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Oladipo EK, Akinleye TM, Adeyemo SF, Akinboade MW, Siyanbola KF, Adetunji VA, Arowosegbe OA, Olatunji VK, Adaramola EO, Afolabi HO, Ajani CD, Siyanbola TP, Folakanmi EO, Irewolede BA, Okesanya OJ, Ajani OF, Ariyo OE, Jimah EM, Iwalokun BA, Kolawole OM, Oloke JK, Onyeaka H. mRNA vaccine design for Epstein-Barr virus: an immunoinformatic approach. In Silico Pharmacol 2024; 12:68. [PMID: 39070665 PMCID: PMC11269547 DOI: 10.1007/s40203-024-00244-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), structurally similar to other herpes viruses, possess significant global health challenges as it causes infectious mononucleosis and is also associated with various cancers. Due to this widespread impact, an effective messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccine is paramount to help curb its spread, further underscoring the need for its development. This study, following an immunoinformatic approach, aimed to design a comprehensive mRNA vaccine against the EBV by selecting antigenic proteins, predicting Linear B-cell epitopes, cytotoxic T-cell lymphocyte (CTL) and helper T-cell lymphocyte (HTL) epitopes, and assessing vaccine characteristics. Seventy-nine EBV isolates from diverse geographical regions were examined. Additionally, the vaccine construct's physicochemical properties, transmembrane domains, solubility, and secondary structures were analysed. Molecular docking was conducted with Toll-Like Receptor 5 (TLR-5). Population coverage was assessed for selected major histocompatibility complex (MHC) alleles, and immune response was simulated. The result of this study highlighted a vaccine construct with high antigenicity, non-toxicity, and non-allergenicity and possessed favourable physicochemical properties. The vaccine's 3D structure is native-like and strongly binds with TLR-5, indicating a solid affinity with TLR-5. The selected MHC alleles provided broad universal population coverage of 89.1%, and the immune simulations suggested a robust and wide-ranging immunogenic response, activating critical immune cells, antibodies, and cytokines. These findings provide a solid foundation for further development and testing of the EBV candidate vaccine, offering potential solutions for combating EBV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elijah Kolawole Oladipo
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Immunology and Bioinformatics, Department of Microbiology, Adeleke University, Ede, Osun State Nigeria
- Genomics Unit, Helix Biogen Institute, Ogbomosho, Oyo State Nigeria
| | - Temitope Michael Akinleye
- Genomics Unit, Helix Biogen Institute, Ogbomosho, Oyo State Nigeria
- Department of Anatomy and Advanced Research Center for Tumor Immunology, Inje University College of Medicine, 75 Bokji-ro, Busanjin-gu, Busan, 47392 Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Olalekan John Okesanya
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Maritime Transport, Laboratory of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Thessaly, Papakyriazi 22, Larissa, 41222 Greece
| | - Olumide Faith Ajani
- African Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (African CDC), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Olumuyiwa Elijah Ariyo
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Unit, Federal Teaching Hospital, Ido-Ekiti, Ekiti State Nigeria
| | | | - Bamidele Abiodun Iwalokun
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Department, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria
| | | | - Julius Kola Oloke
- Department of Natural Science, Precious Cornerstone, Ibadan, 200132 Nigeria
| | - Helen Onyeaka
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
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Maliano MR, Yetming KD, Kalejta RF. Triple lysine and nucleosome-binding motifs of the viral IE19 protein are required for human cytomegalovirus S-phase infections. mBio 2024; 15:e0016224. [PMID: 38695580 PMCID: PMC11237493 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00162-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Herpesvirus genomes are maintained as extrachromosomal plasmids within the nuclei of infected cells. Some herpesviruses persist within dividing cells, putting the viral genome at risk of being lost to the cytoplasm during mitosis because karyokinesis (nuclear division) requires nuclear envelope breakdown. Oncogenic herpesviruses (and papillomaviruses) avoid genome loss during mitosis by tethering their genomes to cellular chromosomes, thereby ensuring viral genome uptake into newly formed nuclei. These viruses use viral proteins with DNA- and chromatin-binding capabilities to physically link viral and cellular genomes together in a process called tethering. The known viral tethering proteins of human papillomavirus (E2), Epstein-Barr virus (EBNA1), and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (LANA) each contain two independent domains required for genome tethering, one that binds sequence specifically to the viral genome and another that binds to cellular chromatin. This latter domain is called a chromatin tethering domain (CTD). The human cytomegalovirus UL123 gene encodes a CTD that is required for the virus to productively infect dividing fibroblast cells within the S phase of the cell cycle, presumably by tethering the viral genome to cellular chromosomes during mitosis. The CTD-containing UL123 gene product that supports S-phase infections is the IE19 protein. Here, we define two motifs in IE19 required for S-phase infections: an N-terminal triple lysine motif and a C-terminal nucleosome-binding motif within the CTD.IMPORTANCEThe IE19 protein encoded by human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is required for S-phase infection of dividing cells, likely because it tethers the viral genome to cellular chromosomes, thereby allowing them to survive mitosis. The mechanism through which IE19 tethers viral genomes to cellular chromosomes is not understood. For human papillomavirus, Epstein-Barr virus, and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, viral genome tethering is required for persistence (latency) and pathogenesis (oncogenesis). Like these viruses, HCMV also achieves latency, and it modulates the properties of glioblastoma multiforme tumors. Therefore, defining the mechanism through which IE19 tethers viral genomes to cellular chromosomes may help us understand, and ultimately combat or control, HCMV latency and oncomodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minor R. Maliano
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Kristen D. Yetming
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Molecular Biology, Charles River Laboratories, Wayne, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Robert F. Kalejta
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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3
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Hsu CL, Chang YS, Li HP. Molecular Diagnosis of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: Past and Future. Biomed J 2024:100748. [PMID: 38796105 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2024.100748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a malignant tumor originated from the nasopharynx epithelial cells and has been linked with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, dietary habits, environmental and genetic factors. It is a common malignancy in Southeast Asia, especially with gender preference among men. Due to its non-specific symptoms, NPC is often diagnosed at a late stage. Thus, the molecular diagnosis of NPC plays a crucial role in early detection, treatment selection, disease monitoring, and prognosis prediction. This review aims to provide a summary of the current state and the latest emerging molecular diagnostic techniques for NPC, including EBV-related biomarkers, gene mutations, liquid biopsy, and DNA methylation. Challenges and potential future directions of NPC molecular diagnosis will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Lung Hsu
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Sun Chang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan.
| | - Hsin-Pai Li
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan.
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4
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Xu Y, Li M, Lin M, Lv Y, Cui D, Wang Y, Xie J. A Multiplex Fluorescence of Loop Primer Upon Self-Dequenching Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Assay for the Detection of Epstein-Barr Virus and Human Parvovirus B19 in Clinical Transplant Samples. Viral Immunol 2024; 37:177-185. [PMID: 38625025 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2023.0133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Viral infections are major causes of mortality in solid-organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Parvovirus B19 (B19V) are among the common viral infections after transplantation and were recommended for increased screening in relevant guidelines. Therefore, the development of rapid, specific, and cost-effective diagnostic methods for EBV and B19V is of paramount importance. We applied Fluorescence of Loop Primer Upon Self-Dequenching Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification (FLOS-LAMP) for the first time to develop a novel multiplex assay for the detection of EBV and B19V; the fluorophore attached to the probe are self-quenched in unbound state. After binding to the dumbbell-shaped DNA target, the fluorophore is dequenched, resulting in fluorescence development. The novel multiplex FLOS-LAMP assay was optimized by testing various ratios of primer sets. This novel assay, with great specificity, did not cross-react with the common virus. For the detection of EBV and B19V, the limits of detection could reach 969 and 798 copies/μL, respectively, and the assay could be completed within 25 min. Applying this novel assay to detect 200 clinical transplant individuals indicated that the novel assay had high specificity and good sensitivity. We developed multiplex FLOS-LAMP assay for the detection of EBV and B19V, which has the potential to become an important tool for clinical transplant patient screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushan Xu
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Miaomiao Li
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mengjiao Lin
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yan Lv
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dawei Cui
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yongjun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Blood Safety Research of Zhejiang Province, Blood Center of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jue Xie
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Kim KD, Lieberman PM. Viral remodeling of the 4D nucleome. Exp Mol Med 2024; 56:799-808. [PMID: 38658699 PMCID: PMC11058267 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-024-01207-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The dynamic spatial organization of genomes across time, referred to as the four-dimensional nucleome (4DN), is a key component of gene regulation and biological fate. Viral infections can lead to a reconfiguration of viral and host genomes, impacting gene expression, replication, latency, and oncogenic transformation. This review provides a summary of recent research employing three-dimensional genomic methods such as Hi-C, 4C, ChIA-PET, and HiChIP in virology. We review how viruses induce changes in gene loop formation between regulatory elements, modify chromatin accessibility, and trigger shifts between A and B compartments in the host genome. We highlight the central role of cellular chromatin organizing factors, such as CTCF and cohesin, that reshape the 3D structure of both viral and cellular genomes. We consider how viral episomes, viral proteins, and viral integration sites can alter the host epigenome and how host cell type and conditions determine viral epigenomes. This review consolidates current knowledge of the diverse host-viral interactions that impact the 4DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-Dong Kim
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Korea.
