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Park S, Hunter ES. Modeling the human placenta: in vitro applications in developmental and reproductive toxicology. Crit Rev Toxicol 2024:1-34. [PMID: 39016688 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2023.2295349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
During its temporary tenure, the placenta has extensive and specialized functions that are critical for pre- and post-natal development. The consequences of chemical exposure in utero can have profound effects on the structure and function of pregnancy-associated tissues and the life-long health of the birthing person and their offspring. However, the toxicological importance and critical functions of the placenta to embryonic and fetal development and maturation have been understudied. This narrative will review early placental development in humans and highlight some in vitro models currently in use that are or can be applied to better understand placental processes underlying developmental toxicity due to in utero environmental exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Park
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN, USA
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, ORD, US EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Edward Sidney Hunter
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, ORD, US EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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Sears CG, Liu Y, Lanphear BP, Buckley JP, Meyer J, Xu Y, Chen A, Yolton K, Braun JM. Evaluating Mixtures of Urinary Phthalate Metabolites and Serum Per-/Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Relation to Adolescent Hair Cortisol: The HOME Study. Am J Epidemiol 2024; 193:454-468. [PMID: 37846096 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwad198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Results of toxicological studies indicate that phthalates and per-/polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), 2 classes of endocrine-disrupting chemicals, may alter the functioning of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis. We evaluated the associations of urinary phthalate metabolites and serum PFAS during gestation and childhood with adolescent hair cortisol concentrations (pg/mg hair) at age 12 years, an integrative marker of HPA axis activity (n = 205 mother-child pairs; Cincinnati, Ohio; enrolled 2003-2006). We used quantile-based g-computation to estimate associations between mixtures of urinary phthalate metabolites or serum PFAS and hair cortisol. We also examined whether associations of individual phthalate metabolites or PFAS with cortisol varied by the timing of exposure. We found that a 1-quartile increase in all childhood phthalate metabolites was associated with 35% higher adolescent hair cortisol (phthalate mixture ψ = 0.13; 95% confidence interval: 0.03, 0.22); these associations were driven by monoethyl phthalate, monoisobutyl phthalate, and monobenzyl phthalate. We did not find evidence that phthalate metabolites during gestation or serum PFAS mixtures were related to adolescent hair cortisol concentrations. We found suggestive evidence that higher childhood concentrations of individual PFAS were related to higher and lower adolescent hair cortisol concentrations. Our results suggest that phthalate exposure during childhood may contribute to higher levels of chronic HPA axis activity.
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Lin H, Su M, Wen C, Tang Y, Li H, Wu Y, Ge RS, Li XW, Lin H. Chalcones from plants cause toxicity by inhibiting human and rat 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2: 3D-quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) and in silico docking analysis. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 184:114415. [PMID: 38141941 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.114415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
Chalcones from licorice and its related plants have many pharmacological effects. However, the effects of chalcones on the activity of human and rat 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 (11β-HSD2), and associated side effects remain unclear. The inhibition of 11 chalcones on human and rat 11β-HSD2 were evaluated in microsomes and a 3D-quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) was analyzed. Screening revealed that bavachalcone, echinatin, isobavachalcone, isobavachromene, isoliquiritigenin, licochalcone A, and licochalcone B significantly inhibited human 11β-HSD2 with IC50 values ranging from 15.62 (licochalcone A) to 38.33 (echinatin) μM. Screening showed that the above chemicals and 4-hydroxychalcone significantly inhibited rat 11β-HSD2 with IC50 values ranging from 6.82 (isobavachalcone) to 72.26 (4-hydroxychalcone) μM. These chalcones acted as noncompetitive/mixed inhibitors for both enzymes. Comparative analysis revealed that inhibition of 11β-HSD2 depended on the species. Most chemicals bind to the NAD+ binding site or both the NAD+ and substrate binding sites. Bivariate correlation analysis showed that lipophilicity and molecular weight determine inhibitory strength. Through our 3D-QSAR models, we identified that the hydrophobic region, hydrophobic aliphatic groups, and hydrogen bond acceptors are pivotal factors in inhibiting 11β-HSD2. In conclusion, many chalcones inhibit human and rat 11β-HSD2, possibly causing side effects and there is structure-dependent and species-dependent inhibition on 11β-HSD2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Key Laboratory of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, 325027, China
| | - Ming Su
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Key Laboratory of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, 325027, China
| | - Chao Wen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Key Laboratory of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, 325027, China
| | - Yunbing Tang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Huitao Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Key Laboratory of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, 325027, China
| | - Yandan Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Key Laboratory of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, 325027, China
| | - Ren-Shan Ge
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Key Laboratory of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, 325027, China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China.
| | - Xing-Wang Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Key Laboratory of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, 325027, China.
| | - Han Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Key Laboratory of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, 325027, China.
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Volqvartz T, Andersen HHB, Pedersen LH, Larsen A. Obesity in pregnancy-Long-term effects on offspring hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and associations with placental cortisol metabolism: A systematic review. Eur J Neurosci 2023; 58:4393-4422. [PMID: 37974556 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Obesity, affecting one in three pregnant women worldwide, is not only a major obstetric risk factor. The resulting low-grade inflammation may have a long-term impact on the offspring's HPA axis through dysregulation of maternal, placental and fetal corticosteroid metabolism, and children born of obese mothers have increased risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The long-term effects of maternal obesity on offspring neurodevelopment are, however, undetermined and could depend on the specific effects on placental and fetal cortisol metabolism. This systematic review evaluates how maternal obesity affects placental cortisol metabolism and the offspring's HPA axis. Pubmed, Embase and Scopus were searched for original studies on maternal BMI, obesity, and cortisol metabolism and transfer. Fifteen studies were included after the screening of 4556 identified records. Studies were small with heterogeneous exposures and outcomes. Two studies found that maternal obesity reduced placental HSD11β2 activity. In one study, umbilical cord blood cortisol levels were affected by maternal BMI. In three studies, an altered cortisol response was consistently seen among offspring in childhood (n = 2) or adulthood (n = 1). Maternal BMI was not associated with placental HSD11β1 or HSD11β2 mRNA expression, or placental HSD11β2 methylation. In conclusion, high maternal BMI is associated with reduced placental HSD11β2 activity and a dampened cortisol level among offspring, but the data is sparse. Further investigations are needed to clarify whether the HPA axis is affected by prenatal factors including maternal obesity and investigate if adverse effects can be ameliorated by optimising the intrauterine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabia Volqvartz
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Lars Henning Pedersen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Pharmacology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Agnete Larsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Pharmacology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Cai D, Li QQ, Mohammed Z, Chou WC, Huang J, Kong M, Xie Y, Yu Y, Hu G, Qi J, Zhou Y, Tan W, Lin L, Qiu R, Dong G, Zeng XW. Fetal Glucocorticoid Mediates the Association between Prenatal Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substance Exposure and Neonatal Growth Index: Evidence from a Birth Cohort Study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:11420-11429. [PMID: 37494580 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c08831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid plays a key role in the growth and organ maturation of fetus. However, the effect of glucocorticoid on the association between per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) exposure and fetal growth is still unknown. We detected cord cortisol (active glucocorticoid in human) and 34 PFAS concentrations in the maternal serum samples, which were collected from 202 mother-fetus pairs in the Maoming Birth Cohort from 2015 to 2018. The mediation effect of cord cortisol on the association between maternal PFAS and the neonatal growth index (NGI) was estimated. We found that higher PFAS concentrations were associated with lower NGI in terms of ponderal index, birth weight (BW), head circumference (HC), and its z-scores (BWZ and HCZ) (P < 0.05). Fetal cortisol could mediate 12.6-27.3% of the associations between PFAS and NGI. Specifically, cord cortisol mediated the association between branched perfluorooctane sulfonate (branched PFOS) and HCZ by 20.4% and between perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and HCZ by 27.3%. Our findings provide the first epidemiological data evincing that fetal cortisol could mediate the association between prenatal PFAS exposure and fetal growth. Further investigations are recommended to elucidate the interactions among cord cortisol, PFAS, and fetal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Cai
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Qing-Qing Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Zeeshan Mohammed
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Wei-Chun Chou
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Jinbo Huang
- Maoming Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Maoming 525000, China
| | - Minli Kong
- Maoming Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Maoming 525000, China
| | - Yanqi Xie
- Maoming Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Maoming 525000, China
| | - Yunjiang Yu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Guocheng Hu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Jianying Qi
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Weihong Tan
- Department of Reproductive Medicine and Genetics Center, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Lizi Lin
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Rongliang Qiu
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural & Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Guanghui Dong
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xiao-Wen Zeng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
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Wright K, van Rossum EFC, Zan E, Werner N, Harris A, Feelders RA, Agrawal N. Emerging diagnostic methods and imaging modalities in cushing's syndrome. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1230447. [PMID: 37560300 PMCID: PMC10407789 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1230447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Endogenous Cushing's syndrome (CS) is a rare disease characterized by prolonged glucocorticoid excess. Timely diagnosis is critical to allow prompt treatment and limit long-term disease morbidity and risk for mortality. Traditional biochemical diagnostic modalities each have limitations and sensitivities and specificities that vary significantly with diagnostic cutoff values. Biochemical evaluation is particularly complex in patients whose hypercortisolemia fluctuates daily, often requiring repetition of tests to confirm or exclude disease, and when delineating CS from physiologic, nonneoplastic states of hypercortisolism. Lastly, traditional pituitary MRI may be negative in up to 60% of patients with adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-secreting pituitary adenomas (termed "Cushing's disease" [CD]) whereas false positive pituitary MRI findings may exist in patients with ectopic ACTH secretion. Thus, differentiating CD from ectopic ACTH secretion may necessitate dynamic testing or even invasive procedures such as bilateral inferior petrosal sinus sampling. Newer methods may relieve some of the diagnostic uncertainty in CS, providing a more definitive diagnosis prior to subjecting patients to additional imaging or invasive procedures. For example, a novel method of cortisol measurement in patients with CS is scalp hair analysis, a non-invasive method yielding cortisol and cortisone values representing long-term glucocorticoid exposure of the past months. Hair cortisol and cortisone have both shown to differentiate between CS patients and controls with a high sensitivity and specificity. Moreover, advances in imaging techniques may enhance detection of ACTH-secreting pituitary adenomas. While conventional pituitary MRI may fail to identify microadenomas in patients with CD, high-resolution 3T-MRI with 3D-spoiled gradient-echo sequence has thinner sections and superior soft-tissue contrast that can detect adenomas as small as 2 mm. Similarly, functional imaging may improve the identification of ACTH-secreting adenomas noninvasively; Gallium-68-tagged corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) combined with PET-CT can be used to detect CRH receptors, which are upregulated on corticotroph adenomas. This technique can delineate functionality of adenomas in patients with CD from patients with ectopic ACTH secretion and false positive pituitary lesions on MRI. Here, we review emerging methods and imaging modalities for the diagnosis of CS, discussing their diagnostic accuracy, strengths and limitations, and applicability to clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyla Wright
- New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Elisabeth F. C. van Rossum
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical College (MC), University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Elcin Zan
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Nicole Werner
- New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Alan Harris
