10890528 DOI: 10.3390/jof10020133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Bipolaris maydis partitivirus 36 (BmPV36) is a mycovirus that can significantly reduce the virulence of the host Bipolaris maydis, but its hypovirulence mechanism is not clear. To investigate the response of B. maydis to BmPV36, the effects of BmPV36 on host cell structure and gene expression were studied via transmission electron microscopy and transcriptome sequencing using BmPV36-carrying and virus-free mycelium on the second and fifth culture. The results of transmission electron microscopy showed that the cell wall microfibrils of B. maydis were shortened, the cell membrane was broken, and membrane-bound vesicles and vacuoles appeared in the cells after carrying BmPV36. Transcriptome sequencing results showed that after carrying BmPV36, B. maydis membrane-related genes were significantly up-regulated, but membrane transport-related genes were significantly down-regulated. Genes related to carbohydrate macromolecule polysaccharide metabolic and catabolic processes were significantly down-regulated, as were genes related to the synthesis of toxins and cell wall degrading enzymes. Therefore, we speculated that BmPV36 reduces the virulence of B. maydis by destroying the host's cell structure, inhibiting the synthesis of toxins and cell wall degrading enzymes, and reducing cell metabolism. Gaining insights into the hypovirulence mechanism of mycoviruses will provide environmentally friendly strategies for the control of fungal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajiao Wang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Qiusheng Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Yuxing Wu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Sen Han
- Institute of Plant Protection, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Ying Xiao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Lingxiao Kong
- Institute of Plant Protection, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Baoding 071000, China
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15
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Gu H, Lin Y, Qin J, Jia X, Wang W, Yin H. Characterization of heteropolysaccharides from Rhizoctonia solani AG1 IA cell wall and comparison of their effect on inducing plant defense. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 254:127747. [PMID: 38287571 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Rhizoctonia solani (R. solani) is an important pathogenic fungus that causes symptoms of sheath blight, and the polysaccharide-rich cell wall plays a major role in plant-pathogen interactions. However, the composition and structure of its cell wall polysaccharides are insufficiently understood, and its specific function in plant-pathogen interactions is unknown, which makes effective control of sheath blight difficult at present. Herein, five cell wall polysaccharides (WF-1, WF-2, CAF-1, HAF-1 and HAF 2-1) were sequentially extracted by boiling water, cold and hot alkali from R. solani AG1 IA. They were heteropolysaccharides containing mainly glucose, mannose and galactose and less fucose, with molecular weights above 1100 kDa. These five polysaccharides mainly composed of →4)-Glcp-(1→, →6)-Glcp-(1→, →4,6)-Glcp-(1→, →3,4)-Glcp-(1→, and Manp-(1→. Several polysaccharides, except WF-1, showed different induced resistance degrees on rice plant, with HAF 2-1 having the most significant effect. Further analysis using NMR confirmed that the backbone of HAF 2-1 mainly consisted of →4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→ and →6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→ with branches of →4,6)-D-Glcp-(1→. HAF 2-1 enhance the resistance of rice against R. solani through salicylic acid (SA)-mediated immune signaling pathway. This work improves our knowledge of the cell wall polysaccharides in plant pathogens and facilitates the study of pathogenic mechanisms and effective disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Gu
- Dalian Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Agricultural Preparations, Dalian Technology Innovation Center for Green Agriculture, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yudie Lin
- Dalian Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Agricultural Preparations, Dalian Technology Innovation Center for Green Agriculture, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; College of Food Science and Engineering, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Jie Qin
- Dalian Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Agricultural Preparations, Dalian Technology Innovation Center for Green Agriculture, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaochen Jia
- Dalian Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Agricultural Preparations, Dalian Technology Innovation Center for Green Agriculture, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Wenxia Wang
- Dalian Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Agricultural Preparations, Dalian Technology Innovation Center for Green Agriculture, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Heng Yin
- Dalian Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Agricultural Preparations, Dalian Technology Innovation Center for Green Agriculture, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.
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16
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Wu J, Chang J, Liu J, Huang J, Song Z, Xie X, Wei L, Xu J, Huang S, Cheng D, Li Y, Xu H, Zhang Z. Chitosan-based nanopesticides enhanced anti-fungal activity against strawberry anthracnose as "sugar-coated bombs". Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126947. [PMID: 37734523 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
A chitosan-based nanoparticle was prepared using chitosan (CS) and O-carboxymethyl chitosan (O-CMCS). Our study revealed that chitosan/O-carboxymethyl chitosan/tebuconazole nanoparticles (CS/O-CMCS/TBA NPs) exhibited superior antifungal activity, foliar adhesion, and microbial target adhesion performance compared to commercial suspension concentrate (SC). The antifungal activity of CS/O-CMCS/TBA NPs against C. gloeosporioides, with a 3.13-fold increase in efficacy over TBA (SC). We also found that low concentrations of CS/O-CMCS NPs promoted the growth of C. gloeosporioides and enhanced the fungal catabolism of chitosan. Overall, the CS/O-CMCS/TBA NPs were found to possess the remarkable capability to selectively aggregate around pathogenic microorganisms and CS/O-CMCS NPs can enhance the fungal catabolism of chitosan. CS/O-CMCS/TBA NPs, as a "sugar-coated bomb", was a promising asset for effective plant disease management and pesticide utilization through the affinity of chitosan-based nanoparticles and C. gloeosporioides, enabling targeted delivery and targeted release of their encapsulated active ingredient, which was important for the development and application of biocompatible chitosan-based nanopesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jinzhe Chang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jun Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jiajian Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zixia Song
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiaofeng Xie
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Liting Wei
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jiaxin Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Suqing Huang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Dongmei Cheng
- College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Youzhi Li
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Hanhong Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Zhixiang Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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17
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Ajuna HB, Lim HI, Moon JH, Won SJ, Choub V, Choi SI, Yun JY, Ahn YS. The Prospect of Hydrolytic Enzymes from Bacillus Species in the Biological Control of Pests and Diseases in Forest and Fruit Tree Production. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16889. [PMID: 38069212 PMCID: PMC10707167 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant diseases and insect pest damage cause tremendous losses in forestry and fruit tree production. Even though chemical pesticides have been effective in the control of plant diseases and insect pests for several decades, they are increasingly becoming undesirable due to their toxic residues that affect human life, animals, and the environment, as well as the growing challenge of pesticide resistance. In this study, we review the potential of hydrolytic enzymes from Bacillus species such as chitinases, β-1,3-glucanases, proteases, lipases, amylases, and cellulases in the biological control of phytopathogens and insect pests, which could be a more sustainable alternative to chemical pesticides. This study highlights the application potential of the hydrolytic enzymes from different Bacillus sp. as effective biocontrol alternatives against phytopathogens/insect pests through the degradation of cell wall/insect cuticles, which are mainly composed of structural polysaccharides like chitins, β-glucans, glycoproteins, and lipids. This study demonstrates the prospects for applying hydrolytic enzymes from Bacillus sp. as effective biopesticides in forest and fruit tree production, their mode of biocidal activity and dual antimicrobial/insecticidal potential, which indicates a great prospect for the simultaneous biocontrol of pests/diseases. Further research should focus on optimizing the production of hydrolytic enzymes, and the antimicrobial/insecticidal synergism of different Bacillus sp. which could facilitate the simultaneous biocontrol of pests and diseases in forest and fruit tree production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry B. Ajuna
- Department of Forest Resources, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea; (H.B.A.); (J.-H.M.); (S.-J.W.); (V.C.); (S.-I.C.); (J.-Y.Y.)
| | - Hyo-In Lim
- Forest Bioinformation Division, National Institute of Forest Science, Suwon 16631, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jae-Hyun Moon
- Department of Forest Resources, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea; (H.B.A.); (J.-H.M.); (S.-J.W.); (V.C.); (S.-I.C.); (J.-Y.Y.)
| | - Sang-Jae Won
- Department of Forest Resources, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea; (H.B.A.); (J.-H.M.); (S.-J.W.); (V.C.); (S.-I.C.); (J.-Y.Y.)
| | - Vantha Choub
- Department of Forest Resources, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea; (H.B.A.); (J.-H.M.); (S.-J.W.); (V.C.); (S.-I.C.); (J.-Y.Y.)
| | - Su-In Choi
- Department of Forest Resources, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea; (H.B.A.); (J.-H.M.); (S.-J.W.); (V.C.); (S.-I.C.); (J.-Y.Y.)
| | - Ju-Yeol Yun
- Department of Forest Resources, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea; (H.B.A.); (J.-H.M.); (S.-J.W.); (V.C.); (S.-I.C.); (J.-Y.Y.)
| | - Young Sang Ahn
- Department of Forest Resources, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea; (H.B.A.); (J.-H.M.); (S.-J.W.); (V.C.); (S.-I.C.); (J.-Y.Y.)