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6
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Ye X, Guerin LN, Chen Z, Rajendren S, Dunker W, Zhao Y, Zhang R, Hodges E, Karijolich J. Enhancer-promoter activation by the Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus episome maintenance protein LANA. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113888. [PMID: 38416644 PMCID: PMC11005752 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Higher-order genome structure influences the transcriptional regulation of cellular genes through the juxtaposition of regulatory elements, such as enhancers, close to promoters of target genes. While enhancer activation has emerged as an important facet of Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) biology, the mechanisms controlling enhancer-target gene expression remain obscure. Here, we discover that the KSHV genome tethering protein latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) potentiates enhancer-target gene expression in primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), a highly aggressive B cell lymphoma causally associated with KSHV. Genome-wide analyses demonstrate increased levels of enhancer RNA transcription as well as activating chromatin marks at LANA-bound enhancers. 3D genome conformation analyses identified genes critical for latency and tumorigenesis as targets of LANA-occupied enhancers, and LANA depletion results in their downregulation. These findings reveal a mechanism in enhancer-gene coordination and describe a role through which the main KSHV tethering protein regulates essential gene expression in PEL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Ye
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Lindsey N Guerin
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Ziche Chen
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Suba Rajendren
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - William Dunker
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Ruilin Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Emily Hodges
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - John Karijolich
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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7
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Martin EW, Iserman C, Olety B, Mitrea DM, Klein IA. Biomolecular Condensates as Novel Antiviral Targets. J Mol Biol 2024; 436:168380. [PMID: 38061626 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2023.168380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Viral infections pose a significant health risk worldwide. There is a pressing need for more effective antiviral drugs to combat emerging novel viruses and the reemergence of previously controlled viruses. Biomolecular condensates are crucial for viral replication and are promising targets for novel antiviral therapies. Herein, we review the role of biomolecular condensates in the viral replication cycle and discuss novel strategies to leverage condensate biology for antiviral drug discovery. Biomolecular condensates may also provide an opportunity to develop antivirals that are broad-spectrum or less prone to acquired drug resistance.
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8
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Divilov K, Wang X, Swisher AE, Yeoman PC, Rintoul M, Fleener GB, Schoolfield B, Langdon C, Jin L. Ostreid herpesvirus 1 latent infection and reactivation in adult Pacific oysters, Crassostrea gigas. Virus Res 2024; 339:199245. [PMID: 37839558 PMCID: PMC10613911 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Ostreid herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1) is one of the most economically important pathogens of Pacific oysters. Understanding the pathogenesis of this virus is critical to developing tools to control outbreaks on shellfish farms. OsHV-1 is genetically related to vertebrate herpesviruses, which have a lytic and a latent stage, with the latent stage capable of being reactivated to the lytic stage. Here, OsHV-1 latency in Pacific oysters was investigated in experimentally and naturally infected oysters. Lytic infection in one-year-old oysters injected with the Tomales Bay strain of OsHV-1 was detectable between 1 and 4 days post-injection (dpi) but was not detectable after 5 dpi. The injected oysters shed 1 × 102 to 1 × 104 DNA copies/ml into the water during the 4-day acute phase. Lytic shedding was not detectable in two-year-old oysters injected similarly with the same strain of OsHV-1; however, the OsHV-1 genome was detectable by qPCR in the adductor muscle, gill, mantle, and hemocytes within the first 3 dpi, after which it became undetectable. No OsHV-1 was detectable in the adductor muscle, gill, or mantle from experimentally infected oysters on days 15 and 21 post-injection or from oysters sampled 9 months after surviving an OsHV-1 mortality event; however, OsHV-1 DNA could be detected in hemocytes of both experimentally infected oysters at 21 dpi and naturally infected oysters using nested PCR. In addition, lytic viral gene transcription was detectable in hemocytes of experimentally infected oysters between 1 and 21 dpi and in hemocytes of naturally infected oysters. Furthermore, OsHV-1 reactivation from latency was induced in experimentally infected oysters at 21 dpi and in naturally infected oysters 12 months after an OsHV-1 outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Divilov
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Sciences, Coastal Oregon Marine Experiment Station, Oregon State University, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Newport, OR 97365, USA
| | - Xisheng Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Alexandra E Swisher
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Peyton C Yeoman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | | | | | - Blaine Schoolfield
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Sciences, Coastal Oregon Marine Experiment Station, Oregon State University, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Newport, OR 97365, USA
| | - Chris Langdon
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Sciences, Coastal Oregon Marine Experiment Station, Oregon State University, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Newport, OR 97365, USA
| | - Ling Jin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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9
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Dinh VT, Loaëc N, Quillévéré A, Le Sénéchal R, Keruzoré M, Martins RP, Granzhan A, Blondel M. The hide-and-seek game of the oncogenic Epstein-Barr virus-encoded EBNA1 protein with the immune system: An RNA G-quadruplex tale. Biochimie 2023; 214:57-68. [PMID: 37473831 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2023.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is the first oncogenic virus described in human. EBV infects more than 90% of the human population worldwide, but most EBV infections are asymptomatic. After the primary infection, the virus persists lifelong in the memory B cells of the infected individuals. Under certain conditions the virus can cause several human cancers, that include lymphoproliferative disorders such as Burkitt and Hodgkin lymphomas and non-lymphoid malignancies such as 100% of nasopharyngeal carcinoma and 10% of gastric cancers. Each year, about 200,000 EBV-related cancers emerge, hence accounting for at least 1% of worldwide cancers. Like all gammaherpesviruses, EBV has evolved a strategy to escape the host immune system. This strategy is mainly based on the tight control of the expression of its Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen-1 (EBNA1) protein, the EBV-encoded genome maintenance protein. Indeed, EBNA1 is essential for viral genome replication and maintenance but, at the same time, is also highly antigenic and T cells raised against EBNA1 exist in infected individuals. For this reason, EBNA1 is considered as the Achilles heel of EBV and the virus has seemingly evolved a strategy that employs the binding of nucleolin, a host cell factor, to RNA G-quadruplex (rG4) within EBNA1 mRNA to limit its expression to the minimal level required for function while minimizing immune recognition. This review recapitulates in a historical way the knowledge accumulated on EBNA1 immune evasion and discusses how this rG4-dependent mechanism can be exploited as an intervention point to unveil EBV-related cancers to the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van-Trang Dinh
- Univ Brest; Inserm UMR1078; Etablissement Français Du Sang (EFS) Bretagne; CHRU Brest, Hôpital Morvan, Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, 22 Avenue Camille Desmoulins, F-29200 Brest, France.
| | - Nadège Loaëc
- Univ Brest; Inserm UMR1078; Etablissement Français Du Sang (EFS) Bretagne; CHRU Brest, Hôpital Morvan, Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, 22 Avenue Camille Desmoulins, F-29200 Brest, France
| | - Alicia Quillévéré
- Univ Brest; Inserm UMR1078; Etablissement Français Du Sang (EFS) Bretagne; CHRU Brest, Hôpital Morvan, Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, 22 Avenue Camille Desmoulins, F-29200 Brest, France
| | - Ronan Le Sénéchal
- Univ Brest; Inserm UMR1078; Etablissement Français Du Sang (EFS) Bretagne; CHRU Brest, Hôpital Morvan, Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, 22 Avenue Camille Desmoulins, F-29200 Brest, France
| | - Marc Keruzoré
- Univ Brest; Inserm UMR1078; Etablissement Français Du Sang (EFS) Bretagne; CHRU Brest, Hôpital Morvan, Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, 22 Avenue Camille Desmoulins, F-29200 Brest, France
| | | | - Anton Granzhan
- Chemistry and Modelling for the Biology of Cancer (CMBC), CNRS UMR9187, Inserm U1196, Institut Curie, Université Paris Saclay, F-91405 Orsay, France
| | - Marc Blondel
- Univ Brest; Inserm UMR1078; Etablissement Français Du Sang (EFS) Bretagne; CHRU Brest, Hôpital Morvan, Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, 22 Avenue Camille Desmoulins, F-29200 Brest, France.