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, New York University (NYU) Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Richard A. Feelders
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical College (MC), University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Nidhi Agrawal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, New York University (NYU) Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
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Chen H, Liu M, Li Q, Zhou P, Huang J, Zhu Q, Li Z, Ge RS. Exposure to dipentyl phthalate in utero disrupts the adrenal cortex function of adult male rats by inhibiting SIRT1/PGC-1α and inducing AMPK phosphorylation. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2023; 38:997-1010. [PMID: 36715143 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Di-n-pentyl phthalate (DPeP) is an endocrine-disrupting phthalate plasticizer. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of DPeP on adrenocortical function in adult male rats following in utero exposure. DPeP (0, 10, 50, 100, and 500 mg/kg/day) was administered by gavage to pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats from gestational day 14 to 21. The morphology and function of the adrenal cortex in 56-day-old male offspring were studied. DPeP at 100 and 500 mg/kg/day significantly reduced serum aldosterone levels and at 500 mg/kg/day markedly reduced corticosterone and adrenocorticotropic hormone levels. DPeP at 10-500 mg/kg markedly reduced the thickness of zona glomerulosa without affecting the thickness of zona fasciculata. DPeP significantly downregulated the expression of Agtr1a, Mc2r, Scarb1, Cyp11a1, Hsd3b1, Cyp21, Cyp11b1, Cyp11b2, Nr5a1, Nr4a2, and Bcl2 genes as well as their proteins. DPeP at 500 mg/kg/day significantly increased phosphorylated AMPK, while DPeP at 100 mg/kg/day and higher doses reduced phosphorylated AKT1 and total SIRT1 level. DPeP at 100 and 500 μM markedly induced reactive oxygen species and apoptosis in H295R cells after 24 h of culture. In conclusion, in utero exposure to DPeP disrupts adrenocortical function of the adult male offspring by (1) increasing AMPK phosphorylation and decreasing AKT1 phosphorylation and SIRT1 levels, (2) reducing adrenocorticotropic hormone levels, and (3) possibly inducing oxidative stress and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiqiong Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Department of Traumatology, The Children's Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Miaoqing Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qiyao Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Pingjiang Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qiqi Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhongrong Li
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ren-Shan Ge
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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Flowers KC, Shipman KE. Pitfalls in the Diagnosis and Management of Hypercortisolism (Cushing Syndrome) in Humans; A Review of the Laboratory Medicine Perspective. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13081415. [PMID: 37189516 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13081415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Biochemical confirmation of a diagnosis of hypercortisolism (Cushing syndrome) is vital to direct further investigations, especially given the overlap with non-autonomous conditions, such as pseudo-Cushing, and the morbidity associated with missed diagnoses. A limited narrative review was performed focusing on the laboratory perspective of the pitfalls of making a biochemical diagnosis of hypercortisolism in those presenting with presumed Cushing syndrome. Although analytically less specific, immunoassays remain cheap, quick, and reliable in most situations. Understanding cortisol metabolism can help with patient preparation, specimen selection (e.g., consideration of urine or saliva for those with possible elevations of cortisol binding globulin concentration), and method selection (e.g., mass spectrometry if there is a high risk of abnormal metabolites). Although more specific methods may be less sensitive, this can be managed. The reduction in cost and increasing ease of use makes techniques such as urine steroid profiles and salivary cortisone of interest in future pathway development. In conclusion, the limitations of current assays, particularly if well understood, do not impede diagnosis in most cases. However, in complex or borderline cases, there are other techniques to consider to aid in the confirmation of hypercortisolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kade C Flowers
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospitals Sussex NHS Trust, Worthing BN11 2DH, UK
| | - Kate E Shipman
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospitals Sussex NHS Trust, Worthing BN11 2DH, UK
- Department of Medical Education, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Falmer Campus, Brighton BN1 9PX, UK
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Cowell W, Jacobson MH, Long SE, Wang Y, Kahn LG, Ghassabian A, Naidu M, Torshizi GD, Afanasyeva Y, Liu M, Mehta-Lee SS, Brubaker SG, Kannan K, Trasande L. Maternal urinary bisphenols and phthalates in relation to estimated fetal weight across mid to late pregnancy. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 174:107922. [PMID: 37075581 PMCID: PMC10165618 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.107922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bisphenols and phthalates are high production volume chemicals used as additives in a variety of plastic consumer products leading to near ubiquitous human exposure. These chemicals have established endocrine disrupting properties and have been linked to a range of adverse reproductive and developmental outcomes. Here, we investigated exposure in relation to fetal growth. METHODS Participants included 855 mother-fetal pairs enrolled in the population-based New York University Children's Health and Environment Study (NYU CHES). Bisphenols and phthalates were measured in maternal urine collected repeatedly during pregnancy. Analyses included 15 phthalate metabolites and 2 bisphenols that were detected in 50 % of participants or more. Fetal biometry data were extracted from electronic ultrasonography records and estimated fetal weight (EFW) was predicted for all fetuses at 20, 30, and 36 weeks gestation. We used quantile regression adjusted for covariates to model exposure-outcome relations across percentiles of fetal weight at each gestational timepoint. We examined sex differences using stratified models. RESULTS Few statistically significant associations were observed across chemicals, gestational time periods, percentiles, and sexes. However, within gestational timepoints, we found that among females, the molar sums of the phthalates DiNP and DnOP were generally associated with decreases in EFW among smaller babies and increases in EFW among larger babies. Among males, the opposite trend was observed. However, confidence intervals were generally wide at the tails of the distribution. CONCLUSION In this sample, exposure to bisphenols and phthalates was associated with small sex-specific shifts in fetal growth; however, few associations were observed at the median of fetal weight and confidence intervals in the tails were wide. Findings were strongest for DiNP and DnOP, which are increasingly used as replacements for DEHP, supporting the need for future research on these contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney Cowell
- Department of Pediatrics, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States; Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States.
| | - Melanie H Jacobson
- Department of Pediatrics, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Sara E Long
- Department of Pediatrics, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Yuyan Wang
- Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Linda G Kahn
- Department of Pediatrics, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States; Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Akhgar Ghassabian
- Department of Pediatrics, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States; Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Mrudula Naidu
- Department of Pediatrics, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - Yelena Afanasyeva
- Department of Pediatrics, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Mengling Liu
- Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Shilpi S Mehta-Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, United States
| | - Sara G Brubaker
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, United States
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Department of Pediatrics, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Leonardo Trasande
- Department of Pediatrics, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States; Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States; NYU Wagner School of Public Service, New York, NY, United States; NYU College of Global Public Health, New York, NY, United States
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10
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Zhao C, Wang S, Zhai Y, Wang M, Tang Y, Li H, Im YJ, Ge RS. Direct inhibition of human and rat 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 by per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances: Structure-activity relationship and in silico docking analysis. Toxicology 2023; 488:153484. [PMID: 36878351 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2023.153484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are persistent in the environment and may disrupt the endocrine system. Our previous study showed that perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA, C8) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS, C8S) can inhibit 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 (11β-HSD2) activity leading to an active glucocorticoid accumulation. In this study, we extended investigation for 17 PFAS, including carboxylic and sulfonic acids, with different carbon-chain lengths, to determine their inhibitory potency and structure-activity relationship in human placental and rat renal 11β-HSD2. C8-C14 PFAS at 100 μM significantly inhibited human 11β-HSD2 with a potency as C10 (half-maximal inhibitory concentration, IC50, 9.19 μM) > C11 (15.09 μM) > C12 (18.43 μM) > C9 (20.93 μM) > C13 (124 μM) > C14 (147.3 μM) > other C4-C7 carboxylic acids, and C8S > C7S = C10S > other sulfonic acids. For rat 11β-HSD2, only C9 and C10 and C7S and C8S PFAS exhibited significant inhibitory effects. PFAS are primarily mixed/competitive inhibitors of human 11β-HSD2. Preincubation and simultaneous incubation with the reducing agent dithiothreitol significantly increased human 11β-HSD2 but not rat 11β-HSD2, and preincubation but not simultaneous incubation with dithiothreitol partially reversed C10-mediated inhibition on human 11β-HSD2. Docking analysis showed that all PFAS bound to the steroid-binding site and carbon-chain length determined the potency of inhibition, with the optimal molecular length (12.6 Å) for potent inhibitors PFDA and PFOS, which is comparable to the molecular length (12.7 Å) of the substrate cortisol. The length between 8.9 and 17.2 Å is the probable threshold molecular length to inhibit human 11β-HSD2. In conclusion, the carbon-chain length determines the inhibitory effect of PFAS on human and rat 11β-HSD2, and the inhibitory potency of long-chain PFAS on human and rat 11β-HSD2 showed V-shaped pattern. Long-chain PFAS may partially act on the cysteine residues of human 11β-HSD2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congcong Zhao
- Department of Anaesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Shaowei Wang
- Department of Anaesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Yingna Zhai
- Department of Anaesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Mengyun Wang
- Department of Anaesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Yunbing Tang
- Department of Anaesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Huitao Li
- Department of Anaesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Young Jun Im
- College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Ren-Shan Ge
- Department of Anaesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China.
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11
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Zhang B, Wang S, Tang Y, Hu Z, Shi L, Lu J, Li H, Wang Y, Zhu Y, Lin H, Ge RS. Direct inhibition of bisphenols on human and rat 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2: Structure-activity relationship and docking analysis. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 254:114715. [PMID: 36871355 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenols (BPs) as endocrine-disrupting compounds have drawn attention to their health hazards. Whether a BP interferes with glucocorticoid metabolism remains unclear. 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 (11β-HSD2) is a key glucocorticoid-metabolizing enzyme that controls fetal glucocorticoid levels across the placental barrier and mineralocorticoid receptor specificity in the kidney. In this study, 11 BPs were tested to inhibit human placental and rat renal 11β-HSD2 and were analyzed for inhibitory potency, mode action, and docking parameters. BPs had inhibitory potency against human 11β-HSD2: BPFL>BPAP>BPZ>BPB>BPC>BPAF>BPA>TDP and the IC10 values were 0.21, 0.55, 1.04, 2.04, 2.43, 2.57, 14.43, and 22.18 μM, respectively. All BPs are mixed inhibitors except BPAP, which is a competitive inhibitor for human 11β-HSD2. Some BPs also inhibited rat renal 11β-HSD2, with BPB (IC50, 27.74 ± 0.95) > BPZ (42.14 ± 0.59) > BPAF (54.87 ± 1.73) > BPA (77.32 ± 1.20) > other BPs (about 100 μM). Docking analysis showed that all BPs bound to the steroid-binding site, interacting with the catalytic residue Tyr232 of both enzymes and the most potent human 11β-HSD2 inhibitor BPFL acts possibly due to its large fluorene ring that has hydrophobic interaction with residues Glu172 and Val270 and π-stacking interaction with catalytic residue Tyr232. The increase in the size of substituted alkanes and halogenated groups in the methane moiety of the bridge of BPs increases its inhibitory potency. Regressions of the lowest binding energy with inhibition constant indicated that there was an inverse regression. These results indicated that BPs significantly inhibited human and rat 11β-HSD2 activity and that there were species-dependent differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingru Zhang
- Department of Anaesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Male Reproductive Medicine of Wenzhou and Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Shaowei Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Yunbing Tang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Zhiyan Hu
- Department of Anaesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Jialin Lu
- Department of Anaesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Huitao Li
- Department of Anaesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Yiyan Wang
- Department of Anaesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Yang Zhu
- Department of Anaesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Han Lin
- Department of Anaesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Ren-Shan Ge
- Department of Anaesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Male Reproductive Medicine of Wenzhou and Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang Province, China.