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18
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Niño-Padilla EI, Espitia C, Velazquez C, Alday E, Silva-Campa E, Burgara-Estrella A, Enciso-Moreno JA, Valenzuela O, Astiazarán-García H, Garibay-Escobar A. Antimycobacterial Precatorin A Flavonoid Displays Antibiofilm Activity against Mycobacterium bovis BCG. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:40665-40676. [PMID: 37929145 PMCID: PMC10621015 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c05703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential antibiofilm activity of Rhynchosia precatoria (R. precatoria) compounds over Mycobacterium bovis BCG (M. bovis BCG) as a model for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). We evaluated the antibiofilm activity as the ability to both inhibit biofilm formation and disrupt preformed biofilms (bactericidal) of R. precatoria compounds, which have been previously described as being antimycobacterials against Mtb. M. bovis BCG developed air-liquid interface biofilms with surface attachment ability and drug tolerance. Of the R. precatoria extracts and compounds that were tested, precatorin A (PreA) displayed the best biofilm inhibitory activity, as evaluated by biofilm biomass quantification, viable cell count, and confocal and atomic force microscopy procedures. Furthermore, its combination with isoniazid at subinhibitory concentrations inhibited M. bovis BCG biofilm formation. Nonetheless, neither PreA nor the extract showed bactericidal effects. PreA is the R. precatoria compound responsible for biofilm inhibitory activity against M. bovis BCG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmeralda Ivonne Niño-Padilla
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad de Sonora, Rosales y Luis Encinas s/n, Hermosillo 83000, Sonora, México
| | - Clara Espitia
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Carlos Velazquez
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad de Sonora, Rosales y Luis Encinas s/n, Hermosillo 83000, Sonora, México
| | - Efrain Alday
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad de Sonora, Rosales y Luis Encinas s/n, Hermosillo 83000, Sonora, México
| | - Erika Silva-Campa
- Departamento de Investigación en Física, Universidad de Sonora, Rosales y Luis Encinas s/n, Hermosillo 83000, Sonora, México
| | - Alexel Burgara-Estrella
- Departamento de Investigación en Física, Universidad de Sonora, Rosales y Luis Encinas s/n, Hermosillo 83000, Sonora, México
| | - José Antonio Enciso-Moreno
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Centro Universitario s/n, Cerro de las Campanas, Santiago de Querétaro 76010, Querétaro, México
| | - Olivia Valenzuela
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad de Sonora, Rosales y Luis Encinas s/n, Hermosillo 83000, Sonora, México
| | - Humberto Astiazarán-García
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad de Sonora, Rosales y Luis Encinas s/n, Hermosillo 83000, Sonora, México
| | - Adriana Garibay-Escobar
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad de Sonora, Rosales y Luis Encinas s/n, Hermosillo 83000, Sonora, México
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19
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Child HT, Deeks MJ, Rudd JJ, Bates S. Comparison of the impact of two key fungal signalling pathways on Zymoseptoria tritici infection reveals divergent contribution to invasive growth through distinct regulation of infection-associated genes. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:1220-1237. [PMID: 37306534 PMCID: PMC10502814 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The lifecycle of Zymoseptoria tritici requires a carefully regulated asymptomatic phase within the wheat leaf following penetration of the mesophyll via stomata. Here we compare the roles in this process of two key fungal signalling pathways, mutants of which were identified through forward genetics due to their avirulence on wheat. Whole-genome resequencing of avirulent Z. tritici T-DNA transformants identified disruptive mutations in ZtBCK1 from the kinase cascade of the cell wall integrity (CWI) pathway, and the adenylate cyclase gene ZtCYR1. Targeted deletion of these genes abolished the pathogenicity of the fungus and led to similar in vitro phenotypes to those associated with disruption of putative downstream kinases, both supporting previous studies and confirming the importance of these pathways in virulence. RNA sequencing was used to investigate the effect of ZtBCK1 and ZtCYR1 deletion on gene expression in both the pathogen and host during infection. ZtBCK1 was found to be required for the adaptation to the host environment, controlling expression of infection-associated secreted proteins, including known virulence factors. Meanwhile, ZtCYR1 is implicated in controlling the switch to necrotrophy, regulating expression of effectors associated with this transition. This represents the first study to compare the influence of CWI and cAMP signalling on in planta transcription of a fungal plant pathogen, providing insights into their differential regulation of candidate effectors during invasive growth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jason J. Rudd
- Department of Protecting Crops and the EnvironmentRothamsted ResearchHarpendenUK
| | - Steven Bates
- Department of BiosciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
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20
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Shamshoum M, Kuperman OA, Shadmi SK, Itkin M, Malitsky S, Natalio F. 2-NBDG Uptake in Gossypium hirsutum in vitro ovules: exploring tissue-specific accumulation and its impact on hexokinase-mediated glycolysis regulation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1242150. [PMID: 37818315 PMCID: PMC10561253 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1242150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent glucose derivatives are valuable tools as glucose analogs in plant research to explore metabolic pathways, study enzyme activity, and investigate cellular processes related to glucose metabolism and sugar transport. They allow visualization and tracking of glucose uptake, its utilization, and distribution within plant cells and tissues. This study investigates the phenotypic and metabolic impact of the exogenously fed glucose derivative, 2-(N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino)-2-deoxyglucose) (2-NBDG) on the fibers of Gossypium hirsutum (Upland cotton) ovule in vitro cultures. The presence of 2-NBDG in the culture medium did not lead to macroscopic morphological alterations in ovule and fiber development or to the acquisition of fluorescence or yellow coloration. Confocal laser scanning microscope imaging and chromatographic analysis of cotton ovules' outer rim cross-sections showed that the 2-NBDG is transported from the extracellular space and accumulated inside some outer integument cells, epidermal cells, and fertilized epidermal cells (fibers), but is not incorporated into the cell walls. Untargeted metabolic profiling of the fibers revealed significant changes in the relative levels of metabolites involved in glycolysis and upregulation of alternative energy-related pathways. To provide biochemical and structural evidence for the observed downregulation of glycolysis pathways in the fibers containing 2-NBDG, kinetics analysis and docking simulations were performed on hexokinase from G. hirsutum (GhHxk). Notably, the catalytic activity of heterologously expressed recombinant active GhHxk exhibited a five-fold decrease in reaction rates compared to D-glucose. Furthermore, GhHxk exhibited a linear kinetic behavior in the presence of 2-NBDG instead of the Michaelis-Menten kinetics found for D-glucose. Docking simulations suggested that 2-NBDG interacts with a distinct binding site of GhHxk9, possibly inducing a conformational change. These results highlight the importance of considering fluorescent glucose derivatives as ready-to-use analogs for tracking glucose-related biological processes. However, a direct comparison between their mode of action and its extrapolation into biochemical considerations should go beyond microscopic inspection and include complementary analytical techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina Shamshoum
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ofir Aharon Kuperman
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sapir Korman Shadmi
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Maxim Itkin
- Metabolic Profiling Unit, Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sergey Malitsky
- Metabolic Profiling Unit, Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Filipe Natalio
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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21
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Liu H, Lu X, Li M, Lun Z, Yan X, Yin C, Yuan G, Wang X, Liu N, Liu D, Wu M, Luo Z, Zhang Y, Bhadauria V, Yang J, Talbot NJ, Peng YL. Plant immunity suppression by an exo-β-1,3-glucanase and an elongation factor 1α of the rice blast fungus. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5491. [PMID: 37679340 PMCID: PMC10484928 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41175-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal cell walls undergo continual remodeling that generates β-1,3-glucan fragments as products of endo-glycosyl hydrolases (GHs), which can be recognized as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and trigger plant immune responses. How fungal pathogens suppress those responses is often poorly understood. Here, we study mechanisms underlying the suppression of β-1,3-glucan-triggered plant immunity by the blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. We show that an exo-β-1,3-glucanase of the GH17 family, named Ebg1, is important for fungal cell wall integrity and virulence of M. oryzae. Ebg1 can hydrolyze β-1,3-glucan and laminarin into glucose, thus suppressing β-1,3-glucan-triggered plant immunity. However, in addition, Ebg1 seems to act as a PAMP, independent of its hydrolase activity. This Ebg1-induced immunity appears to be dampened by the secretion of an elongation factor 1 alpha protein (EF1α), which interacts and co-localizes with Ebg1 in the apoplast. Future work is needed to understand the mechanisms behind Ebg1-induced immunity and its suppression by EF1α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Liu
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory for Crop Pest Monitoring and Green Control, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xunli Lu
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory for Crop Pest Monitoring and Green Control, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Mengfei Li
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory for Crop Pest Monitoring and Green Control, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhiqin Lun
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory for Crop Pest Monitoring and Green Control, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xia Yan
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Changfa Yin
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory for Crop Pest Monitoring and Green Control, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Guixin Yuan
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory for Crop Pest Monitoring and Green Control, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xingbin Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory for Crop Pest Monitoring and Green Control, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ning Liu
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory for Crop Pest Monitoring and Green Control, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Di Liu
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory for Crop Pest Monitoring and Green Control, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Mian Wu
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory for Crop Pest Monitoring and Green Control, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ziluolong Luo
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory for Crop Pest Monitoring and Green Control, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory for Crop Pest Monitoring and Green Control, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Vijai Bhadauria
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory for Crop Pest Monitoring and Green Control, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory for Crop Pest Monitoring and Green Control, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Nicholas J Talbot
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - You-Liang Peng
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory for Crop Pest Monitoring and Green Control, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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22
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Li J, Tian J, Cao H, Pu M, Zhang X, Yu Y, Wang Z, Kong Z. VdMKK1-mediated cell wall integrity is essential for virulence in vascular wilt pathogen Verticillium dahliae. J Genet Genomics 2023; 50:620-623. [PMID: 36898608 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2023.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Li
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Juan Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Huan Cao
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Mengli Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiaxia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yanjun Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhi Wang
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Zhaosheng Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Shanxi Key Laboratory of Minor Crops Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Academy of Agronomy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030031, China.