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Huang W, Bai L, Tang H. Epstein-Barr virus infection: the micro and macro worlds. Virol J 2023; 20:220. [PMID: 37784180 PMCID: PMC10546641 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02187-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein‒Barr virus (EBV) is a DNA virus that belongs to the human B lymphotropic herpesvirus family and is highly prevalent in the human population. Once infected, a host can experience latent infection because EBV evades the immune system, leading to hosts harboring the virus for their lifetime. EBV is associated with many diseases and causes significant challenges to human health. This review first offers a description of the natural history of EBV infection, clarifies the interaction between EBV and the immune system, and finally focuses on several major types of diseases caused by EBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Lang Bai
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
- Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Hong Tang
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
- Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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11
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Borkosky SS, Fassolari M, Campos-León K, Rossi AH, Salgueiro M, Pascuale CA, Martínez RP, Gaston K, de Prat Gay G. Biomolecular Condensation of the Human Papillomavirus E2 Master Regulator with p53: Implications in Viral Replication. J Mol Biol 2023; 435:167889. [PMID: 36402224 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2022.167889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
p53 exerts its tumour suppressor activity by modulating hundreds of genes and it can also repress viral replication. Such is the case of human papillomavirus (HPV) through targeting the E2 master regulator, but the biochemical mechanism is not known. We show that the C-terminal DNA binding domain of HPV16 E2 protein (E2C) triggers heterotypic condensation with p53 at a precise 2/1 E2C/p53 stoichiometry at the onset for demixing, yielding large regular spherical droplets that increase in size with E2C concentration. Interestingly, transfection experiments show that E2 co-localizes with p53 in the nucleus with a grainy pattern, and recruits p53 to chromatin-associated foci, a function independent of the DNA binding capacity of p53 as judged by a DNA binding impaired mutant. Depending on the length, DNA can either completely dissolve or reshape heterotypic droplets into irregular condensates containing p53, E2C, and DNA, and reminiscent of that observed linked to chromatin. We propose that p53 is a scaffold for condensation in line with its structural and functional features, in particular as a promiscuous hub that binds multiple cellular proteins. E2 appears as both client and modulator, likely based on its homodimeric DNA binding nature. Our results, in line with the known role of condensation in eukaryotic gene enhancement and silencing, point at biomolecular condensation of E2 with p53 as a means to modulate HPV gene function, strictly dependent on host cell replication and transcription machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Susana Borkosky
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA) - CONICET, Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, 1405 Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Marisol Fassolari
- Fundación para Investigaciones Biológicas Aplicadas (FIBA), Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Biotecnología (INBIOTEC)-CONICET, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Karen Campos-León
- Division of Immunity and Infection, School of Medicine, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Andrés Hugo Rossi
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA) - CONICET, Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, 1405 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariano Salgueiro
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA) - CONICET, Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, 1405 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carla Antonela Pascuale
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA) - CONICET, Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, 1405 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ramón Peralta Martínez
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA) - CONICET, Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, 1405 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Kevin Gaston
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Gonzalo de Prat Gay
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA) - CONICET, Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, 1405 Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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12
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Kumar V, Bauer C, Stewart JH. TIME Is Ticking for Cervical Cancer. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:941. [PMID: 37508372 PMCID: PMC10376148 DOI: 10.3390/biology12070941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Cervical cancer (CC) is a major health problem among reproductive-age females and comprises a leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the major risk factor associated with CC incidence. However, lifestyle is also a critical factor in CC pathogenesis. Despite HPV vaccination introduction, the incidence of CC is increasing worldwide. Therefore, it becomes critical to understand the CC tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) to develop immune cell-based vaccination and immunotherapeutic approaches. The current article discusses the immune environment in the normal cervix of adult females and its role in HPV infection. The subsequent sections discuss the alteration of different immune cells comprising CC TIME and their targeting as future therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Kumar
- Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Science Center (LSUHSC), 1700 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70012, USA
| | - Caitlin Bauer
- Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Science Center (LSUHSC), 1700 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70012, USA
| | - John H Stewart
- Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Science Center (LSUHSC), 1700 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70012, USA
- Louisiana Children's Medical Center Cancer Center, Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Science Center (LSUHSC), 1700 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70012, USA
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13
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Dheekollu J, Wiedmer A, Soldan SS, Castro- Muñoz LJ, Chen C, Tang HY, Speicher DW, Lieberman PM. Regulation of EBNA1 protein stability and DNA replication activity by PLOD1 lysine hydroxylase. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1010478. [PMID: 37262099 PMCID: PMC10263308 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous human γ-herpesvirus that is causally associated with various malignancies and autoimmune disease. Epstein-Barr Nuclear Antigen 1 (EBNA1) is the viral-encoded DNA binding protein required for viral episome maintenance and DNA replication during latent infection in proliferating cells. EBNA1 is known to be a highly stable protein, but the mechanisms regulating protein stability and how this may be linked to EBNA1 function is not fully understood. Proteomic analysis of EBNA1 revealed interaction with Procollagen Lysine-2 Oxoglutarate 5 Dioxygenase (PLOD) family of proteins. Depletion of PLOD1 by shRNA or inhibition with small molecule inhibitors 2,-2' dipyridyl resulted in the loss of EBNA1 protein levels, along with a selective growth inhibition of EBV-positive lymphoid cells. PLOD1 depletion also caused a loss of EBV episomes from latently infected cells and inhibited oriP-dependent DNA replication. Mass spectrometry identified EBNA1 peptides with lysine hydroxylation at K460 or K461. Mutation of K460, but not K461 abrogates EBNA1-driven DNA replication of oriP, but did not significantly affect EBNA1 DNA binding. Mutations in both K460 and K461 perturbed interactions with PLOD1, as well as decreased EBNA1 protein stability. These findings suggest that PLOD1 is a novel interaction partner of EBNA1 that regulates EBNA1 protein stability and function in viral plasmid replication, episome maintenance and host cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayaraju Dheekollu
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Andreas Wiedmer
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Samantha S. Soldan
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | | | - Christopher Chen
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Hsin-Yao Tang
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - David W. Speicher
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Paul M. Lieberman
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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14
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Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a prevalent herpesvirus, infecting the majority of the human population. Like other herpesviruses, it causes lifelong infection through the establishment of latency. Although reactivation from latency can cause significant morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised hosts, our understanding of HCMV latency and how it is maintained remains limited. Here, we discuss the characterized latency reservoir in hematopoietic cells in the bone marrow and the gaps in our knowledge of mechanisms that facilitate HCMV genome maintenance in dividing cells. We further review clinical evidence that strongly suggests the tissue origin of HCMV reactivation, and we outline similarities to murine cytomegalovirus where latency in tissue-resident cells has been demonstrated. Overall, we think these observations call for a rethinking of HCMV latency reservoirs and point to potential sources of HCMV latency that reside in tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Schwartz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Noam Stern-Ginossar
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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15
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Lin YF, Hu Q, Mazzagatti A, Valle-Inclán JE, Maurais EG, Dahiya R, Guyer A, Sanders JT, Engel JL, Nguyen G, Bronder D, Bakhoum SF, Cortés-Ciriano I, Ly P. Mitotic clustering of pulverized chromosomes from micronuclei. Nature 2023; 618:1041-1048. [PMID: 37165191 PMCID: PMC10307639 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05974-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Complex genome rearrangements can be generated by the catastrophic pulverization of missegregated chromosomes trapped within micronuclei through a process known as chromothripsis1-5. As each chromosome contains a single centromere, it remains unclear how acentric fragments derived from shattered chromosomes are inherited between daughter cells during mitosis6. Here we tracked micronucleated chromosomes with live-cell imaging and show that acentric fragments cluster in close spatial proximity throughout mitosis for asymmetric inheritance by a single daughter cell. Mechanistically, the CIP2A-TOPBP1 complex prematurely associates with DNA lesions within ruptured micronuclei during interphase, which poises pulverized chromosomes for clustering upon mitotic entry. Inactivation of CIP2A-TOPBP1 caused acentric fragments to disperse throughout the mitotic cytoplasm, stochastically partition into the nucleus of both daughter cells and aberrantly misaccumulate as cytoplasmic DNA. Mitotic clustering facilitates the reassembly of acentric fragments into rearranged chromosomes lacking the extensive DNA copy-number losses that are characteristic of canonical chromothripsis. Comprehensive analysis of pan-cancer genomes revealed clusters of DNA copy-number-neutral rearrangements-termed balanced chromothripsis-across diverse tumour types resulting in the acquisition of known cancer driver events. Thus, distinct patterns of chromothripsis can be explained by the spatial clustering of pulverized chromosomes from micronuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Fen Lin
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Qing Hu
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Alice Mazzagatti
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jose Espejo Valle-Inclán
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Elizabeth G Maurais
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Rashmi Dahiya
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Alison Guyer
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Interdisciplinary Biomedical Graduate Program, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jacob T Sanders
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Justin L Engel
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Giaochau Nguyen
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Daniel Bronder
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Samuel F Bakhoum
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Isidro Cortés-Ciriano
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK.
| | - Peter Ly
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
- Department of Cell Biology, Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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16
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MacLennan SA, Marra MA. Oncogenic Viruses and the Epigenome: How Viruses Hijack Epigenetic Mechanisms to Drive Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119543. [PMID: 37298494 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Globally, viral infections substantially contribute to cancer development. Oncogenic viruses are taxonomically heterogeneous and drive cancers using diverse strategies, including epigenomic dysregulation. Here, we discuss how oncogenic viruses disrupt epigenetic homeostasis to drive cancer and focus on how virally mediated dysregulation of host and viral epigenomes impacts the hallmarks of cancer. To illustrate the relationship between epigenetics and viral life cycles, we describe how epigenetic changes facilitate the human papillomavirus (HPV) life cycle and how changes to this process can spur malignancy. We also highlight the clinical impact of virally mediated epigenetic changes on cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Signe A MacLennan
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4S6, Canada
| | - Marco A Marra
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4S6, Canada
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17
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Kannampuzha S, Gopalakrishnan AV, Padinharayil H, Alappat RR, Anilkumar KV, George A, Dey A, Vellingiri B, Madhyastha H, Ganesan R, Ramesh T, Jayaraj R, Prabakaran DS. Onco-Pathogen Mediated Cancer Progression and Associated Signaling Pathways in Cancer Development. Pathogens 2023; 12:770. [PMID: 37375460 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12060770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with viruses, bacteria, and parasites are thought to be the underlying cause of about 8-17% of the world's cancer burden, i.e., approximately one in every five malignancies globally is caused by an infectious pathogen. Oncogenesis is thought to be aided by eleven major pathogens. It is crucial to identify microorganisms that potentially act as human carcinogens and to understand how exposure to such pathogens occur as well as the following carcinogenic pathways they induce. Gaining knowledge in this field will give important suggestions for effective pathogen-driven cancer care, control, and, ultimately, prevention. This review will mainly focus on the major onco-pathogens and the types of cancer caused by them. It will also discuss the major pathways which, when altered, lead to the progression of these cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Kannampuzha
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, India
| | - Abilash Valsala Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, India
| | - Hafiza Padinharayil
- Jubilee Centre for Medical Research, Jubilee Mission Medical College and Research Institute, Thrissur 680596, India
| | - Reema Rose Alappat
- Jubilee Centre for Medical Research, Jubilee Mission Medical College and Research Institute, Thrissur 680596, India
- Post Graduate and Research Department of Zoology, Maharajas College, Ernakulam 682011, India
| | - Kavya V Anilkumar
- Jubilee Centre for Medical Research, Jubilee Mission Medical College and Research Institute, Thrissur 680596, India
- Post Graduate and Research Department of Zoology, Maharajas College, Ernakulam 682011, India
| | - Alex George
- Jubilee Centre for Medical Research, Jubilee Mission Medical College and Research Institute, Thrissur 680596, India
| | - Abhijit Dey
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata 700073, India
| | - Balachandar Vellingiri
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine/Translational Research, Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab (CUPB), Bathinda 151401, India
| | - Harishkumar Madhyastha
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Raja Ganesan
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Thiyagarajan Ramesh
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 173, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rama Jayaraj
- Jindal Institute of Behavioral Sciences (JIBS), Jindal Global Institution of Eminence Deemed to Be University, Sonipat 131001, India
- Director of Clinical Sciences, Northern Territory Institute of Research and Training, Darwin, NT 0909, Australia
| | - D S Prabakaran
- Department of Radiation Oncology, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-gu, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biotechnology, Ayya Nadar Janaki Ammal College, Srivilliputhur Main Road, Sivakasi 626124, India
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18
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Tan H, Gong Y, Liu Y, Long J, Luo Q, Faleti OD, Lyu X. Advancing therapeutic strategies for Epstein-Barr virus-associated malignancies through lytic reactivation. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 164:114916. [PMID: 37229802 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a widespread human herpes virus associated with lymphomas and epithelial cell cancers. It establishes two separate infection phases, latent and lytic, in the host. Upon infection of a new host cell, the virus activates several pathways, to induce the expression of lytic EBV antigens and the production of infectious virus particles. Although the carcinogenic role of latent EBV infection has been established, recent research suggests that lytic reactivation also plays a significant role in carcinogenesis. In this review, we summarize the mechanism of EBV reactivation and recent findings about the role of viral lytic antigens in tumor formation. In addition, we discuss the treatment of EBV-associated tumors with lytic activators and the targets that may be therapeutically effective in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiqi Tan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China; The Third School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Yibing Gong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China; The Third School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China; The Third School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Jingyi Long
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China; The Third School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Qingshuang Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China; The Third School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Oluwasijibomi Damola Faleti
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China; The Third School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China; Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, 999000, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Xiaoming Lyu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China; The Third School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China.