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12
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Shi L, Zhang B, Ying Y, Tang Y, Wang S, Zhu Y, Li H, Ge RS, Liu Y. Halogen atoms determine the inhibitory potency of halogenated bisphenol A derivatives on human and rat placental 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 175:113739. [PMID: 36958388 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
Some halogenated bisphenol A (BPA) derivatives (tetrabromobisphenol A, TBBPA, and tetrachlorobisphenol A, TCBPA) are produced in a high volume and exist in PM2.5 after waste burning. 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 (11β-HSD2) is a critical enzyme for placental function. However, whether halogenated bisphenols inhibit 11β-HSD2 and the mode of action remains unclear. The objective of this study was to investigate BPA derivatives on human and rat placental 11β-HSD2. The inhibitory strength on human 11β-HSD2 was TBBPA (IC50, 0.665 μM)>TCBPA (2.22 μM)>trichloro BPA (TrCBPA, 19.87 μM)>tetrabromobisphenol S (TBBPS, 36.76 μM)>monochloro BPA (MCBPA, 104.0 μM)>BPA (144.9 μM)>bisphenol S. All chemicals are mixed and competitive inhibitors. Rat 11β-HSD2 was less sensitive to BPA derivatives, with TBBPA (IC50, 96.63 μM)>TCBPA (99.69 μM)>TrCBPA (104.1 μM)>BPA (117.1 μM)>others. Docking analysis showed that BPA derivatives bind steroid active sites. Structure-activity relationship revealed that halogen atoms and LogP were inversely correlated with inhibitory strength on human 11β-HSD2, while LogS and polar desolvation energy were positively correlated with the inhibitory strength. In conclusion, halogenated BPA derivatives are mostly potent inhibitors on human 11β-HSD2 and there is structure-dependent inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Shi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Male Reproductive Medicine of Wenzho Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Bingru Zhang
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Yingfen Ying
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Yunbing Tang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Shaowei Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Yang Zhu
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Huitao Li
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Ren-Shan Ge
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China; Department of Anaesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Male Reproductive Medicine of Wenzho Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, 325000, China.
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China.
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13
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Savas M, Mehta S, Agrawal N, van Rossum EFC, Feelders RA. Approach to the Patient: Diagnosis of Cushing Syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:3162-3174. [PMID: 36036941 PMCID: PMC9681610 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cushing syndrome results from supraphysiological exposure to glucocorticoids and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The pathogenesis includes administration of corticosteroids (exogenous Cushing syndrome) or autonomous cortisol overproduction, whether or not ACTH-dependent (endogenous Cushing syndrome). An early diagnosis of Cushing syndrome is warranted; however, in clinical practice, it is very challenging partly because of resemblance with other common conditions (ie, pseudo-Cushing syndrome). Initial workup should start with excluding local and systemic corticosteroid use. First-line screening tests including the 1-mg dexamethasone suppression test, 24-hour urinary free cortisol excretion, and late-night salivary cortisol measurement should be performed to screen for endogenous Cushing syndrome. Scalp-hair cortisol/cortisone analysis helps in the assessment of long-term glucocorticoid exposure as well as in detection of transient periods of hypercortisolism as observed in cyclical Cushing syndrome. Interpretation of results can be difficult because of individual patient characteristics and hence requires awareness of test limitations. Once endogenous Cushing syndrome is established, measurement of plasma ACTH concentrations differentiates between ACTH-dependent (80%-85%) or ACTH-independent (15%-20%) causes. Further assessment with different imaging modalities and dynamic biochemical testing including bilateral inferior petrosal sinus sampling helps further pinpoint the cause of Cushing's syndrome. In this issue of "Approach to the patient," the diagnostic workup of Cushing syndrome is discussed with answering the questions when to screen, how to screen, and how to differentiate the different causes. In this respect, the latest developments in biochemical and imaging techniques are discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nidhi Agrawal
- Division of Endocrinology, NYU Langone Medical Center/ Bellevue Hospital Center, New York, NY
| | - Elisabeth F C van Rossum
- Correspondence: Elisabeth F.C. van Rossum, MD, PhD, Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Richard A Feelders
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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14
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Jenkins RD. Phthalates cause a low-renin phenotype commonly found in premature infants with idiopathic neonatal hypertension. Pediatr Nephrol 2022; 38:1717-1724. [PMID: 36322257 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-022-05773-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Since the 1970s, when the initial reports of neonatal hypertension related to renal artery thromboembolism were published, other secondary causes of neonatal hypertension have been reported. Those infants with no identifiable cause of hypertension were labeled with a variety of terms. Herein, we describe such infants as having idiopathic neonatal hypertension (INH). Most, but not all, of these hypertensive infants were noted to have bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). More recently, reports described common clinical characteristics seen in INH patients, whether or not they had BPD. This phenotype includes low plasma renin activity, presentation near 40 weeks postmenstrual age, and a favorable response to treatment with spironolactone. A small prospective study in INH patents showed evidence of mineralocorticoid receptor activation due to inhibition of 11β-HSD2, the enzyme that converts cortisol to the less potent mineralocorticoid-cortisone. Meanwhile, phthalate metabolites have been shown to inhibit 11β-HSD2 in human microsomes. Premature infants can come in contact with exceptionally large phthalate exposures, especially those infants with BPD. This work describes a common low-renin phenotype, commonly seen in patients categorized as having INH. Further, we review the evidence that hypertension in INH patients with the low-renin phenotype may be mediated by phthalate-associated inhibition of 11β-HSD2. Lastly, we review the implications of these findings regarding identification, treatment, and prevention of the low-renin hypertension phenotype seen in premature infants categorized as having INH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall D Jenkins
- Oregon Health & Science University, 707 SW Gaines Rd., Mail Code CDRC-P, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
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15
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Gulhan B, Ünsal Y, Baltu D, Çelik Ertaş NB, Özdemir G, Utine E, Ozcan HN, Duzova A, Gönç N. Apparent mineralocorticoid excess: A diagnosis beyond classical causes of severe hypertension in a child. Blood Press Monit 2022; 27:208-211. [PMID: 35044984 DOI: 10.1097/mbp.0000000000000583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A genetic defect of 11 β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase causes apparent mineralocorticoid excess syndrome. Since 50 days of life, our patient was hospitalized several times for various reasons including hypokalemia. At the age of 3.3 years, she was diagnosed with severe hypertension (160/120 mmHg). She also had left ventricular hypertrophy and hypertensive retinopathy and referred to our center. Her renal function and electrolytes were normal except for hypokalemia. She was on captopril treatment; nifedipine and propranolol were added. Plasma renin and aldosterone concentrations were 1.13 pg/ml (1-8.2 pg/ml) and 12.2 ng/dl (35-300 ng/dl), respectively. Severe hypertension, hypokalemia, low renin and aldosterone levels pointed to the diagnosis of apparent mineralocorticoid excess syndrome. Strict salt-restricted diet and potassium citrate were ordered. Genetic analysis of the HSD11B2 gene showed c.623G>A (p.Arg208His). Spironolactone was initiated. On follow-up, amiloride was added and her blood pressure was controlled. In patients with severe HSD11B2 mutation, combination therapy of spironolactone with amiloride could be effective in controlling blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bora Gulhan
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics
| | - Yağmur Ünsal
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics
| | - Demet Baltu
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics
| | | | - Gülşah Özdemir
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics
| | - Eda Utine
- Division of Pediatric Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Hacettepe University School of Medicine and Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - H Nursun Ozcan
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics
| | - Ali Duzova
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics
| | - Nazli Gönç
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics
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16
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Abraham J, Florentine S. Licorice ( Glycyrrhiza glabra) Extracts-Suitable Pharmacological Interventions for COVID-19? A Review. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:2600. [PMID: 34961070 PMCID: PMC8708549 DOI: 10.3390/plants10122600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Even though vaccination has started against COVID-19, people should continue maintaining personal and social caution as it takes months or years to get everyone vaccinated, and we are not sure how long the vaccine remains efficacious. In order to contribute to the mitigation of COVID-19 symptoms, the pharmaceutical industry aims to develop antiviral drugs to inhibit the SARS-CoV-2 replication and produce anti-inflammatory medications that will inhibit the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which is the primary cause of mortality among the COVID-19 patients. In reference to these tasks, this article considers the properties of a medicinal plant named licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra), whose phytochemicals have shown both antiviral and anti-inflammatory tendencies through previous studies. All the literature was selected through extensive search in various databases such as google scholar, Scopus, the Web of Science, and PubMed. In addition to the antiviral and anti-inflammatory properties, one of the licorice components has an autophagy-enhancing mechanism that studies have suggested to be necessary for COVID-19 treatment. Based on reviewing relevant professional and historical literature regarding the medicinal properties of licorice, it is suggested that it may be worthwhile to conduct in vitro and in vivo studies, including clinical trials with glycyrrhizic and glycyrrhetinic acids together with other flavonoids found in licorice, as there is the potentiality to provide natural interventions against COVID-19 symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joji Abraham
- School of Engineering, Information Technology, and Physical Sciences, Mt Helen Campus, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, VIC 3353, Australia
| | - Singarayer Florentine
- Centre for Environmental Management, School of Science, Psychology, and Sport, Mt Helen Campus, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, VIC 3353, Australia;
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17
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Morris DJ, Brem AS, Odermatt A. Modulation of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase functions by the cloud of endogenous metabolites in a local microenvironment: The glycyrrhetinic acid-like factor (GALF) hypothesis. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 214:105988. [PMID: 34464733 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.105988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD)-dependent conversion of cortisol to cortisone and corticosterone to 11-dehydrocorticosterone are essential in regulating transcriptional activities of mineralocorticoid receptors (MR) and glucocorticoid receptors (GR). Inhibition of 11β-HSD by glycyrrhetinic acid metabolites, bioactive components of licorice, causes sodium retention and potassium loss, with hypertension characterized by low renin and aldosterone. Essential hypertension is a major disease, mostly with unknown underlying mechanisms. Here, we discuss a putative mechanism for essential hypertension, the concept that endogenous steroidal compounds acting as glycyrrhetinic acid-like factors (GALFs) inhibit 11β-HSD dehydrogenase, and allow for glucocorticoid-induced MR and GR activation with resulting hypertension. Initially, several metabolites of adrenally produced glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids were shown to be potent 11β-HSD inhibitors. Such GALFs include modifications in the A-ring and/or at positions 3, 7 and 21 of the steroid backbone. These metabolites may be formed in peripheral tissues or by gut microbiota. More recently, metabolites of 11β-hydroxy-Δ4androstene-3,17-dione and 7-oxygenated oxysterols have been identified as potent 11β-HSD inhibitors. In a living system, 11β-HSD isoforms are not exposed to a single substrate but to several substrates, cofactors, and various inhibitors simultaneously, all at different concentrations depending on physical state, tissue and cell type. We propose that this "cloud" of steroids and steroid-like substances in the microenvironment determines the 11β-HSD-dependent control of MR and GR activity. A dysregulated composition of this cloud of metabolites in the respective microenvironment needs to be taken into account when investigating disease mechanisms, for forms of low renin, low aldosterone hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Morris
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Miriam Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
| | - Andrew S Brem
- Division of Kidney Diseases and Hypertension, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
| | - Alex Odermatt
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology and Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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18
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Novel metabolomic profile of subjects with non-classic apparent mineralocorticoid excess. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17156. [PMID: 34433879 PMCID: PMC8387493 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96628-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonclassic apparent mineralocorticoid excess (NC-AME) is proposed as a novel clinical condition with a mild phenotypic spectrum that ranges from normotension to severe hypertension. This condition is mainly characterized by a high serum cortisol to cortisone ratio (F/E) and concomitant low cortisone (E), however further metabolic changes in NC-AME have not been studied. A cross-sectional study was performed in a primary-care cohort of 396 Chilean subjects, which were classified in two groups: NC-AME (n = 28) and healthy controls (n = 27). A discovery study based in untargeted metabolomics assay in serum samples from both groups was performed by UPLC-Q-TOF/MS. Global metabolomic variations were assayed by principal component analysis and further compared by orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). NC-AME subjects exhibited higher values of blood pressure, fractional excretion of potassium, and lower plasma renin activity and urinary sodium to potassium ratio. Metabolomic analyses showed 36 differentially regulated metabolites between NC-AME and control subjects. A ROC curve analyses identified eight metabolites with high discriminatory capacity between NC-AME and control subjects. Moreover, gamma-l-glutamyl-l-methionine sulfoxide and 5-sulfoxymethylfurfural, exhibited significant association with cortisone, which are potential biomarkers of NC-AME, however further assays should elucidate its biological role in setup and progression of this phenotype.