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23
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Pei Y, Ji P, Si J, Zhao H, Zhang S, Xu R, Qiao H, Duan W, Shen D, Yin Z, Dou D. A Phytophthora receptor-like kinase regulates oospore development and can activate pattern-triggered plant immunity. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4593. [PMID: 37524729 PMCID: PMC10390575 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40171-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant cell-surface leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases (LRR-RLKs) and receptor-like proteins (LRR-RLPs) form dynamic complexes to receive a variety of extracellular signals. LRR-RLKs are also widespread in oomycete pathogens, whereas it remains enigmatic whether plant and oomycete LRR-RLKs could mediate cell-to-cell communications between pathogen and host. Here, we report that an LRR-RLK from the soybean root and stem rot pathogen Phytophthora sojae, PsRLK6, can activate typical pattern-triggered immunity in host soybean and nonhost tomato and Nicotiana benthamiana plants. PsRLK6 homologs are conserved in oomycetes and also exhibit immunity-inducing activity. A small region (LRR5-6) in the extracellular domain of PsRLK6 is sufficient to activate BAK1- and SOBIR1-dependent immune responses, suggesting that PsRLK6 is likely recognized by a plant LRR-RLP. Moreover, PsRLK6 is shown to be up-regulated during oospore maturation and essential for the oospore development of P. sojae. Our data provide a novel type of microbe-associated molecular pattern that functions in the sexual reproduction of oomycete, and a scenario in which a pathogen LRR-RLK could be sensed by a plant LRR-RLP to mount plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Pei
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Peiyun Ji
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jierui Si
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Hanqing Zhao
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Sicong Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ruofei Xu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Huijun Qiao
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Weiwei Duan
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Danyu Shen
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhiyuan Yin
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Daolong Dou
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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24
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Panstruga R, Antonin W, Lichius A. Looking outside the box: a comparative cross-kingdom view on the cell biology of the three major lineages of eukaryotic multicellular life. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:198. [PMID: 37418047 PMCID: PMC10329083 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04843-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Many cell biological facts that can be found in dedicated scientific textbooks are based on findings originally made in humans and/or other mammals, including respective tissue culture systems. They are often presented as if they were universally valid, neglecting that many aspects differ-in part considerably-between the three major kingdoms of multicellular eukaryotic life, comprising animals, plants and fungi. Here, we provide a comparative cross-kingdom view on the basic cell biology across these lineages, highlighting in particular essential differences in cellular structures and processes between phyla. We focus on key dissimilarities in cellular organization, e.g. regarding cell size and shape, the composition of the extracellular matrix, the types of cell-cell junctions, the presence of specific membrane-bound organelles and the organization of the cytoskeleton. We further highlight essential disparities in important cellular processes such as signal transduction, intracellular transport, cell cycle regulation, apoptosis and cytokinesis. Our comprehensive cross-kingdom comparison emphasizes overlaps but also marked differences between the major lineages of the three kingdoms and, thus, adds to a more holistic view of multicellular eukaryotic cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Panstruga
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Wolfram Antonin
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Alexander Lichius
- inncellys GmbH, Dorfstrasse 20/3, 6082, Patsch, Austria
- Department of Microbiology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
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25
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Li Z, Wang J, Lin K, Liu M, Wang J, Zhang L, Xia C, Liu L, Zhang B, Yangzong Y, Han J, Zhao Y, Ye X, Huang Y, Cui Z. Insights into the Antifungal Properties of Myxobacteria Outer Membrane β-1,6-Glucanase. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023. [PMID: 37326459 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c00578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Fungal cell wall decomposition enzymes exhibit great potential for the development of efficient antifungal agents. However, their practical application is restricted due to incomplete understanding of the action mode. In our previous study, we identified that a novel outer membrane (OM) β-1,6-glucanase GluM is deployed by predatory myxobacteria to feed on fungi. In this work, we provide deep insights into the antifungal mechanism of β-1,6-glucanase and its potential in improving plant disease resistance. The fungal cell wall decomposition ability of GluM resulted in irregular hyphae morphology, changed chitin distribution, increased membrane permeability, and leakage of cell constituents in Magnaporthe oryzae Guy11. Under the attack pattern, the cell wall integrity pathway was activated by strain Guy11 for self-protection. GluM exhibited a distinct endo-model toward fungal cell wall; the favorite substrate of GluM toward fungal β-1,6-glucan may give reason for its efficient antifungal activity compared with Trichoderma β-1,6-glucanase. Moreover, released glucans from GluM hydrolysis of fungal cell wall functioned as an elicitor and induced rice immunity by means of jasmonic acid pathway. Based on the dual roles of antifungal properties, gluM transgenic plants conferred enhanced resistance against fungal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhoukun Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jihong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Kanghui Lin
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Muxing Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Juying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Chengyao Xia
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Lin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Biying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yunzhen Yangzong
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jian Han
- College of Agriculture, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Ürümqi, XinJiang 830052, China
| | - Yuqiang Zhao
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Xianfeng Ye
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhongli Cui
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Biological Interaction and Crop Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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26
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Rocafort M, Srivastava V, Bowen JK, Díaz-Moreno SM, Guo Y, Bulone V, Plummer KM, Sutherland PW, Anderson MA, Bradshaw RE, Mesarich CH. Cell Wall Carbohydrate Dynamics during the Differentiation of Infection Structures by the Apple Scab Fungus, Venturia inaequalis. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0421922. [PMID: 37039647 PMCID: PMC10269774 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04219-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Scab, caused by the biotrophic fungal pathogen Venturia inaequalis, is the most economically important disease of apples. During infection, V. inaequalis colonizes the subcuticular host environment, where it develops specialized infection structures called runner hyphae and stromata. These structures are thought to be involved in nutrient acquisition and effector (virulence factor) delivery, but also give rise to conidia that further the infection cycle. Despite their importance, very little is known about how these structures are differentiated. Likewise, nothing is known about how these structures are protected from host defenses or recognition by the host immune system. To better understand these processes, we first performed a glycosidic linkage analysis of sporulating tubular hyphae from V. inaequalis developed in culture. This analysis revealed that the V. inaequalis cell wall is mostly composed of glucans (44%) and mannans (37%), whereas chitin represents a much smaller proportion (4%). Next, we used transcriptomics and confocal laser scanning microscopy to provide insights into the cell wall carbohydrate composition of runner hyphae and stromata. These analyses revealed that, during subcuticular host colonization, genes of V. inaequalis putatively associated with the biosynthesis of immunogenic carbohydrates, such as chitin and β-1,6-glucan, are downregulated relative to growth in culture, while on the surface of runner hyphae and stromata, chitin is deacetylated to the less-immunogenic carbohydrate chitosan. These changes are anticipated to enable the subcuticular differentiation of runner hyphae and stromata by V. inaequalis, as well as to protect these structures from host defenses and recognition by the host immune system. IMPORTANCE Plant-pathogenic fungi are a major threat to food security. Among these are subcuticular pathogens, which often cause latent asymptomatic infections, making them difficult to control. A key feature of these pathogens is their ability to differentiate specialized subcuticular infection structures that, to date, remain largely understudied. This is typified by Venturia inaequalis, which causes scab, the most economically important disease of apples. In this study, we show that, during subcuticular host colonization, V. inaequalis downregulates genes associated with the biosynthesis of two immunogenic cell wall carbohydrates, chitin and β-1,6-glucan, and coats its subcuticular infection structures with a less-immunogenic carbohydrate, chitosan. These changes are anticipated to enable host colonization by V. inaequalis and provide a foundation for understanding subcuticular host colonization by other plant-pathogenic fungi. Such an understanding is important, as it may inform the development of novel control strategies against subcuticular plant-pathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Rocafort