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19
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Li JSZ, Abbasi A, Kim DH, Lippman SM, Alexandrov LB, Cleveland DW. Chromosomal fragile site breakage by EBV-encoded EBNA1 at clustered repeats. Nature 2023; 616:504-509. [PMID: 37046091 PMCID: PMC10328181 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05923-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is an oncogenic herpesvirus associated with several cancers of lymphocytic and epithelial origin1-3. EBV encodes EBNA1, which binds to a cluster of 20 copies of an 18-base-pair palindromic sequence in the EBV genome4-6. EBNA1 also associates with host chromosomes at non-sequence-specific sites7, thereby enabling viral persistence. Here we show that the sequence-specific DNA-binding domain of EBNA1 binds to a cluster of tandemly repeated copies of an EBV-like, 18-base-pair imperfect palindromic sequence encompassing a region of about 21 kilobases at human chromosome 11q23. In situ visualization of the repetitive EBNA1-binding site reveals aberrant structures on mitotic chromosomes characteristic of inherently fragile DNA. We demonstrate that increasing levels of EBNA1 binding trigger dose-dependent breakage at 11q23, producing a fusogenic centromere-containing fragment and an acentric distal fragment, with both mis-segregated into micronuclei in the next cell cycles. In cells latently infected with EBV, elevating EBNA1 abundance by as little as twofold was sufficient to trigger breakage at 11q23. Examination of whole-genome sequencing of EBV-associated nasopharyngeal carcinomas revealed that structural variants are highly enriched on chromosome 11. Presence of EBV is also shown to be associated with an enrichment of chromosome 11 rearrangements across 2,439 tumours from 38 cancer types. Our results identify a previously unappreciated link between EBV and genomic instability, wherein EBNA1-induced breakage at 11q23 triggers acquisition of structural variations in chromosome 11.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Binding Sites
- DNA/chemistry
- DNA/metabolism
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/metabolism
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/pathogenicity
- Viral Proteins/genetics
- Viral Proteins/metabolism
- DNA Breaks, Double-Stranded
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11/chemistry
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11/metabolism
- Genomic Instability
- Mitosis
- Chromosome Breakage
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Su Zhou Li
- Ludwig Cancer Research, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Ammal Abbasi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Moores Cancer Center, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Dong Hyun Kim
- Ludwig Cancer Research, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Ludmil B Alexandrov
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Moores Cancer Center, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Don W Cleveland
- Ludwig Cancer Research, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Moores Cancer Center, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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20
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Zhao B. Epstein-Barr Virus B Cell Growth Transformation: The Nuclear Events. Viruses 2023; 15:832. [PMID: 37112815 PMCID: PMC10146190 DOI: 10.3390/v15040832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is the first human DNA tumor virus identified from African Burkitt's lymphoma cells. EBV causes ~200,000 various cancers world-wide each year. EBV-associated cancers express latent EBV proteins, EBV nuclear antigens (EBNAs), and latent membrane proteins (LMPs). EBNA1 tethers EBV episomes to the chromosome during mitosis to ensure episomes are divided evenly between daughter cells. EBNA2 is the major EBV latency transcription activator. It activates the expression of other EBNAs and LMPs. It also activates MYC through enhancers 400-500 kb upstream to provide proliferation signals. EBNALP co-activates with EBNA2. EBNA3A/C represses CDKN2A to prevent senescence. LMP1 activates NF-κB to prevent apoptosis. The coordinated activity of EBV proteins in the nucleus allows efficient transformation of primary resting B lymphocytes into immortalized lymphoblastoid cell lines in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhao
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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21
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Kim KD, Lieberman PM. 4C Analysis of EBV-Host DNA Interactome. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2610:99-107. [PMID: 36534285 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2895-9_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
EBV persist as multicopy episomes in latently infected cells and alter transcriptional program of host systems. Knowledge of EBV tethering site helps us understand how EBV attaches to and regulates the host chromosome. Here, we introduce a step-by-step protocol for 4C-seq analysis, including cell fixation, 4C-DNA construction, and sequencing library preparation performed with EBV-positive Burkitt's lymphoma cells. The method can be applied in a variety of studies and cell-types to identify target loci associated with bait positions, such as viral episomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-Dong Kim
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, South Korea.
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22
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The Epstein-Barr Virus Enhancer Interaction Landscapes in Virus-Associated Cancer Cell Lines. J Virol 2022; 96:e0073922. [PMID: 36094314 PMCID: PMC9517713 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00739-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) persists in human cells as episomes. EBV episomes are chromatinized and their 3D conformation varies greatly in cells expressing different latency genes. We used HiChIP, an assay which combines genome-wide chromatin conformation capture followed by deep sequencing (Hi-C) and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), to interrogate the EBV episome 3D conformation in different cancer cell lines. In an EBV-transformed lymphoblastoid cell line (LCL) GM12878 expressing type III EBV latency genes, abundant genomic interactions were identified by H3K27ac HiChIP. A strong enhancer was located near the BILF2 gene and looped to multiple genes around BALFs loci. Perturbation of the BILF2 enhancer by CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) and CRISPR activation (CRISPRa) altered the expression of BILF2 enhancer-linked genes, including BARF0 and BALF2, suggesting that this enhancer regulates the expression of linked genes. H3K27ac ChIP followed by deep sequencing (ChIP-seq) identified several strong EBV enhancers in T/NK (natural killer) lymphoma cells that express type II EBV latency genes. Extensive intragenomic interactions were also found which linked enhancers to target genes. A strong enhancer at BILF2 also looped to the BALF loci. CRISPRi also validated the functional connection between BILF2 enhancer and BARF1 gene. In contrast, H3K27ac HiChIP found significantly fewer intragenomic interactions in type I EBV latency gene-expressing primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) cell lines. These data provided new insight into the regulation of EBV latency gene expression in different EBV-associated tumors. IMPORTANCE EBV is the first human DNA tumor virus identified, discovered over 50 years ago. EBV causes ~200,000 cases of various cancers each year. EBV-encoded oncogenes, noncoding RNAs, and microRNAs (miRNAs) can promote cell growth and survival and suppress senescence. Regulation of EBV gene expression is very complex. The viral C promoter regulates the expression of all EBV nuclear antigens (EBNAs), some of which are very far away from the C promoter. Another way by which the virus activates remote gene expression is through DNA looping. In this study, we describe the viral genome looping patterns in various EBV-associated cancer cell lines and identify important EBV enhancers in these cells. This study also identified novel opportunities to perturb and eventually control EBV gene expression in these cancer cells.
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23
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Paganelli R. Resurrecting Epstein–Barr Virus. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11070772. [PMID: 35890017 PMCID: PMC9318925 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11070772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Paganelli
- UniCamillus International Medical University, Via di Sant'Alessandro, 8, 00131 Rome, Italy
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24
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Lytic Replication and Reactivation from B Cells Is Not Required for Establishing or Maintaining Gammaherpesvirus Latency In Vivo. J Virol 2022; 96:e0069022. [PMID: 35647668 PMCID: PMC9215232 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00690-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Gammaherpesviruses (GHVs) are lymphotropic tumor viruses with a biphasic infectious cycle. Lytic replication at the primary site of infection is necessary for GHVs to spread throughout the host and establish latency in distal sites. Dissemination is mediated by infected B cells that traffic hematogenously from draining lymph nodes to peripheral lymphoid organs, such as the spleen. B cells serve as the major reservoir for viral latency, and it is hypothesized that periodic reactivation from latently infected B cells contributes to maintaining long-term chronic infection. While fundamentally important to an understanding of GHV biology, aspects of B cell infection in latency establishment and maintenance are incompletely defined, especially roles for lytic replication and reactivation in this cell type. To address this knowledge gap and overcome limitations of replication-defective viruses, we generated a recombinant murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV68) in which ORF50, the gene that encodes the essential immediate-early replication and transcription activator protein (RTA), was flanked by loxP sites to enable conditional ablation of lytic replication by ORF50 deletion in cells that express Cre recombinase. Following infection of mice that encode Cre in B cells with this virus, splenomegaly and viral reactivation from splenocytes were significantly reduced; however, the number of latently infected splenocytes was equivalent to WT MHV68. Despite ORF50 deletion, MHV68 latency was maintained over time in spleens of mice at levels approximating WT, reactivation-competent MHV68. Treatment of infected mice with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which promotes B cell activation and MHV68 reactivation ex vivo, yielded equivalent increases in the number of latently infected cells for both ORF50-deleted and WT MHV68, even when mice were simultaneously treated with the antiviral drug cidofovir to prevent reactivation. Together, these data demonstrate that productive viral replication in B cells is not required for MHV68 latency establishment and support the hypothesis that B cell proliferation facilitates latency maintenance in vivo in the absence of reactivation. IMPORTANCE Gammaherpesviruses establish lifelong chronic infections in cells of the immune system and place infected hosts at risk for developing lymphomas and other diseases. It is hypothesized that gammaherpesviruses must initiate acute infection in these cells to establish and maintain long-term infection, but this has not been directly tested. We report here the use of a viral genetic system that allows for cell-type-specific deletion of a viral gene that is essential for replication and reactivation. We employ this system in an in vivo model to reveal that viral replication is not required to initiate or maintain infection within B cells.