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19
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Rackova L, Mach M, Brnoliakova Z. An update in toxicology of ageing. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 84:103611. [PMID: 33581363 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2021.103611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The field of ageing research has been rapidly advancing in recent decades and it had provided insight into the complexity of ageing phenomenon. However, as the organism-environment interaction appears to significantly affect the organismal pace of ageing, the systematic approach for gerontogenic risk assessment of environmental factors has yet to be established. This puts demand on development of effective biomarker of ageing, as a relevant tool to quantify effects of gerontogenic exposures, contingent on multidisciplinary research approach. Here we review the current knowledge regarding the main endogenous gerontogenic pathways involved in acceleration of ageing through environmental exposures. These include inflammatory and oxidative stress-triggered processes, dysregulation of maintenance of cellular anabolism and catabolism and loss of protein homeostasis. The most effective biomarkers showing specificity and relevancy to ageing phenotypes are summarized, as well. The crucial part of this review was dedicated to the comprehensive overview of environmental gerontogens including various types of radiation, certain types of pesticides, heavy metals, drugs and addictive substances, unhealthy dietary patterns, and sedentary life as well as psychosocial stress. The reported effects in vitro and in vivo of both recognized and potential gerontogens are described with respect to the up-to-date knowledge in geroscience. Finally, hormetic and ageing decelerating effects of environmental factors are briefly discussed, as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Rackova
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Mojmir Mach
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Brnoliakova
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia
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Gomez-Sanchez EP, Gomez-Sanchez CE. 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases: A growing multi-tasking family. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 526:111210. [PMID: 33607268 PMCID: PMC8108011 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This review briefly addresses the history of the discovery and elucidation of the three cloned 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11βHSD) enzymes in the human, 11βHSD1, 11βHSD2 and 11βHSD3, an NADP+-dependent dehydrogenase also called the 11βHSD1-like dehydrogenase (11βHSD1L), as well as evidence for yet identified 11βHSDs. Attention is devoted to more recently described aspects of this multi-functional family. The importance of 11βHSD substrates other than glucocorticoids including bile acids, 7-keto sterols, neurosteroids, and xenobiotics is discussed, along with examples of pathology when functions of these multi-tasking enzymes are disrupted. 11βHSDs modulate the intracellular concentration of glucocorticoids, thereby regulating the activation of the glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors, and 7β-27-hydroxycholesterol, an agonist of the retinoid-related orphan receptor gamma (RORγ). Key functions of this nuclear transcription factor include regulation of immune cell differentiation, cytokine production and inflammation at the cell level. 11βHSD1 expression and/or glucocorticoid reductase activity are inappropriately increased with age and in obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS). Potential causes for disappointing results of the clinical trials of selective inhibitors of 11βHSD1 in the treatment of these disorders are discussed, as well as the potential for more targeted use of inhibitors of 11βHSD1 and 11βHSD2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Celso E Gomez-Sanchez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jackson, MS, USA; Medicine (Endocrinology), Jackson, MS, USA; University of Mississippi Medical Center and G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center(3), Jackson, MS, USA
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21
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Gutiérrez G, Valencia LM, Giraldo-Dávila D, Combariza MY, Galeano E, Balcazar N, Panay AJ, Jerez AM, Montoya G. Pentacyclic Triterpene Profile and Its Biosynthetic Pathway in Cecropia telenitida as a Prospective Dietary Supplement. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26041064. [PMID: 33670502 PMCID: PMC7922737 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26041064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Promising research over the past decades has shown that some types of pentacyclic triterpenes (PTs) are associated with the prevention of type 2 diabetes (T2D), especially those found in foods. The most abundant edible sources of PTs are those belonging to the ursane and oleanane scaffold. The principal finding is that Cecropia telenitida contains abundant oleanane and ursane PT types with similar oxygenation patterns to those found in food matrices. We studied the compositional profile of a rich PT fraction (DE16-R) and carried out a viability test over different cell lines. The biosynthetic pathway connected to the isolated PTs in C. telenitida offers a specific medicinal benefit related to the modulation of T2D. This current study suggests that this plant can assemble isobaric, positional isomers or epimeric PT. Ursane or oleanane scaffolds with the same oxygenation pattern are always shared by the PTs in C. telenitida, as demonstrated by its biosynthetic pathway. Local communities have long used this plant in traditional medicine, and humans have consumed ursane and oleanane PTs in fruits since ancient times, two key points we believe useful in considering the medicinal benefits of C. telenitida and explaining how a group of molecules sharing a closely related scaffold can express effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Gutiérrez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Universidad Icesi, Cali 760031, Colombia; (G.G.); (L.M.V.)
| | - Laura Marcela Valencia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Universidad Icesi, Cali 760031, Colombia; (G.G.); (L.M.V.)
| | - Deisy Giraldo-Dávila
- Escuela de Química, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga 680003, Colombia; (D.G.-D.); (M.Y.C.)
| | - Marianny Y. Combariza
- Escuela de Química, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga 680003, Colombia; (D.G.-D.); (M.Y.C.)
| | - Elkin Galeano
- Productos Naturales Marinos, Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y Alimentarias, Universidad de Antioquia, UdeA, Calle 70 # 52-21, Laboratorio 2-131, Medellín 050010, Colombia;
| | - Norman Balcazar
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia, Carrera 51D Nº 62-29, Medellin 050010, Colombia;
- GENMOL Group, Sede de Investigación Universitaria, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 62 # 52-59, Medellín 050010, Colombia
| | - Aram J. Panay
- Independent Researcher, Calle 28 # 86-70 Apt 712, Cali 760031, Colombia;
| | - Alejandra Maria Jerez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health, Universidad Icesi, Cali 760031, Colombia;
| | - Guillermo Montoya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Universidad Icesi, Cali 760031, Colombia; (G.G.); (L.M.V.)
- Center for Specialized and Biotechnological Natural Ingredients (CINEB), School of Natural Sciences, Universidad Icesi, Cali 760031, Colombia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +57-317-331-3187
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Vrachnis N, Loukas N, Vrachnis D, Antonakopoulos N, Christodoulaki C, Tsonis O, George M, Iliodromiti Z. Phthalates and fetal growth velocity: tracking down the suspected links. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2021; 35:4985-4993. [PMID: 33467971 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2021.1873943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Fetuses that have not achieved their full growth potential are associated with adverse perinatal and long-term outcomes; thus, it is essential to identify environmental factors that can potentially impair normal intrauterine development. Endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs), substances capable of altering the homeostasis of the endocrine system, are thought to play a role in restriction of growth velocity, with phthalates being among the most common EDCs to which pregnant women are exposed. Such exposure can potentially lead to changes to the epigenome, placental structure, and hormone function and trigger oxidative stress. Given that these pathways have been linked to fetal growth restriction, we reviewed the literature on the relationship between phthalates and fetal growth. The majority of the studies, which used birth weight as an indicator of intrauterine development, showed contradictory results, the main reason being the EDCs' rapid metabolism. However, we can draw more consistent conclusions when phthalates are quantified at more than one time point during pregnancy. In this narrative review, we present current data indicating the role of phthalates, and especially di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), in abnormal fetal growth velocity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Vrachnis
- 3rd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Attikon Hospital, Athens, Greece.,Vascular Biology, Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's University of London, London, UK
| | - Nikolaos Loukas
- 3rd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Attikon Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Dionysios Vrachnis
- Endocrinology Unit, 2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Aretaieio Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Antonakopoulos
- 3rd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Attikon Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Chryssi Christodoulaki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chania General Hospital "St. George", Crete, Greece
| | - Orestis Tsonis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Mastorakos George
- Endocrinology Unit, 2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Aretaieio Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Zoi Iliodromiti
- Department of Neonatology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Aretaieio Hospital, Athens, Greece
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Sears CG, Braun JM. Phthalate Exposure, Adolescent Health, and the Need for Primary Prevention. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2020; 49:759-770. [PMID: 33153678 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2020.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Phthalates, a class of endocrine-disrupting chemicals, are used widely in many consumer products, and exposure can interfere with a range of hormonal functions during early life. These disruptions may alter development during late childhood and adolescence. This article discusses the potential effects of phthalate exposure on adiposity, puberty, and neurodevelopment during late childhood and adolescence. It also highlights studies of behavioral interventions to reduce phthalate exposures and the roles of health care professionals and policy makers in preventing phthalate exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara G Sears
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Box G-S121-2, 121 South Main Street, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
| | - Joseph M Braun
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Box G-S121-2, 121 South Main Street, Providence, RI 02912, USA. https://twitter.com/JosephMBraun1
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Dreyer AF, Jensen RC, Glintborg D, Schmedes AV, Brandslund I, Nielsen F, Kyhl HB, Jensen TK, Andersen MS. Perfluoroalkyl Substance Exposure Early In Pregnancy Was Negatively Associated With Late Pregnancy Cortisone Levels. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5841634. [PMID: 32436946 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION During pregnancy, maternal cortisol levels are increased 3-fold by the third trimester. The enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD, isoforms 1 and 2) regulates the balance between cortisol and cortisone levels. Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been reported to inhibit 11β-HSD1 and more potently 11β-HSD2, which could lead to reduced levels of cortisol and more extensively cortisone. AIM The aim of this work is to investigate a possible effect of early pregnancy PFAS exposure on late pregnancy activity of 11β-HSD1 and 11β-HSD2 assessed by cortisol and cortisone levels in diurnal urine (dU) and blood samples. METHODS This study is part of the prospective cohort study, Odense Child Cohort (OCC). A total of 1628 pregnant women had serum (S) concentrations of 5 PFAS (perfluorooctanoic acid [PFOA], perfluorooctane sulfonic acid [PFOS], perfluorohexane sulfonic acid [PFHxS], perfluorononanoic acid [PFNA], and perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA)) measured in the first trimester (median gestational week, GW 11). dU cortisol and cortisone (n = 344) and S-cortisol (n = 1048) were measured in the third trimester (median GW 27). RESULTS In multiple regression analyses, a 2-fold increase in S-PFOS was significantly associated with lower dU-cortisone (β = -9.1%, P < .05) and higher dU-cortisol/dU-cortisone (dU-C/C) (β = 9.3%, P < .05). In crude models, a doubling in PFOS, PFOA, PFHxS, and PFNA concentrations were associated with a significant increase in S-cortisol; however, these associations became insignificant after adjustment. CONCLUSION Early pregnancy maternal S-PFAS were inversely associated with late pregnancy dU-cortisone, indicating reduced activity of 11β-HSD2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Fenger Dreyer
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Richard Christian Jensen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Dorte Glintborg
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Ivan Brandslund
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Lillebaelt Hospital, Vejle, Denmark
- Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Flemming Nielsen
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Henriette Boye Kyhl
- Odense Child Cohort, Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Open Patient data Exploratory Network (OPEN), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Tina Kold Jensen