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Vaibhav Srivastava
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joanna K. Bowen
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Mount Albert Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sara M. Díaz-Moreno
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yanan Guo
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology, School of Natural Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Vincent Bulone
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, Sweden
- School of Food, Agriculture and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Kim M. Plummer
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBiosciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul W. Sutherland
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Mount Albert Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Marilyn A. Anderson
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rosie E. Bradshaw
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology, School of Natural Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Bioprotection Aotearoa, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Carl H. Mesarich
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Bioprotection Aotearoa, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Zhang Y, Che H, Li C, Jin T. Food Allergens of Plant Origin. Foods 2023; 12:foods12112232. [PMID: 37297475 DOI: 10.3390/foods12112232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This review presents an update on the physical, chemical, and biological properties of food allergens in plant sources, focusing on the few protein families that contribute to multiple food allergens from different species and protein families recently found to contain food allergens. The structures and structural components of the food allergens in the allergen families may provide further directions for discovering new food allergens. Answers as to what makes some food proteins allergens are still elusive. Factors to be considered in mitigating food allergens include the abundance of the protein in a food, the property of short stretches of the sequence of the protein that may constitute linear IgE binding epitopes, the structural properties of the protein, its stability to heat and digestion, the food matrix the protein is in, and the antimicrobial activity to the microbial flora of the human gastrointestinal tract. Additionally, recent data suggest that widely used techniques for mapping linear IgE binding epitopes need to be improved by incorporating positive controls, and methodologies for mapping conformational IgE binding epitopes need to be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhu Zhang
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Pacific West Area, Western Regional Research Center, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, USA
| | - Huilian Che
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Caiming Li
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Pacific West Area, Western Regional Research Center, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, USA
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Tengchuan Jin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, China
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Sharma AD, Kaur I, Chauhan A. Essential Oil Derived from Underutilized Plants Cymbopogon khasianus Poses Diverse Biological Activities against " Aspergillosis" and " Mucormycosis". RUSSIAN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES 2023; 49:172-183. [PMID: 37220552 PMCID: PMC10191406 DOI: 10.3103/s106836742302012x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Palmrosa essential oil (PEO) from Cymbopogon khasianus, is used as complementary and traditional medicine worldwide. The present study aimed at compositional profiling of PEO and molecular docking of PEO bioactive compound geraniol against fungal enzymes chitin synthase (CS), UDP-glycosyltransferase (UDPG) and glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase (GPS), as apposite sites for drug designing against "Aspergillosis" and "Mucormycosis" and in vitro confirmation. Compositional profile of PEO was completed by GC-FID analysis. For molecular docking, Patch-dock tool was conducted. Ligand-enzyme 3D interactions were also calculated. ADMET properties (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity) were also calculated. GC-FID discovered the occurrence of geraniol as a major component in PEO, thus nominated for docking analysis. Docking analysis specified active binding of geraniol to GPS, CS and UDPG fungal enzymes. Wet-lab authentication was achieved by three fungal strains Aspergillus niger, A. oryzae and Mucor sp. Docking studies revealed that ligand geraniol exhibited intercations with GPS, CS and UDPG fungal enzymes by H-bond and hydrophobic interactions. Geraniol obeyed LIPINSKY rule, and exhibited adequate bioactivity. Wet lab results indicated that PEO was able to inhibit fungal growth against "Aspergillosis" and "Mucormycosis".
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Dev Sharma
- Post Graduate department of Biotechnology, Lyallpur Khalsa College Jalandhar, Punjab, India
| | - Inderjeet Kaur
- Post Graduate department of Biotechnology, Lyallpur Khalsa College Jalandhar, Punjab, India
| | - Amrita Chauhan
- Post Graduate department of Biotechnology, Lyallpur Khalsa College Jalandhar, Punjab, India
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29
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Huang Z, Lou J, Gao Y, Noman M, Li D, Song F. FonTup1 functions in growth, conidiogenesis and pathogenicity of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum through modulating the expression of the tricarboxylic acid cycle genes. Microbiol Res 2023; 272:127389. [PMID: 37099956 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
The Tup1-Cyc8 complex is a highly conserved transcriptional corepressor that regulates intricate genetic network associated with various biological processes in fungi. Here, we report the role and mechanism of FonTup1 in regulating physiological processes and pathogenicity in watermelon Fusarium wilt fungus, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum (Fon). FonTup1 deletion impairs mycelial growth, asexual reproduction, and macroconidia morphology, but not macroconidial germination in Fon. The ΔFontup1 mutant exhibits altered tolerance to cell wall perturbing agent (congo red) and osmotic stressors (sorbitol or NaCl), but unchanged sensitivity to paraquat. The deletion of FonTup1 significantly decreases the pathogenicity of Fon toward watermelon plants through attenuating the ability to colonize and grow within the host. Transcriptome analysis revealed that FonTup1 regulates primary metabolic pathways, including the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, via altering the expression of corresponding genes. Downregulation of three malate dehydrogenase genes, FonMDH1-3, occurs in ΔFontup1, and disruption of FonMDH2 causes significant abnormalities in mycelial growth, conidiation, and virulence of Fon. These findings demonstrate that FonTup1, as a global transcriptional corepressor, plays crucial roles in different biological processes and pathogenicity of Fon through regulating various primary metabolic processes, including the TCA cycle. This study highlights the importance and molecular mechanism of the Tup1-Cyc8 complex in multiple basic biological processes and pathogenicity of phytopathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziling Huang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jiajun Lou
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yizhou Gao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Muhammad Noman
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Dayong Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Fengming Song
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Wang B, Zhang G, Yang J, Li L, Li P, Xu S, Feng X, Chen Y. Evaluation of Inhibitory Effect and Mechanism of Euphorbia Factor L3 against Phytophthora capsici. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28072958. [PMID: 37049722 PMCID: PMC10096396 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28072958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytophthora capsici is a highly destructive phytopathogenic oomycete with a broad host range and is responsible for tremendous losses. Euphorbia factor L3 (EFL3) is a natural plant-derived compound that has been widely studied in medicine and cosmetic applications. In this study, the sensitivity of 105 P. capsici isolates to EFL3 was determined, and the biological activity and physiological effects of EFL3 against P. capsici were investigated. The median effective concentration (EC50) values for EFL3 inhibition mycelial growth and spore germination ranged from 0.66 to 8.94 μg/mL (mean, 2.96 ± 0.91 μg/mL) and 1.63 to 13.16 μg/mL (mean, 5.30 ± 1.64 μg/mL), respectively. EFL3 treatment resulted in cell wall and cell membrane damage of P. capsici, which was revealed by morphological and ultrastructural observations, propidium iodide (PI) and calcofluor white (CFW) staining, and measurements of relative conductivity as well as malondialdehyde (MDA) and glycerol contents. In addition, the contents of phospholipid and cellulose, which are the major components of cell membrane and cell wall, were significantly reduced following EFL3 treatment. Furthermore, EFL3 provided protective as well as curative efficacies against P. capsici on detached tomato leaves and pepper seedlings in vivo. These data show that EFL3 exhibits strong inhibitory activity against P. capsici, thereby suggesting that it could be an effective alternative for controlling P. capsici-induced diseases.