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Immunosuppressive Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy of Epstein–Barr Virus-Associated Malignancies. Viruses 2022; 14:v14051017. [PMID: 35632758 PMCID: PMC9146158 DOI: 10.3390/v14051017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) can cause different types of cancer in human beings when the virus infects different cell types with various latent patterns. EBV shapes a distinct and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) to its benefit by influencing and interacting with different components in the TME. Different EBV-associated malignancies adopt similar but slightly specific immunosuppressive mechanisms by encoding different EBV products to escape both innate and adaptive immune responses. Strategies reversing the immunosuppressive TME of EBV-associated malignancies have been under evaluation in clinical practice. As the interactions among EBV, tumor cells, and TME are intricate, in this review, we mainly discuss the epidemiology of EBV, the life cycle of EBV, the cellular and molecular composition of TME, and a landscape of different EBV-associated malignancies and immunotherapy by targeting the TME.
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26
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Caruso LB, Guo R, Keith K, Madzo J, Maestri D, Boyle S, Wasserman J, Kossenkov A, Gewurz BE, Tempera I. The nuclear lamina binds the EBV genome during latency and regulates viral gene expression. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010400. [PMID: 35421198 PMCID: PMC9009669 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The Epstein Barr virus (EBV) infects almost 95% of the population worldwide. While typically asymptomatic, EBV latent infection is associated with several malignancies of epithelial and lymphoid origin in immunocompromised individuals. In latently infected cells, the EBV genome persists as a chromatinized episome that expresses a limited set of viral genes in different patterns, referred to as latency types, which coincide with varying stages of infection and various malignancies. We have previously demonstrated that latency types correlate with differences in the composition and structure of the EBV episome. Several cellular factors, including the nuclear lamina, regulate chromatin composition and architecture. While the interaction of the viral genome with the nuclear lamina has been studied in the context of EBV lytic reactivation, the role of the nuclear lamina in controlling EBV latency has not been investigated. Here, we report that the nuclear lamina is an essential epigenetic regulator of the EBV episome. We observed that in B cells, EBV infection affects the composition of the nuclear lamina by inducing the expression of lamin A/C, but only in EBV+ cells expressing the Type III latency program. Using ChIP-Seq, we determined that lamin B1 and lamin A/C bind the EBV genome, and their binding correlates with deposition of the histone repressive mark H3K9me2. By RNA-Seq, we observed that knock-out of lamin A/C in B cells alters EBV gene expression. Our data indicate that the interaction between lamins and the EBV episome contributes to the epigenetic control of viral gene expression during latency, suggesting a restrictive function of the nuclear lamina as part of the host response against viral DNA entry into the nucleus. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a common herpesvirus that establishes a lifelong latent infection in a small fraction of B cells of the infected individuals. In most cases, EBV infection is asymptomatic; however, especially in the context of immune suppression, EBV latent infection is associated with several malignancies. In EBV+ cancer cells, latent viral gene expression plays an essential role in sustaining the cancer phenotype. We and others have established that epigenetic modifications of the viral genome are critical to regulating EBV gene expression during latency. Understanding how the EBV genome is epigenetically regulated during latent infection may help identify new specific therapeutic targets for treating EBV+ malignancies. The nuclear lamina is involved in regulating the composition and structure of the cellular chromatin. In the present study, we determined that the nuclear lamina binds the EBV genome during latency, influencing viral gene expression. Depleting one component of the nuclear lamina, lamin A/C, increased the expression of latent EBV genes associated with cellular proliferation, indicating that the binding of the nuclear lamina with the viral genome is essential to control viral gene expression in infected cells. Our data show for the first time that the nuclear lamina may be involved in the cellular response against EBV infection by restricting viral gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rui Guo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.,Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kelsey Keith
- The Coriell Institute for Medical Research, Camden, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Jozef Madzo
- The Coriell Institute for Medical Research, Camden, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Davide Maestri
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sarah Boyle
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jason Wasserman
- The Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, School of Medicine Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Andrew Kossenkov
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Benjamin E Gewurz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.,Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Italo Tempera
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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27
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Najafi S, Tan SC, Aghamiri S, Raee P, Ebrahimi Z, Jahromi ZK, Rahmati Y, Sadri Nahand J, Piroozmand A, Jajarmi V, Mirzaei H. Therapeutic potentials of CRISPR-Cas genome editing technology in human viral infections. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 148:112743. [PMID: 35228065 PMCID: PMC8872819 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections are a common cause of morbidity worldwide. The emergence of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has led to more attention to viral infections and finding novel therapeutics. The CRISPR-Cas9 system has been recently proposed as a potential therapeutic tool for the treatment of viral diseases. Here, we review the research progress in the use of CRISPR-Cas technology for treating viral infections, as well as the strategies for improving the delivery of this gene-editing tool in vivo. Key challenges that hinder the widespread clinical application of CRISPR-Cas9 technology are also discussed, and several possible directions for future research are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Najafi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shing Cheng Tan
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Shahin Aghamiri
- Student Research Committee, Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pourya Raee
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Ebrahimi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Kargar Jahromi
- Central Research Laboratory, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Yazdan Rahmati
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javid Sadri Nahand
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ahmad Piroozmand
- Autoimmune Diseases Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Vahid Jajarmi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Correspondence to: Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 19395-4818, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran,Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran,Corresponding author at: Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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28
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Targeting the Nucleosome Acidic Patch by Viral Proteins: Two Birds with One Stone? mBio 2022; 13:e0173321. [PMID: 35343785 PMCID: PMC9040877 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01733-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The past decade illuminated the H2A-H2B acidic patch as a cornerstone for both nucleosome recognition and chromatin structure regulation. Higher-order folding of chromatin arrays is mediated by interactions of histone H4 tail with an adjacent nucleosome acidic patch. Dynamic chromatin folding ensures a proper regulation of nuclear functions fundamental to cellular homeostasis. Many cellular factors have been shown to act on chromatin by tethering nucleosomes via an arginine anchor binding to the acidic patch. This tethering mechanism has also been described for several viral proteins. In this minireview, we will discuss the structural basis for acidic patch engagement by viral proteins and the implications during respective viral infections. We will also discuss a model in which acidic patch occupancy by these non-self viral proteins alters the local chromatin state by preventing H4 tail-mediated higher-order chromatin folding.
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29
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Yuan L, Li S, Chen Q, Xia T, Luo D, Li L, Liu S, Guo S, Liu L, Du C, Jia G, Li X, Lu Z, Yang Z, Liu H, Mai H, Tang L. EBV infection-induced GPX4 promotes chemoresistance and tumor progression in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cell Death Differ 2022; 29:1513-1527. [PMID: 35105963 PMCID: PMC9346003 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-022-00939-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) was the first oncogenic virus identified in humans. It is primarily associated with multiple lymphoid and epithelial cancers, including nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). However, its association with ferroptosis and its role in cancer therapy resistance have not been fully elucidated. Here, we show that EBV infection reduces the sensitivity of NPC cells to ferroptosis by activating the p62-Keap1-NRF2 signaling pathway in conjunction with upregulation of SLC7A11 and GPX4 expression. Knockdown of endogenous GPX4 or blockade of GPX4 using a specific inhibitor enhanced the chemosensitivity of EBV-infected NPC cells. Functional studies revealed that GPX4 knockdown suppresses the proliferation and colony formation of NPC cells. Mechanistically, GPX4 interacts with the TAK1-TAB1/TAB3 complex, regulates TAK1 kinase activity, and further activates downstream MAPK-JNK and NFκB pathways. High GPX4 expression is correlated with poor clinical outcomes in patients with NPC and other cancer types. Taken together, our findings suggest that EBV infection has important effects on redox homeostasis, revealing a previously unappreciated role for GPX4 in tumor progression. This novel mechanism provides a potential new target for the treatment of EBV-related tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yuan
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shibing Li
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Qiuyan Chen
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Tianliang Xia
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Donghua Luo
- Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Liangji Li
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Sailan Liu
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shanshan Guo
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Liting Liu
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Chaochao Du
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Guodong Jia
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiaoyun Li
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zijian Lu
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhenchong Yang
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Huanliang Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Haiqiang Mai
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China. .,Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Linquan Tang
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China. .,Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.
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30
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Gaglia MM. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus at 27. Tumour Virus Res 2021; 12:200223. [PMID: 34153523 PMCID: PMC8250455 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvr.2021.200223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) was discovered 27 years ago and its link to several pathologies - Kaposi's sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma, and the B cell variant of Multicentric Castleman disease - is now well established. However, many questions remain about how KSHV causes tumors. Here, I will review studies from the last few years (primarily 2019-2021) that report new information about KSHV biology and tumorigenesis, including new results about KSHV proteins implicated in tumorigenesis, genetic and environmental variability in KSHV-related tumor development, and potential vulnerabilities of KSHV-caused tumors that could be novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Maria Gaglia
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.