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Odense Child Cohort, Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Marianne Skovsager Andersen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Carvajal CA, Tapia-Castillo A, Vecchiola A, Baudrand R, Fardella CE. Classic and Nonclassic Apparent Mineralocorticoid Excess Syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5691192. [PMID: 31909799 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgz315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Arterial hypertension (AHT) is one of the most frequent pathologies in the general population. Subtypes of essential hypertension characterized by low renin levels allowed the identification of 2 different clinical entities: aldosterone-mediated mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) activation and cortisol-mediated MR activation. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION This review is based upon a search of Pubmed and Google Scholar databases, up to August 2019, for all publications relating to endocrine hypertension, apparent mineralocorticoid excess (AME) and cortisol (F) to cortisone (E) metabolism. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS The spectrum of cortisol-mediated MR activation includes the classic AME syndrome to milder (nonclassic) forms of AME, the latter with a much higher prevalence (7.1%) than classic AME but different phenotype and genotype. Nonclassic AME (NC-AME) is mainly related to partial 11βHSD2 deficiency associated with genetic variations and epigenetic modifications (first hit) and potential additive actions of endogenous or exogenous inhibitors (ie, glycyrrhetinic acid-like factors [GALFS]) and other factors (ie, age, high sodium intake) (second hit). Subjects with NC-AME are characterized by a high F/E ratio, low E levels, normal to elevated blood pressure, low plasma renin and increased urinary potassium excretion. NC-AME condition should benefit from low-sodium and potassium diet recommendations and monotherapy with MR antagonists. CONCLUSION NC-AME has a higher prevalence and a milder phenotypical spectrum than AME. NC-AME etiology is associated to a first hit (gene and epigene level) and an additive second hit. NC-AME subjects are candidates to be treated with MR antagonists aimed to improve blood pressure, end-organ damage, and modulate the renin levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian A Carvajal
- Department of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy (IMII-ICM), Santiago, Chile
- Centro Traslacional de Endocrinología UC (CETREN), Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandra Tapia-Castillo
- Department of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy (IMII-ICM), Santiago, Chile
- Centro Traslacional de Endocrinología UC (CETREN), Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrea Vecchiola
- Department of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy (IMII-ICM), Santiago, Chile
- Centro Traslacional de Endocrinología UC (CETREN), Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rene Baudrand
- Department of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Centro Traslacional de Endocrinología UC (CETREN), Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos E Fardella
- Department of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy (IMII-ICM), Santiago, Chile
- Centro Traslacional de Endocrinología UC (CETREN), Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Wu K, Li Y, Liu J, Mo J, Li X, Ge RS. Long-term triphenyltin exposure disrupts adrenal function in adult male rats. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 243:125149. [PMID: 31765896 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Triphenyltin is an organotin, which is widely used as a fungicide in agriculture. Here, we reported the effects of triphenyltin on adrenal function in adult male rats. Adult male Sprague Dawley rats were daily gavaged with triphenyltin (0, 0.5, 1, and 2 mg/kg body weight) from postnatal day 56-86. Triphenyltin significantly decreased serum corticosterone levels at 1 and 2 mg/kg without affecting serum levels of aldosterone and adrenocorticotropic hormone. Triphenyltin increased thickness of zona glomerulosa without affecting that of zona fasciculata. Triphenyltin did not affect cell number in zona fasciculata and zona glomerulosa. Triphenyltin down-regulated the expression of Scarb1, Star, Cyp11a1, Hsd3b1, Cyp21, Cyp11b1, and Hsd11b1 at 1 and/or 2 mg/kg while it up-regulated the expression of At1, Nr4a2, and Hsd11b2 at 2 mg/kg. Triphenyltin activated the phosphorylation of AMPKα while suppressed the phosphorylation of AKT1 and SIRT1/PGC-1α in rat adrenals in vivo and H295R cells in vitro. In vitro, triphenyltin also induced ROS production in H295R cells at 100 nM, a concentration at which no apoptosis was induced. In conclusion, triphenyltin disrupts glucocorticoid synthesis in rat adrenal cortex via several mechanisms: 1) lowering AKT1 phosphorylation and SIRT1/PGC-1α levels; 2) activating AMPKα; and 3) possibly inducing ROS production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyang Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Jianpeng Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Jiaying Mo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Xiaoheng Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Ren-Shan Ge
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China.
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Wang Y, Li H, Zhu Q, Li X, Lin Z, Ge RS. The cross talk of adrenal and Leydig cell steroids in Leydig cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 192:105386. [PMID: 31152782 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid is secreted by adrenal cortex, which binds to intracellular glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors to regulate steroidogenesis-related gene expression and testosterone production in Leydig cells. Glucocorticoid receptor activity shows inhibitory action on Leydig cell steroidogenesis, while mineralocorticoid receptor activity shows the stimulatory action. Leydig cells contain two important glucocorticoid-metabolizing enzymes, 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 and type 2, regulating the intracellular levels of glucocorticoids by a pre-receptor mechanism. 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 is a bidirectional enzyme, and its direction is regulated by intracellular NADP+/NADPH redox potential. Leydig cells contain many steroidogenic enzymes, possibly regulating NADP+/NADPH redox potential by coupling with 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1. Here, we review the 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase regulation and possible consequences in Leydig cell biology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huitao Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiqi Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoheng Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhenkun Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ren-Shan Ge
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Wang Y, Dong Y, Fang Y, Lv Y, Zhu Q, Li X, Lian Q, Ge RS. Diethylstilbestrol inhibits human and rat 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2. Endocr Connect 2019; 8:1061-1069. [PMID: 31247589 PMCID: PMC6652260 DOI: 10.1530/ec-19-0288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid hormone might cause intrauterine growth restriction. The glucocorticoid-metabolizing enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 (HSD11B2) in the placenta eliminates excess levels of glucocorticoids during pregnancy. The aim of the current study was to define the effects of diethylstilbestrol (DES) on HSD11B2 activity in the mammalian placentas and identify its mode of action. Rat and human placental microsomal HSD11B2 were incubated with different concentrations of DES, and IC50 values were determined. The mode of action was analyzed by incubation of DES together with substrates, glucocorticoid and NAD+. DES suppressed rat and human HSD11B2 with IC50 values of 5.33 and 12.62 μM, respectively. DES was a competitive inhibitor of rat and human HSD11B2 when steroid substrates were added, while it was an uncompetitive inhibitor when cofactor NAD+ was exposed. Oral administration of DES (0.5 mg/kg) to the rat delayed the cortisol metabolism in adult female Sprague-Dawley rats, as indicated by the increases in cortisol's elimination half-life, maximum concentration and area under the curve. In conclusion, DES is a potent HSD11B2 inhibitor, possibly contributing to the intrauterine growth restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yaoyao Dong
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yinghui Fang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yao Lv
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiqi Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoheng Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qingquan Lian
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ren-Shan Ge
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Kamai EM, McElrath TF, Ferguson KK. Fetal growth in environmental epidemiology: mechanisms, limitations, and a review of associations with biomarkers of non-persistent chemical exposures during pregnancy. Environ Health 2019; 18:43. [PMID: 31068204 PMCID: PMC6505101 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-019-0480-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-persistent chemicals, such as phthalates, environmental phenols, organophosphate pesticides, and others, are challenging to study because of their ubiquity in the environment, diverse exposure routes, and high temporal variability of biomarkers. Nonetheless, there is interest in understanding how gestational exposure to these chemicals may affect fetal growth, as perturbations to normal fetal growth are related to a plethora of adverse health outcomes in childhood and adulthood. METHODS The purpose of this review is to describe the state of the science on this topic. We searched PubMed for studies that included both 1) biomarkers of non-persistent chemicals collected during pregnancy and 2) fetal growth outcomes measured at birth (e.g., birth weight) or by ultrasound in utero (e.g., estimated fetal weight). RESULTS The bulk of the literature we found uses biomarkers measured at a single time point in pregnancy and birth weight as the primary measure of fetal growth. There is a small, but growing, body of research that uses ultrasound measures to assess fetal growth during pregnancy. In addition to summarizing the findings of the publications we identified, we describe inconsistencies in methodology, areas for improvement, and gaps in existing knowledge that can be targeted for improvement in future work. This literature is characterized by variability in methodology, likely contributing to the inconsistency of results reported. We further discuss maternal, placental, and fetal pathways by which these classes of chemicals may affect fetal growth. CONCLUSIONS To improve understanding of how everyday chemical exposures affect fetal growth, and ultimately lifelong health outcomes, mechanisms of toxicant action should be considered alongside improved study designs for future hypothesis-driven research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M. Kamai
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Drive, 2101 McGavran-Greenberg Hall, CB #7435, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
| | - Thomas F. McElrath
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Kelly K. Ferguson
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 111 TW Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 USA
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Li X, Mo J, Zhu Q, Ni C, Wang Y, Li H, Lin ZK, Ge RS. The structure-activity relationship (SAR) for phthalate-mediated developmental and reproductive toxicity in males. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 223:504-513. [PMID: 30784757 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.02.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Testicular dysgenesis syndrome includes the hypospadias, cryptorchidism and abnormal fetal testis in male neonate. This is possibly caused by the environmental phthalates, which down-regulate the expression of androgen synthetic genes and Insl3 or directly inhibits steroidogenic enzymes. There are distinct structure-activity relationships (SARs) for phthalate-mediated developmental and reproductive toxicity. Here, we review the SAR for phthalate-mediated testicular dysgenesis syndrome. Of phthalates of straight side chains, C5-C6 ones are the most potent, C4 or C7 are moderate, C3 is weakest, and C1-2 or C8-13 are ineffective. The branching and unsaturation of side chains increases the toxicity. The cycling of side chains does not increase the toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoheng Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiaying Mo
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiqi Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chaobo Ni
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yiyan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huitao Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhen-Kun Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ren-Shan Ge
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Stavropoulos K, Sotiriadis A, Patoulias D, Imprialos K, Dampali R, Athyros V, Dinas K. Pseudohyperaldosteronism due to mumijo consumption during pregnancy: a licorice-like syndrome. Gynecol Endocrinol 2018; 34:1019-1021. [PMID: 29933704 DOI: 10.1080/09513590.2018.1480713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Herbal supplements are widely used during pregnancy, although there are insufficient data regarding their efficacy and safety. Some of them have been associated with hypertension, including licorice, which induces the so called mineralocorticoid-excess syndrome, a clinical picture resembling to pseudohyperaldosteronism. This action is mediated via inhibition of 11-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11-HSD2), leading to impaired inactivation of cortisol to cortisone, accumulation of cortisol, and finally to excessive mineralocorticoid activity, especially in the distal and cumulative tubule of kidneys. This syndrome is characterized by hypertension and hypokalemia. Herein, we report a case of a 37-year-old pregnant woman, who was referred from obstetrics department to our department due to persistent hypertension and hypokalemia. She consumed a herbal supplement called "mumijo" during the last 6 months. After a thorough diagnostic work-up, the diagnosis of a "licorice-like syndrome" due to mumijo consumption was made. Potassium supplementation at the acute phase and discontinuation of mumijo were the treatment of choice. This is the first report of pseudohyperaldosteronism due to mumijo consumption in literature. Clinicians should be aware of this side effect and this agent should be included in those causing pseudohyperaldosteronism. Besides all, our case highlights the undeniable value of a detailed medical history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Stavropoulos