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Novel Insights into the Mechanism Underlying High Polysaccharide Yield in Submerged Culture of Ganoderma lucidum Revealed by Transcriptome and Proteome Analyses. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11030772. [PMID: 36985345 PMCID: PMC10055881 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11030772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Polysaccharides are crucial dietary supplements and traditional pharmacological components of Ganoderma lucidum; however, the mechanisms responsible for high polysaccharide yields in G. lucidum remain unclear. Therefore, we investigated the mechanisms underlying the high yield of polysaccharides in submerged cultures of G. lucidum using transcriptomic and proteomic analyses. Several glycoside hydrolase (GH) genes and proteins, which are associated with the degradation of fungal cell walls, were significantly upregulated under high polysaccharide yield conditions. They mainly belonged to the GH3, GH5, GH16, GH17, GH18, GH55, GH79, GH128, GH152, and GH154 families. Additionally, the results suggested that the cell wall polysaccharide could be degraded by GHs, which is beneficial for extracting more intracellular polysaccharides from cultured mycelia. Furthermore, some of the degraded polysaccharides were released into the culture broth, which is beneficial for obtaining more extracellular polysaccharides. Our findings provide new insights into the mechanisms underlying the roles that GH family genes play to regulate high polysaccharide yields in G. lucidum.
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Kanakari E, Dendrinou-Samara C. Fighting Phytopathogens with Engineered Inorganic-Based Nanoparticles. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:2388. [PMID: 36984268 PMCID: PMC10052108 DOI: 10.3390/ma16062388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The development of effective and ecofriendly agrochemicals, including bactericides, fungicides, insecticides, and nematicides, to control pests and prevent plant diseases remains a key challenge. Nanotechnology has provided opportunities for the use of nanomaterials as components in the development of anti-phytopathogenic agents. Indeed, inorganic-based nanoparticles (INPs) are among the promising ones. They may play an effective role in targeting and killing microbes via diverse mechanisms, such as deposition on the microbe surface, destabilization of cell walls and membranes by released metal ions, and the induction of a toxic mechanism mediated by the production of reactive oxygen species. Considering the lack of new agrochemicals with novel mechanisms of action, it is of particular interest to determine and precisely depict which types of INPs are able to induce antimicrobial activity with no phytotoxicity effects, and which microbe species are affected. Therefore, this review aims to provide an update on the latest advances in research focusing on the study of several types of engineered INPs, that are well characterized (size, shape, composition, and surface features) and show promising reactivity against assorted species (bacteria, fungus, virus). Since effective strategies for plant protection and plant disease management are urgently needed, INPs can be an excellent alternative to chemical agrochemical agents as indicated by the present studies.
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Almer J, Resl P, Gudmundsson H, Warshan D, Andrésson ÓS, Werth S. Symbiont-specific responses to environmental cues in a threesome lichen symbiosis. Mol Ecol 2023; 32:1045-1061. [PMID: 36478478 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Photosymbiodemes are a special case of lichen symbiosis where one lichenized fungus engages in symbiosis with two different photosynthetic partners, a cyanobacterium and a green alga, to develop two distinctly looking photomorphs. We compared gene expression of thallus sectors of the photosymbiodeme-forming lichen Peltigera britannica containing cyanobacterial photobionts with thallus sectors with both green algal and cyanobacterial photobionts and investigated differential gene expression at different temperatures representing mild and putatively stressful conditions. First, we quantified photobiont-mediated differences in fungal gene expression. Second, because of known ecological differences between photomorphs, we investigated symbiont-specific responses in gene expression to temperature increases. Photobiont-mediated differences in fungal gene expression could be identified, with upregulation of distinct biological processes in the different morphs, showing that interaction with specific symbiosis partners profoundly impacts fungal gene expression. Furthermore, high temperatures expectedly led to an upregulation of genes involved in heat shock responses in all organisms in whole transcriptome data and to an increased expression of genes involved in photosynthesis in both photobiont types at 15 and 25°C. The fungus and the cyanobacteria exhibited thermal stress responses already at 15°C, the green algae mainly at 25°C, demonstrating symbiont-specific responses to environmental cues and symbiont-specific ecological optima.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Almer
- Systematics, Biodiversity and Evolution of Plants, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Philipp Resl
- Systematics, Biodiversity and Evolution of Plants, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Hörður Gudmundsson
- Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Denis Warshan
- Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Ólafur S Andrésson
- Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Silke Werth
- Systematics, Biodiversity and Evolution of Plants, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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Pylkkänen R, Werner D, Bishoyi A, Weil D, Scoppola E, Wagermaier W, Safeer A, Bahri S, Baldus M, Paananen A, Penttilä M, Szilvay GR, Mohammadi P. The complex structure of Fomes fomentarius represents an architectural design for high-performance ultralightweight materials. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eade5417. [PMID: 36812306 PMCID: PMC9946349 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade5417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
High strength, hardness, and fracture toughness are mechanical properties that are not commonly associated with the fleshy body of a fungus. Here, we show with detailed structural, chemical, and mechanical characterization that Fomes fomentarius is an exception, and its architectural design is a source of inspiration for an emerging class of ultralightweight high-performance materials. Our findings reveal that F. fomentarius is a functionally graded material with three distinct layers that undergo multiscale hierarchical self-assembly. Mycelium is the primary component in all layers. However, in each layer, mycelium exhibits a very distinct microstructure with unique preferential orientation, aspect ratio, density, and branch length. We also show that an extracellular matrix acts as a reinforcing adhesive that differs in each layer in terms of quantity, polymeric content, and interconnectivity. These findings demonstrate how the synergistic interplay of the aforementioned features results in distinct mechanical properties for each layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Pylkkänen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Espoo, FI-02044 VTT, Finland
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Daniel Werner
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Ajit Bishoyi
- NMR Spectroscopy, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Dominik Weil
- KLA-Tencor GmbH, Moritzburger Weg 67, Dresden 01109, Germany
| | - Ernesto Scoppola
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wagermaier
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Adil Safeer
- NMR Spectroscopy, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Salima Bahri
- NMR Spectroscopy, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Marc Baldus
- NMR Spectroscopy, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Arja Paananen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Espoo, FI-02044 VTT, Finland
| | - Merja Penttilä
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Espoo, FI-02044 VTT, Finland
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Géza R. Szilvay
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Espoo, FI-02044 VTT, Finland
| | - Pezhman Mohammadi
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Espoo, FI-02044 VTT, Finland
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Yin J, Bai R, Yuan L, Huang JG. Application of Ceriporia lacerata HG2011 as biocontrol agent against multiple phytopathogenic fungi and oomycetes. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 190:105316. [PMID: 36740332 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2022.105316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Overuse of fungicides to control crop diseases results in ecological damage, environmental pollution, and human health risks. Biocontrol is an increasingly popular alternative in plant disease management due to sustainability and environmental friendliness. Herein, antagonistic tests and greenhouse experiments were conducted to investigate the antagonism of a self-isolated white-rot fungus Ceriporia lacerata HG2011 against phytopathogens in vitro, the underlying mechanism exerted by this fungus, and disease control efficiency in the greenhouse. The results demonstrated that both soluble and volatile substances produced by this fungus suppressed the growth of all test phytopathogen fungi and oomycetes in vitro, with the inhibitory rates of 10.4-60.6% for soluble metabolites and 30.3-52.9% for volatiles. C. lacerata HG2011 could grow in and gradually spread on living phytopathogenic colonies, concurrently deformed and lysed pathogenic hyphae in dual culture, which were associated with the release of hydrolase (cellulose, chitinase, β-glucanase, and protease) from this biocontrol fungus for the use of the pathogens as nutrient sources. The chitinolytic and cellulolytic production by C. lacerata HG2011 presents the specific response to the cell wall of pathogenic fungi and oomycetes, and β-glucanase was triggered by carbon competition. Consequently, C. lacerata HG2011 successfully controlled eggplant stem blight and cucumber vine blight (control efficacy 67.9-70.9%) in the greenhouse experiments. C. lacerata HG2011 showed multiple antagonistic mechanisms against the phytopathogenic fungi and oomycetes concurrently. Our results provided information about a new potential use of this fungus as a biocontrol agent to control plant diseases in modern agriculture beyond medical purposes, wastewater treatment, and biofuel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yin
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Ruxia Bai
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Ling Yuan
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Jian-Guo Huang
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China.