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31
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Niemeyer BF, Sanford B, Gibson JE, Berger JN, Oko LM, Medina E, Clambey ET, van Dyk LF. The gammaherpesvirus 68 viral cyclin facilitates expression of LANA. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1010019. [PMID: 34780571 PMCID: PMC8629379 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Gammaherpesviruses establish life-long infections within their host and have been shown to be the causative agents of devastating malignancies. Chronic infection within the host is mediated through cycles of transcriptionally quiescent stages of latency with periods of reactivation into detectable lytic and productive infection. The mechanisms that regulate reactivation from latency remain poorly understood. Previously, we defined a critical role for the viral cyclin in promoting reactivation from latency. Disruption of the viral cyclin had no impact on the frequency of cells containing viral genome during latency, yet it remains unclear whether the viral cyclin influences latently infected cells in a qualitative manner. To define the impact of the viral cyclin on properties of latent infection, we utilized a viral cyclin deficient variant expressing a LANA-beta-lactamase fusion protein (LANA::βla), to enumerate both the cellular distribution and frequency of LANA gene expression. Disruption of the viral cyclin did not affect the cellular distribution of latently infected cells, but did result in a significant decrease in the frequency of cells that expressed LANA::βla across multiple tissues and in both immunocompetent and immunodeficient hosts. Strikingly, whereas the cyclin-deficient virus had a reactivation defect in bulk culture, sort purified cyclin-deficient LANA::βla expressing cells were fully capable of reactivation. These data emphasize that the γHV68 latent reservoir is comprised of at least two distinct stages of infection characterized by differential LANA expression, and that a primary function of the viral cyclin is to promote LANA expression during latency, a state associated with ex vivo reactivation competence. Gammaherpesviruses are ubiquitous viruses with oncogenic potential that establish latency for the life of the host. These viruses can emerge from latency through reactivation, a process that is controlled by the immune system. Control of viral latency and reactivation is thought to be critical to prevent γHV-associated disease. This study focuses on a virally-encoded cyclin that is required for reactivation from latency. By characterizing how the viral cyclin influences latent infection in pure cell populations, we find that the viral cyclin has a vital role in promoting viral gene expression during latency. This work provides new insight into the function of a virally encoded cyclin in promoting reactivation from latency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian F. Niemeyer
- Immunology and Microbiology Department, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Bridget Sanford
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Joy E. Gibson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Jennifer N. Berger
- Immunology and Microbiology Department, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Lauren M. Oko
- Immunology and Microbiology Department, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Eva Medina
- Immunology and Microbiology Department, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Eric T. Clambey
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Linda F. van Dyk
- Immunology and Microbiology Department, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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32
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Latently KSHV-Infected Cells Promote Further Establishment of Latency upon Superinfection with KSHV. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111994. [PMID: 34769420 PMCID: PMC8584431 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is a cancer-related virus which engages in two forms of infection: latent and lytic. Latent infection allows the virus to establish long-term persistent infection, whereas the lytic cycle is needed for the maintenance of the viral reservoir and for virus spread. By using recombinant KSHV viruses encoding mNeonGreen and mCherry fluorescent proteins, we show that various cell types that are latently-infected with KSHV can be superinfected, and that the new incoming viruses establish latent infection. Moreover, we show that latency establishment is enhanced in superinfected cells compared to primary infected ones. Further analysis revealed that cells that ectopically express the major latency protein of KSHV, LANA-1, prior to and during infection exhibit enhanced establishment of latency, but not cells expressing LANA-1 fragments. This observation supports the notion that the expression level of LANA-1 following infection determines the efficiency of latency establishment and avoids loss of viral genomes. These findings imply that a host can be infected with more than a single viral genome and that superinfection may support the maintenance of long-term latency.
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33
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Abstract
Viral infection is an indisputable causal factor for nearly 17% of all human cancers. However, the diversity and complexity of oncogenic mechanisms raises new questions as to the mechanistic role of viruses in cancer. Classical viral oncogenes have been identified for all tumor-associated viruses. These oncogenes can have multiple oncogenic activities that may or may not be utilized in a particular tumor cell. In addition, stochastic events, like viral mutation and integration, as well as heritable host susceptibilities and immune deficiencies are also implicated in tumorigenesis. A more contemporary view of tumor biology highlights the importance of evolutionary forces that select for phenotypes better adapted to a complex and changing environment. Given the challenges of prioritizing singular mechanistic causes, it may be necessary to integrate concepts from evolutionary theory and systems biology to better understand viral cancer-driving forces. Here, we propose that viral infection provides a biological “entropy” that increases genetic variation and phenotypic plasticity, accelerating the main driving forces of cancer cell evolution. Viruses can also influence the evolutionary selection criteria by altering the tumor microenvironment and immune signaling. Utilizing concepts from cancer cell evolution, population genetics, thermodynamics, and systems biology may provide new perspectives on viral oncogenesis and identify novel therapeutic strategies for treating viruses and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Italo Tempera
- Program in Gene Expression and Regulation, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Paul M Lieberman
- Program in Gene Expression and Regulation, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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34
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Pang J, Nguyen N, Luebeck J, Ball L, Finegersh A, Ren S, Nakagawa T, Flagg M, Sadat S, Mischel PS, Xu G, Fisch K, Guo T, Cahill G, Panuganti B, Bafna V, Califano J. Extrachromosomal DNA in HPV-Mediated Oropharyngeal Cancer Drives Diverse Oncogene Transcription. Clin Cancer Res 2021; 27:6772-6786. [PMID: 34548317 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-21-2484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Human papillomavirus (HPV) plays a major role in oncogenesis and circular extrachromosomal DNA (ecDNA) is found in many cancers. However, the relationship between HPV and circular ecDNA in human cancer is not understood. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Forty-four primary tumor tissue samples were obtained from a cohort of patients with HPV-positive oropharynx squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC). Twenty-eight additional HPV oropharyngeal cancer (HPVOPC) tumors from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) project were analyzed as a separate validation cohort. Genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, computational, and functional analyses of HPVOPC were applied to these datasets. RESULTS Our analysis revealed circular, oncogenic DNA in nearly all HPVOPC, with circular human and human-viral hybrid ecDNA present in over a third of HPVOPC and viral circular DNA in remaining tumors. Hybrid ecDNA highly express fusion transcripts from HPV promoters and HPV oncogenes linked to downstream human transcripts that drive oncogenic transformation and immune evasion, and splice multiple, diverse human acceptors to a canonical SA880 viral donor site. HPVOPC have high E6*I expression with specific viral oncogene expression pattern related to viral or hybrid ecDNA composition. CONCLUSIONS Nonchromosomal circular oncogenic DNA is a dominant feature of HPVOPC, revealing an unanticipated link between HPV and ecDNA that leverages the power of extrachromosomal inheritance to drive HPV and somatic oncogene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Pang
- UC San Diego School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, La Jolla, California
| | - Nam Nguyen
- UC San Diego Jacobs School of Engineering, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, La Jolla, California
| | - Jens Luebeck
- Bioinformatics & Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Laurel Ball
- UC San Diego School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, La Jolla, California
| | - Andrey Finegersh
- UC San Diego School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, La Jolla, California
| | - Shuling Ren
- UC San Diego School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, La Jolla, California
| | - Takuya Nakagawa
- UC San Diego School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, La Jolla, California
| | - Mitchell Flagg
- UC San Diego School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, La Jolla, California
| | - Sayed Sadat
- UC San Diego School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, La Jolla, California
| | - Paul S Mischel
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, ChEM-H, Stanford, California
| | - Guorong Xu
- UC San Diego School of Medicine, Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, La Jolla, California
| | - Kathleen Fisch
- UC San Diego School of Medicine, Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, La Jolla, California
| | - Theresa Guo
- UC San Diego School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, La Jolla, California.,Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Gabrielle Cahill
- UC San Diego School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, La Jolla, California
| | - Bharat Panuganti
- UC San Diego School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, La Jolla, California
| | - Vineet Bafna
- UC San Diego Jacobs School of Engineering, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, La Jolla, California.
| | - Joseph Califano
- UC San Diego School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, La Jolla, California. .,Bioinformatics & Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California
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EBNA1 inhibitors have potent and selective antitumor activity in xenograft models of Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric cancer. Gastric Cancer 2021; 24:1076-1088. [PMID: 33929613 PMCID: PMC8338878 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-021-01193-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated gastric carcinoma (EBVaGC) is the most common EBV-associated cancer and accounts for ~ 10% of all gastric cancers (GC). Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1), which is critical for the replication and maintenance of the EBV latent genome, is consistently expressed in all EBVaGC tumors. We previously developed small molecule inhibitors of EBNA1. In this study, we investigated the efficacy and selectivity of an EBNA1 inhibitor in cell-based and animal xenograft models of EBV-positive and EBV-negative gastric carcinoma. METHODS We tested the potency of an EBNA1 inhibitor, VK-1727, in vitro and in xenograft studies, using EBV-positive (SNU719 and YCCEL1) and EBV-negative (AGS and MKN74) GC cell lines. After treatment, we analyzed cell viability, proliferation, and RNA expression of EBV genes by RT-qPCR. RESULTS Treatment with VK-1727 selectively inhibits cell cycle progression and proliferation in vitro. In animal studies, treatment with an EBNA1 inhibitor resulted in a significant dose-dependent decrease in tumor growth in EBVaGC xenograft models, but not in EBV-negative GC xenograft studies. Gene expression analysis revealed that short term treatment in cell culture tended towards viral gene activation, while long-term treatment in animal xenografts showed a significant decrease in viral gene expression. CONCLUSIONS EBNA1 inhibitors are potent and selective inhibitors of cell growth in tissue culture and animal models of EBV-positive GC. Long-term treatment with EBNA1 inhibitors may lead to loss of EBV in mouse xenografts. These results suggest that pharmacological targeting of EBNA1 may be an effective strategy to treat patients with EBVaGC.
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Caspases Switch off the m 6A RNA Modification Pathway to Foster the Replication of a Ubiquitous Human Tumor Virus. mBio 2021; 12:e0170621. [PMID: 34425696 PMCID: PMC8406275 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01706-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The methylation of RNA at the N6 position of adenosine (m6A) orchestrates multiple biological processes to control development, differentiation, and cell cycle, as well as various aspects of the virus life cycle. How the m6A RNA modification pathway is regulated to finely tune these processes remains poorly understood. Here, we discovered the m6A reader YTHDF2 as a caspase substrate via proteome-wide prediction, followed by in vitro and in vivo validations. We further demonstrated that cleavage-resistant YTHDF2 blocks, while cleavage-mimicking YTHDF2 fragments promote, the replication of a common human oncogenic virus, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Intriguingly, our study revealed a feedback regulation between YTHDF2 and caspase-8 via m6A modification of CASP8 mRNA and YTHDF2 cleavage during EBV replication. Further, we discovered that caspases cleave multiple components within the m6A RNA modification pathway to benefit EBV replication. Our study establishes that caspase disarming of the m6A RNA modification machinery fosters EBV replication. IMPORTANCE The discovery of an N6-methyladenosine (m6A) RNA modification pathway has fundamentally altered our understanding of the central dogma of molecular biology. This pathway is controlled by methyltransferases (writers), demethylases (erasers), and specific m6A binding proteins (readers). Emerging studies have linked the m6A RNA modification pathway to the life cycle of various viruses. However, very little is known regarding how this pathway is subverted to benefit viral replication. In this study, we established an unexpected linkage between cellular caspases and the m6A modification pathway, which is critical to drive the reactivation of a common tumor virus, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV).