- a 2nd Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine , Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Hospital General Hippokration , Thessaloniki , Greece
| | - Alexandros Sotiriadis
- b 2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippokration General Hospital , Thessaloniki , Greece
| | - Dimitrios Patoulias
- a 2nd Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine , Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Hospital General Hippokration , Thessaloniki , Greece
| | - Konstantinos Imprialos
- a 2nd Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine , Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Hospital General Hippokration , Thessaloniki , Greece
| | - Roxani Dampali
- b 2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippokration General Hospital , Thessaloniki , Greece
| | - Vasileios Athyros
- a 2nd Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine , Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Hospital General Hippokration , Thessaloniki , Greece
| | - Konstantinos Dinas
- b 2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippokration General Hospital , Thessaloniki , Greece
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Cirillo N. Role of tissue-specific steroid metabolism in oral disease: Is there any clinical implication? Oral Dis 2018; 24:224-227. [PMID: 29480615 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of an oral glucocorticoid system has provided novel conceptual frameworks for understanding the effects of endogenous and exogenous corticosteroids in the oral cavity. For example, liquorice derivatives have long been used in the treatment of oral inflammatory conditions and it is now known that a chief constituent of liquorice root, glycyrrhetinic acid, inhibits 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD) type 2 thus increasing local cortisol levels. Hence, targeting the local interconversion between inactive cortisone and active cortisol by 11β-HSD inhibitors/activators offers potentially advantageous strategies for the treatment of oral inflammatory and autoimmune conditions. The recent characterisation of a cancer-associated glucocorticoid system has further extended the implications of cortisol metabolism in oral disease. New evidence now questions the use of synthetic corticosteroids in patients with cancer and, possibly, in oral potentially malignant disorders. For example, cortisol production by cancer cells has been shown to inhibit tumour-specific CD8+ T cells, to promote migration and invasion and to induce chemoresistance in vitro. This viewpoint briefly summarises the recent evidence for a role of the local steroid metabolism in oral oncology and immunology and its potential clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Cirillo
- Melbourne Dental School and Oral Health CRC, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Guo X, Zhou S, Chen Y, Chen X, Liu J, Ge F, Lian Q, Chen X, Ge RS. Ziram Delays Pubertal Development of Rat Leydig Cells. Toxicol Sci 2018; 160:329-340. [PMID: 28973382 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ziram [zinc, bis (dimethyldithiocarbamate)] is an agricultural dithiocarbamate fungicide. By virtual screening, we have identified that ziram is a potential endocrine disruptor. To investigate its effects on pubertal development of Leydig cells, 35-day-old male Sprague Dawley rats orally received ziram (2 or 4 mg/kg/d) for 4 weeks and immature Leydig cells isolated from 35-day-old rat testes were treated with ziram (0.5-50 μM in vitro). Serum hormones, Leydig cell number and specific gene or protein expression levels after in vivo treatment were determined and medium androgen levels were measured as well as apoptosis of Leydig cells after in vitro treatment were determined. In vivo exposure to ziram lowered testosterone and follicle-stimulating hormone levels, and reduced Leydig cell number, and downregulated Leydig cell specific gene or protein expression levels. Ziram exposure in vitro inhibited androgen production and steroidogenic enzyme activities in Leydig cells by downregulating expression levels of P450 cholesterol side cleavage enzyme (Cyp11a1), 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (Hsd3b1), 17α-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase (Cyp17a1), and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 3 (Hsd17b3) via downregulating the steroidogenic factor 1 (Nr5a1) at a concentration as low as 5 μM. In conclusion, ziram exposure disrupts Leydig cell development during puberty possibly via downregulating Nr5a1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology.,Center of Scientific Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | | | | | | | | | - Fei Ge
- Department of Anesthesiology
| | | | - Xiaomin Chen
- Center of Scientific Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Ren-Shan Ge
- Department of Anesthesiology.,Center of Scientific Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
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Liu J, Wang Y, Fang Y, Ni C, Ma L, Zheng W, Bao S, Li X, Lian Q, Ge RS. Gestational exposure to ziram disrupts rat fetal Leydig cell development. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 203:393-401. [PMID: 29627606 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.03.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Revised: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ziram is an endocrine disruptor and may cause birth abnormality of the male reproductive system. However, the effects of ziram on fetal Leydig cell (FLC) development are still unknown. The objective of the present study was to determine the endocrine-disrupting effect of ziram on rat FLC development after gestational exposure. Pregnant Sprague Dawley dams were randomly divided into 5 groups and were gavaged with 0 (corn oil, the control), 1, 2, 4, or 8 mg/kg ziram from gestational day 12 (GD12) to GD21. FLC development was evaluated by measuring serum testosterone, FLC number and distribution, and the expression levels of Leydig and Sertoli cell genes. Ziram significantly increased serum testosterone level at 1 mg/kg (1.350 ± 0.099 ng/ml vs. 0.989 ± 0.106 ng/ml in the control), while it remarkably lowered it at 8 mg/kg (0.598 ± 0.086 ng/ml). Quantitative immunohistochemical staining showed that ziram increased FLC number via stimulating cell proliferation at 1 mg/kg and lowered it via inhibiting its proliferation at 8 mg/kg without affecting Sertoli cell number. Further study demonstrated that the expression of Nr5a1, Lhcgr, Scarb1, Star, Cyp11a1, and Cyp17a1 genes and proteins in the testis was upregulated at 1 mg/kg and the expression of Leydig (Nr5a1, Lhcgr, Scarb1, Star, Cyp11a1, Cyp17a1, and Insl3) and Sertoli cell (Fshr, Hsd17b3, Dhh, Amh, and Sox9) genes and proteins was downregulated by ziram at 8 mg/kg. In conclusion, ziram had biphasic effects on FLC development with low dose to increase FLC number and function and high dose to decrease them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianpeng Liu
- Center of Scientific Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan West Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan West Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Yiyan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan West Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Yinghui Fang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan West Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Chaobo Ni
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan West Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Leikai Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan West Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Wenwen Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan West Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Suhao Bao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan West Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Xiaoheng Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan West Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Qingquan Lian
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan West Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Ren-Shan Ge
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan West Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China.
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Zhu Q, Ge F, Dong Y, Sun W, Wang Z, Shan Y, Chen R, Sun J, Ge RS. Comparison of flavonoids and isoflavonoids to inhibit rat and human 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 and 2. Steroids 2018; 132:25-32. [PMID: 29425740 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2018.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Many flavonoids and isoflavonoids have anti-diabetic effects in animal models. However, the mechanisms that are involved are generally unclear. Since 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (HSD11Bs) play important roles in diabetes, we hypothesize that flavonoids and isoflavonoids may affect diabetes by targeting two isoforms of HSD11B differently. The inhibitory effects of flavonoids (apigenin and quercetin) and isoflavonoids [genistein and (±) equol] on rat and human HSD11B1 and HSD11B2 were analyzed. The potencies of inhibition on human HSD11B1 reductase was in the order of apigenin > quercetin > genistein > (±) equol, with IC50 values of 2.19, 5.36, 11.00, and over 100 μM, respectively. Genistein also inhibited rat HSD11B1 reductase with IC50 value of 24.58 μM, while other three chemicals showed no effects on the enzyme activity with IC50 values over 100 μM. However, apigenin and (±) equol did not inhibit human HSD11B2 at concentrations as high as 100 μM, while genistein and quercetin inhibited human HSD11B2 by 60% and 50% at 100 μM, respectively. The effective flavonoids and isoflavonoids are noncompetitive inhibitors of HSD11B1 when steroid substrates were used. Docking analysis showed that they bound to the steroid-binding site of the human HSD11B1. These data indicate that apigenin is a selective inhibitor of human HSD11B1 of two HSD11B isoforms, which may be useful in managing symptoms of the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiqi Zhu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, PR China
| | - Fei Ge
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, PR China
| | - Yaoyao Dong
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, PR China
| | - Wei Sun
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, PR China
| | - Zhe Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Shan
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, PR China
| | - Ruijie Chen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, PR China
| | - Jianliang Sun
- Department of Anesthesia, Hangzhou Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Hangzhou 310006, PR China.
| | - Ren-Shan Ge
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, PR China.
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Zhu Y, Wan Y, Zhang B, Zhou A, Huo W, Wu C, Liu H, Jiang Y, Chen Z, Jiang M, Peng Y, Xu S, Xia W, Li Y. Relationship between maternal phthalate exposure and offspring size at birth. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 612:1072-1078. [PMID: 28892847 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Research findings on effects of prenatal phthalate exposure on fetal growth were inconsistent. Increasing evidence from animal studies has indicated a potential sex-specific effect of phthalates on fetal growth, but the current human data was limited. In this study, we aimed to estimate the relationships between maternal phthalate exposure and infant birth size. Six major phthalate metabolite levels of urine samples were measured among pregnant women (n=1002) from the Healthy Baby Cohort (HBC), China. The associations between urinary phthalate metabolites levels and birth size (birth weight, birth length, birth weight z-scores and ponderal index) were estimated using linear regression models. In boys, the ln-transformed di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) metabolite levels were significantly associated with increased birth weight and birth weight z-scores. Additionally, each ln-unit increase in mono-(2-ethyl-5-carbox-ypentyl) phthalate (MECPP) was associated with a 0.25kg/m3 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.03, 0.47] increase in ponderal index in boys. However, we did not observe any significant association of maternal phthalate metabolite levels with any of the outcomes in girls. Our data suggested potential sex-specific associations of maternal phthalate exposure with increased birth weight and ponderal index, which were merely apparent in boys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingshuang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (HUST), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yanjian Wan
- CDC of Yangtze River Administration and Navigational Affairs, General Hospital of the Yangtze River Shipping, Wuhan 430019, Hubei, PR China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Women and Children Medical and Healthcare Center of Wuhan, Wuhan 430015, Hubei, PR China
| | - Aifen Zhou
- Women and Children Medical and Healthcare Center of Wuhan, Wuhan 430015, Hubei, PR China
| | - Wenqian Huo
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (HUST), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, PR China
| | - Chuansha Wu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (HUST), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, PR China
| | - Hongxiu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (HUST), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yangqian Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (HUST), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, PR China
| | - Zong Chen
- Women and Children Medical and Healthcare Center of Wuhan, Wuhan 430015, Hubei, PR China
| | - Minmin Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (HUST), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yang Peng
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (HUST), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, PR China
| | - Shunqing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (HUST), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, PR China
| | - Wei Xia
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (HUST), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, PR China.