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The SUMOylation Pathway Components Are Required for Vegetative Growth, Asexual Development, Cytotoxic Responses, and Programmed Cell Death Events in Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9010094. [PMID: 36675915 PMCID: PMC9866417 DOI: 10.3390/jof9010094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
SUMOylation is an essential protein modification process that regulates numerous crucial cellular and biochemical processes in phytopathogenic fungi, and thus plays important roles in multiple biological functions. The present study characterizes the SUMOylation pathway components, including SMT3 (SUMO), AOS1 (an E1 enzyme), UBC9 (an E2 enzyme), and MMS21 (an E3 ligase), in Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum (Fon), the causative agent of watermelon Fusarium wilt, in terms of the phylogenetic relationship, gene/protein structures, and basic biological functions. The SUMOylation components FonSMT3, FonAOS1, FonUBC9, and FonMMS21 are predominantly located in the nucleus. FonSMT3, FonAOS1, FonUBC9, and FonMMS21 are highly expressed in the germinating macroconidia, but their expression is downregulated gradually in infected watermelon roots with the disease progression. The disruption of FonUBA2 and FonSIZ1 seems to be lethal in Fon. The deletion mutant strains for FonSMT3, FonAOS1, FonUBC9, and FonMMS21 are viable, but exhibit significant defects in vegetative growth, asexual reproduction, conidial morphology, spore germination, responses to metal ions and DNA-damaging agents, and apoptosis. The disruption of FonSMT3, FonAOS1, FonUBC9, and FonMMS21 enhances sensitivity to cell wall-perturbing agents, but confers tolerance to digestion by cell wall-degrading enzymes. Furthermore, the disruption of FonSMT3, FonAOS1, and FonUBC9 negatively regulates autophagy in Fon. Overall, these results demonstrate that the SUMOylation pathway plays vital roles in regulating multiple basic biological processes in Fon, and, thus, can serve as a potential target for developing a disease management approach to control Fusarium wilt in watermelon.
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Brauer VS, Pessoni AM, Freitas MS, Cavalcanti-Neto MP, Ries LNA, Almeida F. Chitin Biosynthesis in Aspergillus Species. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9010089. [PMID: 36675910 PMCID: PMC9865612 DOI: 10.3390/jof9010089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The fungal cell wall (FCW) is a dynamic structure responsible for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis, and is essential for modulating the interaction of the fungus with its environment. It is composed of proteins, lipids, pigments and polysaccharides, including chitin. Chitin synthesis is catalyzed by chitin synthases (CS), and up to eight CS-encoding genes can be found in Aspergillus species. This review discusses in detail the chitin synthesis and regulation in Aspergillus species, and how manipulation of chitin synthesis pathways can modulate fungal growth, enzyme production, virulence and susceptibility to antifungal agents. More specifically, the metabolic steps involved in chitin biosynthesis are described with an emphasis on how the initiation of chitin biosynthesis remains unknown. A description of the classification, localization and transport of CS was also made. Chitin biosynthesis is shown to underlie a complex regulatory network, with extensive cross-talks existing between the different signaling pathways. Furthermore, pathways and recently identified regulators of chitin biosynthesis during the caspofungin paradoxical effect (CPE) are described. The effect of a chitin on the mammalian immune system is also discussed. Lastly, interference with chitin biosynthesis may also be beneficial for biotechnological applications. Even after more than 30 years of research, chitin biosynthesis remains a topic of current interest in mycology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica S. Brauer
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 01000-000, Brazil
| | - André M. Pessoni
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 01000-000, Brazil
| | - Mateus S. Freitas
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 01000-000, Brazil
| | - Marinaldo P. Cavalcanti-Neto
- Integrated Laboratory of Morphofunctional Sciences, Institute of Biodiversity and Sustainability (NUPEM), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 27965-045, Brazil
| | - Laure N. A. Ries
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
- Correspondence: (L.N.A.R.); (F.A.)
| | - Fausto Almeida
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 01000-000, Brazil
- Correspondence: (L.N.A.R.); (F.A.)
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Zhao L, Wang J, Zhang H, Wang P, Wang C, Zhou Y, Li H, Yu S, Wu R. Inhibitory effect of carvacrol against Alternaria alternata causing goji fruit rot by disrupting the integrity and composition of cell wall. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1139749. [PMID: 36891390 PMCID: PMC9986456 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1139749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Goji (Lycium barbarum L.) is a widely planted crop in China that is easily infected by the pathogenic fungus Alternaria alternata, which causes rot after harvest. Previous studies showed that carvacrol (CVR) significantly inhibited the mycelial growth of A. alternata in vitro and reduced Alternaria rot in goji fruits in vivo. The present study aimed to explore the antifungal mechanism of CVR against A. alternata. Optical microscopy and calcofluor white (CFW) fluorescence observations showed that CVR affected the cell wall of A. alternata. CVR treatment affected the integrity of the cell wall and the content of substances in the cell wall as measured by alkaline phosphatase (AKP) activity, Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Chitin and β-1,3-glucan contents in cells decreased after CVR treatment, and the activities of β-glucan synthase and chitin synthase decreased. Transcriptome analysis revealed that CVR treatment affected cell wall-related genes in A. alternata, thereby affecting cell wall growth. Cell wall resistance also decreased with CVR treatment. Collectively, these results suggest that CVR may exert antifungal activity by interfering with cell wall construction, leading to impairment of cell wall permeability and integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lunaike Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Storage and Processing of Plant Agro-Products, School of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Junjie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Storage and Processing of Plant Agro-Products, School of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Huaiyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Storage and Processing of Plant Agro-Products, School of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Storage and Processing of Plant Agro-Products, School of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Cong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Storage and Processing of Plant Agro-Products, School of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yueli Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Storage and Processing of Plant Agro-Products, School of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Huanhuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Storage and Processing of Plant Agro-Products, School of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Shukun Yu
- Key Laboratory of Storage and Processing of Plant Agro-Products, School of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Rina Wu
- Key Laboratory of Storage and Processing of Plant Agro-Products, School of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, China
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Zhang C, Zhang H, Zheng X, Wang Y, Ye W. Functional Characterization of Two Cell Wall Integrity Pathway Components of the MAPK Cascade in Phomopsis longicolla. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2023; 36:47-58. [PMID: 36282555 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-22-0156-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenic fungus Phomopsis longicolla causes numerous plant diseases, such as Phomopsis seed decay, pod and stem blight, and stem canker, which seriously affect the yield and quality of soybean production worldwide. Because of a lack of technology for efficient manipulation of genes for functional genomics, understanding of P. longicolla pathogenesis is limited. Here, we developed an efficient polyethylene glycol-mediated protoplast transformation system in P. longicolla that we used to characterize the functions of two genes involved in the cell wall integrity (CWI) pathway of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade, including PlMkk1, which encodes MAPK kinase, and its downstream gene PlSlt2, which encodes MAPK. Both gene knockout mutants ΔPlMkk1 and ΔPlSlt2 displayed a reduced growth rate, fragile aerial hyphae, abnormal polarized growth and pigmentation, defects in sporulation, inadequate CWI, enhanced sensitivity to abiotic stress agents, and significant deficiencies in virulence, although there were some differences in degree. The results suggest that PlMkk1 and PlSlt2 are crucial for a series of growth and development processes as well as pathogenicity. The developed transformation system will be a useful tool for additional gene function research and will aid in the elucidation of the pathogenic mechanisms of P. longicolla. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Xiaobo Zheng
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Wenwu Ye
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
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40
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Yang M, Ren W, Li G, Yang P, Chen R, He H. The effect of structure and preparation method on the bioactivity of polysaccharides from plants and fungi. Food Funct 2022; 13:12541-12560. [PMID: 36421015 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo02029g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Polysaccharides are not only the main components in the cell walls of plants and fungi, but also a structure that supports and protects cells. In the process of obtaining polysaccharides from raw materials containing cell walls, the polysaccharides on the cell walls are the products and also a factor that affects the extraction rate. Polysaccharides derived from plants and fungi have mild characteristics and exhibit various biological activities. The biological activity of polysaccharides is related to their chemical structure. This review summarizes the effects of the physicochemical properties and structure of polysaccharides, from cell walls in raw materials, that have an impact on their biological activities, including molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, chain structure, and uronic acid content. Also, the structure of certain natural polysaccharides limits their biological activity. Chemical modification and degradation of these structures can enhance the pharmacological properties of natural polysaccharides to a certain extent. At the same time, the processing method affects the structure and yield of polysaccharides on the cell wall and in the cell. The extraction and purification methods are summarized, and the effects of preparation methods on the structure and physiological effects of polysaccharides from plants and fungi are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manli Yang
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
| | - Wenjing Ren
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
| | - Geyuan Li
- College of pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ping Yang
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
| | - Rong Chen
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
| | - Hua He
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China. .,Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.,State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
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41