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Affiliation(s)
- S. E. Jones
- MRC‐University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
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Richardson BE. Initial Experience Treating HPV-Related Laryngeal Diseases with Oral Brincidofovir: A Pilot Study. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2021; 130:1383-1391. [PMID: 33834883 DOI: 10.1177/00034894211007227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine if brincidofovir, an oral analog of cidofovir that achieves high tissue levels of the active metabolite with low systemic toxicity, has an observable effect on HPV-related disease of the larynx. METHODS Two patients with laryngeal recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (one each of genotypes 6 and 11) and 1 with recurring aryepiglottic fold carcinoma in situ (genotype 16) received oral brincidofovir according to protocol. Close-range videoendoscopic examinations were done during and after the study period to observe disease behavior in the absence of other interventions, and after subsequent surgical intervention. Disease character and magnitude of recurrence for each patient were compared to their patterns prior to brincidofovir. RESULTS Brincidofovir reduced papilloma burden in 1 patient and markedly attenuated the rate and magnitude of recurrence in both. After surgical intervention, Patient 1 remains disease-free at 10 years (7 years from last intervention) and Patient 2 has no symptoms at 8 years. Patient 3 with recurring carcinoma in situ has required less frequent resections and specimens show reduced degrees of dysplasia present only in islands amid normal mucosa at 8 years (currently no evidence of disease at 21 months from last intervention). CONCLUSION Brincidofovir appears to attenuate HPV disease of the larynx in this small pilot study, though further investigation is required because of the highly variable nature of the disease and potential confounding factors.
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Diggins NL, Crawford LB, Hancock MH, Mitchell J, Nelson JA. Human Cytomegalovirus miR-US25-1 Targets the GTPase RhoA To Inhibit CD34 + Hematopoietic Progenitor Cell Proliferation To Maintain the Latent Viral Genome. mBio 2021; 12:e00621-21. [PMID: 33824207 PMCID: PMC8092260 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00621-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) microRNAs play essential roles in latency and reactivation in CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) via regulation of viral and cellular gene expression. In the present study, we show that HCMV miR-US25-1 targets RhoA, a small GTPase required for CD34+ HPC self-renewal, proliferation, and hematopoiesis. Expression of miR-US25-1 impairs signaling through the nonmuscle myosin II light chain, which leads to a block in cytokinesis and an inhibition of proliferation. Moreover, infection with an HCMV mutant lacking miR-US25-1 resulted in increased proliferation of CD34+ HPCs and a decrease in the proportion of genome-containing cells at the end of latency culture. These observations provide a mechanism by which HCMV limits proliferation to maintain latent viral genomes in CD34+ HPCs.IMPORTANCE Each herpesvirus family establishes latency in a unique cell type. Since herpesvirus genomes are maintained as episomes, the virus needs to devise mechanisms to retain the latent genome during cell division. Alphaherpesviruses overcome this obstacle by infecting nondividing neurons, while gammaherpesviruses tether their genome to the host chromosome in dividing B cells. The betaherpesvirus human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) establishes latency in CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs), but the mechanism used to maintain the viral genome is unknown. In this report, we demonstrate that HCMV miR-US25-1 downregulates expression of RhoA, a key cell cycle regulator, which results in inhibition of CD34+ HPC proliferation by blocking mitosis. Mutation of miR-US25-1 during viral infection results in enhanced cellular proliferation and a decreased frequency of genome-containing CD34+ HPCs. These results reveal a novel mechanism through which HCMV is able to regulate cell division to prevent viral genome loss during proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L Diggins
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Lindsey B Crawford
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Meaghan H Hancock
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Jennifer Mitchell
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Jay A Nelson
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
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Majumder K, Morales AJ. Utilization of Host Cell Chromosome Conformation by Viral Pathogens: Knowing When to Hold and When to Fold. Front Immunol 2021; 12:633762. [PMID: 33841414 PMCID: PMC8027251 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.633762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Though viruses have their own genomes, many depend on the nuclear environment of their hosts for replication and survival. A substantial body of work has therefore been devoted to understanding how viral and eukaryotic genomes interact. Recent advances in chromosome conformation capture technologies have provided unprecedented opportunities to visualize how mammalian genomes are organized and, by extension, how packaging of nuclear DNA impacts cellular processes. Recent studies have indicated that some viruses, upon entry into host cell nuclei, produce factors that alter host chromatin topology, and thus, impact the 3D organization of the host genome. Additionally, a variety of distinct viruses utilize host genome architectural factors to advance various aspects of their life cycles. Indeed, human gammaherpesviruses, known for establishing long-term reservoirs of latent infection in B lymphocytes, utilize 3D principles of genome folding to package their DNA and establish latency in host cells. This manipulation of host epigenetic machinery by latent viral genomes is etiologically linked to the onset of B cell oncogenesis. Small DNA viruses, by contrast, are tethered to distinct cellular sites that support virus expression and replication. Here, we briefly review the recent findings on how viruses and host genomes spatially communicate, and how this impacts virus-induced pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinjal Majumder
- Institute for Molecular Virology and McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Human Cancer Virology Program, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Abigail J Morales
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
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The Role of ND10 Nuclear Bodies in Herpesvirus Infection: A Frenemy for the Virus? Viruses 2021; 13:v13020239. [PMID: 33546431 PMCID: PMC7913651 DOI: 10.3390/v13020239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear domains 10 (ND10), a.k.a. promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies (PML-NBs), are membraneless subnuclear domains that are highly dynamic in their protein composition in response to cellular cues. They are known to be involved in many key cellular processes including DNA damage response, transcription regulation, apoptosis, oncogenesis, and antiviral defenses. The diversity and dynamics of ND10 residents enable them to play seemingly opposite roles under different physiological conditions. Although the molecular mechanisms are not completely clear, the pro- and anti-cancer effects of ND10 have been well established in tumorigenesis. However, in herpesvirus research, until the recently emerged evidence of pro-viral contributions, ND10 nuclear bodies have been generally recognized as part of the intrinsic antiviral defenses that converge to the incoming viral DNA to inhibit the viral gene expression. In this review, we evaluate the newly discovered pro-infection influences of ND10 in various human herpesviruses and analyze their molecular foundation along with the traditional antiviral functions of ND10. We hope to shed light on the explicit role of ND10 in both the lytic and latent cycles of herpesvirus infection, which is imperative to the delineation of herpes pathogenesis and the development of prophylactic/therapeutic treatments for herpetic diseases.
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Abstract
Herpesviruses infect virtually all humans and establish lifelong latency and reactivate to infect other humans. Latency requires multiple functions: maintaining the herpesvirus genome in the nuclei of cells; partitioning the viral genome to daughter cells in dividing cells; avoiding recognition by the immune system by limiting protein expression; producing noncoding viral RNAs (including microRNAs) to suppress lytic gene expression or regulate cellular protein expression that could otherwise eliminate virus-infected cells; modulating the epigenetic state of the viral genome to regulate viral gene expression; and reactivating to infect other hosts. Licensed antivirals inhibit virus replication, but do not affect latency. Understanding of the mechanisms of latency is leading to novel approaches to destroy latently infected cells or inhibit reactivation from latency.
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Dheekollu J, Wiedmer A, Ayyanathan K, Deakyne JS, Messick TE, Lieberman PM. Cell-cycle-dependent EBNA1-DNA crosslinking promotes replication termination at oriP and viral episome maintenance. Cell 2021; 184:643-654.e13. [PMID: 33482082 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is an oncogenic human herpesvirus that persists as a multicopy episome in proliferating host cells. Episome maintenance is strictly dependent on EBNA1, a sequence-specific DNA-binding protein with no known enzymatic activities. Here, we show that EBNA1 forms a cell cycle-dependent DNA crosslink with the EBV origin of plasmid replication oriP. EBNA1 tyrosine 518 (Y518) is essential for crosslinking to oriP and functionally required for episome maintenance and generation of EBV-transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs). Mechanistically, Y518 is required for replication fork termination at oriP in vivo and for formation of SDS-resistant complexes in vitro. EBNA1-DNA crosslinking corresponds to single-strand endonuclease activity specific to DNA structures enriched at replication-termination sites, such as 4-way junctions. These findings reveal that EBNA1 forms tyrosine-dependent DNA-protein crosslinks and single-strand cleavage at oriP required for replication termination and viral episome maintenance.
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Abstract
Viral genomes encode transcriptional regulators that alter the expression of viral and host genes. Despite an emerging role in human diseases, a thorough annotation of human viral transcriptional regulators (vTRs) is currently lacking, limiting our understanding of their molecular features and functions. Here, we provide a comprehensive catalog of 419 vTRs belonging to 20 different virus families. Using this catalog, we characterize shared and unique cellular genes, proteins, and pathways targeted by particular vTRs and discuss the role of vTRs in human disease pathogenesis. Our study provides a unique and valuable resource for the fields of virology, genomics, and human disease genetics.