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (HUST), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, PR China.
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Yang R, Yuan BC, Ma YS, Zhou S, Liu Y. The anti-inflammatory activity of licorice, a widely used Chinese herb. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2017; 55:5-18. [PMID: 27650551 PMCID: PMC7012004 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2016.1225775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Increasing incidence and impact of inflammatory diseases have encouraged the search of new pharmacological strategies to face them. Licorice has been used to treat inflammatory diseases since ancient times in China. OBJECTIVE To summarize the current knowledge on anti-inflammatory properties and mechanisms of compounds isolated from licorice, to introduce the traditional use, modern clinical trials and officially approved drugs, to evaluate the safety and to obtain new insights for further research of licorice. METHODS PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct and ResearchGate were information sources for the search terms 'licorice', 'licorice metabolites', 'anti-inflammatory', 'triterpenoids', 'flavonoids' and their combinations, mainly from year 2010 to 2016 without language restriction. Studies were selected from Science Citation Index journals, in vitro studies with Jadad score less than 2 points and in vivo and clinical studies with experimental flaws were excluded. RESULTS Two hundred and ninety-five papers were searched and 93 papers were reviewed. Licorice extract, 3 triterpenes and 13 flavonoids exhibit evident anti-inflammatory properties mainly by decreasing TNF, MMPs, PGE2 and free radicals, which also explained its traditional applications in stimulating digestive system functions, eliminating phlegm, relieving coughing, nourishing qi and alleviating pain in TCM. Five hundred and fifty-four drugs containing licorice have been approved by CFDA. The side effect may due to the cortical hormone like action. CONCLUSION Licorice and its natural compounds have demonstrated anti-inflammatory activities. More pharmacokinetic studies using different models with different dosages should be carried out, and the maximum tolerated dose is also critical for clinical use of licorice extract and purified compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Bo-Chuan Yuan
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yong-Sheng Ma
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Shan Zhou
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Liu
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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Cortisol/cortisone ratio and matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity are associated with pediatric primary hypertension. J Hypertens 2017; 34:1808-14. [PMID: 27488551 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000001017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify novel biomarkers associated with pediatric primary hypertension. METHODS We recruited 350 participants (4-16 years). Anthropometric parameters and aldosterone, plasma renin activity, cortisol, cortisone, Homeostasis Model Assessment Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, adiponectin, IL-6, plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 levels and matrix metalloproteinase-9 and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-9 and MMP-2) activities were measured. Genomic DNA was isolated. Patients with altered glucose metabolism, severe obesity [BMI-SD score (BMI-SDS) > 2.5], renovascular disease, primary aldosteronism and apparent mineralocorticoid excess syndrome were excluded. RESULTS In selected participants (n = 320), SBP was positively correlated with BMI-SDS (r = 0.382, P < 0.001), HOMA-IR (r = 0.211, P < 0.001), MMP-9 activity (r = 0.215, P < 0.001) and the cortisol/cortisone ratio (r = 0.231, P < 0.001). DBP showed similar correlations with these variables. No correlation was observed with aldosterone or plasma renin activity. Participants were categorized as hypertensive (n = 59) or nonhypertensive (n = 261). In the univariate analysis, hypertensive patients had higher BMI-SDS (P < 0.001), HOMA-IR (P < 0.001), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (P < 0.001), MMP-9 activity (P < 0.001), plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (P < 0.001) and cortisol/cortisone ratio (P < 0.001) than nonhypertensive patients. Multiple regression analysis showed that the variables that remained associated with hypertension were higher BMI-SDS [odds ratio (OR) = 3.74; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.84-7.58], a higher cortisol/cortisone ratio (OR = 3.92; 95% CI = 1.98-7.71) and increased MMP-9 activity (OR = 4.23; 95% CI = 2.15-8.32). CONCLUSION We report that MMP-9 activity and the cortisol/cortisone ratio were higher in pediatric primary hypertensive patients, and these associations were independent of the effect of obesity. The potential role of these novel biomarkers in predicting hypertension risk and blood pressure regulation warrants further investigation.
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Shoaff J, Papandonatos GD, Calafat AM, Ye X, Chen A, Lanphear BP, Yolton K, Braun JM. Early-Life Phthalate Exposure and Adiposity at 8 Years of Age. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2017; 125:097008. [PMID: 28935615 PMCID: PMC5915197 DOI: 10.1289/ehp1022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early-life phthalate exposure may influence child adiposity, but prior studies have not determined if there are periods of enhanced vulnerability to phthalates. OBJECTIVE To examine the relationship between child adiposity at 8 y of age and repeated urinary biomarkers of phthalate exposure from gestation through childhood to determine if there are distinct periods of vulnerability. METHODS In 219 mother-child pairs from Cincinnati, Ohio, we quantified nine urinary phthalate metabolites up to two times prenatally and six times from 1-8 y of age. We measured child body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and percent body fat at 8 y of age. To identify periods of vulnerability, we used two statistical methods to estimate phthalate-adiposity associations at each visit, test differences in phthalate-adiposity associations across visits, and model trajectories of phthalate concentrations for children at different levels of adiposity. RESULTS Prenatal phthalate concentrations were not associated with excess child adiposity. Monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP) concentrations during pregnancy and childhood were inversely associated with adiposity. The associations of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (∑DEHP) metabolites and monoethyl phthalate (MEP) with child adiposity depended on the timing of exposure. A 10-fold increase in ∑DEHP at 1 and 5 y was associated with a 2.7% decrease [95% confidence interval (CI): -4.8, -0.5] and 2.9% increase (95% CI: 0.3, 5.5) in body fat, respectively. MEP concentrations at 5 and 8 y of age were associated with higher child adiposity, but earlier childhood concentrations were not. CONCLUSION In this cohort, we did not find evidence of an obesogenic effect of prenatal phthalate exposure. Positive associations between postnatal MEP and ∑DEHP concentrations depended on the timing of exposure. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP1022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Shoaff
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health , Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - George D Papandonatos
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health , Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Antonia M Calafat
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health , Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Xiaoyun Ye
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health , Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Aimin Chen
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Bruce P Lanphear
- Faculty of Health and Sciences, Simon Fraser University , Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
- Child and Family Research Institute , BC Children's and Women's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kimberly Yolton
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center , Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Joseph M Braun
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health , Providence, Rhode Island, USA
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Cirillo N, Morgan DJ, Pedicillo MC, Celentano A, Lo Muzio L, McCullough MJ, Prime SS. Characterisation of the cancer-associated glucocorticoid system: key role of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2. Br J Cancer 2017; 117:984-993. [PMID: 28797028 PMCID: PMC5625663 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2017.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Recent studies have shown that production of cortisol not only takes place in several non-adrenal peripheral tissues such as epithelial cells but, also, the local inter-conversion between cortisone and cortisol is regulated by the 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (11β-HSDs). However, little is known about the activity of this non-adrenal glucocorticoid system in cancers. Methods: The presence of a functioning glucocorticoid system was assessed in human skin squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and melanoma and further, in 16 epithelial cell lines from 8 different tissue types using ELISA, western blotting and immunofluorescence. 11β-HSD2 was inhibited both pharmacologically and by siRNA technology. Naïve CD8+ T cells were used to test the paracrine effects of cancer-derived cortisol on the immune system in vitro. Functional assays included cell–cell adhesion and cohesion in two- and three-dimensional models. Immunohistochemical data of 11β-HSD expression were generated using tissue microarrays of 40 cases of human SCCs as well as a database featuring 315 cancer cases from 15 different tissues. Results: We show that cortisol production is a common feature of malignant cells and has paracrine functions. Cortisol production correlated with the magnitude of glucocorticoid receptor (GR)-dependent inhibition of tumour-specific CD8+ T cells in vitro. 11β-HSDs were detectable in human skin SCCs and melanoma. Analyses of publicly available protein expression data of 11β-HSDs demonstrated that 11β-HSD1 and -HSD2 were dysregulated in the majority (73%) of malignancies. Pharmacological manipulation of 11β-HSD2 activity by 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) and silencing by specific siRNAs modulated the bioavailability of cortisol. Cortisol also acted in an autocrine manner and promoted cell invasion in vitro and cell–cell adhesion and cohesion in two- and three-dimensional models. Immunohistochemical analyses using tissue microarrays showed that expression of 11β-HSD2 was significantly reduced in human SCCs of the skin. Conclusions: The results demonstrate evidence of a cancer-associated glucocorticoid system and show for the first time, the functional significance of cancer-derived cortisol in tumour progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Cirillo
- Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, 720 Swanston Street, Carlton, Melbourne, VIC 3053, Australia
| | - David J Morgan
- School of Cellular &Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | | | - Antonio Celentano
- Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, 720 Swanston Street, Carlton, Melbourne, VIC 3053, Australia
| | - Lorenzo Lo Muzio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia 71122, Italy
| | - Michael J McCullough
- Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, 720 Swanston Street, Carlton, Melbourne, VIC 3053, Australia
| | - Stephen S Prime
- Centre for Clinical and Diagnostic Oral Sciences, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AD, UK
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Zhou C, Ye F, Wu H, Ye H, Chen Q. Recent advances in the study of 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11β-HSD2)Inhibitors. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2017; 52:47-53. [PMID: 28366868 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2017.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD), which interconverts hormonally active cortisol and inactive cortisone in multiple human tissues, has two distinct isoforms named 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (11β-HSD1) and 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 (11β-HSD2). 11β-HSD2 is an NAD+-dependent oxidase which lowers cortisol by converting it to cortisone while 11β-HSD1 mainly catalyzes the reduction which converts cortisone into cortisol. Selective inhibition of 11β-HSD2 is generally detrimental to health because the accumulation of cortisol can cause metabolic symptoms such as apparent mineralocorticoid excess (AME), fetal developmental defects and lower testosterone levels in males. There has been some advances on the study of 11β-HSD2 inhibitors and we think it necessary to make a summary of the characteristics and inhibiting properties of latest 11β-HSD2 inhibitors. As another review on 11β-HSD2 inhibitors has been issued on 2011 (see review (Ma et al., 2011)), this mini-review concerns advances during the last 5 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunchun Zhou
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 32500, China.
| | - Fan Ye
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 32500, China
| | - He Wu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 32500, China
| | - Hui Ye
- Wenzhou Central Hopital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 32500, China
| | - Quanxu Chen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 32500, China
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42
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Pharmacological Activities and Phytochemical Constituents. LIQUORICE 2017. [PMCID: PMC7120246 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-74240-3_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Glycyrrhiza glabra is one of the most popular medicinal plants and it has been used in traditional herbal remedy since ancient times (Blumenthal et al. in Herbal medicine: expanded commission E monographs. Integrative Medicine Communications, Newton, 2000; Parvaiz et al. in Global J Pharmocol 8(1):8–13, 2014; Altay et al. in J Plant Res 129(6):1021–1032, 2016). Many experimental, pharmacological and clinical studies show that liquorice has antimicrobial, antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antihepatotoxic, antioxidant, antiulcer, anti-hemorrhoid antihyperglycemic, antidiuretic, antinephritic, anticarcinogenic, antimutagenic, anticytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, and blood stopper activity.