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Reveglia P, Billones-Baaijens R, Savocchia S. Phytotoxic Metabolites Produced by Fungi Involved in Grapevine Trunk Diseases: Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:3382. [PMID: 36501420 PMCID: PMC9736528 DOI: 10.3390/plants11233382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs), caused by fungal pathogens, are a serious threat to vineyards worldwide, causing significant yield and economic loss. To date, curative methods are not available for GTDs, and the relationship between the pathogen and symptom expression is poorly understood. Several plant pathologists, molecular biologists, and chemists have been investigating different aspects of the pathogenicity, biochemistry, and chemical ecology of the fungal species involved in GTDs. Many studies have been conducted to investigate virulence factors, including the chemical characterization of phytotoxic metabolites (PMs) that assist fungi in invading and colonizing crops such as grapevines. Moreover, multidisciplinary studies on their role in pathogenicity, symptom development, and plant-pathogen interactions have also been carried out. The aim of the present review is to provide an illustrative overview of the biological and chemical characterization of PMs produced by fungi involved in Eutypa dieback, Esca complex, and Botryosphaeria dieback. Moreover, multidisciplinary investigations on host-pathogen interactions, including those using cutting-edge Omics techniques, will also be reviewed and discussed. Finally, challenges and opportunities in the role of PMs for reliable field diagnosis and control of GTDs in vineyards will also be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sandra Savocchia
- Gulbali Institute, Charles Sturt University, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
- School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
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42
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β-glucans obtained from beer spent yeasts as functional food grade additive: Focus on biological activity. Food Hydrocoll 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2022.107963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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43
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Phosphomannose Isomerase Is Involved in Development, Stress Responses, and Pathogenicity of Aspergillus flavus. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0202722. [PMID: 35980200 PMCID: PMC9603912 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02027-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus causes invasive aspergillosis in immunocompromised patients and severe contamination of agriculturally important crops by producing aflatoxins. The fungal cell wall is absent in animals and is structurally different from that of plants, which makes it a potential antifungal drug target due to its essentiality for fungal survival. Mannose is one of the important components in the fungal cell wall, which requires GDP-mannose (GDP-Man) as the primary donor. Three consecutive enzymes, namely, phosphomannose isomerase (PMI), phosphomannose mutase (PMM), and GDP-mannose phosphorylase (GMPP), are required for GDP-Man biosynthesis. Thus, PMI is of prime importance in cell wall biosynthesis and also has an active role in sugar metabolism. Here, we investigated the functional role of PMI in A. flavus by generating a pmiA-deficient strain. The mutant required exogenous mannose to survive and exhibited reduced growth rate, impaired conidiation, early germination, disturbance in stress responses, and defects in colonization of crop seeds. Furthermore, attenuated virulence of the mutant was documented in both Caenorhabditis elegans and Galleria mellonella infection models. Our results suggested that PMI plays an important role in the development, stress responses, and pathogenicity of A. flavus and therefore could serve as a potential target for battling against infection and controlling aflatoxin contamination caused by A. flavus. IMPORTANCE Aspergillus flavus is a common fungal pathogen of humans, animals, and agriculturally important crops. It causes invasive aspergillosis in humans and also produces highly carcinogenic mycotoxins in postharvest crops that threaten food safety worldwide. To alleviate or eliminate the threats posed by A. flavus, it is necessary to identify genes involved in pathogenicity and mycotoxin contamination. However, little progress has been made in this regard. Here, we focused on PMI, which is the first enzyme involved in the biosynthesis pathway of GDP-Man and thus is important for cell wall synthesis and protein glycosylation. Our study revealed that PMI is important for growth of A. flavus. It is also involved in conidiation, germination, morphogenesis, stress responses, and pathogenicity of A. flavus. Thus, PMI is a potent antifungal target to curb the threats posed by A. flavus.
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Chun J, Ko YH, So KK, Cho SH, Kim DH. A fungal GPI-anchored protein gene functions as a virulence and antiviral factor. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111481. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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45
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Theillet FX, Luchinat E. In-cell NMR: Why and how? PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 132-133:1-112. [PMID: 36496255 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2022.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
NMR spectroscopy has been applied to cells and tissues analysis since its beginnings, as early as 1950. We have attempted to gather here in a didactic fashion the broad diversity of data and ideas that emerged from NMR investigations on living cells. Covering a large proportion of the periodic table, NMR spectroscopy permits scrutiny of a great variety of atomic nuclei in all living organisms non-invasively. It has thus provided quantitative information on cellular atoms and their chemical environment, dynamics, or interactions. We will show that NMR studies have generated valuable knowledge on a vast array of cellular molecules and events, from water, salts, metabolites, cell walls, proteins, nucleic acids, drugs and drug targets, to pH, redox equilibria and chemical reactions. The characterization of such a multitude of objects at the atomic scale has thus shaped our mental representation of cellular life at multiple levels, together with major techniques like mass-spectrometry or microscopies. NMR studies on cells has accompanied the developments of MRI and metabolomics, and various subfields have flourished, coined with appealing names: fluxomics, foodomics, MRI and MRS (i.e. imaging and localized spectroscopy of living tissues, respectively), whole-cell NMR, on-cell ligand-based NMR, systems NMR, cellular structural biology, in-cell NMR… All these have not grown separately, but rather by reinforcing each other like a braided trunk. Hence, we try here to provide an analytical account of a large ensemble of intricately linked approaches, whose integration has been and will be key to their success. We present extensive overviews, firstly on the various types of information provided by NMR in a cellular environment (the "why", oriented towards a broad readership), and secondly on the employed NMR techniques and setups (the "how", where we discuss the past, current and future methods). Each subsection is constructed as a historical anthology, showing how the intrinsic properties of NMR spectroscopy and its developments structured the accessible knowledge on cellular phenomena. Using this systematic approach, we sought i) to make this review accessible to the broadest audience and ii) to highlight some early techniques that may find renewed interest. Finally, we present a brief discussion on what may be potential and desirable developments in the context of integrative studies in biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francois-Xavier Theillet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Enrico Luchinat
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-Alimentari, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Piazza Goidanich 60, 47521 Cesena, Italy; CERM - Magnetic Resonance Center, and Neurofarba Department, Università degli Studi di Firenze, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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Taniguchi H, Ishimime Y, Minamihata K, Santoso P, Komada T, Saputra H, Uchida K, Goto M, Taira T, Kamiya N. Liposomal Amphotericin B Formulation Displaying Lipid-Modified Chitin-Binding Domains with Enhanced Antifungal Activity. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:3906-3914. [PMID: 36066555 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fungal infections affect more than one billion people worldwide and cause more than one million deaths per year. Amphotericin B (AmB), a polyene antifungal drug, has been used as the gold standard for many years because of its broad antifungal spectrum, high activity, and low tendency of drug resistance. However, the side effects of AmB, such as nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity, have hampered its widespread use, leading to the development of a liposome-type AmB formulation, AmBisome. Herein, we report a simple but highly effective strategy to enhance the antifungal activity of AmBisome with a lipid-modified protein. The chitin-binding domain (LysM) of the antifungal chitinase, Pteris ryukyuensis chitinase A (PrChiA), a small 5.3 kDa protein that binds to fungal cell wall chitin, was engineered to have a glutamine-containing peptide tag at the C-terminus for the microbial transglutaminase (MTG)-catalyzed crosslinking reaction (LysM-Q). LysM-Q was site-specifically modified with a lysine-containing lipid peptide substrate of MTG with a palmitoyl moiety (Pal-K). The resulting palmitoylated LysM (LysM-Pal) exhibited negligible cytotoxicity to mammalian cells and can be easily anchored to yield LysM-presenting AmBisome (LysM-AmBisome). LysM-AmBisome exhibited a dramatic enhancement of antifungal activity toward Trichoderma viride and Cryptococcus neoformans, demonstrating the marked impact of displaying a cell-wall binder protein on the targeting ability of antifungal liposomal formulations. Our simple strategy with enzymatic protein lipidation provides a potent approach to upgrade other types of lipid-based drug formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromasa Taniguchi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yugo Ishimime
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, 1 Senbaru, Nishihara-cho, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
| | - Kosuke Minamihata
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Pugoh Santoso
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Takuya Komada
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Hendra Saputra
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kazuki Uchida
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Masahiro Goto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.,Division of Biotechnology, Center for Future Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Toki Taira
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, 1 Senbaru, Nishihara-cho, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
| | - Noriho Kamiya
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.,Division of Biotechnology, Center for Future Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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47
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Apoplastic and vascular defences. Essays Biochem 2022; 66:595-605. [PMID: 36062526 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20220159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The apoplast comprises the intercellular space between cell membranes, includes the xylem, and extends to the rhizoplane and the outer surfaces of the plant. The apoplast plays roles in different biological processes including plant immunity. This highly specialised space is often the first place where pathogen recognition occurs, and this then triggers the immune response. The immune response in the apoplast involves different mechanisms that restrict pathogen infection. Among these responses, secretion of different molecules like proteases, proteins related to immunity, small RNAs and secondary metabolites play important and often additive or synergistic roles. In addition, production of reactive oxygen species occurs to cause direct deleterious effects on the pathogen as well as reinforce the plant's immune response by triggering modifications to cell wall composition and providing additional defence signalling capabilities. The pool of available sugar in the apoplast also plays a role in immunity. These sugars can be manipulated by both interactors, pathogens gaining access to nutrients whilst the plant's responses restrict the pathogen's access to nutrients. In this review, we describe the latest findings in the field to highlight the importance of the apoplast in plant-pathogen interactions and plant immunity. We also indicate where new discoveries are needed.