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Vladimirova O, De Leo A, Deng Z, Wiedmer A, Hayden J, Lieberman PM. Phase separation and DAXX redistribution contribute to LANA nuclear body and KSHV genome dynamics during latency and reactivation. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009231. [PMID: 33471863 PMCID: PMC7943007 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) can drive formation of diverse and essential macromolecular structures, including those specified by viruses. Kaposi’s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus (KSHV) genomes associate with the viral encoded Latency-Associated Nuclear Antigen (LANA) to form stable nuclear bodies (NBs) during latent infection. Here, we show that LANA-NB formation and KSHV genome conformation involves LLPS. Using LLPS disrupting solvents, we show that LANA-NBs are partially disrupted, while DAXX and PML foci are highly resistant. LLPS disruption altered the LANA-dependent KSHV chromosome conformation but did not stimulate lytic reactivation. We found that LANA-NBs undergo major morphological transformation during KSHV lytic reactivation to form LANA-associated replication compartments encompassing KSHV DNA. DAXX colocalizes with the LANA-NBs during latency but is evicted from the LANA-associated lytic replication compartments. These findings indicate the LANA-NBs are dynamic super-molecular nuclear structures that partly depend on LLPS and undergo morphological transitions corresponding to the different modes of viral replication. During latent infection, gamma-herpesvirus genomes are maintained as extrachromosomal circular DNA, referred to as episomes, by dedicated viral-encoded episome maintenance proteins. KSHV-encoded LANA maintains viral episomes through binding as an oligomeric protein to repetitive DNA elements in the viral terminal repeats (TRs). Viral episomes can be visualized as LANA-associated nuclear bodies (LANA-NBs). Here, we show that LANA-NBs utilize mechanisms of self-assembly through liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) to build dynamic structures that change during cell cycle and viral life cycle. We find that DAXX is a component of the latent phase LANA-NBs, but is evicted during the transition to lytic replication where LANA remains associated with KSHV DNA to form a ring-like replication compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alessandra De Leo
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffit Cancer and Research Center, Tampa Florida, United States of America
| | - Zhong Deng
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Andreas Wiedmer
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - James Hayden
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Paul M. Lieberman
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Lamontagne RJ, Soldan SS, Su C, Wiedmer A, Won KJ, Lu F, Goldman AR, Wickramasinghe J, Tang HY, Speicher DW, Showe L, Kossenkov AV, Lieberman PM. A multi-omics approach to Epstein-Barr virus immortalization of B-cells reveals EBNA1 chromatin pioneering activities targeting nucleotide metabolism. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009208. [PMID: 33497421 PMCID: PMC7864721 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) immortalizes resting B-lymphocytes through a highly orchestrated reprogramming of host chromatin structure, transcription and metabolism. Here, we use a multi-omics-based approach to investigate these underlying mechanisms. ATAC-seq analysis of cellular chromatin showed that EBV alters over a third of accessible chromatin during the infection time course, with many of these sites overlapping transcription factors such as PU.1, Interferon Regulatory Factors (IRFs), and CTCF. Integration of RNA-seq analysis identified a complex transcriptional response and associations with EBV nuclear antigens (EBNAs). Focusing on EBNA1 revealed enhancer-binding activity at gene targets involved in nucleotide metabolism, supported by metabolomic analysis which indicated that adenosine and purine metabolism are significantly altered by EBV immortalization. We further validated that adenosine deaminase (ADA) is a direct and critical target of the EBV-directed immortalization process. These findings reveal that purine metabolism and ADA may be useful therapeutic targets for EBV-driven lymphoid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samantha S. Soldan
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Chenhe Su
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Andreas Wiedmer
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kyoung Jae Won
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Fang Lu
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Aaron R. Goldman
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | | | - Hsin-Yao Tang
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - David W. Speicher
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Louise Showe
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | | | - Paul M. Lieberman
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Epstein-Barr Virus Episome Physically Interacts with Active Regions of the Host Genome in Lymphoblastoid Cells. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01390-20. [PMID: 32999023 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01390-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) episome is known to interact with the three-dimensional structure of the human genome in infected cells. However, the exact locations of these interactions and their potential functional consequences remain unclear. Recently, high-resolution chromatin conformation capture (Hi-C) assays in lymphoblastoid cells have become available, enabling us to precisely map the contacts between the EBV episome(s) and the human host genome. Using available Hi-C data at a 10-kb resolution, we have identified 15,000 reproducible contacts between EBV episome(s) and the human genome. These contacts are highly enriched in chromatin regions denoted by typical or super enhancers and active markers, including histone H3K27ac and H3K4me1. Additionally, these contacts are highly enriched at loci bound by host transcription factors that regulate B cell growth (e.g., IKZF1 and RUNX3), factors that enhance cell proliferation (e.g., HDGF), or factors that promote viral replication (e.g., NBS1 and NFIC). EBV contacts show nearly 2-fold enrichment in host regions bound by EBV nuclear antigen 2 (EBNA2) and EBNA3 transcription factors. Circular chromosome conformation capture followed by sequencing (4C-seq) using the EBV origin of plasmid replication (oriP) as a "bait" in lymphoblastoid cells further confirmed contacts with active chromatin regions. Collectively, our analysis supports interactions between EBV episome(s) and active regions of the human genome in lymphoblastoid cells.IMPORTANCE EBV is associated with ∼200,000 cancers each year. In vitro, EBV can transform primary human B lymphocytes into immortalized cell lines. EBV-encoded proteins, along with noncoding RNAs and microRNAs, hijack cellular proteins and pathways to control cell growth. EBV nuclear proteins usurp normal transcriptional programs to activate the expression of key oncogenes, including MYC, to provide a proliferation signal. EBV nuclear antigens also repress CDKN2A to suppress senescence. EBV membrane protein activates NF-κB to provide survival signals. EBV genomes are maintained by EBNA1, which tethers EBV episomes to the host chromosomes during mitosis. However, little is known about where EBV episomes are located in interphase cells. In interphase cells, EBV promoters drive the expression of latency genes, while oriP functions as an enhancer for these promoters. In this study, integrative analyses of published lymphoblastoid cell line (LCL) Hi-C data and our 4C-seq experiments position EBV episomes to host genomes with active epigenetic marks. These contact points were significantly enriched for super enhancers. The close proximity of EBV episomes and the super enhancers that are enriched for transcription cofactors or mediators in lymphoblasts may benefit EBV gene expression, suggesting a novel mechanism of transcriptional activation.
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Calderon A, Soldan SS, De Leo A, Deng Z, Frase DM, Anderson EM, Zhang Y, Vladimirova O, Lu F, Leung JC, Murphy ME, Lieberman PM. Identification of Mubritinib (TAK 165) as an inhibitor of KSHV driven primary effusion lymphoma via disruption of mitochondrial OXPHOS metabolism. Oncotarget 2020; 11:4224-4242. [PMID: 33245718 PMCID: PMC7679036 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
KSHV-associated cancers have poor prognoses and lack therapeutics that selectively target viral gene functions. We developed a screening campaign to identify known drugs that could be repurposed for the treatment of KSHV-associated cancers. We focused on primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), which has particularly poor treatment outcomes. We developed a luciferase reporter assay to test the ability of drugs to inhibit DNA binding of the KSHV LANA DNA binding domain (DBD). In parallel, we screened drugs for selective inhibition of a KSHV+ PEL cells. While potent hits were identified in each assay, only one hit, Mubritinib, was found to score in both assays. Mubritinib caused PEL cells to undergo cell cycle arrest with accumulation of sub-G1 population and Annexin V. Mubritinib inhibited LANA binding to KSHV terminal repeat (TR) DNA in KSHV+ PEL cells, but did not lead to KSHV lytic cycle reactivation. Mubritinib was originally identified as a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) inhibitor selective for HER2/ErbB2. But recent studies have revealed that Mubritinib can also inhibit the electron transport chain (ETC) complex at nanomolar concentrations. We found that other related ETC complex inhibitors (Rotenone and Deguelin) exhibited PEL cell growth inhibition while RTK inhibitors failed. Seahorse analysis demonstrated that Mubritinib selectively inhibits the maximal oxygen consumption (OCR) in PEL cells and metabolomics revealed changes in ATP/ADP and ATP/AMP ratios. These findings indicate that PEL cells are selectively sensitive to ETC complex inhibitors and provide a rationale for repurposing Mubritinib for selective treatment of PEL.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Zhong Deng
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19146, USA
| | | | | | - Yue Zhang
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19146, USA
| | | | - Fang Lu
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19146, USA
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Mauch-Mücke K, Schön K, Paulus C, Nevels MM. Evidence for Tethering of Human Cytomegalovirus Genomes to Host Chromosomes. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:577428. [PMID: 33117732 PMCID: PMC7561393 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.577428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Tethering of viral genomes to host chromosomes has been recognized in a variety of DNA and RNA viruses. It can occur during both the productive cycle and latent infection and may impact viral genomes in manifold ways including their protection, localization, transcription, replication, integration, and segregation. Tethering is typically accomplished by dedicated viral proteins that simultaneously associate with both the viral genome and cellular chromatin via nucleic acid, histone and/or non-histone protein interactions. Some of the most prominent tethering proteins have been identified in DNA viruses establishing sustained latent infections, including members of the papillomaviruses and herpesviruses. Herpesvirus particles have linear genomes that circularize in infected cell nuclei and usually persist as extrachromosomal episomes. In several γ-herpesviruses, tethering facilitates the nuclear retention and faithful segregation of viral episomes during cell division, thus contributing to persistence of these viruses in the absence of infectious particle production. However, it has not been studied whether the genomes of human Cytomegalovirus (hCMV), the prototypical β-herpesvirus, are tethered to host chromosomes. Here we provide evidence by fluorescence in situ hybridization that hCMV genomes associate with the surface of human mitotic chromosomes following infection of both non-permissive myeloid and permissive fibroblast cells. This chromosome association occurs at lower frequency in the absence of the immediate-early 1 (IE1) proteins, which bind to histones and have been implicated in the maintenance of hCMV episomes. Our findings point to a mechanism of hCMV genome maintenance through mitosis and suggest a supporting but non-essential role of IE1 in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Mauch-Mücke
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Kathrin Schön
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christina Paulus
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Michael M Nevels
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
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Groves IJ, Sinclair JH, Wills MR. Bromodomain Inhibitors as Therapeutics for Herpesvirus-Related Disease: All BETs Are Off? Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:329. [PMID: 32714883 PMCID: PMC7343845 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the ubiquitous human herpesviruses (HHVs) are rarely associated with serious disease of the healthy host, primary infection and reactivation in immunocompromised individuals can lead to significant morbidity and, in some cases, mortality. Effective drugs are available for clinical treatment, however resistance is on the rise such that new anti-viral targets, as well as novel clinical treatment strategies, are required. A promising area of development and pre-clinical research is that of inhibitors of epigenetic modifying proteins that control both cellular functions and the viral life cycle. Here, we briefly outline the interaction of the host bromo- and extra-terminal domain (BET) proteins during different stages of the HHVs' life cycles while giving a full overview of the published work using BET bromodomain inhibitors (BRDis) during HHV infections. Furthermore, we provide evidence that small molecule inhibitors targeting the host BET proteins, and BRD4 in particular, have the potential for therapeutic intervention of HHV-associated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian J Groves
- Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - John H Sinclair
- Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mark R Wills
- Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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