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Öztürk M, Altay V, Hakeem KR, Akçiçek E. Economic Importance. LIQUORICE 2017. [PMCID: PMC7120331 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-74240-3_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The beneficial effects of liquorice in treating chills, colds, and coughs have been fully discussed in Ayurveda, as well as in the texts of ancient Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans. The plant has been prescribed for dropsy during the period of famous Hippocrates. The reason being that it was quite helpful as thirst-quenching drugs (Biondi et al. in J Nat Prod 68:1099–1102, 2005; Mamedov and Egamberdieva in Herbals and human health-phytochemistry. Springer Nature Publishers, 41 pp, 2017). No doubt, the clinical use of liquorice in modern medicine started around 1930; Pedanios Dioscorides of Anazarba (Adana), first century AD-Father of Pharmacists, mentions that it is highly effective in the treatment of stomach and intestinal ulcers. In Ayurveda, people in ancient Hindu culture have used it for improving sexual vigor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Münir Öztürk
- Department of Botany and Center for Environmental Studies, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Volkan Altay
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Arts, Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey
| | - Khalid Rehman Hakeem
- Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eren Akçiçek
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
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Carbenoxolone Disodium Treatment for Canine Pituitary-Dependent Hyperadrenocorticism. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166267. [PMID: 27824928 PMCID: PMC5100902 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism (PDH) is mainly caused by pituitary corticotroph tumors in dogs. A characteristic feature of corticotroph tumors is their resistance to negative feedback by glucocorticoids. In some animal species, including dogs, the aberrant expression of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11HSD), a cortisol metabolic enzyme, is observed in corticotroph tumors. We previously reported that carbenoxolone (CBX), an inhibitor of 11HSD, suppressed ACTH secretion from the pituitary gland, and decreased cortisol concentrations in healthy dogs. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the therapeutic effects of CBX on dogs with PDH. Six dogs with PDH were treated with 60 to 80 mg/kg/day of CBX for 6 weeks, followed by trilostane, which is a commonly used agent for canine PDH. CBX treatment led to a gradual decrease in both basal and in corticotropic releasing hormone (CRH)-stimulated plasma ACTH concentrations and CRH-stimulated serum cortisol concentrations, without side effects. However, basal and stimulated ACTH and cortisol concentrations remained higher than those of healthy dogs, and clinical symptoms such as polydipsia and polyuria were not ameliorated. After a 2-week wash-out interval, trilostane was administered for 2 weeks. Although basal plasma ACTH concentrations were higher after trilostane treatment than CBX treatment, polydipsia and polyuria resolved in all six dogs. The reason for the lack of improvement in polydipsia and polyuria with CBX treatment is unclear. Other mechanisms, in addition to a partial decrease in ACTH secretion, are likely to be involved. In conclusion, this is the first study to report the in vivo effects of CBX in dogs with PDH. The findings suggest that CBX inhibits ACTH secretion from canine pituitary tumors, resulting in lower cortisol concentrations.
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Shoaff JR, Romano ME, Yolton K, Lanphear BP, Calafat AM, Braun JM. Prenatal phthalate exposure and infant size at birth and gestational duration. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 150:52-58. [PMID: 27236572 PMCID: PMC5003714 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phthalate exposure is widespread. Prior research suggests that prenatal phthalate exposure may influence birth size and gestational duration, but published results have been inconsistent. OBJECTIVE We quantified the relationship between maternal urinary phthalate concentrations and infant birth weight z-scores, length, head circumference, and gestational duration. METHODS In a cohort of 368 women from the HOME Study, based in Cincinnati, OH, we measured nine phthalate metabolites representing exposure to six parent phthalate diesters in urine collected at approximately 16 and 26 weeks gestation. Infant birth size and gestational duration were abstracted from medical records. We used multivariable linear regression to estimate covariate adjusted associations between urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations and infant outcomes. RESULTS In unadjusted models, we observed a negative association between monoethyl phthalate (MEP) and birth weight z-scores, while mono-3-carboxypropyl phthalate (MCPP) was positively associated with gestational duration. After covariate adjustment, phthalate metabolite concentrations were no longer associated with birth size or gestational duration. CONCLUSIONS In this cohort, urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations during pregnancy were not associated with infant birth size or gestational duration. Additional research is needed to determine if exposures during earlier periods of fetal development are associated with infant health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R Shoaff
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Megan E Romano
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Kimberly Yolton
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Bruce P Lanphear
- Faculty of Health and Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; Child and Family Research Institute, BC Children's and Women's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Antonia M Calafat
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Joseph M Braun
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA.
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Konstantakou P, Mastorakos G, Vrachnis N, Tomlinson JW, Valsamakis G. Dysregulation of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases: implications during pregnancy and beyond. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2016; 30:284-293. [PMID: 27018008 DOI: 10.3109/14767058.2016.1171308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glucococorticoids play a critical role in the developmental programing and fetal growth. Key molecules mediating and regulating tissue-specific glucocorticoid actions are 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11beta-HSD) type 1 and 2 isozymes, both of which are expressed in the placenta and the fetal membranes. 11beta-HSD1 is implicated in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome and its dysregulation has been observed in pregnancy-related complications (pre-eclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction). Interestingly, preliminary clinical data have associated certain 11beta-HSD1 gene polymorphisms with hypertensive disorders in pregnancy, suggesting, if confirmed by further targeted studies, it's potential as a putative prognostic marker. Animal studies and observations in humans have confirmed that 11beta-HSD2 insufficiency is related with pregnancy adversity (pre-eclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction, preterm birth). Importantly, down-regulation or deficiency of placental 11beta-HSD2 is associated with significant restriction in fetal growth and low-birth weight, and unfavorable cardio-metabolic profile in adulthood. The potential association of 11beta-HSD1 tissue-specific dysregulation with gestational diabetes, as well as the plausible utility of 11beta-HSD2, as a biomarker of pregnancy adversity and later life morbidity, are emerging areas of intense scientific interest and future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Konstantakou
- a Unit of Endocrinology, Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolism, Aretaieio Hospital , Athens , Greece
| | - G Mastorakos
- a Unit of Endocrinology, Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolism, Aretaieio Hospital , Athens , Greece
| | - N Vrachnis
- b Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Aretaieio Hospital , Athens , Greece
| | - J W Tomlinson
- c Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital , Headington , UK
| | - G Valsamakis
- a Unit of Endocrinology, Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolism, Aretaieio Hospital , Athens , Greece
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Li X, Mao B, Dong Y, Li Y, Zhan M, Bai Y, Lian Q, Ge RS, Ye L. Effects of Ziram on Rat and Human 11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Isoforms. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:398-405. [PMID: 26859423 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoheng Li
- Center of Scientific Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Baiping Mao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Yaoyao Dong
- Center of Scientific Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Meizheng Zhan
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Yanfang Bai
- Center of Scientific Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Qingquan Lian
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Ren-Shan Ge
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Leping Ye
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
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Kosicka K, Siemiątkowska A, Główka FK. 11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase 2 in Preeclampsia. Int J Endocrinol 2016; 2016:5279462. [PMID: 27200090 PMCID: PMC4856917 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5279462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Preeclampsia is a serious medical problem affecting the mother and her child and influences their health not only during the pregnancy, but also many years after. Although preeclampsia is a subject of many research projects, the etiology of the condition remains unclear. One of the hypotheses related to the etiology of preeclampsia is the deficiency in placental 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 (11β-HSD2), the enzyme which in normal pregnancy protects the fetus from the excess of maternal cortisol. The reduced activity of the enzyme was observed in placentas from pregnancies complicated with preeclampsia. That suggests the overexposure of the developing child to maternal cortisol, which in high levels exerts proapoptotic effects and reduces fetal growth. The fetal growth restriction due to the diminished placental 11β-HSD2 function may be supported by the fact that preeclampsia is often accompanied with fetal hypotrophy. The causes of the reduced function of 11β-HSD2 in placental tissue are still discussed. This paper summarizes the phenomena that may affect the activity of the enzyme at various steps on the way from the gene to the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Kosicka
- Department of Physical Pharmacy and Pharmacokinetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 6 Święcickiego Street, 60-781 Poznań, Poland
- *Katarzyna Kosicka:
| | - Anna Siemiątkowska
- Department of Physical Pharmacy and Pharmacokinetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 6 Święcickiego Street, 60-781 Poznań, Poland
| | - Franciszek K. Główka
- Department of Physical Pharmacy and Pharmacokinetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 6 Święcickiego Street, 60-781 Poznań, Poland
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Zearalenone Inhibits Rat and Human 11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 2. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:283530. [PMID: 26798634 PMCID: PMC4698529 DOI: 10.1155/2015/283530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Zearalenone is a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium spp. 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases, isoforms 1 (HSD11B1) and 2 (HSD11B2), have been demonstrated to be the regulators of the local level of active glucocorticoid, which has a broad range of physiological actions. In the present study, the potency of zearalenone was tested for the inhibition of HSD11B1 and HSD11B2 in rat and human tissues. Zearalenone showed potent inhibition of HSD11B2 with the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) calculated at 49.63 and 32.22 μM for the rat and human, respectively. Results showed that zearalenone competitively inhibited HSD11B2 when a steroid substrate was used. However, it served as an uncompetitive inhibitory factor when the cofactor NAD+ was used. In contrast, the potency of zearalenone to inhibit both rat and human HSD11B1 was diminished, with the concentration of 100 μM causing almost no inhibitory effect on the isoform. In conclusion, we observed that zearalenone is a selective inhibitor of HSD11B2, implying that this agent may cause excessive glucocorticoid action in local tissues such as kidney and placentas.
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Li L, Wu Y, Wu X, Wang H, Bai Y, Wang X, Akingbemi BT, Huang P, Ge RS. Butylated Hydroxyanisole Potently Inhibits Rat and Human 11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 2. Pharmacology 2015; 97:10-7. [PMID: 26565409 DOI: 10.1159/000441034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) is a widely used antioxidant for food preservation. 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases, isoforms 1 (HSD11B1) and 2 (HSD11B2) have been demonstrated to be the regulators of the local level of active glucocorticoid, which has a broad range of physiological actions. In this study, the potency of BHA was tested for the inhibition of HSD11B1 and HSD11B2 in rat and human tissues. BHA showed potent inhibition of HSD11B2 with the half maximal inhibitory concentration calculated at 13.99 and 69.25 µmol/l for the rat and human, respectively. Results showed that BHA competitively inhibited HSD11B2 when a steroid substrate was used. However, it served as a mixed inhibition factor when the cofactor NAD+ was used. In contrast, the potency of BHA to inhibit both rat and human HSD11B1 was diminished, with the concentration of 100 μmol/l causing no inhibitory effect on the isoform. In conclusion, we observed that BHA is a selective inhibitor of HSD11B2, implying that this agent may cause excessive glucocorticoid action in local tissues such as kidney and placentas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linxi Li
- Center of Scientific Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
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