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48
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Chaube MA, Trattnig N, Lee D, Belkhadir Y, Pfrengle F. Synthesis of Fungal Cell Wall Oligosaccharides and Their Ability to Trigger Plant Immune Responses. European J Org Chem 2022; 2022:e202200313. [PMID: 36035813 PMCID: PMC9401017 DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Oligosaccharide fragments of fungal cell wall glycans are important molecular probes for studying both the biology of fungi and fungal infections of humans, animals, and plants. The fungal cell wall contains large amounts of various polysaccharides that are ligands for pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), eliciting an immune response upon recognition. Towards the establishment of a glycan array platform for the identification of new ligands of plant PRRs, tri-, penta-, and heptasaccharide fragments of different cell wall polysaccharides were prepared. Chito- and β-(1→6)-gluco-oligosaccharides were synthesized by automated glycan assembly (AGA), and α-(1→3)- and α-(1→4)-gluco-oligosaccharides were synthesized in solution using a recently reported highly α-selective glycosylation methodology. Incubation of plants with the synthesized oligosaccharides revealed i) length dependence for plant activation by chito-oligosaccharides and ii) β-1,6-glucan oligosaccharides as a new class of glycans capable of triggering plant activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manishkumar A. Chaube
- Department of Biomolecular SystemsMax Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesAm Mühlenberg 114476PotsdamGermany
| | - Nino Trattnig
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Sciences,ViennaMuthgasse 181190ViennaAustria
| | - Du‐Hwa Lee
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI)Austrian Academy of SciencesVienna Biocenter (VBC)Dr Bohr Gasse 31030ViennaAustria
| | - Youssef Belkhadir
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI)Austrian Academy of SciencesVienna Biocenter (VBC)Dr Bohr Gasse 31030ViennaAustria
| | - Fabian Pfrengle
- Department of Biomolecular SystemsMax Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesAm Mühlenberg 114476PotsdamGermany
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Sciences,ViennaMuthgasse 181190ViennaAustria
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Chandrasekar B, Wanke A, Wawra S, Saake P, Mahdi L, Charura N, Neidert M, Poschmann G, Malisic M, Thiele M, Stühler K, Dama M, Pauly M, Zuccaro A. Fungi hijack a ubiquitous plant apoplastic endoglucanase to release a ROS scavenging β-glucan decasaccharide to subvert immune responses. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:2765-2784. [PMID: 35441693 PMCID: PMC9252488 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plant pathogenic and beneficial fungi have evolved several strategies to evade immunity and cope with host-derived hydrolytic enzymes and oxidative stress in the apoplast, the extracellular space of plant tissues. Fungal hyphae are surrounded by an inner insoluble cell wall layer and an outer soluble extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) matrix. Here, we show by proteomics and glycomics that these two layers have distinct protein and carbohydrate signatures, and hence likely have different biological functions. The barley (Hordeum vulgare) β-1,3-endoglucanase HvBGLUII, which belongs to the widely distributed apoplastic glycoside hydrolase 17 family (GH17), releases a conserved β-1,3;1,6-glucan decasaccharide (β-GD) from the EPS matrices of fungi with different lifestyles and taxonomic positions. This low molecular weight β-GD does not activate plant immunity, is resilient to further enzymatic hydrolysis by β-1,3-endoglucanases due to the presence of three β-1,6-linked glucose branches and can scavenge reactive oxygen species. Exogenous application of β-GD leads to enhanced fungal colonization in barley, confirming its role in the fungal counter-defensive strategy to subvert host immunity. Our data highlight the hitherto undescribed capacity of this often-overlooked EPS matrix from plant-associated fungi to act as an outer protective barrier important for fungal accommodation within the hostile environment at the apoplastic plant-microbe interface.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alan Wanke
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, 50679 Cologne, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Stephan Wawra
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, 50679 Cologne, Germany
| | - Pia Saake
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, 50679 Cologne, Germany
| | - Lisa Mahdi
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, 50679 Cologne, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Nyasha Charura
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, 50679 Cologne, Germany
| | - Miriam Neidert
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, 50679 Cologne, Germany
| | - Gereon Poschmann
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Proteome Research, University Hospital and Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Milena Malisic
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, 50679 Cologne, Germany
| | - Meik Thiele
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, 50679 Cologne, Germany
| | - Kai Stühler
- Molecular Proteomics Laboratory, Biomedical Research Centre (BMFZ), Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Murali Dama
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, 50679 Cologne, Germany
| | - Markus Pauly
- Institute of Plant Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Zhang J, Xiao K, Li M, Hu H, Zhang X, Liu J, Pan H, Zhang Y. SsAGM1-Mediated Uridine Diphosphate-N-Acetylglucosamine Synthesis Is Essential for Development, Stress Response, and Pathogenicity of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:938784. [PMID: 35814696 PMCID: PMC9260252 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.938784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The necrotrophic fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a devastating pathogen. S. sclerotiorum can cause Sclerotinia stem rot in more than 600 species of plants, which results in serious economic losses every year. Chitin is one of the most important polysaccharides in fungal cell walls. Chitin and β-Glucan form a scaffold that wraps around the cell and determines the vegetative growth and pathogenicity of pathogens. UDP-GlcNAc is a direct precursor of chitin synthesis. During the synthesis of UDP-GlcNAc, the conversion of GlcNAc-6P to GlcNAc-1P that is catalyzed by AGM1 (N-acetylglucosamine-phosphate mutase) is a key step. However, the significance and role of AGM1 in phytopathogenic fungus are unclear. We identified a cytoplasm-localized SsAGM1 in S. sclerotiorum, which is homologous to AGM1 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We utilized RNA interference (RNAi) and overexpression to characterize the function of SsAGM1 in S. sclerotiorum. After reducing the expression of SsAGM1, the contents of chitin and UDP-GlcNAc decreased significantly. Concomitantly, the gene-silenced transformants of SsAGM1 slowed vegetative growth and, importantly, lost the ability to produce sclerotia and infection cushion; it also lost virulence, even on wounded leaves. In addition, SsAGM1 was also involved in the response to osmotic stress and inhibitors of cell wall synthesis. Our results revealed the function of SsAGM1 in the growth, development, stress response, and pathogenicity in S. sclerotiorum.
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